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MANUAL 


OF 


NorTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


BY 


ROGER fi DG Ww AY, 


ILLUSTRATED BY 464 OUTLINE DRAWINGS OF THE 
GENERIC CHARACTERS. 


FOURTH EDITION. 


PHILADELPHIA: 
Job Pe PIN OFT (COM PAN ¥- 
1900. 


Copyright, 1887, by J. B. Lippincott Company. 


Copyright, 1896, by J. B. Lipprncort Company. 


GLP PINCO Rr 
aes a 
STEREOTYPERSANOPRINTERS|D 
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 


Durine the eight years which have passed since the first edition 
of this work was published the number of active ornithologists in the 
United States has greatly increased, and through their united research 
in the exploration of new or imperfectly worked fields and the careful 
_ revision of particular genera our knowledge of North American birds 
y has been materially extended, thus rendering a new and carefully 
\ revised edition extremely desirable. It is well known that few, if any, 
_ books are quite free from typographical and other errors, due to various 
g exigencies, avoidable and otherwise. Such imperfections of the first 
‘ edition have been located, largely by friends and correspondents who 
have detected them in their practical use of the book, and have all, 
.so far as they have been discovered, been corrected. 

Of the ninety-one species and subspecies which have been added 
to the North American fauna since 1887, twelve were fortunately 


> and it has therefore been necessary 


_included in the analytical “ keys,’ 
“in their case only to change the typography of the names and prefix 
. the catalogue number of the AmErican OrnirHoLocists’ Unton’s 
~“Check List of North American Birds.” The remainder are given in 
“regular order in the Appendix (pages 583-614), marginal reference 
“numbers in the body of the work at once directing attention to the 
‘supplementary matter. 

Some complaint has been made that in the original edition no 
directions were given for using the “keys.” This omission was not an 
“oversight, such directions being deemed unnecessary because it was 
supposed the plan of the keys was so simple as to be self-explanatory. 


iii 


iv PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 


For those who are already familiar with the use of analytical keys in 
works on natural history such instructions would of course be quite 
superfluous; but as some who possess the book may not have had pre- 
vious experience with such “keys,” the following directions are given 
for their benefit : 

In the first place, it may be stated that the principle upon which 
the keys are constructed is that of dichotomous antithesis. That is, 
each character tested must conform to one or another phrase, there 
being only one alternative. Therefore, if the characters mentioned 
after a’ do not fit the bird in hand, everything following must be 
ignored until a’ is reached. Having found that the bird belongs to a’ 
or a’, as the case may be, then the immediately following 5° is to be 
tested, and so on until the ultimate division is reached and the bird 
identified. 

The method may be more fully explained by selecting some par- 
ticular species for identification; and for better illustration we will 
select one belonging to a mainly extralimital family, and therefore less 
familiar to the student of North American birds. The bird is from 
the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico, somewhat resembles a medium-sized, 
thick-set flycatcher, but is evidently not a member of the Tyrannide. 
We will suppose that the person is a beginner, and does not even know 
the Order to which the bird belongs. In this case it is necessary to 
commence with the ‘Key to the Higher Groups,” on page 1, which 
begins as follows: ‘a’. Hind toe connected by web or membrane with 
the inner toe.” 

The bird in hand has the hind toe quite free from the inner toe; 
therefore it must be sought for under “ a’. Hind toe, if present, not 
connected with inner toe,’ in regard to which character it agrees. 
Then 4' must be tested. “bd” says, “Nostrils tubular and feet 
webbed.” It has not tubular nostrils nor webbed feet, and therefore 
it must belong to 4’, which says, ‘“ Nostrils not tubular, or else feet 
not webbed,” both of which alternatives fit the bird in question. Pro- 
ceeding to “c'. Cutting-edges of bill more or less distinctly fringed . 


PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. Vv 


or dentate; feet webbed,” it is at once seen that this will not do; 
“ce, Cutting-edges of bill not fringed nor dentate, or else feet not 
webbed,” will do, however. It cannot belong to “d',”’ because the 
legs are not “inserted far behind the middle of the body,” ete., but it 
agrees all right with “d’.” The anterior toes are not webbed; there- 
fore it cannot belong to “e',” and search must be continued under 
é.” “Ff will not do, for the thighs are not naked; therefore 
eg «Pr “1” and “h’,” which follow successively, must be passed 
over, and “f*’ tried, which, being done, is found to agree. “gy” will 
not answer, because the bill is not hooked, etc.; therefore it must 
come under “g*.” This being determined, it is found that, “”’ being 


inapplicable, “h”’ fits. Then, the bill being “without a swollen 
cere,” it must come under “2.” It is next found that the wings are 


“not very long and gape not very wide ... and tail-feathers 12 in 
number ;” the toes are not “only 2 in front,” etc.; therefore it must 
be beyond “#'.” “fk” is then tried, and found to fit; the bird is 
identified as a member of the Order PassErss, and the reader referred 
to page 321 in order to determine the family to which it belongs. 
Turning to page 321, as directed, it is found that the tarsus is cylin- 
drical, etc. (a'), and that the inner toe has the “basal phalanx united 
to that of the middle toe’ (47); therefore the bird belongs to the 
Family Corineip#, which is further treated on page 323, where the 
genera are analyzed. Seeking here for the genus, we find that, as the 
nostrils are not “ wholly exposed,” it must belong under “a’.” The 
tip of the bill being only “very slightly hooked,” it must belong to 
“$',” and the tail being “graduated for only about half the length 
of the exposed culmen,” etc., it must belong to the Genus PLatypsaRis, 
treated further on page 324. Comparison of the bird with the con- 
densed description of generic coloration under the heading of “ common 


6é 


66 


66 


characters” removes all possible doubt as to its being a member of this 
genus; therefore it remains only to determine the species, for which 
the key proves quite adequate. The bird fits exactly the characters 


ascribed to “adult females and young males” under “a'.” An ap- 


vi PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 


parent difficulty or “hitch” is now met, for the diagnostic characters 
of the different species are very obvious only in the adult males. A 
careful consultation of the characters of the adult female and young 
male following “c',” “c’,” and “0’,” in connection with the length 
of the culmen and the known locality, results, however, in the final 
determination of the species as PLATYPSARIS AGLAL# (Lafr.). Ross- 
THROATED BECARD. 

The measurements of eggs have been revised with the assistance 
of Major Bendire, the corrections made being based upon the measure- 
ment of a much larger number of specimens than were measured 
before. 

ROBERT RIDGWAY. 


UnITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, 
September 20, 1895. 


CON EE NTs. 


PAGE 

LIE 20 OR CA Os Gi a Sagat: cetantsll cute, ph oa teen t ix 
KEY TO THE HIGHER GROUPS. PRM cts Mee poclis Badia deWcihier ielkode topic cace? of tote Mote 1 
Order Pyaopoprs—The Diving Birds ........... Re ee ae ee 4 
eanily modieipide— Phe Grepes,. 227. <6 eee so sk ee ee Se el we ke 4 

CU rin AtOridc—— © hes MOONS .. sein ciach rs ce cites vee okie wen al eimai 6 bore aoe 6 

RP ATC Aco— herA TKS MTUTrOs-CLCs atte Wess Filial Gace ene ay et eel oe GiBoc is Shee. oat 8 

Order LonarpennEes—The Long-winged Swimmers ............0.02020+808. 20 
Family Stercorariide—The Skuas and Jaegers ... 1... 2... 2-0 ee see eee 20 

See rig — Ene Gulis And LOM. vs ie bee, 6 arcs sae viseuje bey awleu es 6 23 

Er EeVNCHOMIUs——-1 NO SKIMMICTS) isi ipter oi) la, = sp eh a vier “oo S) ets) fo Sa ves le 48 

Order! TuBINARES—The Tube-nosed Swimmers... . 5 5s et ee ee et ww 50 
amily Diomedeidwe—The Albatrosses 2... 2 6 8s ee ee ee ee 50 

ss Procellariide—The Fulmars and Shearwaters ............+... 53 

Order SrEganopoprs—The Totipalmate Swimmers... .........2.2-2220 0 eee 73 
Warmly Ee hethontide—Uhe-Tropic Birds... 20. 2 6. ee eee os en 73 

Se Slid— TherGannetaraisc syst cy cued toss Gt wl) ohne en eeleine) area feet Se 74 

Caer AnN bin o1as— Te DATtarsints;o.) cv an eects ee teres Ue be Wile asoh oe eae eS 76 

eee Thalacrocoracidse— The: Cormorants; 4554 + &.) 6 suse) SB es) «ule oe td 

Se helecanidz— Tne Felicansis.7,. 2.) 4 sis Gust iis. Pe Sos, we 1g Use) wie Poses 81 

‘te Mrecatidss— The: Man-o’-War Binds... - 9. 55 6 5s. shies oe wm See 82 

sOrder “A NSERES—Che Lamellirostral Swimmers... ... 2. 2. 5 2 6 6 we eo te te we ts 84 
Family Anatide—The Ducks, Geese, andSwans ........2.+..+.e8-. 84 

Order OponToGLoss#—The Lamellirostral Waders ........-2..0-20808.0008 121 
Family, Phonicopteride—The Plamingoes ..... .. ss. 6 se ee ee 121 

Order HeRODIONES—The Herons, Storks, Ibises, etc. . . . - - - 2s 0 es ete et ew 122 
Family Plataleide—The Spoonbills ... 2... 11 ee ee ne Siatanisy cb toro 122 

PrP ideo NOt IRCA ea tec mie to comc Menor fice Ao iat -g Table, rebisi ne a’ Cot ee ge Se 123 

“> Ciconiide—The:Storks, and ‘Wood, Ebises: « ~ . 06 << «te 6 Ge ek ss 124 

i> -Araciaw— lhe terons and Bitterns: | .< (6 4 <2) s stus ce jis-ts ere) ace 126 

Srier LAT UDICOLA— The Cranes, Rails, ete. 2. 6 ss 5 6 ee te ce we es 134 
Mama hye Grids Ge Cranes = 6. vay cee ah Wd ve) esp wove e, woes ee el ae ieee 134 

Le eATAMIGm——— ONG COUnIAHSs) =) chucks Bee ce. ie: he Wed (outa os. of cal dae elie tee ee 135 

cS Ballide—The: Rails, Gallinules, Cootsjete, < 2%... <2 3 Ss. GS 136 
BRUGEMEEMECOT A — PO SHOYO. BTUs: 23 (i. S01 soln: ah Sy ce oS eo eats fe, elie hel Seales 6 143 
Healy. Phalaropedids—the Phalaropes.. .. 60% <<) 2 se wk me ws we . 143 
Recurvirostrida—The Avocets and Stilts ........506.-++s++s8.2, 146 

i> Scolopacide—The Snipes, Sandpipers, ete. . .7. 2 4 5 2 «2s a ws 5 oes 147 

oe @haradriids——NhevPloviersh-my cu cick. sre spe wei ien ca deb east) os in steal fey Wu) leak 172 

i) -Aphrizide— The Surf Birds-and: Turnstones <2... ee en es 179 

to Hematopodidee—@he Oyster-catchersis. . 6.5 6 os eS ea es ws we ele 181 

ei AEATIC SS — Or ACADAS farsa.) is. felii! ciel os l6) whee ef eah ©) eho, tee wi, Se vel Re 183 


Vili CONTENTS. 
PAGE 
Order GALLINH—The Gallinaceous Birds ........... o yeip nt boty Ske) Nok retiea tain 184 
Family Tetraonide—The Grouse, Partridges, etc... . . . . 2 + eee ee eee 184 
«  Phasianide—The Pheasants, Turkeys,ete. . . . «<< + sie sie ss cee 205 
«7 Cracide—The 'Curassows and Guans . .0. . 76) <3) Se oo eine) 207 
Order CotumMpa—ThePiceons! 2 pce We 4 4 ee ors cc os ol 5) 0) sol? o) Ue ict ots ome 210 
Family Columbide—The Pigeons. 5). =. 5 ss 3 6 2) 6 & © © 6-0) vole) ee 210 
Order RAPTORES—ThesBirds of Prey)... be ssw le Se se) «0 see ent 218 
Family Cathartide—The American Vultures. . . . 2 2 2 ss 2 © 6 sw ws eee 218 
(> Falconide—The ‘Halcons, Hawks, ete). 2 2. <6 = 1s, s) ietse ier Seen 222 
ic", “Sirizida— The Barn Owls <7.) sy <) 6) 1 3, 6 «oe se 6) | jo, eae 255 
i) )Bubonidse—The' Homed Owls,eter. 5. « . s . + 0 le eee nen 255 
Order ‘Psirraci—The Parrots; Macaws, Paroquets, ete. .°.7.°.° «3°. «= 6 enone 268 
Family Peittacide—The Parrots, eft. .0 2520.2 64. 7. ss ss ws os ere 268 
Order Cocorvems—The Cuckoos ete.) ee ee we Ge sie ee) ee ee 271 
Famity-Cuculide—The Cuckoos’ 0 5°. et et Be 6 e's sos, on ee, Po 271 
ito hProponids—The “Trogons: 2. 2 tsa fae ee ve ae: tens oes) Se ee 275 
sc... Momotidea—The ‘Motmots:. 7.42157. 2 2 de ss ues coke Pose 6 fn 277 
e-) Adcedinide—The Kingfishers!:..:2 -2/)c\ eos eho Ae ct ie stents: tote eee . 278 
Order Prct—The Woodpeckers, (Wrynecks;iete.,. 2. 's 6 6 a esl wie eae oe aaa 280 
Family Picide—The Woodpeckers ...157.9 ss ac. «| s 6) o) @ is 2) poe 280 
Order MAcrocuiRes—The'Goatsuckers, ‘Swifts, ete: 2; 9... « «© + « sists) bite: neice 297 
Family: Caprimulgide—The Goatsuckers’.*.°. 0.5 2 ss + 4 ss se ua) eet eee 297 
ire ““Micropodidte—The Swifts’. 20 .%elod 3s ps oss ene te see 5 . 3802 
i - Trochilide—The Hummingbirds’, 672 i 3 i) 00s. sls ster) «io en eee 803 
Order, PASSERES—The Perching Birds ...'. 9. 4. 240. Shs 6 2) a ve tle oe 321 
FamilyCotingide—The 'Cotingas ©. 6 .,°s 4." 4.05, oie pe) ese ce a el 823 
«  'Tyrannida—The Tyrant Flycatchers’.'..........-. ra Lebo 326 
by, eA la dide@—Ee: Warks'? 2 ce. eta eee Nee ee chee erie eeiee or atten eS 346 
i Corvide—The Crows, Jays, Magpies,'ete, .. . 5 5 3! si ss 0s oe cel eee 350 
Cop Osurnide— Chemstarlings) {oc vs yan lt eure ucts en emia eee Ree SEs 0". 5 3864 
“ioe Tcteride—The ‘Blackbirds; Orioles, ete: t) 2%. (3) 3 cles ei one OE Gerdllo. oc 365 
“ -Fringillide—The Finches; Sparrows, efc: . . . 2... j 2) 3s) 46) oo eee 382 
i> Wanaoride—The Panagers’. \.' 6.5 2) iis. fc! 2s ie tayo) Ue tel alt op vont abe Suen 453 
con sirundinidea— The: Swallows. «(3 %\\.4< «wi va, st seemnernae eo eee eye sel l8 7 
“6 Ampelide—The Waxwings, etc... ... 2... 2.2 ee esene ets io) 463 
cca uaniide— The Shrikes, 45) tes) Veh or ok lel oto a teh eras meme on Goleta e omit . 465 
Cte) AVETOONIG2— UNE VALGCOS) < *5. )te ts te Tae erie) 6a cf ehh els ooh a ee on men 468 
itt Cerebida— The Honey Creepers 5°. .5 tees) cele emo he remained 479 
cl i Mniotiltide—The iWiood Warblers. '.) 2) i. lila oh ot ol epraneie es hou ieies aolaemane 480 
s. Motacillidse—The' Wraptaile >< 2.46 04..116 «3s 1s qeusseuieiis bal eel eee 532 
ty. ‘Cinclide—ThedDippers®:< o.Je. fess 2! 49d te ehon oo) 6. Mel aldo oni one 538 
“. Troglodytide—The Wrens, Thrashers, ete. =~ 3 29/5 <5 12. on jenpep ioe eee 538 
it Certniidwe-— lhe) Creepers - so. yei%e "es fete Me me ons he tease: tee tet Coe 557 
“" Parids—The Nuthatches and Tits 7 f 5 a0 ace eel el eae ea 558 
s¢  Sylviide—The Warblers, Kinglets, and Gnatcatchers ........+.+.-. 566 
‘© Turdide—The Thrushes, Solitaires, Stonechats, Bluebirds, etc. .......- 571 
APP HND EX 44 sete eeencon mike ee ete Lodi Pies tel sitet ga curc tt rat oe ty <hr Oats Renn ref Mare eo ae a 583 
DEN DIES | ei, arasetin he ta kat como uw anE on how's, Polv.e. Raion Yeh.Jie. © ecto’ 5) ep Ao RNC p ede: Bel roi a 615 


PSO DCO LN, 


In CLAssIFICATION, NOMENCLATURE, and NuMERATION the present work corre- 
sponds strictly with the “ Check List of North American Birds” published by the 
American Ornithologists’ Union,’ which represents the joint labors of a “ Commit- 
tee on Classification and Nomenclature” appointed by the Union during its first 
Congress, held in New York City, September 26-29, 1883. 

During the year which has elapsed since the publication of the A. O. U. Check 
List several species have been added to the North American fauna, while others 
have been for the first time described. These are of course included in the present 
work, being interpolated in their proper places At the same time, it has been 
considered desirable, in the interest of the student of North American Ornithol- 
ogy, to include, for reasons stated farther on,’ certain extralimital species from 
contiguous countries. All such additional species have, however, been carefully 
distinguished typographically, in order that no confusion may arise, the method 
of discrimination being as follows: 

(1) All species which are undoubtedly North American, even though of doubt- 
ful validity, are in larger type, those given in the A. O. U. Check List proper being 
numbered as in that list, while eighteen of the twenty-six species composing the 
so-called “ Hypothetical List,’* and also those subsequently added to the fauna, are 
preceded by a dash (—) instead of a number. (2) All species which have not been 
established as North American (the majority never having been claimed as such) 
are printed in smaller type, and have neither a number nor a dash. 

The GrocraApPHIcAL Limits are also, so far as numbered species are concerned, 
those of the A. O. U. Check List ; but practically these limits have been enlarged so 


1The Code of Nomenclature | and | Check List | of North American Birds ] Adopted by the American 
Ornithologists’ Union | Being the Report of the Committee of the Union on Classification and Nomenclature | 
* (Motto) | | New York | American Ornithologists’ Union | 1886 | [8vo., pp. i-viii, 1-392.] 

2 For lists of these additional species, see Appendix, pages 591-594. 

3 See under “ Geographical Limits.” 

4“ Consisting of species which have been recorded as North American, but whose status as North Ameri- 
ean birds is doubtful, either from lack of positive evidence of their occurrence within the prescribed limits . . 
or from absence of satisfactory proof of their validity as species.” Of the twenty-six species constituting this 
list, eighteen are unquestionably North American (one of them having been recently established as such), while 
the remaining eight have very scant claims to a place in our fauna. 


ix 


x INTRODUCTION. 


as to include all the species known to inhabit Socorro Island, off the coast of north- 
western Mexico, which is decidedly Wearctic, or North American, in its zodlogical 
affinities, while in many cases other extralimital species have been included, for the 
sake of comparison and also on account of the greater or less probability of their 
occurrence within the southern boundary of the United States. In most cases this 
ignoring of geographical limits has been confined to the inclusion of only the Mexi- 
can, Cuban, and Bahaman species of characteristically North American genera, or 
of genera from the same regions belonging to North American Families, the Euro- 
pean analogues of certain North American species, and species of northeastern Asia 
which have been ascribed to Alaska, or which may from the close proximity of 
their habitat be expected to occur there. A notable departure from this general 
rule has, however, been made in the Order Tubinares, consisting wholly of species 
inhabiting the “high seas,” whose more or less erratic or fortuitous wanderings 
render them specially liable to a place in the list of “accidental visitors” to any 
sea-girt country, for which reason it has been considered desirable, as an aid to 
future research, to include all known species belonging to genera of which repre- 
sentatives have been taken in North American waters. 

MareriaAL.—Although the unrivalled collection of American birds and their 
eggs forming part of the National Museum? has furnished by far the greater por- 
tion of the material upon which this work is based, several other public museums, 
as well as rich private collections, have been carefully studied. Thus, the American 
Museum of Natural History, in New York City ; the Academy of Natural Sciences 
of Philadelphia; the Boston Society of Natural History ; the Museum of Compara- 
tive Zoélogy, in Cambridge, Mass.; and the splendid private collections of Messrs. 
George N. Lawrence, of New York City, William Brewster, of Cambridge, Mass., 
and H. W. Henshaw,’ of Washington, D.C., have furnished indispensable material 
in the way of extralimital species or more extensive series of certain North Amer- 
ican species, for comparison, than had yet been secured by the National Museum. 
It is not, however, the large number of specimens alone that has furnished the sub- 
stantial basis of the following synoptical tables; for, however much the proper dis- 


1 Under the head of “ Mexican” are included not only Mexico itself, but also Guatemala and Honduras. 
(See page vii, regarding typographical distinction between extralimital and North American species.) 

2 The total number of specimens of American birds in the National Museum collection at the end of June, 
1886, was about 36,000, exclusive of duplicates and mounted specimens; the North American “ study series” of 
Passeres and “ Picarix” (i.e., Macrochires, Pici, and Coccyges) alone aggregating nearly 13,000, counting only 
those obtained from North America proper, as defined in the A. 0. U. Check List. At the same time, the collec- 
tion of North American birds’ eggs numbered 38,400 specimens, constituting by far the most extensive and valu- 
able one in existence. Even before the addition of the magnificent private collection so generously donated by 
Captain Charles E. Bendire, U.S.A., no other was comparable to it, either in the number of species represented 
or in their careful identification, it having from the commencement been made a rule to destroy all specimens 
regarding which there appeared the least doubt or suspicion. Captain Bendire’s celebrated collection, while 
representing fewer species, included far more extensive series of a large number of species, showing extreme 
variations of size, contour, and coloration, all perfectly identified, while it was wholly unique in the exquisite 
preparation of the specimens. 

8 Special mention should be made of Mr. Henshaw’s valuable collection (embracing more than 7000 speci- 
mens and unusually complete series of many species), which through the owner’s courtesy has been constantly 
accessible to the author. 


INTRODUCTION. xi 


crimination of species and subspecies may be a question of material, a great deal 
depends upon our knowledge of the birds in life, their natural surroundings, and 
other things which can be learned only out of doors. Fortunately, a very large 
number of accomplished field-naturalists have carefully observed the habits of our 
birds, and through their published records have together contributed a vast store 
of information which no single person could himself have gained. To the much 
that has been gleaned from this source have been added the author’s field-notes, col- 
lected during the period extending from a recent date back to the year 1863, and 
embracing many measurements of fresh specimens, notes on location of nests, fresh 
colors of bill, eyes, feet, etc., and various other useful memoranda. 

MerasvREMENTS are in English inches and hundredths, except when otherwise 
stated. Whenever practicable, they have been taken from large series of speci- 
mens, and the extremes given, as well as the average, which follows in parenthesis, 
Thus, 5.75-6.50 (6.12) would indicate the minimum, maximum, and average, re- 
spectively, of the measurements taken. In the case of closely-allied forms, or where 
distinctive characters are largely a matter of dimensions or the proportionate meas- 
urements of different parts, care has been taken to measure, whenever possible, an 
equal number of specimens of the several forms to be compared; and specimens in 
abraded or otherwise imperfect plumage, as well as young birds, have been excluded. 
When there is any marked sexual difference in size, the number of males and females 
measured of allied forms has also been made as nearly equal as possible. Length 
is to be understood as meaning the total length (from end of bill to tip of tail) of 
the fresh specimen, before skinning, unless otherwise stated. This measurement is 
the least important of any for the purpose of determination of the species, being of 
any value at all only when taken from the fresh specimen, before skinning, and even 
then subject to much variation, according to the amount of stretching to which the 
bird is subjected. In a very large number of species the author’s measurements 
from freshly-killed specimens are given, but in perhaps a majority of cases it has 
been necessary to take measurements made by others. Owing to the fact that all 
our leading authorities have been consulted on this point and only the extremes 
given, it has been found impracticable (even if desirable) to distinguish the latter 
from the former, but it may be remarked that nearly all of those in which 
the range of variation between the extremes is very great belong to the latter 
category. Length of wing is from the “bend,” or carpal joint, to tip of longest 
primary, the rule being laid along the outer or convex side and the wing brought 
up close to it for its entire length. Length of tail is from tip of longest feathers to 
their apparent base, a point often very difficult to determine, and subject to more 
or less variation according to the method of preparing the skin, the amount of 
shrinkage to which the flesh at the base of the tail has been subjected, etc. Length 
of culmen is the chord of the curve, measured with dividers, from the tip of the 
upper mandible to the extreme base of the culmen (this often more or less concealed 
by feathers of the forehead)—unless the qualifying word “exposed” is prefixed, in 
which case the measurement is similarly made to where the frontal feathers close 


1 See foot-note on page xii., as to conversion of inches and decimals into millimetres, 


xii INTRODUCTION. 


over the base of the culmen. Depth of bill is also measured with dividers, and is a 
measurement requiring extreme care. Length of tarsus is measured with dividers, 
one point resting in the tibio-tarsal joint, on the outer side, the other on the lower 
edge of lowermost tarsal scutella, in front (in Passerine and certain Picarian and 
Raptorial birds), or to the more or less obvious transverse depression marking the 
line of separation between tarsus and base of middle toe (in most water birds and 
some others). Length of middle toe is always measured with dividers from the 
last-mentioned point to the base of the claw, on top, and not including the claw, 
unless so stated. 

Measurements of eggs represent the average of six specimens (more or less, ac- 
cording to the extent of the series available for the purpose) which represent or 
approximate the average size and form as nearly as could be determined by the eye 
alone. 

THE NAMES OF COLORS used in the diagnoses are adopted from the author’s “ No- 
menclature of Colors,” in which may be found an elaborate though concise treatise 
on the subject, designed especially for the uses of the naturalist, and in which 186 
colors, embracing all that are named in descriptive ornithology, are depicted, by 
hand-colored plates. 

ILLUSTRATIONS.—With the exception of those which have already appeared in 
the Review of American Birds? History of North American Birds, and Water Birds 
of North America,‘ the illustrations have been made specially for the present work 
by Mr. John L. Ridgway, under the author’s supervision, and engraved by the cele- 
brated “Jewett” process of Messrs. Matthews, Northrupp & Co., of Buffalo, N.Y. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS are specially due to Professor Baird, not only for the 


1 A | Nomenclature of Colors | for Naturalists, | and | Compendium of Useful Knowledge | for Ornitholo- 
gists. | By | Robert Ridgway, | Curator, Department of Birds, United States National Museum, | With ten 
colored plates and seven plates | of outline illustrations. | Boston : | Little, Brown, and Company. | 1887. | 

[In this work is also embodied a “ Glossary of terms used in descriptive ornithology,” in which references 
are given to all the plates. The latter include, besides those representing the colors, three showing the exter- 
nal anatomy or “topography” of a bird, with special reference to the names used in descriptions, one illus- 
trating various egg-contours, one showing a comparative scale of standard measurements, and two upon which 
are depicted the various forms or patterns of feather-markings. There is also, among other things useful to 
the naturalist, a series of tables for the easy conversion of inches and decimals into millimetres, and vice versa.] 

2 Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. | —181— | Review | of American Birds, in the Museum of the | 
Smithsonian Institution. | By | S. F. Baird. | —Part I. North and Middle America. | —[Medallion.] Wash- 
ington : {| Smithsonian Institution. | 

One volume, 8vo; date of publication (by signatures), June, 1864, to June, 1866. 

3 A | History | of | North American Birds | by | S. F. Baird, T. M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway | Land Birds 

| Illustrated by 64 colored plates and 593 woodeuts | Volume I [—III]. [Vignette.] | Boston | Little, Brown, 
and Company | 1874. | 

[This is the most recent work on North American ornithology, giving, besides technical descriptions, 
synonymy, etc., a general account of the history and habits of each species, as known up to date of publica- 
tion. The size is small 4to, and the total number of pages nearly 1800.] 

4 Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at Harvard College, Vols. XII. and XIII. The Water 
Birds of North America. By S. F. Baird, T. M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway. Issued in continuation of the pub- 
lications of the California Geological Survey. J. D. Whitney, State Geologist. Boston. Little, Brown, and 
Company, 1884. 

[Two volumes, uniform in general style, typography, etc., with the “ History of North American Birds,” 
and in reality the conclusion of that work. Total number of pages 1104, embellished by numerous wood-cuts.] 


- 


INTRODUCTION. xiii 


privilege of consulting specimens and books so essential to the preparation of this 
work, but also for the friendly advice and valuable suggestions which have ren- 
dered comparatively easy the performance of a task which under less favorable 
auspices would have been far more difficult of accomplishment. For valuable 
aid, always most cordially rendered, the author is much indebted to Dr. Leonhard 
Stejneger, whose well-known thorough bibliographical knowledge and excellent 
judgment have greatly facilitated the settlement of many vexatious questions of 
synonymy and difficult problems of relationship. To the authorities of the several 
public museums and the owners of the private collections already mentioned, the 
author is glad to have this opportunity of publicly expressing his sense of obliga- 
tion for many courtesies, including, besides unrestricted access to the collections in 
question, the loan of valuable and unique type specimens. 
R. BR. 


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NortrH AMERICAN BtRps 


hi TO Tht AIGHER GROUPS. 


a‘, Hind toe connected by web or membrane with the inner toe. 
Order Steganopodes. (Page 73.) 
a’, Hind toe, if present, not connected with inner toe. 
b.. Nostrils tubular and feet webbed............... Order Tubinares. (Page 50.) 
b*. Nostrils not tubular, or else feet not webbed. 
c’, Cutting-edges of bill more or less distinctly fringed or dentate; feet webbed. 
d'. Legs short, or but slightly lengthened; bill not abruptly bent 
downward from the middle......... Order Anseres. (Page 84.) 
@. Legs excessively lengthened; bill bent abruptly downward from 
the smd die 7.25 ..unsssgeseee sos Order Odontoglosse. (Page 121.) 
ce’, Cutting-edges of bill not fringed nor dentate, or else feet not webbed. 

d'. Legs inserted far behind the middle of the body, which in standing 
position is more or less erect, the toes webbed or conspicuously 
NOD OU van acaaean siouiost cote stock siles Order Pygopodes. (Page 4.) 
@’. Legs inserted near the middle of the body, which in standing posi- 

tion is nearly horizontal, or else toes not webbed. 

e'. Anterior toes distinctly webbed, and tarsus shorter than tail. 
Order Longipennes. (Page 20.) 
e’. Anterior toes not distinctly webbed, or else tarsus decidedly 
longer than tail, or else bill extremely small, with gape 
very broad and deeply cleft. 

J’. Lower portion of thighs naked ; or else bill lengthened and 
grooved along each side, the outer and middle toes sepa- 
rated for their entire length, and with three toes in front. 

g'. Hind toe long and inserted at nearly same level with 
anterior toes, the claws never excessively length- 
ened; loral or orbital regions, or both (sometimes 
whole head), naked. 

Order Herodiones. (Page 122. 
1 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


g. Hind toe (if present) short and inserted above the 
level of the rest, or else size small or medium 
(never as much as 3 feet long); loral and orbital 
regions fully feathered, and middle claw with edge 
not pectinated. 

i’. If more than 3 feet long, the hind toe decidedly 
elevated ; if under 3 feet long, the hind toe on 
same level with anterior toes. 

Order Paludicolz. (Page 134.) 

h?. Never over 3 feet long (usually much less), the 
hind toe (if present) short and elevated, or 
else the claws excessively lengthened and 
wings spurred. 

Order Limicolz. (Page 143.) 

. Lower portion of thighs feathered (or else middle and 

outer toes united for at least half their length), the 
bill if lengthened not grooved along the side." 

g*. Bill strongly hooked, with a distinct naked cere at 
base of upper mandible; or if no naked cere, the 
toes 2 in front and 2 behind. 

h’. Toes 3 in front, or else outer toe reversible. 

Order Raptores. (Page 218.) 

h?. Toes 2 in front, 2 behind (outer toe permanently 
TEVELSCO)e.02-00- Order Psittaci. (Page 268.) 

g. Bill not strongly hooked, and without naked cere 
at base of upper mandible; or if with a cere, the 
latter swollen and the bill straight. 

}. Hind toe small and elevated, or else bill with- 
out soft swollen cere. 

Order Gallinz. (Page 184.) 

h?, Hind toe (or toes) well developed and on same 
level with anterior toes. 

7. Bill with soft swollen cere at base of upper 
mandible. Order Columbe. (Page 210.) 
7. Bill without soft swollen cere. 

j. Wings very long, with 10 primaries, tail 
of 10 feathers, and gape very wide 
and deeply cleft, or else bill long 
and slender, tongue extensile, and 
secondaries only 6 in number. 

Order Macrochires. (Page 297.) 
jy. Wings not very long and gape not very 
wide nor deeply cleft, or else wing 


1 Or else toes 2 in front and 2 behind, and tail-feathers stiff-pointed (Order Pic?). 


x 


KEY TO THE HIGHER GROUPS. 3 


with only 9 primaries and tail-feathers 
12 in number. 

’, Toes only 2 in front, or if 3, the 
middle and outer toes con- 
nected for at least half their 
length. 

?. Tail-feathers stiff and more or 
less pointed, and bill more 
or less chisel-like. 

Order Pici. (Page 280.) 

?, Tail-feathers neither stiff nor 
pointed, and bill not chisel- 
like. 

Order Coccyges. (Page 271.) 

, Toes 3 in front, 1 behind, the middle 
and outer toes not united for 
half their length, lower part of 
thighs feathered, and tarsus equal 
to or longer than lateral toes. 

Order Passeres. (Page 321.) 


4 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Orver PYGOPODES.—Tue Divine Birps._ 
(Page 1) 


s 


Families. 
a. Tail-feathers wanting. 
Anterior toes lobed, the nails very broad, flat, and with rounded tips. (Sub- 


ONGOE HOG ICIPCOS) ecco tcnecuenrinndon sashes ver sia-eaieer Podicipide. (Page 4.) 

a’. Tail-feathers present, but short. (Suborder Cepphi.) 
Groped Gb Oe oReSOM bee coctarwacendcsssiccscasemnccswencscsses ss Urinatoridz. (Page 6.) 
BF SHIM LOC HOSEN icc cess. nnlasioesiiosacianouscaceecsneseseceuccsicewaese Alcidz. (Page 8.) 


FamiLy PODICIPIDAL.—THE GreBsEs. (Page 4.) 


Nest a thick matted platform of rushes, sedges, etc., usually floating upon the 
surface of the water in grassy or sedgy ponds or marshes. Eggs 2-5, dull white, 
bluish white, or very pale bluish green, usually stained more or less (often quite 
deeply) with light brown, by contact with decomposed vegetable matter. 


Genera. 


a. Bill slender, the length of the culmen much more than twice the depth at the 


base. 
b'. Length of culmen five or more times as much as greatest depth of the bill; 
neck nearly as long as the body................ Aschmophorus. (Page 4.) 
b?. Length of culmen less than four times as much as greatest depth of the bill ; 
neck much shorter than the body...........0..00. Colymbus. (Page 5.) 
av. Bill very stout, the length of the culmen less than twice as much as the greatest 
Gepth Ol Me Dill. sis csosssosnsvaesessceocencecsesecevereces Podilymbus. (Page 6.) 


Genus AECHMOPHORUS Covers. (Page 4, pl. I, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common CuaractErs.—Pileum and cervix slaty black ; rest of upper parts slaty, 
inner webs of remiges chiefly white; entire lower parts, including lower half of 
head and all of neck except stripe down the cervix, pure satiny white. Downy 
young: Above uniform brownish gray, lighter anteriorly ; lower parts uniform white. 


a’. Length 24.00-29.00 inches; wing 7.45-8.50 (average 8.07); culmen 2.60- 
3.05 (2.78). Hggs 2-5, 2.40 « 1.54. Hab. Western North America 

(chiefly the interior) from Mexico and Lower California to Manitoba. 
1. ZZ. occidentalis (Lawr.). Western Grebe. 
a’, Length about 22.00 inches; wing 6.70-7.75 (7.31) ; culmen 2.10-2.48 (2.25). 
Eggs 2-5, 2.16141. Hab. Western North America, chiefly along Pacific 
(1.) COABLcidbsscseee at odces ene teseuee — 4®. clarkii (LAwr.). Clark’s Grebe. 


COLYMBUS. 9) 


Genus COLYMBUS Linnaus. (Page 4, pl. L, figs. 2, 3.) 


Species. 


a, Wing 5.00 inches or more. 
6. Bill about as long as the head. Wing more than 6.00 inches. (Subgenus 
Colymbus.) 

cl. Feathers of lower parts pure white to the extreme base. Nuptial 
plumage: Throat and chin buffy white, passing posteriorly into rich 
ferruginous on the very prominent auricular frill, which is tipped 
with black; top of head and elongated tufts on each side of occiput 
glossy black. Length 22.00-24.00; wing 6.80-7.75; culmen 1.75- 
2.30. Hab. Nearly cosmopolitan, but no authentic record for any 
portion of America. 

C. cristatus Linn. Crested Grebe.! 

c?. Feathers of lower parts white only superficially, the concealed portion 
being distinctly grayish. Nuptial plumage: Top of head dull black, 
somewhat glossy ; rest of head ash-gray, bordered above and poste- 
riorly by whitish ; neck rufous. 

d'. Length about 17.50 ; wing 6.45-7.00 (6.63) ; culmen 1.50-1.55 (1.53). 

Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere. 
C. grisegena Bopp. Red-necked Grebe.? 
ad’, Length 18.00-20.50 ; wing 7.30-8.10 (7.65) ; culmen 1.65-2.40 (2.02). 
Eggs 2-5, 2.23 1.37. Hab. North America, including Green- 

land, breeding far northward; eastern Asia. 
2. C. holbeellii (Reinu.). Holbeell’s Grebe. 
6%. Bill much shorter thanhead. Wing not more than 6.00 inches. (Subgenus 
Dytes Kaur.) 

c}, Bill compressed (deeper than wide) at base. NVuptial plumage: Lower 
neck and chest rufous; sides of occiput with a very full dense 
tuft of soft, blended, ochraceous feathers. Downy young: Whole 
top of head dusky; sides of head whitish with two stripes and 
several irregular spots of dusky; a dusky streak on each side of 
throat ; upper parts plain dusky grayish. Length 12.50-15.25 ; wing 
about 5.75. Eggs 2-7, 1.78 x 1.20. Hab. Northern portion of 
northern hemisphere, breeding in America chiefly north of the 
Winited Statess27.cc:.ss<sssesees vse 3. C. auritus Linn. Horned Grebe. 

c. Bill depressed (wider than deep) at base. Nuptial plumage: Head, neck, 
and chest black; sides of head, behind eyes, with a tuft-like or 
somewhat fan-shaped loose patch of slender ochraceous feathers. 
Downy young: Top of head dusky, with several white markings, the 
middle of the crown with a small naked, reddish space; no dusky 


1 Colymbus cristatus Linn., S.N. ed. 10, 1758, 135. 
2 Colymbus grisegena Bopp., Tabl. P. E. 1783, 55. 


6 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


streak on side of throat, or elsewhere below level of eyes. Length 
12.00-14.00; wing 5.20-5.50. 
d', Three or four inner quills mostly or entirely white. Hab. Central 
Europe and Asia. 
C. nigricollis (BREHM). Eared Grebe.! 
ad’, Inner quills with inner webs wholly dusky. Colors generally - 
duller and bill more slender. Eggs 4-8, 1.75 x 1.19. Hab. 
Western North America, north to Great Slave Lake, south to 
Guatemala, east to Mississippi Valley. 
4, C.nigricollis californicus (HErrm.). American Eared Grebe. 
a. Wing less than 5.00 inches. (Subgenus Podiceps Latu.) 

Tarsus decidedly shorter than middle toe without claw. Nuptial plumage: 
Top of head dull greenish black; rest of head dark gray or dull plum- 
beous, the chin and throat dull black. Downy young: Top of head black, 
with a rufous spot in middle of crown, and various white markings; 
sides and underparts of head and neck white varied with black lines. 
Length 9.00-10.50; wing 4.00. Eggs 1.35 x .94. Hab. Tropical America 
in general, north to southern Texas and Lower California. 

5. C. dominicus Linn. St, Domingo Grebe. 


Genus PODILYMBUS Lesson. (Page 4, pl. L., fig. 5.) 


Species. 


Brownish above, silvery white beneath, the feathers dark grayish basally. 
Nuptial plumage: Chin, throat, and anterior portion of malar region black; rest of 
head and neck brownish gray, darker above; lower parts spotted with dusky ; 
bill whitish, crossed about the middle by a black band. Winter plumage: Black 
throat, etc., of nuptial plumage replaced by dull whitish, the rest of the head 
browner; lower parts without dusky spots; bill brownish (paler on lower man- 
dible) without black band. Young: Similar to winter adult, but sides of head more 
or less distinctly striped with brown. Downy young: Head and neck distinctly 
striped with white and black, the crown with a rufous spot; a rufous spot on upper 
part of nape and on each side of occiput; upper parts blackish, marked with four 
strips of grayish white. Length 12.00-15.00; wing 4.50-5.00. Eggs 4-5, 1.72 x 
1.99. Hab. The whole of America, except extreme northern and southern districts. 

6. P. podiceps (Linn.). Pied-billed Grebe. 


Famity URINATORIDZ,.—TuE Loons. (Page 4.) 


Genus. 


(Characters same as those given for the family).......... Urinator. (Page 7.) 


1 Podiceps nigricollis Brrum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 963. Colymbus nigricollis Stesn., Auk, ii., Oct. 1885, 340, 


URINATOR. 7 


Genus URINATOR Covier. (Page 6, pl. IL, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common CuHaracters.—Above blackish or slaty, beneath white. Jn summer, 


upper parts spotted or speckled with white, the throat and fore-neck blackish or 


chestnut. 


In winter, and in young, upper parts without white markings, and throat 


and fore-neck white like rest of lower parts. Downy young uniform sooty grayish, 


the belly white. 


Nest built on ground at edge of marsh or lake. Hgqs 2, elongate- 


ovate, deep brown or olive, rather sparsely speckled or spotted with dark brown 


and blackish. 


a, Tarsus shorter than inner toe with claw; fore-neck blackish in summer. 


b'. Distance from base of culmen to anterior point of loral feathers, above 
nostrils, greater than the distance from the latter point to anterior bor- 
der of nostrils’ Summer plumage with head and neck black all round, 
the middle of the fore-neck and sides of lower neck each crossed by a 
bar or transverse series of white streaks. 

c. Basal depth of bill’ not less than one-third exposed culmen ; bill in adult 


blackish (almost wholly deep black in summer); head and neck 
glossed with velvety green ; white spots on scapulars broad as long ; 
length 28.00-36.00; wing 13.00-15.25 (14.06); culmen 2.75-3.50 
(3.07); depth of bill through base .90-1.05 (.96). Hggs 3.52 x 
2.27. Hab. Northern part of northern hemisphere, breeding from 
northern United States northward..... 7. U. imber (Gunn). Loon. 


c?, Basal depth of bill less than one-third exposed culmen; bill in adult 


whitish (almost wholly yellowish white in summer); head and 
neck glossed with velvety violet-blue ; white spots on scapulars de- 
cidedly longer than broad; length about 35.00-38.00; wing 14.85- 
15.45 (15.11); culmen 3.50-3.65 (3.59) ; depth of bill through base 
1.00-1.20 (1.09). Hab. Western Arctic America and northeastern 
INSTR, Gcccectsacnecsebiewe ss 8. U. adamsii (Gray). Yellow-billed Loon. 


b’. Distance from base of culmen to anterior point of loral feathers, not greater 
than distance from the latter point to anterior extremity of nostril. 
Summer plumage with upper part of head and hind part of neck gray- 
ish; throat and fore-neck black, without white streaks, but several lon- 
gitudinal series of the latter down the side of the neck, between the 
black and the gray. 

cl. Fore-neck and under side of neck glossed with velvety purple; occi- 
put and hind-neck deep gray, almost plumbeous. Length 26.00- 
29.00; wing 12.15-13.20 (12.55); culmen 2.50-2.85 (2.60); depth of 
bill at base, .75-.80 (.78). Eggs 3.09 x 1.96. Hab. Northern por- 
tions of northern hemisphere, breeding in Arctic regions; in North 
America, south, in winter, to extreme northern United States, east 
of the Rocky Mountains. 


9. U. arcticus (Linn.). Black-throated Loon. 


1 At base of exposed culmen. 


8 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


ce’. Fore-neck and under side of head glossed with dull bronzy greenish, 
sometimes inclining to purplish; occiput and hind-neck very pale 
smoky grayish, sometimes nearly white. Wing 11.20-12.25 (11.54); 
culmen 2.00-2.35 (2.15); depth of bill at base .55-.65 (62). Eggs 
3.11 « 1.92. Hab. Pacific coast of North America, from Alaska to 
Lower California, breeding far northward. 

10. U. pacificus (Lawr.). Pacific Loon. 
a. Tarsus longer than inner toe with claw. Fore-neck rich chestnut in summer ; 
head and neck plumbeous gray, the top of head and hind-neck streaked with 
white; upper parts speckled with white. Summer plumage: Throat and 
fore-neck plumbeous, like rest of head and neck, but marked down the mid- 
dle with a wedge-shaped patch or stripe of rich chestnut. Winter plumage 
and young: Throat and fore-neck white. Downy young: Above uniform 
dusky, or sooty slate; lower parts paler and more grayish. Length 24.00- 
27.00; wing 10.00-11.50; culmen 2.25; tarsus 2.75. Hggs 2.82 x 1.76. Hab. 
Northern portions of northern hemisphere, breeding in Arctic regions; in 

North America, south, in winter, nearly across the United States. 
11. U. lumme (Gunn.). Red-throated Loon. 


Famity ALCIDAL.—TueE Auxs. (Page 4.) 


West a cavity among rocks, usually on face of cliffs. gg single, variable as to 
form and color. 
Genera. 


a’. Inner claw much larger and more strongly curved than the others; corner of 
mouth with a thick naked skin, or “rosette ;” bill excessively compressed, 
nearly as deep as long, the terminal portion transversely grooved (except in 
young), the basal portion with several accessory deciduous pieces, cast at end 
of breeding season. (Subfamily Fraterculine.) 

b. Basal outline of permanent (terminal) portion of upper mandible convex ; 
lower mandible wholly destitute of grooves, in all stages; grooves of 
upper mandible with concave side toward tip of bill. Muptial ornaments : 
Deciduous nasal shield or saddle widest toward culmen, where forming 
an arched and much thickened ridge; eyelids without horny append- 
ages; on each side of head a large pendent tuft of lengthened, silky, 
straw-colored feathers .........ccccesccsses sees ssccescererees Lunda. (Page 10.) 

0%. Basal outline of permanent (terminal) portion of bill concave, or nearly 
straight and very oblique; permanent (terminal) portion of lower man- 
dible grooved (except in young); grooves of the upper mandible with 
concave side toward base of the bill. Muptial ornaments: Deciduous 
nasal shield widest toward nostril; basal outline of upper mandible con- 
cave; eyelids furnished with horny appendages; head without orna- 
mental tufts Or PlUMECS.......csceeeeerreeceeecereceees Fratercula. (Page 11.) 


ALCID,. 9 


a’. Inner claw not obviously different in size or shape from the others; corner of 
mouth without thickened naked skin or “ rosette.” 
b. Angle of chin much nearer to nostril than to tip of bill. 
ce. Nostrils exposed, overhung by a more or less distinct horny scale, and 
feathers of lores never reaching to anterior end of nostrils; second- 
aries without white tips. (Subfamily Phalerine.) 

d@, Gonys occupying more than half the total length of the lower 
mandible, or else tip of upper mandible not abruptly decurved 
from a long, straight culmen. 

e. Distance from anterior border of nasal hollow to nearest loral 
feathers equal to one half or more than one half the dis- 
tance from the same point to the tip of the bill. (Phaleree.) 

f?. Bill about as long as the head (culmen about 1.00); wing 
TMOTNE GHB O: D0 ss.cnsscede+enes Cerorhinca. (Page 11.) 
f?. Bill much shorter than head (culmen less than .75) ; wing 
less than 6.50. 
g. Upper mandible broader than deep at base; culmen 
nearly straight. (Wing about 5.00.) 
Ptychoramphus. (Page 12.) 
g?. Upper mandible higher than broad at base; culmen 
decidedly curved. 
ht. Lower mandible very narrow, strongly and very 
regularly recurved, the tip acute; edge of 
upper mandible very regularly convex. (Wing 
5.25-6.00.)...... Cyclorrhynchus. (Page 12.) 
#2, Lower mandible more than half as deep as the 
upper, not recurved, or else tip not acute; 
upper mandible with edge nearly straight or 
else not regularly convex. (Wing 5.25 or 
ESSE) scstatsscsses Simorhynchus. (Page 12.) 

é. Distance from anterior border of nasal hollow to nearest loral 
feathers equal to not more than one-fourth the distance 
from the same point to the tip of the bill. (Brachyramphee. ) 

f. Tarsi scutellate in front, much longer than the horny 
portion of the commissure. 

Synthliboramphus. (Page 13.) 

f?. Tarsi reticulate in front, not longer than horny portion of 

COMMISSULE.........20600 Brachyramphus. (Page l4.) 

d?, Gonys occupying less than half the total length of the lower man- 
dible ; culmen straight to near the tip, where abruptly decurved. 


(Cepphee.) 
Loral feathers forming an acute angle. (Wing 6.50-7.50 ; 
culmen 1.00 or MOTe.)..........0..02068 Cepphus. (Page 16.) 


@. Nostrils completely concealed or enclosed within a dense, velvety 


feathering, which extends from the lores to or beyond their an- 
2 


10 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


terior end; secondaries sharply tipped with white. (Subfamily 
Alcine.) 
d', Bill narrow, the culmen slightly or gently curved, both mandibles 
destitute of grooves; tail rounded, the feathers not pointed. 
COP ee Deere ciganeaesisecasaneio Onsen Le suiclewondelceicen ose Uria. (Page 17.) 
d’. Bill very deep, much compressed, culmen strongly curved, and one 
or both mandibles transversely or obliquely grooved (except in 
young); tail graduated, the feathers pointed. (Alce@.) 
él. Size medium (culmen less than 1.50); bill much shorter than 
head, the lower mandible with not more than two grooves, 
or none; wings well developed, admitting of sustained flight. 
Alca. (Page 18.) 
e?. Size very large (culmen more than 3.00); bill as long as the 
head, the lower mandible with numerous grooves; wings 
rudimentary, not admitting of flight.. Plautus. (Page 19.) 
6%. Angle of chin much nearer tip of bill than to nostril. (Subfamily Alline.) 
Bill very short and broad, the culmen much curved; size very small 
(wing less than 5.00); secondaries sharply tipped with white. 
Alle.’ (Page 19.) 


Genus LUNDA Pattas. (Page 8, pl. IIL, fig. 1.) 
Species. 

Above uniform sooty black, lower parts sooty grayish, the feathers of breast 
and belly grayish white beneath the surface, this color sometimes showing through, 
and breaking the continuity of the dusky. Nuptial plumage: Anterior portion of 
side of head white; springing from each side of the crown, immediately above the 
eye, a thick pendent tuft of lengthened, silky, straw-colored feathers; terminal 
half of bill bright red, basal portion olive-yellowish ; feet bright scarlet (in life). 
Winter plumage: Side of head wholly dusky, but lighter in region of insertion of 
the nuptial tufts, which are wholly absent; basal deciduous horny covering of bill 
replaced by soft, dusky brown skin; feet flesh-color (in life). Young, first winter : 
Similar-to winter adult, but upper mandible destitute of grooves, and nuptial tufts 
present in a rudimentary condition but of a light brownish color; terminal portion 
of bill inclining to brownish orange-red. Young, first summer or autumn: Bill 
smaller, narrower, and browner in color; nuptial tufts wanting. Downy young: 
Uniform dark sooty grayish, or blackish. Length 14.40-15.60; wing 7.75; culmen 
1.30-1.45. Hgg 2.86 X 1.92, more or less ovate, white (sometimes tinged with pale 
buffy, pinkish, or brownish), usually more or less marked round larger end with 
faint spots, splashes or streaks of pale brown, or lavender-gray, or both. Had. 
Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from southern California to Alaska, and 
from Bering’s Strait to Japan; accidental in Bay of Fundy and Kennebec River, 
MAING séiiscwens soe eeeeete ern betraatacmesanncaauenee se 12. L. cirrhata Pau. Tufted Puffin. 


1 Alle Linx, Beschr. Nat. Samml. Univ. Rostock, i. 1806, 46 (not p. 17, as given in A. O. U. Check List). 


FRATERCULA. gla 


Genus FRATERCULA Brisson. (Page 8, pl. IIL, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common CuHaractEers.—Upper parts, together with a band across fore-neck, 
uniform blackish ; sides of head grayish or white; lower parts pure white. Downy 
young, uniform sooty blackish, or dark sooty slate, the belly white. Egg shaped and 
colored like that of Lunda cirrhata. 


@. Grooves of the bill very oblique, broad, and distinct, the deciduous basal shields 
occupying less than the basal half of the bill. Nuptial plumage: Chin and 
whole throat grayish, the sides of the head gray; horny process on upper 
eyelid short, subconical; length 11.50-13.75. 

6. Bill and general size smaller: Culmen 1.60-1.90, gonys 1.40-1.50, depth of 
upper mandible at base .75-.90, of lower, .40-.50. Egg 2.46-1.74. Hab. 
Coasts of the North Atlantic, from southern Greenland south, in winter, 
in North America, to New Jersey, breeding as far south as the Bay 
CRP LY. soe cacsisien ce dodevaancleuciswavanesvetooncnes 13. F. arctica (Linn.). Puffin. 

b?. Bill and general size larger: Culmen 2.00-2.30, gonys 1.40-1.60, depth of 
upper mandible at base .85-1.00, of lower, .70.-80. Egg 2.65-1.82. Hab. 
Coasts and islands of the Arctic Ocean, from Spitzbergen to northern 
and western Greenland. 

13a. F. arctica glacialis (Trmm.). Large-billed Puffin. 

a®, Grooves of the bill nearly vertical, narrow, and rather indistinct ; deciduous 

basal shields occupying much more than the basal half of the bill. Nuptial 

plumage : Whole throat blackish, the chin, only, gray; sides of head white ; 

horny process on upper eyelid elongated, horn-like. Downy young : Uniform 

sooty blackish, the belly, abruptly, white. Length about 12.50-14.00 ; culmen 

2.00-2.25, gonys 1.60-1.70, depth of upper mandible 1.15-1.25, of lower, .70- 

80. Egg 2.74-1.84. Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from 
British Columbia to the Kurile Islands. 

14. F. corniculata (Naum.). Horned Puffin. 


Genus CERORHINCA Bonaparte. (Page 9, pl. IV., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Bill much compressed, longer than deep, the culmen regularly curved, but 
gonys nearly straight; upper parts uniform dusky; under portion and sides of 
head and neck, down to the chest, together with sides, smoky plumbeous; rest of 
lower parts white, usually clouded with smoky gray ; a row of narrow, pointed, 
white feathers along each side of occiput, commencing just above and behind the 
eye; another row of similar but larger feathers across cheeks, from near corner of 
mouth. Nuptial plumage: Base of upper mandible surmounted by a compressed 
upright horn, the base of which clasps the mandible as a saddle, down to, and en- 
closing the nostrils. Winter plumage: Similar to nuptial dress, but breast more 


12 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


uniformly gray, the belly more uniform white, and the horn-like process at base of 
upper mandible entirely absent. Young: Similar to winter adult, but white fila- 
mentous feathers of head wanting, and bill smaller and darker in color. Downy 
young : Uniform sooty grayish brown, very similar to corresponding stage of Lunda 
cirrhata, but rather lighter in color and with more slender bill. Length 14.00- 
15.50, wing 7.25, culmen, from cere, or anterior edge of horn, 1.00. gg 2.70 x 1.82, 
similar in form, color, etc., to those of Lunda and species of Fratercula. Hab. Coasts 
and islands of the North Pacific, from Lower California (resident) to Japan. 

15. C. monocerata (PALL.). Rhinoceros Auklet. 


Genus PTYCHORAMPHUS Branpr. (Page 9, pl. VI., fig. 3.) 
Species. 


Above uniform slaty blackish, changing gradually into plumbeous on sides of 
head and neck, throat, and fore-neck; a white spot on lower eyelid; lower parts 
white, the sides (beneath wings) plumbeous; length 8.00-9.50, wing 4.75-5.25, cul- 
men .75. Hgg 1.83 x 1.34, ovate, pure white. Hab. Pacific coast of North America, 
from Aleutian Islands to Lower California. 

16. P. aleuticus (PALL.). Cassin’s Auklet. 


Genus CYCLORRHYNCHUS Kavp. (Page 9, pl IV., fig. 5.) 


Species. 


Above uniform blackish slate, beneath white; bill orange-red. Nuptial plu- 
mage: Throat, fore-neck, and sides dusky; a line of narrow pointed white feathers 
starting just below the eye, and extending back across the ear-coverts. Winter 
plumage: Similar to summer dress, but throat, fore-neck, and sides partly or en- 
tirely white; white feathers behind eyes wanting? Young(?): Similar to winter 
adult, but bill duller red (or inclining to brownish), and entire lower parts, including 
throat and fore-neck, continuous white ;’ length 9.00-10.40, wing 5.40-6.00, culmen 
about .60. gg 2.12 « 1.46, clear bluish white. Hab. Coasts of the North Pacific 
from Sitka to the Kurile Islands.... 17. C. psittaculus (PALL.). Paroquet Auklet. 


Genus SIMORHYNCHUS Merrem. (Page 9, pl. IV., figs. 2 to 4.) 


Species. 

Common CHARACTERS.—Upper paris blackish, the scapulars sometimes mixed 
with white. Adults with a series of slender, pointed white feathers commencing 
beneath the eye and extending backward across the ear-coverts. ggs ovate, pure 
white, sometimes faintly tinged with bluish. 


a’. Wing more than 4.00; adult with a recurved frontal crest ; lower parts uniform 
sooty gray, the belly sometimes whitish ; no white on scapulars. 


1 The seasunal and other changes of plumage in this species are not well understood, and we have not the 
material with which to determine them. The above may, therefore, be not quite correct in some particulars. , 


SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS. 13 


6. Wing 5.00 or more; adult in breeding season with several conspicuous de- 
ciduous plates on basal portion of bill, including a roundish or semicir- 
cular piece at corner of mouth; no white feathers between bill and eye; 
belly never whitish. (Subgenus Simorhynchus.) Breeding plumage : 
Bill bright orange-red, the tip horn-colored. Winter plumage : Bill horn- 
colored, much smaller, through loss of the deciduous pieces. Young : 
Frontal crest and white feathers beneath eye wanting, or but slightly 
developed; bill much smaller, dusky brownish. Length 8.50-10.80; 
wing about 5.25. Hyg 2.14-149. Hab. Coasts of the North Pacific 
from Kadiak, Unalashka, and the Prybilof Islands through the Aleutian 
chain to Kamtschatka and northern Japan. 

18. S. cristatellus (PALL.). Crested Auklet. 

6. Wing less than 4.50; adult in breeding season without conspicuous deciduous 
plates on basal portion ; belly whitish ; a more or less distinct patch of 
narrow, pointed, white feathers between bill and eye (indistinct or ob- 
solete in young). (Subgenus Phaleris Temminck.) Breeding plumage: 
Bill dull purplish red, the tip whitish. Winter plumage not materially 
different. Young: Frontal crest and white feathers on sides of head 
wanting or barely indicated ; bill dusky. Downy young: Uniform sooty 
slate, lighter beneath. Jength 7.10-8.30, wing 4.10-4.25, culmen .35-.40. 
ffab. Coasts of the North Pacific, from Unalashka through the Aleutian 
chain to Kamtschatka... 19. S. pygmzeus (GmeEL.). Whiskered Auklet. 

a’. Wing not more than 4.00; adult without frontal crest ; lower parts white, some- 
times blotched with dusky; scapulars with more or less white; base of bill 
with a small compressed knob on top. (Subgenus Ciceronia Retcu.) Breed- 
ing plumage: Lower parts white, more or less spotted or blotched with 
dusky, this often forming a distinct band across the chest. Winter plumage : 
Lower parts, including sides of neck, entirely white; white ornamental 
feathers of forehead, etc., usually less developed. Young: Similar to winter 
plumage, but bill smaller, scapulars more extensively white, and white orna- 
mental feathers of forehead, etc., wanting. Downy young: Uniform sooty 
slate, paler and grayer on lower parts. Length 5.50-7.20, wing 3.50-4.00, 
culmen .35-.40. Eggs 1.58 « 1.10. Hab. Coasts of the North Pacific, from 
Japan and southern Alaska to the Aleutian and Prybilof Islands. 

20. S. pusillus (PALL.). Least Auklet. 


Genus SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS Branpr. (Page 9, pl. VI, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common CuHaracters.—Above plumbeous, beneath white. Breeding plumage : 
Chin and part, or whole, of throat dusky ; top of head with a broad white stripe 
along each side ; sides, from neck to flanks, uniform sooty blackish. Winter plumage : 
Whole throat white, the chin plumbeous; no white stripes on top of head; sides 
and flanks white, striped with slaty. 


14 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


a’. Never crested. Breeding plumage: Chin, throat, and fore-neck, with top and 
sides of head, sooty black ; sides of neck and a broad stripe along each side of 
occiput, pure white; white stripes on side of occiput not extending forward 
of the eye ; upper back streaked laterally with white. Winter plumage: Whole 
throat white; stripes on sides of occiput and streaks on upper part of back 
wanting. Length 9.50-10.80, wing 5.25-5.50, culmen .60. Egg 2.42 x 1.55, 
elongate-ovate, buffy (variable in shade from nearly white to almost an 
isabella-color), speckled or otherwise marked all over with deep brown and 
lavender-gray. Hab. Coasts of the North Pacific, from Japan and southern 
Alaska (Sitka) northward...... 21. S. antiquus (GmMeEL.). Ancient Murrelet. 

a’. Crested in the breeding season. Areeding plumage: Fore part of crown with a 
loose crest of slender, lengthened feathers slightly curved or nearly straight ; 
upper half of throat velvety plumbeous, with a truncated posterior outline ; 
ear-coverts deep plumbeous; white stripes on sides of top of head extending 
forward far beyond the eye; upper back not streaked with white. Winter 
plumage: Whole throat and malar region white, the chin, only, plumbeous ; 
no white on top of head, and no crest. Downy young: Above brownish gray, 
the back and rump indistinctly streaked with grayish white; lower parts, 
including chin, entirely pure white. Length about 9.50-11.00, wing 5.10- 
5.50. Hab. Coasts of the North Pacific, from Japan (and Washington Ter- 
ritory ?) northward. (Very doubtfully American.) 

(2.) 22. S. wumizusume (TeEmm.). Temminck’s Murrelet. 


GENUS BRACHYRAMPHUS Branpr. (Page 9, pl. VI, fig. 2.) 
Species. 


Common CHARACTERS.—Size small (wing less than 5.50); bill small and slender, 
much shorter than head (not longer than the short tarsus), compressed, and 
pointed ; culmen gently curved, gonys nearly straight; plumage very plain, with- 
out ornamental feathers about head at any season. 


a. Tarsus shorter than middle toe, without claw. 
b’. Exposed culmen about equal to inner toe, without claw; secondaries and 
outer tail-feathers entirely dusky. 

ce. Culmen .70 or less. Summer adult: Above dusky, barred more or less 
with deep rusty ; beneath mixed white and sooty brown, in varying 

relative proportion. Winter plumage: Above slaty, interrupted by a 

white collar across nape; scapulars mixed with white, and feathers 

of back, ete., tipped with plumbeous; entire lower parts pure white, 

the orbital and superciliary regions dusky, like top of head, and 
outermost feathers of flanks striped with dark grayish. Young: 

Above uniform dusky, with indistinct white collar and scapular 

patches; lower parts white, transversely mottled with dark sooty ; 

bill much smaller and weaker than in adult. Length 9.50-10.00, 

wing about 5.00, culmen .60-.70, tarsus .70, middle toe .92-1.00. Egg 


‘ 


BRACHYRAMPHUS. 1D 


2.14 x 1.42, ovate, ground-color buffy, speckled or otherwise marked 
with various shades of brown. Hab. Pacific coast of North America, 
from southern California to western Alaska. 

23. B. marmoratus (GMEL.). Marbled Murrelet. 
c. Culmen .75. Summer adult: Similar to corresponding stage of B. mar- 
moratus, but markings of upper parts buffy and dull whitish, instead 
of deep rusty. Wing 5.50, culmen .75, tarsus .70, middle toe .95. 

Hab. Coasts of northeastern Asia, from Japan to Kamtschatka. 
B. perdix (PaLu.). Partridge Murrelet.! 


63, Exposed culmen not more than two-thirds as long as inner toe without claw ; 
secondaries broadly tipped with white, and outer tail-feathers partly or 
wholly white. 

cl. Tarsus .60 or more. Summer adult: Above plumbeous, thickly marked 
with irregular, mostly longitudinal, spots of buff; lower parts chiefly 
white, the chest and sides washed with buff and irregularly spotted 
and barred with dusky ; belly more faintly marked with more regular 
crescentic bars. Winter plumage: Above glossy plumbeous, the back 
and rump very narrowly and indistinctly barred with white; scapu- 
lars chiefly white; sides of head (including lores and superciliary 
region), a narrow collar round hind-neck, and entire lower parts, 
pure white, the sides of the breast crossed by a broad band of slate- 
gray, narrowing toward the middle of the chest. Wing 5.10-5.80, 
culmen .35-.45, depth of bill at base .20-.22, tarsus .60-.65, middle toe 
85-95. Hab. Unalashka, through Aleutian chain to Kamtschatka 
and northern Japan. 

24. B. kittlitzii Branpr. Kittlitz’s Murrelet. 
c. Tarsus .50. Wing 5.25, culmen .50, tarsus .50. Summer plumage: Above 
grayish brown, head and neck spotted with white; beneath white, 

waved and spotted with brown. Hab. San Blas, western Mexico. 
B. brevirostris (Vic.). Short-billed Murrelet.? 


a’. Tarsus as long as or longer than middle toe without claw. 

b'. Lining of wing white; above plain dark slaty, beneath entirely pure white ; 
length 9.60-10.50, wing 4.50-5.25, culmen .70-.80, tarsus .90-.95, middle 
toe .85. Hab. Southern California to Cape St. Lucas. 

25. B. hypoleucus Xantus. Xantus’s Murrelet. 

b?. Lining of wing smoky gray, or slaty; in plumage otherwise like B. hypo- 
leucus; length about 10.25, wing 4.60, culmen .78-.80, tarsus .88-.90, 
middle toe .80-.88. Hyg 2.03 < 1.40, ovate, ground-color buffy, isabella- 
color, or fawn-color, thickly sprinkled, speckled, or otherwise marked 
with dark brown. Hab. Lower California (vicinity of Cape St. Lucas). 

26. B. craveri (SALVAD.). Craveri’s Murrelet. 


lCepphus perdix PALLAs, Zoog. Rosso-As. li. 1826, 351, pl. 80. Brachyramphus perdix Stein. Zeitschr. 
Ges. Orn. iii. 1886, 213, p. 7. 
2 Uria brevirostris Via., Zool. Jour. iv. 1828, 357. Possibly the same as B, hittlitzii BRAnprt. 


16 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus CEPPHUS Pattas. (Page 9, pl. IL, fig. 3.) 
Species. 


Common CHARAcTERS.—Summer adults uniform black, with or without white 
on wings. Winter specimens white, varied above (sometimes below also) with black, 
the wings and tail as in summer. Young similar to winter adults, but white of 
wings varied with dusky, the quills marked at tips with white. Bill black; feet 
bright red in summer, pinkish in winter. Hyg varying from ovate to elongate- 
ovate, greenish white or buffy white, heavily spotted or otherwise conspicuously 
marked with dark brown and lavender-gray. 


a. A large white patch on outer surface of wing. 
b’. Under wing-coverts pure white. 

c’. Greater wing-coverts white to the extreme base, sometimes a little 
dusky along the basal portion of the shafts. Adult in summer: Uni- 
form blackish, except a large roundish or oval patch of pure white 
on the wing, including the greater, middle, and posterior lesser 
coverts, these feathers all white to the base; axillars, under wing- 
coverts, and basal half, or more, of inner webs of quills, pure white. 
Winter plumage: Wings as in summer; rest of the plumage pure 
white, the upper parts varied with black. Young : Similar to winter 
plumage, but white wing-patch broken by blackish tips to all the 
feathers; secondaries and primary coverts marked with white at 
ends, and lower parts indistinctly barred with dusky. Downy young: 
Uniform sooty blackish, paler and more grayish below. Length 
about 12.50-13.50, wing 6.25-7.20, culmen 1.00-1.20, gonys .50, depth 
of bill at nostril .35-.40. Egg 2.38 x 1.36. Hab. Circumpolar sea- 
coasts, south in North America, in winter, to New Jersey and 
Norton Sound, Alaska. (Breeding south to Hudson’s Bay and coast 
Of Ma brador))cecre.nceces 28. C. mandtii Licut. Mandt’s Guillemot. 

@. Greater wing-coverts with at least their basal half black, this often 
showing as a narrow bar beyond tips of middle coverts ; plumage 
otherwise as in C. mandtii, and measurements nearly the same, but 
bill larger and stouter; length 12.00-13.80, culmen 1.20-1.30, gonys 
.55-.60, depth of bill at nostril .40-.45. Egg 2.25 x 1.55. Hab. 
Coasts of northern Europe; also from southern Greenland along 
Labrador coast and south, in winter, to New Jersey ; breeding from 
Newfoundland and southern Labrador to vicinity of Eastport, 
MING (7) ec aaaes aecsaecizsceneee 27. C. grylle (Linn.). Black Guillemot. 

6’. Under wing-coverts smoky gray. 

Greater wing-coverts black basally, this increasing in extent toward 
edge of the wing, where occupying almost the whole extent of the 
outermost feather, thus producing a broad black “ wedge” between the 
two white areas; plumage otherwise as in ©. grylle, with similar 
seasonal changes, etc.; length 13.00-14.00, wing 6.90-7.30, culmen 


URIA. 7 


1.20-1.40, gonys .55-.60, depth of bill at nostril 40-42. Egg 2.41 x 
1.64. Hab. Coasts of the North Pacific, from southern California to 
the Aleutian Islands, and across to Kamtschatka and northern Japan. 
29. C. columba Pau. Pigeon Guillemot. 

a®?, No white on wings. 
b'. A whitish area surrounding the eye; plumage otherwise dark sooty. 
(Winter plumage and young unknown.) Length about 14.50, wing 
about 7.75, culmen 1.55-1.70, gonys .75-.80, depth of bill at nostril .50. 
Hab. Coasts of northeastern Asia, from northern Japan to Sea of 
Okhotsk, Kurile Islands, and Bering Island (accidental ?) ; Unalashka ?? 
C. carbo Patt. Sooty Guillemot. 
b?, No white anywhere, the plumage entirely dark sooty ; about the size of C. 
carbo. Hab. High north Atlantic (Iceland, Greenland, and west side of 
Cumberland Gulf). —. C. motzfeldi Benick. Black-winged Guillemot. 


Genus URIA Brisson. (Page 10, pl. IL., fig. 2.) 
Species. 

Common CHARACTERS.—Culmen as long as or longer than the tarsus; bill much 
compressed, the gonys more or less concave, and nearly as long as the culmen; cutting- 
edge of upper mandible notched near tip, its basal portion more or less thickened or 
swollen; a distinct longitudinal furrow in the feathering behind eyes; upper parts 
uniform dusky, the secondaries sharply tipped with white; lower parts white. 
Summer plumage: Sides of head and neck, chin, throat, and fore-neck, uniform 
velvety brown. Winter plumage: Chin, throat, fore-neck, and sides of head and 
neck white, with a dusky stripe behind eye. Young: Similar to winter plumage, 
but no white on side of occiput, and that of fore-neck faintly mottled with dusky ; 
bill smaller. Downy young : Head, neck, and upper parts smoky grayish brown, the 
head and neck finely streaked with dingy whitish; lower parts whitish centrally. 
Figg as large as that of a goose, elongate or ovate pear-shaped, and excessively vari- 
able in color, the ground-color varying from white to cream-color, pinkish, pale 
blue, and yellowish green (the last two colors probably most common), and varie- 
gated with variously-formed marks of black and brown. 


a’. Depth of bill at angle less than one-third the length of the culmen; top of head 
and hind-neck smoky brown; basal portion of cutting-edge of upper mandible 
always dusky or similar in color to rest of the mandible. Summer plumage : 
Sides of head and neck, chin, throat, and fore-neck, velvety smoky grayish 
brown, sometimes marked with a narrow white postocular line, connected 
with a white ring around eye.’ (Length 15.00-18.00.) 

b. Wing 7.75-8.30 (7.99), culmen 1.70-1.90 (1.81), gonys 1.05-1.20 (1.14), depth 
of bill through angle .50-.60 (.52), tarsus 1.40-1.60 (1.51), middle toe 
1.60-1.75 (1.70). Egg 3.26 « 1.99. Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic, 


1Such specimens constitute the U. ringvia Brttnn., by some authors considered a distinct species, and pos- 

sibly entitled to such rank. Its proper status is a matter of doubt, and is a fit subject for special investigation. 
Such specimens are only known from the North Atlantic. 
2 


18 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


south, in winter, to New England, on American side; breeding from 
Nova Scotia northward. .5.0isisnsncaess.s0 30. U. troile (Linn.). Murre. 
b?. Wing 7.85-8.80 (8.30), culmen 1.60-2.50 (1.86), gonys 1.15-1.40 (1.27), depth 
of bill through angle .55-.62 (.57), tarsus 1.35-1.60 (1.50), middle toe 
1.65-1.85 (1.74). Hgg 3.24 & 2.01. Hab. Pacific coast of North America, 
south to southern California. ; 
30a. U. troile californica (Bryant). California Murre. 
a’. Depth of bill at angle more than one-third the length of the culmen ; top of head 
and hind-neck sooty black ; basal portion of cutting-edge of upper mandible 
thickened, and conspicuously light-colored in adult. Summer plumage : Sides 
of head and neck, chin, throat, and fore-neck, velvety snuff-brown. (Length 
14.50-18.50.) 

b'. Wing 7.45-8.80 (8.24), culmen 1.40-1.50 (1.45), gonys .75-.90 (.83), depth of 
bill through angle .52-.58 (.55), tarsus 1.40-1.55 (1.45), middle toe 1.65- 
1.75 (1.70). Hgg 3.16 x 2.03. Hab. Arctic Ocean and coasts of the 
North Atlantic, south, in winter, to New Jersey ; breeding from Gulf of 
St. Lawrence northward...... 31. U. lomvia (Liny.).  Briinnich’s Murre. 
b?. Wing 8.15-9.25 (8.71), culmen 1.45-1.75 (1.65), gonys .85-1.00 (.92), depth 
of bill through angle .55-.60 (.58), tarsus 1.45-1.60 (1.51), middle toe 1.70- 
1.90 (1.81). Egg 3.21 x 2.01. Hab. Coasts and islands of Bering’s Sea, 

and Aleutian chain, from Kadiak to Kamtschatka. 
3la. U. lomvia arra (PALL.). Pallas’s Murre. 


Genus ALCA Linnamus. (Page 10, pl. V., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Upper parts uniform black, the secondaries sharply tipped with white; lower 
parts pure white. Summer plumage: Head and neck (except top of head and hind- 
neck) uniform velvety snuff-brown ; a white line from the base of the culmen to the 
eye; bill black, both mandibles crossed about the middle by a white bar. Winter 
adult: Whole under portion of head, fore-neck, and space behind ear-coverts, white ; 
no white line between bill and eye; bill as in summer, but without basal lamina. 
Young: Similar in plumage to winter adult; but bill smaller, without grooves, and 
lacking the white bar. Downy young: Head, neck, and lower parts plain dull 
whitish, usually more or less tinged above with brownish buff; back, rump, and 
flanks varying from pale brownish buff (the down dusky immediately beneath the 
surface), more decidedly brownish posteriorly, to dark sooty brown; posterior and 
lateral lower parts more or less tinged with sooty brownish or brownish buff. 
Length 15.00-18.00, wing 8.00-8.50, tail 3.50, culmen 1.25, greatest depth of bill .90. 
£qq 3.06 < 1.89, ovate or elongate pear-shaped, buffy, buffy whitish, pure white, or 
white faintly tinted with bluish or greenish, very heavily spotted with dark brown 
round larger end, and marked with smaller spots elsewhere, of brown and lavender- 
gray. Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic, south, in winter, to southern New Eng- 
land ; breeding from eastern Maine northward. 

32. A. torda Linn. Razor-billed Auk. 


euAUTUS. 19 


Genus PLAUTUS Brinnicu. (Page 10, pl. V., fig. 1.) 
Species. 


Upper parts uniform black, the secondaries sharply tipped with white; lower 
“parts pure white. Summer plumage: Chin, throat, fore-neck, and sides of head and 
neck, velvety dark snuff-brown, or soft blackish brown; a large oval patch of white 
covering the greater part of the space between bill and eyes; bill black, its grooves 
whitish. Length about 28.00-30.00, wing 5.75, culmen 3.15-3.50, greatest depth of 
bill about 1.50. gg (average size) 4.67 < 2.91, pyriform-ovate, pale olive-buffy, 
variously marked with brown and black. Hab. Believed to be now extinct; for- 
merly (previous to 1844), coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, chiefly on the 
American side; south to Massachusetts Bay, north to the Arctic circle. 

33. P. impennis (Linn.). Great Auk. 


Genus ALLE Linx. (Page 10, pl. VI, fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Head, neck, and upper parts black, the secondaries sharply tipped with white, 
and scapulars streaked with the same; lower parts white, the flanks striped with 
dusky. Summer plumage: Sides of head and neck, with chin, throat, and chest, 
uniform dark sooty brown. Winter adult: Chin, throat, etc., white, this color ex- 
tending upward toward occiput; feathers of chest dusky at base only. Young: 
Similar to winter adult, but bill smaller and weaker, and colors duller. Downy 
young: Uniform sooty slate-color, paler or more grayish below. Length 7.25-9.15, 
wing 4.50-4.75, culmen .50. Hgg 1.90 x 1.29, ovate, very pale bluish green or green- 
ish white. Hab. Arctic Ocean and coasts of the North Atlantic; on the American 
side south, in winter, to New Jersey; accidental on Detroit River. 

34. A. alle (Linn.). Dovekie. 


20 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Orver LONGIPENNES.—Tue Lone-wincep 


SWIMMERS. (Page 1.) 


Families. 


a’, Bill with the lower mandible not longer than the upper, and not excessively 
compressed. 

b'. Covering of the upper mandible composed of three distinct pieces—a ter- 
minal unguis, or hook, a lateral piece, and a cere-like piece saddled upon 
the culmen, its edge overhanging the nostril. 

Stercorariide. (Page 20.) 

6. Covering of upper mandible consisting of a single piece, through which the 
MOStEIIS AVS PlECEd.. <5. cicdesaceensstecectueeassadaseeeee Laridz. (Page 23.) 

a’, Bill with lower mandible much longer than the upper, both mandibles excessively 
compressed, like a thin knife-blade, for terminal portion. 
Rynchopide. (Page 48.) 


Famiry STERCORARIIDAZ.—TueE Sxuas anp JAEGERS, (Page 20.) 


Genera. 


a’, Size large (in bulk equal to the largest gulls), and form robust; depth of bill at 
base equal to not less than half the length of the upper mandible, measured 
along the side; tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw; tail short, nearly 
even, the middle pair of feathers scarcely projecting beyond the rest ; color 
dull brownish, sometimes streaked (never barred) with paler, the base of the 
primaries with a whitish patch ..................seeeees Megalestris. (Page 20.) 

a’, Size medium or rather small (not exceeding the medium-sized gulls), and form 
more slender and graceful; depth of bill at base less than half the length of 
the upper mandible, measured along the side; tarsus decidedly longer than 
middle toe with claw; middle rectrices in the adult projecting far beyond 
the rest; color plain slaty or dusky, often varied with white or yellowish, 
in the adult, dusky barred with paler in young ; no white at base of primaries. 

Stercorarius. (Page 21.) 


Genus MEGALESTRIS Bonaparte. (Page 20, pl. VIL, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common CHaARAcTERS.—General color nearly uniform grayish brown or sooty, 
usually indistinctly streaked with light rusty, or cinnamon, especially around neck 
and on back; quills whitish at base. Hggs olive, spotted with brown. 


STERCORARIUS. 21 


a, Axillars and under wing-coverts sooty, with little or no rufous. 

b'. Below grayish brown, with more or less distinct lighter, more cinnamon- 
colored, spots or dashes on fore-neck and chest. Adult: Dull brown, the 
scapulars, interscapulars, and wing-coverts striped medially with pale 
cinnamon, the neck streaked with the same; lower parts indistinctly 
striped with grayish brown and pale cinnamon, the former prevailing 
(sometimes uniform). Sometimes (in melanistic specimens?) uniform 
dusky or sooty brown, except white wing-spot. Young: Similar to adult, 
but more distinctly streaked with yellowish, especially on head and neck. 
Downy young (of M. skua): Uniform “brownish or cinnamon-gray ... 
rather darker in color on the upper parts than on the under surface of the 
body.” (Dresser.) Length about 22.00, wing 15.75-16.15 (15.91), cul- 
men 2.05-2.10 (2.06), depth of bill at base .80-.88 (.82), tarsus 2.40-2.75 
(2.63), middle toe 2.15-2.55 (2.40). Eggs 2-3, 2.74 x 1.96, ovate or 
short-ovate, light brown or olive, rather sparsely blotched and spotted 
with deep brown. Hab. Coasts and islands of North Atlantic, south to 
Spain and (casually) Massachusetts ; California ? 

35. M. skua (Briny.). Skua. 

b?. Darker colored, larger, and with stouter bill; under parts uniform dark 
sooty, the neck however sometimes streaked with yellowish; wing 
16.05-16.99 (16.29), culmen 2.20-2.85 (2.38), depth of bill at base .95-1.00 
(.98), tarsus 2.70-3.20 (2.95), middle toe 2.55-2.80 (2.67). Hab. Antarctic 
seas, north to Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn. 

M. antarcticus (Less.). Antarctic Skua.! 
a’, Axillars and under wing-coverts chiefly deep cinnamon. 
Lower parts uniform dull rusty or cinnamon. 
M. chilensis (Bonap.). Chilian Skua.? 


Genus STERCORARIUS Brisson. (Page 20, pl. VIL, fig. 2.) 


Lgqgs 2-3, ovate or short-ovate, ground-color varying from pale greenish olive 
and pale brown to very deep olive, relieved by a greater or less amount of spotting 
of deep brown, usually mixed with stone-grayish. 


Species. 


a’. Culmen 1.45 or more, tarsus 2.00 or more, wing usually more than 13.50; length- 
ened middle tail-feathers broad and rounded at ends. Light phase, adult : Top 
and sides of head, with upper parts, sooty slate or dusky; rest of head and 
neck, including nape, together with lower parts, white, the ear-covert region 
tinged with straw-yellow, and the lower tail-coverts slaty. Young: Head, 
neck, and lower parts dull buff, everywhere barred with dusky ; upper parts 
brownish dusky, the feathers of back, etc., tipped with buff, the rump and 
upper tail-coverts spotted with same. Dark phase, adult: Entirely dark sooty 


1 Lestris antarcticus Less., Traité Orn. 1831, 616. Megalestris antarcticus GouLp, P. Z. S. 1859, 98. 
2 Lestris antarcticus, var. b. chilensis Bonap., Consp. ii, 1857, 207. 


bo 
bo 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


slate, with a plumbeous cast in certain lights. Young: Entirely sooty slate, 
the lower parts more or less barred with buff. [Nors.—The above so-called 
light and dark “phases” represent the normal extremes of coloration. These 
extremes, which are represented in comparatively a small number of speci- 
mens, are connected by every possible intermediate condition of plumage, 
specimens approximating to the lighter extreme, but differing in having the 
lower parts (especially chest and sides) and nape more or less barred with 
dusky, being most numerous.] Length about 20.00-23.00, wing 13.50-14.00, 
middle tail-feathers 8.00-9.00, culmen 1.45-1.75, tarsus 2.00—2.10, middle toe 
1.60-1.75. Eggs 2.35 * 1.63. Hab. Northern portions of northern hemi- 
sphere, along sea-coasts and larger inland waters, breeding far northward ; in 
America, south, in winter, to New Jersey and the Great Lakes. 
36. S. pomarinus (Tremm.). Pomarine Jaeger. 
a*, Culmen less than 1.45, tarsus less than 2.00, wing usually less than 13.50; 
lengthened middle tail-feathers narrow and pointed at ends. 

b. Length of nasal shield, from base of unguis to frontal feathers, decidedly 
greater than from the former point to tip of upper mandible. Jn freshly- 
killed or living specimens, tarsi black, like the feet. Light phase, adult: 
Top of head and lores grayish brown; rest of head, neck, and lower 
parts white, the lower tail-coverts grayish, the head and neck tinged 
with straw-yellow ; upper parts uniform slaty. Young: Head and neck 
streaked with dusky and buffy, the latter usually predominating ; lower 
parts barred or spotted with the same; upper parts dusky, the feathers 
bordered terminally with pale fulvous or buff. Dark phase, adult: En- 
tire plumage uniform sooty slate-color, the quills darker. Young: Pre- 
vailingly dark brownish slate, wings and tail darker, the middle of neck, 
all round, indistinctly streaked with whitish, and lower parts, except 
chest and upper breast, barred with the same; feathers of upper parts 
narrowly tipped with bufty. Downy young (dark phase ?): Uniform 
silky grayish brown, lighter on lower parts. Length about 15.50-21.00, 
wing 11.80-13.50 (12.67), longest tail-feathers 4.90-6.25 (5.40), culmen 
1.15-1.40 (1.27), tarsus 1.50-1.85 (1.70), middle toe 1.20-1.45 (1.34). Eggs 
2.30 < 1.64. Hab. Northern portions of northern hemisphere, breeding 
toward Arctic regions ; south, in winter, to New York, Illinois, Colorado, 
and even coast of Brazil..37. S. parasiticus (Linn.). Parasitic Jaeger. 

b*. Length of nasal shield, measured from base of unguis to frontal feathers, not 
greater than the distance from the former point to the tip of the upper 
mandible. In freshly-killed or living specimens, tarsi light bluish, in 
marked contrast with black of feet.' Adult:? Top and sides of head 
sooty black; rest of head and neck, including ear-coverts and nape, 
straw-yellow, paler on throat; upper parts uniform smoky plumbeous or 


1 In dried skins this color usually changes to a light olive or yellowish, or in very rare instances becomes 
so darkened that the line of demarcation cannot be detected. 
2 So far as known, this species has no dark phase like S. parasiticus. 


LARIDE. 23 


slate-color, more ashy on back; quills and tail-feathers blackish toward 
tips; chest (sometimes breast also), and more rarely the belly, white, 
shading into grayish, the under tail-coverts, sides, and flanks (usually 
belly also) uniform slate-gray. Length 20.00-23.00, wing 11.55-12.85 
(12.25), longest tail-feathers 10.50-14.50 (12.89), culmen 1.10-1.30 (1.19), 
tarsus 1.50-1.80 (1.66), middle toe 1.08-1.30 (1.20). Eggs 2.16 « 1.54. 
Hab. Northern parts of northern hemisphere, breeding in Arctic regions; 
south, in winter, to California, Florida, ete. 

38. S. longicaudus VixziLu. Long-tailed Jaeger, 


Famity LARIDAL.—TuHE GUuLLs anp TERNS. (Page 20.) 


Genera. 


a. Depth of bill decidedly greater at the angle than at the nostril; terminal por- 
tion of culmen decidedly curved; angle of lower mandible always distinct, 
often very prominent; tail usually even, but sometimes slightly emarginate 
(Rissa), deeply emarginate or forked (ema), or graduated (Rhodostethia). 
Size extremely variable (wing 8.75-20.00). (Subfamily Larine.) 

6’. Tarsus roughened or serrate behind. 
Tail even; tarsus shorter than middle toe, with claw ; hind toe perfectly 
developed, but small; size medium (wing about 13.25); color entirely 
white, the young scantily spotted with dusky..... Gavia. (Page 24.) 
6%. Tarsus not roughened or serrate behind. 
c. Hind toe rudimentary or altogether absent. 

Tail slightly emarginate; tarsus shorter than middle toe, without 
claw ; size medium (wing about 12.00-13.00) ; adult white, with 
bluish gray mantle ;’ young, similar to adult, but hind neck with 
a blackish patch, and lesser wing-coverts sometimes (in one spe- 
cies) also with a black patch..............0...s.s. Rissa. (Page 24.) 

c’, Hind toe perfectly developed, though small. 

d'. Culmen decidedly more than two-thirds as long as tarsus. 
e’. Tail even; size, color, and all other characters extremely vari- 
RECA Gomeecscaseaese ints wdiecas Suclcawuenscsas Larus. (Page 25.) 
é’. Tail deeply emarginate or forked............ Kema. (Page 37.) 

d’, Culmen decidedly less than two-thirds as long as tarsus. 
Tail graduated, the lateral feathers .75-1.25 shorter than the 
THO OLG aI acest. ee voaeaee scenes Rhodostethia. (Page 37 

a’. Depth of bill at angle less than at middle of nostrils; terminal portion of culmen 
straight, or but slightly curved, the bill being narrow and pointed; angle of 
lower mandible seldom prominent ; tail more or less forked (except in Anous). 
Size extremely variable (wing 6.50-17.50). (Subfamily Sternine.) 


1 This is a special term used, chiefly in descriptions of birds of this family, to designate the back, scapu- 
lars, and wings, when together colored differently from the head, neck, rump, tail, and lower parts. 


94 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


6. Tail more or less forked, the outer feather longest. 

c’. Tail much more than one-third as long as wing, usually (except in sub- 
genus T’halasseus) forked for more than one-fifth its total length, 
the outer feathers narrow and pointed at tips; webs of feet occu- 
pying more than half the interdigital space. 

d'. Depth of bill at base equal to one-third the length of the exposed’ 
culmen; gonys shorter than outer toe, without claw. 
Gelochelidon. (Page 38.) 
@. Depth of bill at base less than one-third the length of the exposed 
culmen; gonys longer than inner toe, without claw. 
Sterna. (Page 39.) 
ce’. Tail little more than one-third as long as wing, forked for less than one- 
fifth its total length, the outer feathers broad and rounded at tip ; 
webs of feet occupying less than half the interdigital space. 
Hydrochelidon. (Page 46.) 
Crag Bil STAM LED shade scthussshides ssunceecen cesiate siete onan eee eeeee Anous. (Page 47.) 


Genus GAVIA Borg. (Page 23, pl. VIIL, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Adult: Entirely pure white, the shafts of the primaries pale yellowish ; bill yel- 
lowish ; feet black. Young: Similar to adult, but quills, primary coverts, and tail- 
feathers each marked with a spot of dusky at tip, the lesser wing coverts spotted 
with same. Length 15.00-19.50, wing about 13.25, culmen 1.40. Hab. Arctic 
Ocean, south, in winter, along Atlantic coast of North America to Newfoundland 
and NOW ALUN WACK. 22.15.1152) Wsiavenseesacsencnestegess 39. G. alba (GuwNN.). Ivory Gull. 


Genus RISSA Lezacu. (Page 23, pl. VIIL,, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common CHaAraAcTERS.— Adults with head, neck, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, 
tips of secondaries, and entire lower parts pure white; mantle bluish gray, the 
quills varied with white and black; bill yellowish, feet blackish or bright red in 
life. Young similar to adults, but hind-neck crossed by a blackish collar or patch, 
and sometimes (in A. tridactyla) a blackish patch on lesser wing-coverts and black 
band across tip of tail. Downy young white, tinged above with buffy and yellowish 
gray, but without spots or other distinct markings. Hygs 2-5, ovate, or short-ovate, 
olivaceous-white, grayish white, brownish white, or buffy, blotched and spotted 
with brown and lavender-gray. 


a’. Legs and feet black, or dusky. Summer adult: Pure white, the mantle deep 
pearl-gray ; five outer quills with terminal portion black, this decreasing from 
about 3.25 on the outer quill to .75 (more or less) on the fifth, the outer web 
of the first almost wholly black; the fifth, and sometimes the fourth, tipped 
with white. Winter adult: Similar, but hind part of head and neck washed 


LARUS. 25 


with gray, and a dark plumbeous suffusion before and behind eyes. Young: 
Somewhat like winter adult, but lower part of hind-neck crossed by a black 
patch, the anterior lesser wing-coverts black, and tail with a broad black 
band at tip. Downy young: Head, neck, wings, and lower parts immaculate 
white, the hind-neck and basal portion of wings more or less tinged with 
buff; back, rump, and flanks yellowish gray, the down darker at base. Length 
about 16.00-17.70, wing about 12.25, culmen 1.40-1.50, tarsus 1.30, middle toe, 
with claw, 1.80. 
b'. Hind toe absent, or very rudimentary. ggs 2.26 & 1.61. Hab. North 
Atlantic, south, in winter, to middle Atlantic States and Great Lakes. 
40. R. tridactyla (Liny.). Kittiwake. 
b?. Hind toe well developed, though minute, and usually armed with a distinct 
nail. Eggs 2.36 < 1.63. Hab. Bering’s Sea and North Pacific. 
40a. R. tridactyla pollicaris Steyn. Pacific Kittiwake. 
a?, Legs and feet bright red (becoming yellowish in dried skins). Summer adult : 
Pure white, the mantle dark bluish gray, or plumbeous; five innermost quills 
plumbeous, the inner webs broadly edged with white, the outer tipped with 
the same; five outermost quills black toward ends, the third, fourth, and 
fifth tipped with plumbeous. Winter adult: Similar, but hind-neck and 
auriculars washed with plumbeous. Young: Similar to winter adult, but 
hind-neck crossed by a blackish band, ear-coverts crossed by a smaller black 
band, and a suffusion of same in front of eye. (Wo black or dusky on wing- 
coverts or tail.) Downy young: Not distinguishable from corresponding stage 
R. tridactyla(?). Length about 14.00-15.80, wing about 13.00, culmen 1.20, 
tarsus 1.25, middle toe, with claw, nearly 2.00. Eggs 2.28 x 1.66. Hab. 
Coasts and islands of Bering’s Sea. 


41. R. brevirostris (Brucu). Red-legged Kittiwake. 


Genus LARUS Linnaus. (Page 23, pl. VIIL., figs. 3, 4; pl. IX., fig. 3.) 
Species." 

Nest a rudely constructed platform of rubbish (sticks, dried grass, ete.—the 
materials varying according to the locality and the species), slightly hollowed, 
placed among rocks, in marshes, or other localities near the sea-shore or other large 
bodies of water. Hggs 2-4, ovate, their ground-color some shade of pale brownish, 
olive, light bluish, greenish, or buffy, irregularly spotted or blotched with brown 
and lavender-grayish. 

a‘. Head entirely white in summer. 

b. Under wing-coverts entirely pure white; head, neck, entire lower parts, 
tips of secondaries, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail uniform pure white ; 
mantle (7.e., back, scapulars, and wings, except primaries) uniform gray- 
ish, varying in shade from pale pearl-gray to deep slate. 

c\, Primaries uniform pale pearl-gray, fading gradually into white at tips. 


1 The young birds of this genus seldom offering very obvious distinctive characters, this analysis is based 
on the adults alone. 


4 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


d’. Wing 16.25 or more, and not more than 2.36 times as long as the 
tail; exposed culmen 1.88 or more. Adult in summer: Mantle 
very pale pearl-gray. Adult in winter: Similar, but head and 
neck streaked with pale brownish gray. Young: Grayish 
white, tinged with brownish gray on lower parts, the upper 
parts transversely mottled with same. Immature (second 
year ?): Entirely white, including mantle and _ primaries. 
Downy young: Grayish white, paler below; head and neck 
irregularly marked with scattered large spots of dusky, the 
back, wings, and rump irregularly clouded with dark grayish. 

ée. Length 26.00-32.00, wing 16.75-18.75 (17.99), tail 7.40-8.50 
(8.07), culmen 2.30-2.70 (2.52), depth of bill through angle 
.80-.95 (.88), through base .83-1.00 (.93), tarsus 2.60-3.05 
(2.85), middle toe (with claw) 2.68-3.00 (2.84). Eggs 
3.13 xX 2.14. Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic, and 
Arctic seas from Cumberland Gulf to Spitzbergen ; south, 
in winter, to Long Island and the Great Lakes. 

42. L. glaucus Brinn. Glaucous Gull. 

e*. Length about 25.00-28.00, wing 16.25-18.00 (17.12), tail 7.00- 
7.50 (7.28), culmen 1.88-2.30 (2.06), depth of bill through 
angle .72-.85 (.79), through base .70-.80 (.75), tarsus 2.40- 
2.78 (2.57), middle toe (with claw) 2.35-2.75 (2.55). Eggs 
3.05 2.03. Hab. Bering’s Sea and adjacent waters, 
northeastward to Point Barrow, southwest (in winter) to 
Japan... 42.1. L. barrovianus Rivew. Point Barrow Gull. 

@, Wing not more than 17.00 (usually less than 16.00), and nearly 
2.50 (averaging 2.41) times as long as the tail; exposed culmen 
not more than 1.70. In plumage exactly like Z. glaucus and 
LL. barrovianus. 

Length 24.00-26.00, wing 14.75-16.50 (15.41), tail 6.00-6.70 
(6.41), culmen 1.60-1.70 (1.67), depth of bill through angle 
.62, through base .55-.62 (.59), tarsus 2.10-2.40 (2.22), mid- 
dle toe (with claw) 2.10-2.35 (2.21). Eggs 2.79 x 1.89. 
Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic; south, in winter, to 
Massachusetts and the Great Lakes. 
43. L. leucopterus Faxper. Iceland Gull 
ce. Primaries marked with distinct white tips and darker subtermina! 
spaces. 

d*. Darker spaces of primaries gray. 

e’. Second quill very pale pearl-gray, or bluish white, very broadly 
tipped with white, the outer web with an elongated space 
of gray, everywhere very sharply defined against the paler 
ground-color. 


1 Larus barrovianus Ripew., Auk, iii. July, 1886, 330. 


LARUS. 27 


f'. Wing 17.00, or less; culmen 1.90, or less. Adult: Exactly 
like L. leucopterus, except in the coloration of the pri- 
maries; length about 23.00-24.00, wing 15.00-17.00, 
culmen 1.60-1.90, depth of bill through angle .55-.66, 
tarsus 2.10-2.40, middle toe (with claw) 2.15-2.30. 
Hab. Western coasts of North Atlantic, from Cum- 
berland Gulf south, in winter, to New York. 

45. L.kumlieni Brewsr. Kumlien’s Gull. 

f*?. Wing 18.25, culmen 2.35. Adult: In plumage exactly like 
LL. kumlieni ; depth of bill through angle .80, tarsus 3.05, 
middle toe (without claw) 2.40. Hab. Norton Sound, 
Alaska............46. L. nelsoni Hensu. Nelson’s Gull. 

e*, Second quill deep ash-gray, either to the extreme tip, or else with 
very small white tip and small white spaces some distance 
from the tip, on one or both webs. 

Adult: Mantle pearl-gray, darker than in any of the pre- 
ceding. Jn winter, head and neck clouded (not streaked) 
with sooty gray. Young: Prevailing color deep ash- 
gray, nearly uniform, and inclining to plumbeous, be- 
low, but above relieved by a coarse irregular spotting 
of grayish white or pale dull buff, the head and neck 
indistinctly streaked with the same. Jmmature (second 
year ?): Similar, but mantle mixed with pearl-gray, 
and lower parts with whitish. Length 23.70-27.75, 
wing 16.25-17.30, culmen 2.20-2.60, depth of bill 
through angle .80-.90, tarsus 2.35-2.90, middle toe 
(without claw) 2.05-2.45. Eggs 2.88-2.03. Hab. 
Coasts of the North Pacific and Bering’s Sea, from 
Japan northward, across through Aleutian chain, and 
south, in winter, to California. 

44, L. glaucescens Naum. Glaucous-winged Gull. 
d*. Darker spaces on primaries black. 
é'. Shafts of primaries, in black subterminal spaces, white. 

Adult: Mantle dark slate, the primaries mostly black, 
with white tips and spots near end; rest of plumage 
pure white. Jn winter, top of head and hind-neck 
streaked with dusky. Young: Above dusky, the feath- 
ers bordered with pale buffy; quills blackish, with 
narrow whitish tips; tail dusky, crossed by a narrow 
subterminal band of grayish, or brownish, white ; 
head, neck, and lower parts white, the top of head and 
hind-neck streaked, the lower parts clouded or irregu- 
larly spotted with grayish brown. Downy young: 
Grayish white, the upper parts marbled or irregu- 
larly spotted with dull grayish; head with numerous 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


irregular spots of blackish, the principal of which are 
two on the crown (one behind the other), four across 
the occiput, about three (small ones) on lores, the rest 
irregularly distributed. Length 28.00-31.00, wing 
17.60-19.50, culmen 2.40-2.60, depth of bill through 
angle .98-1.05, tarsus 2.70-3.10, middle toe 2.10-2.50. 
Eggs 3.05 x 2.12, the ground-color averaging deeper 
brownish and the spots larger than in JL. glaucus. 
Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic; in America, south, 
in winter, to Virginia or beyond. 
47. L. marinus Linn. Great Black-backed Guill. 
e?, Shafts of primaries black, except within the white spaces. 
fi. Two outer primaries without distinct gray “wedges” on 
inner webs. 

g. Angle of lower mandible very prominent, the depth 
of the bill through the angle being decidedly 
greater than at base; middle toe, with claw, as 
long as tarsus. Summer adult: Mantle deep plum- 
beous. Winter adult: Top of head and hind-neck 
streaked with dusky; otherwise as in summer. 
Young: Above brownish slate, irregularly varied 
with grayish white; quills and tail-feathers uni- 
form dull black, narrowly tipped with white; 
lower parts brownish gray, clouded or irregularly 
spotted with grayish white, the breast and belly 
nearly uniform grayish. Downy young: Grayish 
buffy white, the head with distinct black blotches 
of indefinite arrangement; upper parts clouded or 
irregularly blotched with brownish dusky ; lower 
parts, except throat, immaculate. Length 24.00- 
27.00, wing 15.75-17.00, culmen 2.00-2.35, depth 
of bill at angle .85-.95, tarsus 2.45-2.65, middle toe 
(without claw) 2.00-2.45. Eggs 2.87 « 1.94. Hab. 
Pacific coast of United States, south to Cape St. 
Lucas... 49. L. occidentalis Aup. Western Gull. 

g. Angle of lower mandible not very prominent, the depth 
of the bill at angle being little if any greater than 
through base. In plumage not essentially different 
from L. occidentalis, but feet yellow, instead of flesh- 
colored, in life ; wing 16.00-17.00, culmen 2.00-2.10, 
depth of bill through angle .60-.68, through base 
.€0-.72, tarsus 2.18—2.68, middle toe 1.65-1.95. Hab. 
Northern Europe, south, in winter, to Africa. 

L. fuscus Linn. Lesser Black-backed Gull. 


1 Larus fuscus Linn., 8. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 136. 


LARUS. 29 


#? Two outer primaries with a distinct gray wedge on inner web. 
g. Depth of bill through angle contained less than four 
and a half times in the length of the tarsus ; lower 
mandible with a red subterminal spot. 
h}. Mantle deep plumbeous-gray, inclining to slate- 
color. 
#, Culmen 2.22 or more; depth of bill at angle 


.75 or more; third quill with a distinct 


white “mirror” or large spot on inner 
web between the black and the gray ; 
mantle nearly the same color as in L. 
ecidentalis, but averaging alittle darker ; 
rest of plumage (except primaries) pure 
white; feet dull purplish flesh-color in 
life ; length about 26.50, wing 16.75-19.00, 
culmen 2.15-2.35, depth of bill through 
angle .75-.90, at base .75-.82, tarsus 2.60- 
2.75, middle toe (without claw) 2.08-2.40. 
Hab. Coast of northeastern Asia, from 
Japan (?) to Kamtschatka and north- 
ward to Arctic Ocean north of Bering’s 
SELBG ones vance 48. L. schistisagus STEJN. 

Slaty-backed Gull. 


2, Culmen 2.15 or less; depth of bill at angle not 


more than .65; third quill without white 
spot on inner web between black and gray ; 
mantle same color as in Ji. occidentalis, 
but apparently averaging a little paler; 
rest of plumage (except primaries) pure 
white; feet yellow in life; length about 
20.00, wing 16.50-17.25, culmen 2.00—2.15, 
depth of bill at angle .62-.65, at base .65- 
.70, tarsus 2.60-2.72, middle toe 1.78-2.10.' 
Hab. Northern Asia; accidental in south- 
ern Greenland. 

50. L. affinis Reinu. Siberian Gull. 


n?, Mantle light plumbeous-gray, or lighter. 
?, Bill without black spots in adult. 


1 The specimens measured are ail females, 


', Mantle plumbeous-gray, or very deep 


pearl-gray ; eyelids (in life) orange- 
red, and feet yellow; otherwise ex- 
actly like argentatus and _ smithso- 
nianus, with the markings of the 


Males would somewhat exceed these dimensions. 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


primaries averaging intermediate ; 
length about 26.00, wing 15.15-18.30, 
culmen 1.90-2.20, depth of bill 
through angle .60-.80, tarsus 2.15- 
2.20, middle toe (without claw) 1.60- 
2.15. Hab. Southern Europe and 
central Asia, from the Mediterranean 
to Bering’s, China, and Japan Seas, 
and down the North American coast 
to California, in winter......... 52. L. 
vegee (PALMEN). Pallas’s Gull. 
jy. Mantle delicate pearl-gray, decidedly 
paler than in ZL. vege; eyelids (in 
life) yellow, and feet pale flesh-color. 
Young: Brownish gray, nearly uni- 
form on lower parts, the head and 
neck streaked, and the upper parts 
irregularly varied with pale grayish 
buff or dull whitish; quills, their 
coverts, and _ tail-feathers, dusky 
blackish ; bill blackish, paler basally. 
Downy young: Grayish white, the 
lower parts (except throat) immacu- 
late; head marked with irregular 
spots of black ; back, wings, and rump 
clouded with dusky grayish. 
kh. White near end of outer quill usu- 
ally extending to extreme tip, 
without interruption by a sub- 
terminal black bar ; the latter, if 
present at all, usually very small 
and rarely continuous; length 
about 23.00, wing 15.75-17.90 
(16.38), culmen 1.85-2.20 (2.07), 
depth of bill through angle .72- 
.80 (.77), tarsus 2.30-2.72 (2.50), 
middle toe 1.90-2.25 (2.07). Eggs 
2.91 < 1.98. Hab. Europe, etc.; 
casual in eastern North America? 
51. L. argentatus Brinn. 
Herring Gull. 
k*, White near end of outer quill always 
separated from the white tip by 
a distinct subterminal bar or 
snot of black, this rarely less 


LARUS. BI 


than .50 of an inch wide, and 

often extending to the extreme 

tip; length 22.50-26.00, wing 

16.25-17.50 (17.24), culmen 1.95- 

2.50 (2.24), depth of bill through 

angle .68-.85 (.79), tarsus 2.30- 

2.80 (2.57), middle toe (without 

claw) 1.85-2.25 (2.10). Eggs 

2.85 xX 2.01. Hab. Whole of 

North America, south, in win- 

ter, to Cuba and Lower Califor- 

nia; breeding from Maine, etc., 

northward...... 5la. L. argen- 

tatus smithsonianus CovEs. 

American Herring Gull. 

2, Lower mandible with a black spot near end, 

the upper also sometimes with a black 
spot. 

Adult: Mantle deep plumbeous-gray, 
asin LD. vege Pau; bill yellow, with 
red spot near end of lower mandible, 
this enclosing, or adjacent to, a 
smaller black spot; iris deep brown, 
and feet (in life) pale pea-green or 
sage-green. Young: Above coarsely 
spotted with brownish gray and pale 
grayish buff, or dull whitish, the 
quills and tail-feathers dull blackish ; 
head, neck, and lower parts mottled 
or clouded with grayish white or 
brownish gray ; bill dusky with black 
tip. Downy young: Grayish white, 
the head with irregular black spots, 
most numerous above; upper parts 
clouded with dusky grayish. Length 
20.00-23.00, wing 15.00-16.75, culmen 
1.65-2.15, depth of bill at angle .60- 
.75, tarsus 2.00—-2.60, middle toe (with- 
out claw) 1.70-1.95. Eggs 2.61 x 
1.80. Hab. Western North America, 
chiefly in the interior, from Mexico 
to Alaska......... 53. L. californicus 

Lawre. California Gull. 
g°. Depth of bill through angle contained at least four 
and a half times in the length of the tarsus. 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


i}, Bill with a black band near tip. 

Adult: Mantle pale pearl-gray Gmuch as 
in L. argentatus); bill greenish yellow, 
crossed near end by a very distinct black 
band, the tip sometimes tinged with 
orange; iris pale yellow, eyelids vermil- 
ion-red ; feet (in lifey pale yellow, some- 
times tinged with greenish. Young: 
Above brownish dusky, the feathers 
broadly bordered and otherwise varied 
with pale grayish buff or dull whitish; 
quills blackish, the shorter ones bluish 
gray basally and tipped with white; tail 
with basal half (or more) pale grayish, 
the subterminal third (or more) blackish, 
the tip narrowly white; lower parts 
white, spotted along sides with grayish 
brown; bill blackish, paler toward base. 
Length 18.00-20.00, wing 13.60-15.75, cul- 
men 1.55-1.75, depth of bill at angle .50- 
.65 tarsus 1.90-2.45, middle toe (without 
claw) 1.30-1.60. Hggs2.39 x 1.71. Hab. 
Whole of North America, breeding far 
northward; south, in winter, to Cuba 
and Mexico.......... 54. L. delawarensis 

Orv. Ring-billed Gull. 
#?. Bill without black in adult. 

j. Gray “wedge” on inner web of third 
quill never tipped with white, and 
not carried definitely farther than 
tip of sixth, usually not much beyond 
tip of seventh, quill. Adult: Mantle 
pearl-gray (about intermediate in 
shade between that of L. californicus 
and L. argentatus); rest of plumage, 
except quills, pure white. Young: 
Head and neck soiled whitish, striped 
with grayish brown; back, scapulars, 
and wing-coverts dull grayish brown, 
margined with grayish white; basal 
half of tail white, terminal half 
blackish or dusky, narrowly tipped 
with white; lower parts dull white, 
spotted and otherwise marked with 
duii brown. Downy young: “Cov- 


LARUS. 


28 


erea au over with soft yellowisr 
gray down, whiter in tint on the 
face, throat, and abdomen; forehead 
blackish brown ; entire upper parts 
spotted here and there with large 
blackish spots, one or two spots be- 
ing also on the throat, under parts 
generally unspotted, except that on 
the flanks there are some irregular 
black marks. It may be distin- 
guished from the young of other 
Gulls by a large black spot which 
touches the base of the upper man- 
dible, and which is never absent, 
though often varying in size.” 
(DressER.) Length 17.00-18.50, 
wing 14.00-14.50 (14.30), culmen 
1.35-1.60 (1.45), depth of bill through 
angle .38-.50 (.44), tarsus 1.90-2.25 
(2.02), middle toe 1.32-1.65 (1.43). 
Eggs 2.29 < 1.59. Hab. Northern 
portions of eastern hemisphere ; ac- 
cidental in Labrador ? 

56. L. canus Linn. Mew Gull. 


Jj Gray wedge on inner web of third quill 


always terminated with white, and 
this carried beyond tip of the sixth 
—often even beyond the tip of the 
fifth —quill; even the second quill 
often with a white spot at end of the 
gray “wedge” on inner web; plu- 
mage of adult otherwise as in JL. 
canus, but black of primaries much 
more restricted. Nearly adult: Sim- 
ilar to the adult in every respect 
except coloration of the primaries, 
which have the dark spaces slaty or 
very dull blackish, instead of deep 
black, and more extended, the white 
tips of some of the quills wanting ; 
tail sometimes (in younger individu- 
als) more or less blotched with dusky 
at tip, and upper coverts sometimes 
(in still younger birds) faintly barred 
with grayish brown. Young: Above 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


grayish brown, the feathers bordered 
with pale grayish buff; rump and 
upper tail-coverts pale grayish buff 
or dull buffy white, marked more or 
less distinctly with irregular grayish 
brown spots; basal half of tail gray- 
ish white, or pale grayish, trans- 
versely mottled with darker, the 
terminal portion dusky grayish 
brown, forming a well-defined broad 
band, the extreme tip whitish ; head, 
neck, and lower parts nearly uniform 
light brownish gray. Older: Similar, 
but light borders to feathers of hack, 
etc., purer white; basal half of tail 
uniform grayish white; lower parts 
white, the breast and sides spotted 
with light grayish brown; upper 
parts more or less tinged with the 
pearl- gray of the adult plumage. 
Length 16.50-18.00, wing 13.20-14.50 
(13.93), culmen 1.25-1.70 (1.45), depth 
of bill through angle .40-.50 (.45), 
tarsus 1.70-2.10 (1.94), middle toe 
1.30-1.55 (1.44). Hggs 2.29 < 1.61. 
Hab. Northwestern North America, 
breeding far north; south, in winter, 
along Pacific coast to southern Cali- 
fOrNIA. -<.33 55. L. brachyrhynchus 

Ricu. Short-billed Gull. 


b?. Under wing-coverts entirely uniform brownish gray, like outer surface of 
wings; under parts, rump, etc., brownish gray, and tail black, at all 
seasons and ages. 

Summer adult: Head and upper neck white; tail black, tipped with 


white; quills black; upper parts, uniform plumbeous-slate, the 
secondaries broadly tipped with white; lower parts uniform deep 
ash-gray ; bill bright red in life. Winter adult: Similar, but head 
dusky (darker than body). Young: Sooty grayish brown, the 
feathers of the upper parts bordered with grayish white or pale 
buff. Immature (second year?): Entire plumage uniform sooty 
grayish brown, the tail and quills dusky. Length 17.50-21.00, 
wing 13.50, culmen 1.50. Hab. Pacific coast of North America, 
from British Columbia to Panama. 

57. L. heermanni Cass. Heermann’s Gull. 


a, Head uniform black or dusky in summer. (Lower neck, entire under parts, 


LARUS. 35 


rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, uniform pure white, more or less rose- 
tinted in breeding season; mantle some shade of gray.) 
6. Tarsus much longer than middle toe, with claw. 

Summer adult: Head sooty slate-color; mantle plumbeous-slate; five 
outer primaries entirely black, or sometimes with a small terminal 
spot of white; rest of quills plumbeous, tipped with white, the sixth 
sometimes with a subterminal black spot; bill and feet (in life) 
dark brownish red. Winter adult: Head and neck white, the oc- 
ciput and ear-coverts spotted or mottled with brownish gray, the 
eyes more or less surrounded by the same; otherwise as in summer. 
Young : Head, neck, breast, and sides nearly uniform brownish gray, 
darker on occiput and hind-neck, tinged with buff beneath; mantle 
grayish brown, the feathers broadly bordered with pale grayish buff; 
centre of rump light brownish gray; rest of rump, with upper tail- 
coverts and posterior lower parts, white; basal half of tail light 
gray, subterminal portion black, the tip narrowly white. Downy 
young: Above grayish fulvous, varying to umber-brown, the head 
irregularly striped or spotted, the back, wings, and rump marbled, 
with dusky; lower parts paler, the breast and belly more ochreous, 
the fore-neck, sides, flanks, and ventral region faintly mottled with 
darker. Length 15.00-17.00, wing 13.00, tail 5.00, culmen 1.75, tarsus 
2.00, middle toe, with claw, 1.50. Hggs 2.18 x 1.55. Hab. Atlantic 
coast of United States, south, in winter, through West Indies and 
along both coasts of Middle America, and as far as the lower Ama- 
ZO cee waniieacsoneseotaiansedetiahes 58. L. atricilla Linn. Laughing Gull. 

6? Tarsus not longer than middle toe, with claw. 
c'. Wing more than 10.00; culmen more than 1.00. 

d', Bill brownish or reddish, its depth through the angle more than 
one-fourth the culmen. Summer adult: Bill bright red (in life), 
with more or less distinct darker subterminal band; head deep 
plumbeous-black, with a white spot on each eyelid; mantle deep 
plumbeous; quills bluish gray, the shafts white, all broadly 
tipped with white, and the five outer ones marked with a sub- 
terminal space of black; lower parts deeply tinted (in fresh 
specimens) with rose-pink, and middle tail-feather tinged with 
pearl-gray. Winter adult: Similar, but head white, the occi- 
put, region round eyes, and ear-coverts, grayish dusky ; bill and 
feet duller red. Young: Top and sides of head (except forehead 
and lores), with back and scapulars, grayish brown, the longer 
scapulars bordered terminally with pale grayish buff; quills 
dusky (inner webs more plumbeous), tipped with white; centre 
of rump bluish gray; rest of rump, with upper tail-coverts, 
entire lower parts, forehead, lores, and eyelids, white. Length 
13.50-15.00, wing 11.25, culmen 1.30, depth of bill at nostrils .35, 
tarsus 1.60, middle toe, with claw, 1.60. Hggs 2.11 « 1.53. Hab. 


36 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Interior of North America, breeding from Iowa northward ; 
in winter, south through Middle America and western South 
America, to Peru. 
59. L. franklinii Sw. & Rica. Franklin’s Gull. 
d?, Bill deep black, its depth through the angle less than one-fourth 
the length of the culmen. Summer adult: Head dark plumbeous; 
mantle delicate pale pearl-gray ; three outer quills chiefly white, 
the outer web of the first and terminal portion of all, black ; 
rest of quills pale pearl-gray, tipped with white, the fifth and 
sixth marked with a subterminal black space; rest of plumage 
pure white; feet rich orange-red in life. Winter adult; Head 
white, the occiput tinged with grayish, the ear-coverts marked 
with a dusky spot; otherwise, as in summer, but feet (in life) 
pale flesh-color. Young: Sides of head and neck, with entire 
lower parts, upper tail-coverts, and basal two-thirds of tail, 
white ; top of head and upper back brownish gray; a dusky 
spot on ear-coverts; scapulars and feathers of back grayish 
brown, tipped with pale buff; central lesser wing-coverts dusky 
brownish gray; rest of wing-coverts, greater part of inner 
primaries, with upper part of rump, bluish gray ; band across 
end of tail black or dusky, the tip narrowly white. Length 
about 12.00-14.00, wing 10.25, culmen 1.20, depth of bill at 
nostrils .25, tarsus 1.40, middle toe, with claw, 1.40. Eggs 1.95 
< 134. Hab. Whole of North America, breeding far north- 
ward ; in winter, not yet recorded from south of the United 
States, though reported from Bermudas. 
60. L. philadelphia (Orp). Bonaparte’s Gull. 
¢. Wing much less than 10.00; culmen less than 1.00. 

Summer adult : Head deep black; mantle delicate pale pearl-gray, 
the quills similar, tipped with white and usually without black 
markings. Winter adult: Head white, the occiput tinged with 
gray, and ear-coverts with a dusky spot; otherwise as in sum- 
mer. Young: Forehead, lores, cheeks, entire lower parts, upper 
tail-coverts, and greater part of tail, white ; occiput, ear-coverts, 
and most of upper parts sooty blackish, the feathers (except 
on head and neck) bordered terminally with pale buff. Length 
10.40-11.50, wing 8.75-9.00, culmen .90, tarsus 1.00, middle toe 
(without claw) .90. Zab. Europe and parts of Asia and Africa ; 
accidental in Bermudas and eastern United States (Long Island). 

60.1. L. minutus’ Paty. Little Gull. 
Ss bee es eee ee ee 


1 Larus minutus PALL., Reis. Russ. Reichs, iii. App. No. 35, 1771, 702. 


AEMA. 37 


Genus RHODOSTETHIA Macartutvray. (Page 23, pl. VIL, fig. 3.) 
Species. 


Summer adult : Mantle and under surface of wing uniform pale pearl-gray, the 
secondaries and innermost quills very broadly tipped with pinkish white, and 
outer web of first quill chiefly black ; rest of plumage white, usually more or less 
(sometimes very strongly) tinged with delicate peach-blossom pink, the middle of 
the neck encircled by a narrow black collar. Winter adult: Similar, but black col- 
lar absent, a blackish spot immediately in front of eye, and top of head tinged with 
pearl-gray. Young, second summer? Similar to summer adult (including collar), but 
smaller wing-coverts, inner secondaries, primary-coverts, alule, and adjacent small 
feathers, together with three outer quills, blackish, the inner web of the latter, how- 
ever, with marginal half pearl-gray ; remaining quills pearl-gray, becoming white 
on innermost quills, and all of them tipped with black; third, fourth, and fifth tail- 
feathers broadly tipped with black. Young: Back and scapulars heavily spotted 
or clouded with dusky or sooty blackish, this color prevailing on lower back, where 
the feathers have buffy tips; top of head and hind-neck also clouded with dusky ; 
middle tail-feathers with the end sooty black for about .85, the succeeding feathers 
on each side tipped with black in decreasing extent to the third, which has but a 
slight mottling of dusky at extreme tip; wing-coverts dusky, or sooty, tipped with 
pale buffy; two innermost quills pure white, the rest parti-colored; head, neck, 
and lower parts chiefly white, marked anteriorly (except on chin and throat) with 
narrow bars of dusky. Length 11.50-14.00, wing 9.50-10.50, tail 4.00-5.50 (gradu- 
ated for .75-1.25), culmen .65-.75, tarsus 1.20-1.25, middle toe 1.00-1.05. Egg 
(single specimen) 1.90 & 1.30, in color like that of Yema sabinii (fide Skrsonm, P. 
Z. 8. 1886, 82). Hab. Arctic Ocean, south, in autumn or winter, to northern Alaska, 
Kamtschatka, Disco Bay, Faroes, Heligoland, and (accidentally) England. 

61. R. rosea (Macaiu.). Ross’s Gull. 


Genus XEMA Leacu. (Page 23, pl. IX., figs. 1, 2.) 


Species. 


a‘. Culmen much shorter than tarsus; tail forked for not more than the length of 
the tarsus; wing not more than 11.25; legs and feet black. (Subgenus 
Xema.) Summer adult: Head and upper neck uniform plumbeous, bordered 
below by a black collar; mantle deep bluish gray; quills black, the five in- 
nermost ones varied with white and plumbeous; rest of plumage white ; bill 
black, tipped with yellowish. Winter adult: Similar, but head and neck 
white, except ear-coverts and back of head and neck, which are dull dusky 
plumbeous. Young: Mantle brownish gray, each feather darker subtermi- 
nally, and margined at tip with pale fulvous or buffy ; tail white, with a broad 
black band near end, this again narrowly tipped with white; upper tail- 
coverts and entire lower parts white. Downy young (jide MippENDORFF) : 


38 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Upper parts rusty yellow, spotted with black; lower parts whitish gray. 
Length 13.00-14.00, wing 10.10-11.15, tail 4.50-5.00 (forked for about .60- 
1.00), culmen 1.00, tarsus 1.25, middle toe, with claw, about 1.25. Eggs 2-5, 
1.78 < 1.26, ovate, or short-ovate, deep olive (varying in intensity, however), 
rather indistinctly spotted or blotched with brown. Hab. Arctic regions ; 
in North America south, in winter, to New York, the Great Lakes, and 
Great Salt Lake (casually to Bermudas and Peru). 
62. X. sabinii (Sas.). Sabine’s Gull. 
a?. Culmen nearly as long as tarsus; tail forked for at least one and a half times 
the length of the tarsus; wing about 16.00; legs and feet red. (Subgenus 
(3.)  Creagrus Bonav.). Summer adult; Head and upper part of neck sooty slate, 
with a whitish patch at base of bill; mantle pearl-gray, the wing-coverts 
and outer webs of scapulars whitish; quills black, the shorter ones tipped 
with white; rest of plumage white; bill black, with yellowish tip; legs and 
feet bright red. Young: Plumage generally, including head and neck, 
white; hind-neck, back, and scapulars, ashy brown, the tips of the feathers 
margined with white; tail-feathers (except outermost) with a black subter- 
minal spot; a dusky space immediately in front of eye, and another on ear- 
coverts. Length about 23.00, wing 16.00, tail 8.00 (forked for about 3.30), 
culmen 1.85, tarsus 1.90, middle toe, with claw, 2.00. Hab. Pacific coast of 
South America; accidental in California (Monterey? San Diego? San Fran- 
CISCO Nes arereeseacehicctesssos ee ses onr —. X%. furcata (Nez.). Swallow-tailed Gull. 


Genus GELOCHELIDON Breum. (Page 24, pl. IX., fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Summer adult : Top of head and hind-neck deep black ; upper parts pale pearl- 
gray, rest of plumage pure white; bill deep black, feet blackish. Winter adult : 
Similar, but head and neck white, the hind-neck tinged with grayish, the ear- 
coverts and spot in front of eye darker grayish. Young: Similar to winter adult, 
but upper parts washed with buff or clay-color, the top of head, hind-neck, back, 
and scapulars sometimes streaked with dusky. Downy young: Above light gray- 
ish buff, with several large and tolerably well defined dusky spots on hinder half 
of head, a distinct dusky stripe down each side of hind-neck and upper back, the 
wings, rump, and flanks with rather distinct large spots of dusky; lower parts 
white, tinged with grayish on sides of throat ; bill brownish, inclining to orange (in 
life) on lower mandible; feet dull brownish orange (in life). Length 13.00-15.25, 
wing 11.75-12.25, tail 5.50 (forked for 1.50-1.75), culmen 1.40, depth of bill at base 
45. Nest along sea-beach, in sand or shingle. Eggs 1.84 1.33, ovate, light buffy, 
varying to pale olive-buffy, distinctly spotted and blotched with deep brown and 
lavender-grayish. Hab. Nearly cosmopolitan; in America, Atlantic side, from 
Brazil north to Long Island, casually to Massachusetts; very rare inland; both 
coasts of southern Mexico and Central America in winter. 

63. G. nilotica (HaAssELQ.). Gull-billed Tern. 


STERNA. 39 


Genus STERNA Linnaus. (Page 24, pl. X., figs. 1-3; pl. XI, figs. 1, 2.) 
Species. 
a. Wing more than 9.00. 
b'. Wing more than 12.00. 

c’. Tail much less than half as long as wing, forked for less than one-fifth 
its total length; feathers of occiput short, blended; depth of bill at 
base equal to nearly one-third the exposed culmen; inner webs of 
quills entirely gray, or slaty. (Subgenus Thalasseus Bors.) 

Adult in spring: Above pale pearl-gray, becoming white on tail, 
and more silvery gray on quills; whole top of head, and nape, 
uniform glossy black ; rest of plumage pure white; bill coral- 
red (drying orange-red) with dusky tinge near tip; feet black. 
Adult immediately after pairing season: Similar to spring plu- 
mage, but black on top of head mixed with white. Winter 
adult: Similar to summer adult, but black of crown, ete., 
streaked, instead of speckled or flecked, with grayish white. 
Young: Above pale grayish, marked with a few roundish and 
more or less hastate spots of dusky, largest on tertials; top of 
head grayish white, the crown fiecked with black, this color 
increasing in extent posteriorly, until nearly uniform on occi- 
put; tail-feathers marked with a dusky subterminal spot; rest 
of plumage white; bill dull orange-reddish. Downy young: 
Above grayish white, the down of the head dusky gray beneath 
the surface; back and rump finely and indistinctly mottled 
with grayish; throat and fore-neck uniform pale grayish, rest 
of lower parts white. Length 19.00-22.50, wing 15.00-17.40, 
tail 5.30-6.75 (forked for about .75-1.60), culmen 2.48-3.10, 
depth of bill through base .75-.95, tarsus 1.60-1.90, middle toe 
1.15-1.40. Nest (usually solitary) a depression in sand near 
sea-shore. Hggs 2-3, 2.66 X 1.77, ovate or elliptical-ovate, pale 
grayish buff, varying to olive-buff or dull whitish buff, more or 
less spotted with brown and stone-gray or lavender-gray. Hab. 
North America in general, but rare on Pacific coast; breeding 
in isolated and widely separated localities throughout its range. 
(Also occurs in various portions of eastern hemisphere, includ- 
ing Australia.)...... 64. S. tschegrava Lerecu. Caspian Tern. 

ec’. Tail more than half as long as wing, forked for at least half its total 
length; feathers of occiput lengthened, lanceolate, forming a dis- 
tinct crest ; depth of bill at base much less than one-third the length 
of the exposed culmen; inner webs of quills with inner margin ab- 
ruptly and broadly white. (Subgenus Actochelidon Kaup.) 

d', Bill deep orange, or orange-red. 

é'. Depth of bill at base more than one-fourth the length of the 

exposed culmen. Adult in spring: Above pale pearl-gray, 


40 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


paler (nearly white) on upper tail-coverts and tail; whole 
top of head, including occipital crest, glossy black ; rest of 
plumage pure white; bill deep orange, feet blackish. Adult 
just after pairing season: Similar, but forehead and forepart 
of crown white, only the occipital crest and hinder part of 
crown being uniform black. Winter plumage: Similar to 
summer plumage, but black of occiput also mixed more or~ 
less with white, and bill paler orange. Young: Somewhat 
like winter adult, but upper parts sparsely spotted with 
dusky brown, these spots largest on tertials; tail-feathers 
brownish or dusky near tips; top of head speckled white 
and dusky, the occipital crest but slightly developed; bill 
dull orange. Length 18.00-21.00, wing 14.00-15.00, tail 
6.00-8.00, forked for about half its total length; culmen 
2.40-2.75, depth of bill at base .65-.75, tarsus 1.35-1.45. 
Nest (usually many together) a depression in sand, near 
sea-shore. Higgs 1-3 or 4, 2.61 X 1.78, ovate, elongate- 
ovate, or subacute-ovate, buffy, cream-color, or whitish, 
handsomely spotted (sometimes lined) with dark brown or 
black, these markings usually suffused exteriorly with light 
brown and purplish gray. Hab. Coasts and larger inland 
waters of United States, and southward, breeding north to 
about ona pscsenedd.ese 65. S. maxima Bopp. Royal Tern. 
e?. Depth of bill at base less than one-fourth (about one-fifth) the 
length of the exposed culmen ; plumage same as that of S. 
maxima, but lower parts very deeply tinged with rose-, or 
peach-blossom, pink, and occipital crest more developed ; 
length about 16.00-17.00, wing 12.40-12.50, tail 6.60-7.30, 
forked for about 2.60-3.50 ; culmen 2.25-2.55, depth of bill 
through base .45-.50, tarsus 1.05-1.25. Eggs 2.15 x 1.45, 
ovate, creamy white, boldly spotted (chiefly round larger 
end) with black and various shades of rich warm brown. 
Hab. Pacific coast of Middle America, north to San Fran- 
cisco, California...... 66. S. elegans Gams. Elegant Tern. 
d’. Bill deep black, usually with yellowish or whitish tip; plumage 
the same as in S. maxima and S. elegans, but usually less pinkish 
beneath than the latter; length 14.00-16.00, wing about 12.50, 
tail 6.00 (forked for about 2.35), culmen 2.25, depth of bill at 
base .48, tarsus 1.00. Mest a depression in sand by sea-shore. 
Eggs 1.99 X 1.38, ovate, white, buffy, or rich cream-color, 
handsomely but variously marked (often with zigzag lines) 
with different shades of rich brown, black, ete. Hab. South 
Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States, north to southern 
New England; south, in winter, to West Indies and Middle 
America (both coasts). 
67. S. sandvicensis acuflavidus (CaBor). Cabot’s Tern. 


STERNA. 41 


6%. Wing less than 12.00; occipital feathers short and blended. 
c’. Mantle bluish gray, the tail chiefly white; inner webs of quills largely 
white. (Subgenus Sterna.) 
d@', Top of head without any black at any season. 

Adult in summer: Head, axillars, lining of wing, and tail- 
coverts, white, the first with a dusky stripe along each 
side, entirely surrounding eye, and extending back over 
ear-coverts ; rest of plumage pale pearl-gray, the quills 
inclining to silvery white; bill black in middle portion, the 
base and tip yellowish. Winter plumage: Similar, but lower 
parts white; bill dusky, tipped with yellowish. Length 
15.00-16.00, wing 9.70-10.60, tail 4.60-6.00 (forked for about 
1.60-2.60), culmen 1.50-1.70, tarsus .92-.96. Hab. Atlantic 
coast of South America; casual on Atlantic coast of United 
States (New Jersey and Long Island). 

68. S. trudeaui Aup. Trudeau’s Tern. 
d. Top of head chiefly or entirely uniform black in summer. 
e. Top of head entirely black in summer. 

j*. Only one web of outer tail-feather entirely white. 

g. Inner web of outer tail-feather grayish or dusky 
toward end, the outer web entirely white. Sum- 
mer adult: Above pale pearl-gray, lower parts 
pure white; entire top of head and nape uniform 
deep black ; bill (in life) dull orange, dusky at tip , 
feet fine orange-red. Winter plumage: Similar, 
but whole top of head white, tinged on occiput 
and nape with grayish, the side of the head with 
a dusky stripe surrounding eyes and extending 
across ear-coverts ; tail shorter and less deeply 
forked than in summer, the exterior feathers 
broader and less elongated ; bill duller orange, and 
feet much less intense red; bill dusky or dull 
brownish orange, darker at tip. Young: Similar 
to winter plumage, but top of head, hind-neck, 
back, scapulars, tertials, and wing-coverts over- 
laid by a wash of umber-brown, nearly uniform on 
back and crown; sides of head tinged with same ; 
tail-feathers all distinctly dusky terminally, especi- 
ally on inner webs. Downy young: Light brown- 
ish buff, the breast and belly whitish ; upper parts 
coarsely and irregularly marbled with black, the 
sides of the head with a few scattered small mark- 
ings of the same. Length about 14.00-15.00, wing 
9.50-10.30. tail 5.00-7.70 (forked for 2.30-5.00), 
culmen 1.50-1.65, tarsus .90-1.00. Nest of dead 

6 


42 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


grasses, etc., in marshes (fresh- or salt-water), often 
upon ‘“‘ windrows” of sea-weed. Hggs 1.78 X 1.23, 
ovate or short-ovate, varying from olive-buff to 
olive-brown, coarsely spotted or blotched with 
dark brown or blackish. Hab. Temperate North 
America, north to Manitoba, south, in winter, to 
IBEAZIML ccse2- 69. S. forsteri Nurr. Forster’s Tern. 
g?. Inner web of outer tail-feather entirely white, the 
outer web dusky, in abrupt contrast. 
'. Tarsus more than .665. 

Summer adult: Lower parts pale lavender-gray, 
or grayish white ; whole top of head and nape 
deep black; rest of upper parts deep pearl- 
gray, the rump, upper tail-coverts, and greater 
part of tail pure white; bill bright vermilion- 
red, blackish at tip; feet (in life) rich orange- 
vermilion. Winter adult: Similar, but fore- 
head, crown, and anterior part of lores white, 
mixed with black on crown; entire lower 
parts pure white; bill and feet less intensely 
red. Young: Orbital region, occiput, and 
nape, dull black; crown mixed blackish and 
grayish white; forehead, lores, entire lower 
parts, upper tail-coverts, inner webs of rectri- 
ces, and tips of secondaries, white; rest of 
upper parts pale pearl-gray, the scapulars, 
interscapulars, and tertials, tipped with pale 
buff, and marked with a subterminal cres- 
centic spot, or lunule, of dusky brown; an- 
terior lesser wing-coverts dusky, forming a 
distinct bar across wing; bill brownish dusky, 
the base of mandible paler and more reddish ; 
feet pale reddish. Downy young: Above pale 
fulvous or grayish buff (the precise shade 
very variable) coarsely and irregularly mar- 
bled with dusky, except on forehead; lower 
parts white, more or less tinged with buff or 
pale fulvous on sides and flanks, the throat 
and cheeks distinctly dusky, or grayish. 
Length 13.00-16.00, wing 9.75-11.75, tail 5.00- 
7.00 (forked for 3.50, more or less), culmen 
1.25-1.50, depth of bill at base about .33, tar- 
sus .66-.85. Nest usually a depression in 
sand or gravel near sea-shore. Eggs 2-4, 1.57 
< 1.17, averaging a little paler in ground- 


STERNA. 43 


color and less heavily blotched than those of S. 
Jorsteri. Hab. Eastern temperate North Amer- 
ica, and various parts of eastern hemisphere. 
70. S. hirundo Linn. Common Tern. 
?, ‘Tarsus not more than .65 (usually much less). 
Summer adult: Lower parts deep lavender gray, 
changing to white only on lower tail-coverts 
and on sides of head adjacent to the black 
cap; upper parts deep pearl-gray, the tips of 
secondaries, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail 
pure white, in marked contrast; bill rich car- 
mine, usually without distinct blackish tip; 
feet intense carmine. Winter adult: Similar, 
but lower parts white (sometimes tinged with 
grayish), and forehead, crown, and fore part 
of lores white, the crown streaked or mixed 
with black. Young: Orbital region, occiput, 
and hind part of crown dull black; forehead, 
anterior part of lores, and crown white, the 
latter stained with brown and mixed with 
blackish ; feathers of dorsal region and wings 
tipped with pale buff and marked with a sub- 
terminal crescent or lunule of brownish dusky, 
these markings larger on tertials and longer 
scapulars, and smaller on back; lower rump, 
upper tail-coverts, and entire lower parts, 
white, the chin, throat, and sides of jugulum 
and breast, stained with pale dull brownish ; 
basal half of bill dull orange-red, terminal 
portion blackish; feet light reddish. Downy 
young: Similar to that of S. hirundo, but 
usually darker colored. Length 14.00-17.00, 
wing 10.00-10.75, tail 6.50-8.50 (forked for 
4.00-5.00), culmen 1.08-1.40, depth of bill 
through base .30, tarsus .55-.65, middle toe, 
with claw, .80-.85. Eggs 1.62 « 1.15, not 
distinguishable with certainty from those of 
S. hirundo, but usually with darker ground- 
color and heavier spotting. Hab. Circum- 
polar regions, south, in winter, to Middle 
States and California; on Atlantic coast 
breeding south to Massachusetts. 
71. S. paradisza Brinn. Arctic Tern. 
f*. Both webs of outer tail-feathers entirely white. 
Summer adult: Above delicate pale pearl-gray, 
fading into silvery white on upper tail-coverts 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


and tail; lower parts exquisitely delicate pale 
peach-blossom pink, fading into pure white in 
dried skins; entire top of head, with nape, uni- 
form deep black; bill black, tinged at base (in 
life) with reddish; feet bright red in life. 
Winter adult: Similar, but forehead and anterior 
part of crown white, the latter tinged with 
grayish and indistinctly streaked with blackish. 
Young: Pileum and nape pale buffy grayish, 
finely mottled or sprinkled with darker, and 
streaked, especially on crown, with dusky; or- 
bital and auricular regions dusky blackish; 
remainder of head, and entire lower parts, white, 
the nape and sometimes side of breast finely 
mottled with buffy gray; pale pearl-gray of 
back and scapulars overlaid by pale buff, irregu- 
larly mottled with dusky, each feather with a 
submarginal dusky U-shaped mark; bill brown- 
ish dusky; feet dusky (in dried skins). Length 
14.00-17.00, wing 9.25-9.75, tail 7.25-7.75 (forked 
for 3.50-4.50), culmen 1.50, depth of bill at base 
.35, tarsus .85, middle toe .75. Hggs 2-4, 1.66 x 
1.21, similar to those of S. paradisea, but ground- 
color averaging lighter and markings smaller. 
Hab. Atlantic coast of United States; West 
Indies, and various parts of Old World. 
72. S. dougalli Monrac. Roseate Tern. 
é. Top of head black, with a broad white patch on forehead, ex- 
tending backward on each side of crown to above eyes; a 
black stripe across lores. 

Summer adult: Above deep plumbeous-gray, beneath 
paler, more lavender-gray ; tips of secondaries, upper 
and lower tail-coverts, tail, sides of head, chin, under 
wing coverts and axillars pure white; bill and feet 
entirely deep black. Winter adult, unknown. Young: 
Forehead, lores, crown, and entire nape, smoky gray- 
ish brown, deepening on occiput into dark sooty, this 
color extending laterally nearly or quite to eye; the 
smoke-color of nape extending laterally over side of 
neck and breast, or sometimes even tingeing the jugu- 
lum and fore-neck ; back, scapulars, inner wing-coverts, 
and tertials dull slate-blackish, broadly and sharply 
bordered terminally with yellowish ochraceous ; upper 
rump dark brownish slate, feathers narrowly tipped 
with pale fulvous, this preceded by a dusky subter- 


‘ 


STERNA. 45 


minal bar; lower rump and upper tail-coverts plum- 
beous-gray, the longer feathers tipped with buff; rec- 
trices pale bluish gray, the feathers becoming dusky 
subterminally ; lower parts, except as described, white; 
maxilla dusky, mandible light reddish (brownish in 
dried skins), the terminal third or fourth dusky; legs 
and feet light reddish. Length 13.25-15.00, wing 
9.75-10.75, tail 6.50-7.00 (forked for 2.40-3.75), culmen 
1.25-1.40, depth of bill at base .38, tarsus, .60-.75, 
middle toe .80-.85. Eggs 1.69 < 1.12, similar to those 
of S. paradisea, but averaging rather deeper in ground- 
color, with larger markings. Hab. Eastern Aleutian 
Islands and northward along coast to or beyond 
Norton Sound. 
73. S. aleutica Barrp. Aleutian Tern. 
ce’, Mantle and six to ten middle tail-feathers slaty or blackish. (Subgenus 
Haliplana W AGLER.) 

d', Adult: Upper parts, including hind-neck, continuously uniform 
sooty black, the outer pair of tail-feathers chiefly white; fore- 
head, sides of head, and entire lower parts white, sometimes 
faintly tinged with bluish gray posteriorly ; bill and feet deep 
black. Young: Entirely dark sooty brown, more grayish on 
lower parts, the anal region and under wing-coverts white; 
scapulars and wing-coverts narrowly but distinctly tipped with 
white. Downy young: “ Head, neck, throat, and entire upper 
parts, dark gray with a silvery tinge, closely dotted with gray- 
ish white; rest of under parts white.” (Dressrer.) Length 
15.00-17.00, wing 12.00, tail 7.00-7.50 (forked for about 3.00- 
3.50), culmen 1.80, tarsus 1.00. Eggs (deposited on rocks or 
ground, usually without nest) 2.02 « 1.40, white, creamy white, 
or cream-color spotted with rich chestnut, usually mixed with 
fainter spots of purplish gray. Hab. Tropical and subtropical 
sea-coasts of both hemispheres; in North America, north to 
the Carolinas and western Mexico, casually to New England. 

75. S. fuliginosa GmeL. Sooty Tern. 

d, Adult: Lower hind-neck and upper back grayish white, deepening 
into brownish slate on wings, etc., and deep black on top of 
head; forehead, sides of head, and entire lower parts pure 
white; two outer pairs of tail-feathers white; bill and feet 
black. Young: Entire lower parts, with cheeks, forehead, and 
sides of crown, white, as in adult; nape, occiput, and middle 
of crown brownish dusky; the last streaked with grayish 
white; upper parts grayish brown; the scapulars, interscapu- 
lars, and tertials margined terminally with grayish white. 
Length about 14.00-15.00, wing 10.50, tail 6.00-7.00, culmen 


46 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


1.40-1.60, depth of bill at base .35-.40, tarsus .85. Hab. Tropi- 
cal sea-coasts in general; accidental on Florida coast. 
76. S. anzethetus Scop. Bridled Tern. 
a, Wing less than 7.00. Tail about half as long as wing, forked for about half its 
length. (Subgenus Sternula Borg.) 

Summer adult: Above uniform pale pearl-gray ; lower parts, with forehead 
and stripe on each side of crown, back and above eyes, pure white ; 
stripe from bill to eye, with crown, occiput, and nape, uniform deep 
black ; bill bright yellow, usually with blackish tip; feet bright orange- 
yellow (in life). Winter adult: Similar to summer plumage, but lores, 
forehead, and crown grayish white (pure white anteriorly); bill dull 
yellowish, or dusky ; feet pale yellow. Young: Somewhat like winter 
adult, but lesser wing-coverts chiefly dusky slate (forming distinct 
patch), scapulars and interscapulars with submarginal V- or U-shaped 
marks of dusky, and quills darker. Downy young: Above grayish white, 
varying to delicate buff-yellow, sometimes immaculate, but usually finely 
mottled with dusky grayish, the head distinctly marked with irregular 
dots of blackish ; lower parts wholly immaculate white. Length 8.50- 
9.75, wing 6.60, tail 3.50 (forked for about 1.75), culmen 1.20, tarsus .60. 
Nest a depression in shingly beach. Eggs 2-4, 1.28 x 0.91, white, buffy 
white, or buff, spotted with brown and purplish gray. Hab. United 
States (rather southerly) south, in winter, through Middle America 
(both coasts) to northern coasts of South America. 

74. S. antillarum (Less.). Least Tern. 


Genus HYDROCHELIDON bBoir. (Page 24, pl. XII., fig. 2.) 
Species. 


a, Wing less than 9.00. Head wholly dusky or black in summer adult. 
Bb. Tail and upper coverts deep gray or plumbeous. 

Summer adult: Head, neck, and lower parts uniform black or plumbeous, 
the lower tail-coverts, however, white; upper parts uniform plum- 
beous. Winter adult : Head, neck, and lower parts white, the orbits 
and ear-coverts dusky; above as in summer. Young: Similar to 
winter adult, but feathers of back, etc., tipped with dull brownish, 
anterior lesser wing-coverts dusky, and sides washed with plumbe- 
ous. Downy young: Above umber-brown, with a few coarse, irreg- 
ular mottlings of black ; forehead, crown, throat, and chest plain 
sooty brown; side of head, including lores, dull whitish; belly 
white centrally, sooty gray exteriorly. 

cl. Summer adult with lower parts (sometimes head also) plumbeous, little 
if any darker than upper surface. Hab. Europe, and parts of Asia 
and Africa. H. nigra (Linn.). Black Tern.1 


1 Sterna nigra Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 137. Hydrochelidon nigra Bork, Isis, 1822, 563. 


ANOUS. 47 


ce’. Summer adult with lower parts always black or very dark plumbeous, 
much darker than upper surface ; length 9.00-10.25, wing 8.25, tail 
3.75 (forked for .90), culmen 1.10. Mest in marshes. Eggs 1.35 x 
0.98, brownish buff or olive-buff, heavily spotted and blotched with 
dark brown. Hab. Temperate North America, south, in winter, to 

South America, as far as Brazil and Chili. 
77. H. nigra surinamensis (GMeEL.). American Black Tern. 

6. Tail and upper coverts white, sometimes tinged with gray. 

Summer adult: Head, neck, and lower parts black, the under tail- 
coverts white ; upper parts plumbeous, more silvery on wings, the 
anterior lesser coverts being white; legs and feet bright red (drying 
brownish). Young : “ Posterior portion of the crown, a patch on 
the side of the head, and one on the hind-neck dark sooty gray, the 
feathers with lighter margins, the patch on the hind-neck with 
brownish markings; rest of the head, neck, and entire under parts 
pure white; back and scapulars blue-gray, broadly tipped with 
blackish gray; wings as in the adult in winter, but the wing- 
coverts tipped with light reddish brown; rump and upper tail- 
coverts white; tail light French gray, becoming darker towards 
the tip.” (Dresser.) Downy young: “Upper parts warm reddish 
buff, boldly marked with black on the crown, nape, back, wings, 
and rump; under parts grayish buff with a sooty tinge, marked 
with sooty gray on the upper throat; space round the eye nearly 
white.” (Dressrr.) Length about 9.50, wing 7.60-8.20, tail 2.80- 
3.25, culmen .90-.95. Nest in marshes. Eggs 1.36 x 0.99, essen- 
tially similar in coloration to those of H. nigra surinamensis. Hab. 
Europe, ete.; accidental (?) in North America (Lake Koshkonong, 
Wisconsin). 

78. H. leucoptera (Tremm.). White-winged Black Tern. 

a’. Wing more than 9.09. Head with a broad white stripe on each side, in summer 

adult. Summer adult: Top of head and hind-neck black; broad stripe on 

side of head (from chin and corner of mouth to behind ear-coverts), lower 

tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts white; rest of plumage uniform plum- 
beous. Hab. Europe, ete.; accidental in West Indies. 

H. leucopareia (NaTrT.). Whiskered Tern.! 


Genus ANOUS Leacu. (Page 24, pl. XII., fig. 1.) 
Species. 


Common Cyaracters.—Plumage uniform sooty brownish, becoming hoary on 
forehead or top of head. West on trees or bushes around borders of oceanic islands, 
rather bulky, composed of sticks, ete. Egg single (usually, at least), buffy or buffy 


1 Sterna leucopareia Natt., in Temm. Man. 1820, 726. Hydrochelidon leucopareia GouLD, Handb. B. Austr. 
ii. 1865, 406. 


48 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


whitish, sparsely speckled or spotted, chiefly round larger end, with brown and 
purplish gray. 


a, Lores dusky, in abrupt and marked contrast with the hoary of the forehead. 
b.. Only the forehead distinctly whitish. 

Uniform sooty brown, becoming gradually grayer on neck, and pass- 
ing gradually through intermediate shades to white on forehead ; 
quills nearly black. Young (2): Similar, but head uniform grayish 
brown, the frontlet hoary grayish. Length 13.00-16.35, wing 10.00- 
10.50, tail 6.00, culmen 1.75, depth of bill at base .38. gg averaging 
2.06 X 1.37. Hab. Intertropical seas generally, also coast of south- 
ern Atlantic and Gulf States...... 79. A. stolidus (Linn.). Noddy. 

b?. Whole top of head distinctly whitish. 
c. White of crown changing gradually into ashy on hind-neck; plumage 
of body, ete., sooty brown. Hab. Intertropical seas and coasts 


generally, including Gulf coast of Mexico. 
A. leucocapillus GouLD. Black-cheeked Noddy.! 


¢?, White of crown abruptly defined against sooty brown of hind-neck ; 
plumage of body, etc., sooty black. Hab. Southern Pacific and parts 
of South Atlantic, north to Uruguay. 
A. atrofuscus STONE. White-crowned Noddy.’ 
a’, Lores hoary whitish, like forehead. Hoary ash of occiput and hind-neck 
changing gradually into sooty brown on chin and throat, the cheeks being 
grayish. Hab. Indian Ocean, ete. 
A. tenuirostris (TEMM.). Slender-billed Noddy.’ 


Famity RYNCHOPIDA®.—Tue Skimmers, (Page 20.) 


Genera. 


(Characters same as given for the Family)............... Rynchops. (Page 48.) 


Genus RYNCHOPS Linnavs. (Page 48, pl. VL, fig. 5.) 


Species. 


a’. Secondaries very broadly tipped with white; tail white, only the middle pair 
of feathers grayish or dusky; under wing-coverts white. Summer adult: 
Forehead, sides of head, and entire lower parts, white ; upper parts, including 
hind-neck, top of head, and ear-coverts, black, the secondaries and inner pri- 
maries broadly tipped with white; tail white, the middle feathers chiefly 
grayish brown; basal half of bill, with legs and feet, bright vermilion-red 
in life (changing to dull whitish in dried skins); terminal portion of bill 


1 Anous leucocapillus GoutD, P. Z. 8. 1845, 103; Birds Austr. pt. vii. 1848, pl. 35. 


2 Anous leucocapillus (nec GouLD) SAunpERs, P. Z. 8. 1876, 670. Anous atrofuscus Stone, Pr. Ac. Nat. 
Sci. Philad. 1894, 117. 


3 Sterna tenuirostris Temm., PJ. Col. 202 (1838). Anous tenuirostris SaunvERs, P. Z. S. 1876, 670, pl. 61, fig. 1. 


RY NCHOPS. 49 


black. Winter adult: Similar as to plumage, but the black more brownish, 
and interrupted by a white collar across hind-neck. Young: Above light 
buff, each feather with a central spot of black, these largest on scapulars ; 
lores and beneath eye uniform pale buff; lower parts white. Downy young : 
Above pale grayish buff, irregularly and sparsely mottled with blackish ; lower 
parts plain white. (Lower mandible not longer than upper in very young 
birds.) Length 17.00-20.00, wing 14.75-15.75, tail 5.50 (forked for about 
1.20), culmen 2.20-2.80, lower mandible 2.90-4.10. Mest a depression in sand, 
near sea-shore. Hggs 2-5, 1.74 & 1.32, ovate, or short-ovate, white, buffy 
white, or pale buff, marked with large bold spots of rich dark or deep brown, 
and smaller, fainter spots of purplish gray. Hab. Sea-coast of warmer parts 
of America; on the Atlantic side, north, regularly, to New Jersey, casually 
LPOMINOMACSCOULA aacscoraassuesasessaeeeee at sal 80. R. nigra Linn. Black Skimmer. 
a’, Secondaries without white tips; tail dusky, the feathers with paler edges ; under 
wing-coverts brownish gray; otherwise similar to R. nigra, but averaging 
larger, with longer bill and wing especially. Hab. Coasts of South America 

(Peru; Demerara, etc.). 
R. melanura Borr. Black-tailed Skimmer.! 


1 Rynchops melanurus “ Born,” Swans. Anim. in Menag. 1838, 340. 


50 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Orver TUBINARES.—Tue Tuse-nosep Swin- 


MERS. (Page 1.) 


Families. 


a'. Wings very long; nostrils opening in anterior end of horizontal nasal tubes. 
b'. Nasal tubes widely separated by the intervening culmen; size very large 
(equal to a large goose or larger); wing very narrow, with very nu- 
merous (39-50) remiges............---sseeeeeeeeee Diomedeidz. (Page 50.) 
b?. Nasal tubes united, and resting upon the basal portion of the culmen; size 
and other characters extremely variable, but usually medium-sized or 

small, and remiges never more than 39 (usually 30, or less). 
Procellariide. (Page 53.) 
a*, Wings very short, and general appearance decidedly Auk-like ; nostrils opening 
upwards, as parallel longitudinal slits, at very base of culmen. 

Halodromidez, (Extralimital.) 


Famity DIOMEDEIDAZ.— Tue ALpBatrossEs. (Page 50.) 


Nest a mound-like heap of grasses, etc., with depressed top, built upon the 
ground in open situations, on oceanic islands. gq single, ovate, or elliptical ovate, 
white, sometimes speckled or sprinkled on larger end with reddish brown. 


Genera. 


a‘, Sides of lower mandible without longitudinal groove ; wing three or more times 
as long as the short, rounded tail. 

b'. Upper division of the bill much broadest at base, where joined closely to the 

HevteralSdavaSiOners ssascenteress due ortieas aareren eee ene Diomedea. (Page 50.) 

b?. Upper division of the bill narrow, and of equal width from the middle of 

the culmen to the base, where widely separated from the lateral division 

by the interposition of a strip of naked skin extending from the nasal 

tubes tothe. forehead sac. iscccsessiseuceesacce: Thalassogeron. (Page 52.) 

a’, Sides of lower mandible with a distinct longitudinal groove, extending the entire 

length of the lateral division; wing only about twice as long as the gradu- 

ated or wedge-shaped tail: sc. cecselgoncets eases somone. Pheebetria. (Page 53.) 


Genus DIOMEDEA Linnats. (Page 50, pl. XIII, figs. 1, 2.) 


Species. 


a‘, Culmen very concave; feathers at base of upper mandible extending in an angle 
nearly or quite to the base of the nasal tube, those at the base of the lower 
mandible forming a still more decided angle. (Subgenus Diomedea.) 


DIOMEDEA. 51 


Wing 26.50-29.00 inches; total length, 44.00-55.00, extent, 125.00-130.00. 
Adult: White, the remiges blackish. Young: Dusky, with fore part of 
the head whitish (older individuals with more white, according to age). 
Egg 4.95 X 3.15, white, minutely sprinkled over large end with brownish 
(adventitious stain in pores of shell?). Hab. Southern seas in general, 
north, casually or very irregularly, to Florida (Tampa Bay and mouth 
of St. John’s River) and coast of Washington. 

—.D.exulans Linn. Wandering Albatross.' 
a, Culmen slightly concave, the bill more compressed ; feathers at base of maxilla 
extending in a nearly straight obliquely transverse line far back of the nasal 
tube, those at the base of the lower mandible also extending nearly straight 
across. 
b'. Lateral division of the bill narrower at base than in the middle. (Sub- 
genus Phebastria Retcu.”) 

ec. Length 28.50-36.00, wing 18.50-20.50, culmen 4.00-4.25, depth of bill at 

base 1.45-1.60, tarsus 3.50-3.70, middle toe 4.05-4.40. Adult: Uni- 
form dusky, more grayish below, the tail-coverts, base of tail, and 
anterior portion of the head white ; bill dusky purplish brown; feet 
black. Young: Similar to adult, but upper tail-coverts dusky, and 
white of head more restricted (sometimes almost obsolete). Hab. 
North Pacific; on the American side, from coast of California 

(very abundant) to Alaska. 
81. D. nigripes Aup. Black-footed Albatross. 
ec. Length 33.00-37.00, wing 22.00-23.00, culmen 5.50-5.60, depth of bill 
at base 1.95-2.05, tarsus 3.80-4.00, middle toe 4.65-4.90. Adult: 
White, becoming straw-yellow on head and neck; tail-feathers, 
remiges, etc, slaty brown, the primaries with yellow shafts. Young: 
Uniform sooty or dusky, the head and neck nearly black; shafts of 
primaries straw-yellow; bill and feet pale brownish. Hab. North 
Pacific; on the American side occurring from California to Alaska, 

but chiefly northward. 
82. D. albatrus Pau. Short-tailed Albatross. 
b?. Lateral division of bill broader at base than in middle. (Subgenus Thalas- 
sarche Reicu.’) 

c’. Lower parts white ; upper parts plain dusky. 

d'. Under wing-coverts chiefly, or in large part, white. Adult (and 
young ?): Head, neck, rump, upper tail-coverts, and entire 
lower parts white, the sides of the head with a more or less 
distinct grayish stripe, darkest near the eye; back and scapu- 
lars brownish slate, more ashy anteriorly, the wings plain 
dusky; color of bill varying from pale yellowish in adult to 
dark horn-color in young; wing 19.50-20.50, tail 8.00-8.50, 


1 Diomedea exulans Linn, 8. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 132. 
2 Phebastria Retcu., Syst. Av. 1852, p. v. Type, Diomedea brachyura TemM., = D. albatrus PALL. 
8 Thalassarche Ruicu., Syst. Av. 1852, p. v. Type, Diomedea melanophrys Borg. 


LIBRARY 


52 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


culmen 4.50-4.60, tarsus 3.05-3.38, middle toe 3.90-4.32. Hab. 
Southern seas, especially South Pacific, casual off coast of Cali- 
fornia........ —.D.melanophrys Bore. Spectacled Albatross.’ 
ad, Under wing-coverts uniform dark slaty or grayish brown. Similar 
in plumage to D. melanophrys, except under wing-coverts, which 
are uniform dusky instead of partly white; bill olive-brownish, 
the nails dusky ; wing 20.00, tail 9.00, culmen 5.00, depth of 
bill at base 1.75, tarsus 3.00, middle toe (with claw) 4.75. Hab. 


(Unknown.) 
D. gilliana Covres. Gill’s Albatross.? 


@, Lower parts partly grayish brown ; upper parts varied with dusky and 
white. 

Adult (2): Head and neck white, washed with yellow; belly 
grayish brown, freckled with white; upper back and rump 
transversely varied with dusky and white. Hab. Pacific coast 
of South America (Callao Bay, Peru). 


D. irrorata SALVIN. Speckled Albatross.® 


Genus THALASSOGERON Rineway. (Page 50, pl. XIV., fig. 1.) 
Species. 


Common CuHaracters.—Adult: Upper parts chiefly uniform dark brownish 
slate, more plumbeous on back, especially anteriorly ; rump and upper tail-coverts 
white ; tail grayish, the feathers with yellowish white shafts; lower parts white; 
head and neck sometimes white shaded with plumbeous on top of former and 
hinder part of latter, sometimes entirely light ash-gray, always with a darker space 
immediately in front of and behind eye, with a white spot on lower eyelid. 


a. Culmen 4.50 or less; wing 21.00, or less; bill blackish, with yellowish culmen. 

b'. Culmen continuing broad and flat to the extreme base, which is broad and 

slightly rounded ; tarsus more than 3.00; lower mandible with a yellow- 

ish stripe along lower edge, from base nearly to the nail; culmen pale 

yellowish or greenish; length about 35.00-37.00, wing 17.75-21.00, tail 

8.00-9.00, culmen 4.35-4.50, depth of bill at base 1.70-1.75, tarsus 3.25, 

middle toe (without claw) 4.30-4.35. gq 4.18 x 2.63. Hab. Southern 
oceans (except South Atlantic ?), north, casually, to coast of Oregon. 

83. T. culminatus (GouLpD). Yellow-nosed Albatross. 

2, Culmen much compressed, narrowing to an acute angle at extreme base; 

tarsus less than 3.00; lower mandible without yellow along lower edge. 


1 Diomedea melanophrys “Born,” TemM. Pl. Col. No. 456 (1838). Gourp, B. Austr. pl. 43. B. B. & R. 


Water B. N. Am. ii. 1884, 357. 

2 Diomedea gilliana Coves, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. May, 1866, 181. Type in mus. Philadelphia Academy 
Natural Sciences. (Possibly young of D. melanophrys.) 

3 Diomedea irrorata SALVIN, P. Z. S. 1883, 430. 


PHEBETRIA. 53 


but with a transverse bar of yellow (orange in life) across the base; 
culmen orange-yellow in life; wing about 19.00, tail 7.00, culmen 4.50, 
depth of bill at base 1.50, tarsus 2.75, middle toe (with claw) 4.25. Hab. 
Indian, Antarctic, and South Pacific Oceans. 
T. chlororhynchus (GMEL.). Green-billed Albatross.! 
a’. Culmen 4.75 or more; wing 22.00; bill light-colored (pale grayish, with pale 
yellowish culmen and nails in life), with black line across base of upper man- 
dible and yellow bar at base of lower. (‘Clouded with dark gray” in 
young.) Culmen 4.75-4.90, depth of bill at base 1.90-2.00, tail 10.00, tarsus 
3.25, middle toe (with claw) 5.00. Hab. South coast of Van Diemen’s Land. 
T. cautus (GOULD). Cautious Albatross.? 


Genus PHCEBETRIA RetcuensBacn. (Page 50, pl. XIV., fig. 2.) 


Speeies. 


Adult (?): Neck, back, and lower parts pale smoky gray; sides of head, chin, 
and throat deep sooty, nearly black around eyes; eyelids whitish; wings and tail 
dark sooty slate, the shafts of primaries and tail-feathers yellowish toward base; 
bill deep black, the grooves whitish ; feet pale reddish or yellowish. Young (?) : 
Entire head deep sooty blackish, fading gradually into deep smoky gray on lower 
parts, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; wings and tail sooty slate, the shafts of 
the quills and tail-feathers yellowish white; eyelids conspicuously white, except 
anteriorly ; bill and feet as in supposed adult. Length 34.00-37.00, extent 78.00- 
84.00, wing 20.00-21.50, tail 10.50-13.00, the outer feathers 3.00-5.50 shorter. 
Egg 3.96 X 2.63, white, minutely sprinkled with brown on larger end. Hab. South 
Pacific, north (casually ?) to coast of Oregon. 

84. P. fuliginosa (GmEL.). Sooty Albatross. 


Famity PROCELLARIIDA-.—Thue PEtrets. (Page 50.) 


West a hole among rocks (usually on face of cliffs). gg single, white (unless 
adventitiously stained). 
Genera. 
a’. Secondaries 13, or more. (Subfamily Procellariine.) 
b’. Size very large (wing 17.00 or more); tail-feathers 16; bill longer than 
LATSUSS oseau pedo seca honcekh/ucisesangccescsacsoesnases sees Ossifraga. (Page 57.) 
b?. Size medium or small (wing 15.00 er less) ; tail-feathers 12-14; bill shorter 
than tarsus. 
c. Wing more than 7.00. 
d'. Culmen more than half as long as middle toe, with claw. 
e'. Inner side of edge of upper mandible without distinct fringe- 
like processes. 


1 Diomedea chlororhyncha GueEt., S. N. i. 1788, 568. 
2 Diomedea cauta Goutp, P. Z. 8. viii. 1840, 177; B. Austr. pl. 40. 


4 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


or 


f'. Bill cylindrical or compressed at base, where not broader 
than deep. 

g. Partition between nostrils very thin (very much nar- 
rower than width of a single nostril), entirely 
within the nasal tubes. 

i. Gonys very slightly or not at all concave, the tip 
not distinctly decurved ; nasal tubes decidedly 
longer than gonys... Fulmarus. (Page 57.) 

h?. Gonys very strongly concave, the tip distinctly de- 
curved ; nasal tubes not decidedly longer (usu- 
ally shorter) than gonys (except in Bulweria). 

@. Depth of bill at shallowest part more than 
one-fourth the length of the lower man- 
dible, measured along the side. 

j.. Tail more or less graduated, and without 
white tip. 

KY. Tail less than half as long as wing, 
and graduated for less than one- 
third its length ; cutting-edge of 
lower mandible decidedly con- 
cave; nail of lower mandible oc- 
cupying at least one-third the 
total length of the mandible, 
measured along its side; plu- 
mage and size very variable. 

fEstrelata. (Page 63.) 

k’?, Tail more than half as long as wing, 
and graduated for more than 
one-third its length; cutting- 
edge of lower mandible straight, 
or very slightly concave; nail 
of lower mandible occupying de- 
cidedly less than one-third the 
total length of the mandible, 
measured along its side; color 
uniform dusky ; wing about 8.00. 

Bulweria. (Page 69.) 
f. Tail slightly rounded, and with a distinct 
white tip. 

Cutting-edge of lower mandible 
straight, and nail of lower man- 
dible occupying less than one- 
third its total length, as in Bul- 
weria; plumage bluish above, 
and on sides of chest, the lower 


PROCELLARIIDZE. 55 


parts, forehead, tips of longer 

scapulars and of tail white; wing 

about 8/0005 2c.e.csc..s. Halobena. 

?. Depth of bill at shallowest part decidedly 

less than one-fourth the length of the 

lower mandible, measured along its side; 

plumage bluish gray above, becoming 

white on forehead and blackish on wings; 

beneath entirely white; wing about 

DEO re spars one be netics sisateieuines scl Cookilaria, 

g. Partition between nostrils very thick (as wide as or 

wider than nostril), ending anteriorly “flush” 

with, or but little behind, the anterior rim of the 
nasal tubes. 

h}. Space between nasal tubes and base of unguis not 
greater than length of the latter; nostrils not 
visible from above ; color uniform sooty black 
(browner below), with or without white mark- 
ings on head ; wing 13.50 or more.. Majaqueus.’ 

h?, Space between nasal tubes and base of unguis 
decidedly greater than length of the latter; 
nostrils partly (usually entirely) visible from 
above; color and size very variable, but wing 
never more than 15.00 (usually much less). 

Puffinus. (Page 58.) 
f*. Bill flattened, broader than deep at base. 

Branches of lower mandible bowed widely apart, the 
space between mostly unfeathered ; plumage spotted 
white and dusky above, entirely white beneath. 

Daption. (Page 69.) 
e'. Inner side of edge of upper mandible with distinct fringe-like 
processes ; color bluish above, the tail tipped with black- 
ish ; beneath white; wing about 7.00-7.50. 

f*. Culmen concave ; lateral outlines of bill straight. 
Pseudoprion. 
f?. Culmen straight; lateral outlines of bill decidedly convex. 
Prion. 
d’, Culmen less than half as long as middle toe, with claw; tail 
even; hind claw very large, equal in length to the nasal tubes, 
measured along the top ; color entirely pure white... Pagodroma§ 


1 Halobena “Is. GEOFFR. 1836,’’ Bonar. Consp. ii. 1857, 193. Type, Procellaria cxrulea GMEL. 
2 Cookilaria Bonap., Compt. Rend. xliii. 1856, 994. Type, Procellaria cookii Gray. 

3 Majaqueus Reicu., Av. Syst. 1852, p. iv. Type, Procellaria xquinoctialis Linn. 

* Pseudoprion Cours, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 164. Type, Prion turtur GouLp. 

5 Prion LactpbpE, Mém. de l’Inst. 1800-1801, 514. Type, Procellaria vittata GMEL. 

6 Pagodroma Bonap., Consp. ii. 1856, 192. Type, Procellaria nivea GMEL. 


56 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


c. Wing less than 7.00. 

d'. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe, with claw; tail much 

rounded, or slightly graduated ; plumage wholly dusky. 
Halocyptena. (Page 69.) 

d*. Tarsus not longer than middle toe, with claw; tail emarginate, 

even, or at most only very slightly rounded. 
e’. Tail even, or very slightly rounded; tarsus twice as long as 
the culmen; color uniform dusky, with white upper tail- 
COVELES Es na cage ct ne Senesasee sosres -welceeee Procellaria. (Page 69.) 
e?. Tail emarginate or slightly forked; tarsus less than twice as 
long as the culmen; color variable. 
Oceanodroma. (Page 70.) 
a’, Secondaries 10. (Subfamily Oceanitine.) 

b'. Tarsus exceeding middle toe, with claw, by less than the length of the bill 
(measured from forehead); basal division of middle toe shorter than 
rest of toe, including nail. 

cl. Culmen (from frontal feathers) less than half as long as middle toe, with 
claw. 

d‘'. Front of tarsus distinctly scutellate; distance from tip of tail to 
end of longest upper coverts shorter than middle toe; first quill 
shorter than third; lower parts white, forward to the chest; 
no white On Upper Parts. -c.-cc.cs.2sssnsee semen eeeee Garrodia.’ 

d?. Front of tarsus not scutellate; distance from tip of bill to end of 
longest upper coverts much greater than length of middle toe 
with claw ; lower parts dusky, or striped with dusky ; upper 
tail-coverts white. 

e’. Claws narrow, pointed; first quill much shorter than third; 

belly and flanks uniform dusky... Oceanites. (Page 71.) 

e?. Claws broad, flat, blunt; first quill longer than third; belly 

and flanks white striped with dusky.................. Pealea? 

ce. Culmen (from frontal feathers) more than half as long as middle toe, 
with claw; tarsus 2} times as long as culmen, appreciably scutel- 

late in front; nails broad, flat, and blunt ; first quill much shorter 

MAMET MITA aAs Ne ice fos aos careateodinee oe teh Pelagodroma. (Page 72.) 

6. Tarsus exceeding middle toe by more than the length of the culmen; basal 
division of middle toe longer than rest of toe, including nail; culmen 
(from frontal feathers) more than half as long as middle toe, with claw; 
tarsus 23 times as long as culmen, the anterior scutelle sometimes ap- 
preciable, sometimes obsolete; nails excessively broad (nearly as broad 
as long), flat, triangular; first quill decidedly shorter than third. 

Cymodroma. (Page 71.) 


1 Garrodia Forses, P. Z. S. 1881, 736. Type, Procellaria nereis GouLD. 
2 Pealea Rinpew., Auk, iii., July, 1886, 334. Type, Thalassidroma lineata PEALE. 


FULMARUS. 57 


Genus OSSIFRAGA Homsron & Jacquinor. (Page 53, pl. XV., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Light phase: Head, neck, and lower parts white; upper parts dusky, the 
feathers (especially scapulars) sometimes tipped with paler; bill light yellowish. 
(Sometimes entirely white, relieved only by scattered brown feathers.) Dark 
phase: Uniform dark sooty brown, sometimes with whitish feathers round base 
of bill; bill olive-yellowish or grayish white; length, about 30.00-36.00, extent 
72.00-84.00, wing 17.00-21.00, culmen 3.50-4.00. Hab. Southern seas, north on 
Pacific coast of America (casually) to coast of Oregon. 

85. O. gigantea (GmEL.). Giant Fulmar. 


Genus FULMARUS Leacu. (Page 54, pl. XVI, figs. 1, 2.) 


Species. 


a‘, Bill short and stout, its greatest depth very nearly half the total length (meas- 
ured from frontal feathers) ; nasal tubes separated from the unguis by a very 
narrow space, measuring much less than half as much in length as the former; 

(4.)  tail-feathers 14. (Subgenus Fulmarus.) 

b. Nasal tubes distinctly dusky, the whole bill sometimes olive-brownish. 
cl. Light phase: Head, neck, and lower parts white; upper parts bluish 
gray, the quills darker. Dark phase: Entirely smoky gray. Length 
18.00-20.00, wing 12.50-13.75 (13.04), culmen 1.45-1.58 (1.50), depth 
of bill at base .65-.80 (.75). Egg 2.85 « 2.01. Hab. North Atlantic. 
86. F. glacialis (Linn.). Fulmar. 
ce. Similar in color to F. glacialis, but much smaller; wing 11.80-12.00 
(11.90), culmen 1.30-1.38 (1.33), depth of bill at base .60-.70 (.63). 
Hab. North Atlantic, south on American side to coast of New 
England....... 86a. F. glacialis minor (Kusarrs.). Lesser Fulmar. 
b’. Nasal tubes light-colored ; bill never dark-colored. 

ec. Light phase: In plumage not with certainty distinguishable from the 
corresponding phase of F’. glacialis. Dark phase: Much darker than 
the corresponding phase of F. glacialis, the color being a uniform 
deep sooty plumbeous in living and freshly-killed birds, changing 
to deep sooty brownish in very old skins. Length 17.00-19.00, wing 
11.90-12.35 (12.06), culmen 1.35-1.65 (1.48), depth of bill at base 
.65-.70 (.68). Egg 2.82 « 1.95. Hab. North Pacific, south along 

American coast to western Mexico. 
86). F. glacialis glupischa Srresn. Pacific Fulmar. 
ce. Light phase: Similar to corresponding phase of the preceding, but the 
bluish gray of the upper parts broken by a more or less extensive 
admixture of white. Wo dark phase known. Wing 12.10-12.90 
(12.46), culmen 1.40-1.60 (1.49), depth of bill at base .65-.75 (.72). 

8 


58 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Egg 2.83 * 1.91. Hab. Bering’s Sea and portions of the North Pa- 
CliGeeepeeee 86c. F. glacialis rodgersii (Cass.). Rodgers’s Fulmar. 
a. Bill long and slender, its greatest depth much less than half the total length 
(measured from frontal feathers); nasal tubes separated from the unguis by 
a space measuring much more than half as much in length as the former. 

6}. Bill cylindrical at base, or measuring as much in width as in depth; space 
between nasal tube and base of unguis about equal to the length of the 
former; upper parts plain; head white; tail-feathers 14. (Subgenus 
Priocella Homer. & J ACQ.). 

Head, neck, and lower parts white; upper parts pale pearl-gray, the 
quills darker, with inner webs chiefly white; length 18.00-18.50, 
wing 13.00, culmen 1.75-2.10, depth of bill at base .65. Hab. South- 
ern seas, north along Pacific coast of America to coast of Washing- 
ton Territory... 87. F. glacialoides (Smirn). Slender-billed Fulmar. 

6, Bill compressed, or higher than broad, at base; space between nasal tube 
and base of unguis less than the length of the former ; upper parts parti- 
colored; head dusky; tail-feathers 12. (Subgenus Thalassoica Retcu.’) 

Head and neck sooty grayish, darker on top; back, scapulars, rump, 
tip of tail, primary-coverts, lesser wing-coverts, and greater part of 
primaries, sooty slate ; lower parts, secondaries, greater wing-coverts, 
inner webs of primaries, tail (except terminal band), and upper tail- 
coverts, white; wing 12.50, culmen 1.40. Hab. Antarctic seas. 

F. antarcticus (GMEL.). Antarctic Fulmar.? 


Genus PUFFINUS Brisson. (Page 55, pl. XVI., figs. 3, 4.) 
Species. 

a. Nostrils only partially visible from above, the nasal tubes elevated and inflated 
anteriorly, where broader than at base; under wing-coverts dusky, and 
lower parts white. (Subgenus Priofinus Homsr. & JAcq.) 

b'. Above ash-gray, more or less tinged with brown, darker on top of head, 
quills, and tail-feather; lower parts white, except under wing-coverts 
and under tail-coverts, which are deep smoky grayish; bill light yel- 
lowish, with deep black culmen and nasal tubes, the side of lower man- 
dible also mostly black; wing 12.25-13.50, culmen 1.75-1.85, depth of 
bill in front of nostril .50-.55, tarsus 2.25-2.30, middle toe, with claw, 
2.90. Hab. South Pacific, north, casually, to coast of California. 

97. P. cinereus (GMEL.). Black-tailed Shearwater. 

b?. Above brown, the upper tail-coverts tipped with white; wings and tail 
blackish; lower parts white, including under wing-coverts and _tail- 
coverts; bill yellowish, passing into dusky at tip; wing 15.00, tarsus 
2.35, middle toe, with claw, 3.15. Hab. Antarctic seas. 

P. gelidus (GMEL.). Ice Petrel.$ 


1 Thalassoica Retcu., Syst. Av. 1852, p.iv. Type, Procellaria antarctica GMEL. 
2 Procellaria antarctica GMEL., S. N. i. pt. ii. 1788, 565. Thallasoica antarctica Reicu., Syst. Av. 1852, p. iv. 
3 Procellaria gelida GMEL., S. N. i. 1788, 564. 


PUFFINUS. 59 


a?, Nostrils completely visible from above, the nasal tubes depressed and bevelled 
anteriorly, where narrower than at base; under wing-coverts white, or else 
lower parts also dusky. 

b'. Tail much less than half the wing, slightly rounded, or moderately gradu- 
ated (the graduation not more than two-thirds the length of the tarsus). 
(Subgenus Puffinus.) 

cl. Lower parts white. 
d'. Wing more than 12.00. 

é. No distinct line of demarcation between white of throat, ete., 
and smoky gray of top and sides of head and neck; bill 
yellowish ; above brownish gray, feathers of back, etc., 
tipped with paler; sides of head and neck transversely 
undulated with ash-gray and white. 

fi. Lower tail-coverts entirely white. 
g. Length about 18.00, wing 13.00-14.00, culmen 1.80- 
2.00, depth of bill through base .65-.70, tarsus 1.85- 
2.00, middle toe 2.10-2.25. Downy young: Uni- 
form sooty grayish brown. Hab. Middle eastern 
Atlantic; a specimen from Greenland said to be 
in Leyden Museum (ef. Scuiec. Mus. P.-B., Pro- 
cellarie, 1863, p. 24). 
P. kuhlii (Borz), Cinereous Shearwater.} 
g. Length about 20.00-22.00, wing 13.75-14.50, culmen 
2.10-2.25, depth of bill at base .75-.80, tarsus 2.20- 
2.25, middle toe 2.45. Hab. Western North At- 
lantic (off coast of Massachusetts). 
88. P. borealis Cory. Cory’s Shearwater. 
f?. Lower tail-coverts uniform dark sooty grayish. 

Length 19.00, wing 12.50-13.25, culmen 1.60-1.70, 
depth of bill through base .65-.75, tarsus 2.05-2.12, 
middle toe 2.15-2.40. Hab. Eastern Pacific Ocean 
from California to Chili. 

91. P. creatopus Cours. Pink-footed Shearwater. 

e, White of throat, etc., separated very abruptly from the dusky 
color of top and sides of head and neck; bill blackish. 

Above smoky grayish brown, feathers of back, ete., with 
paler tips; longer upper tail-coverts mostly white ; 
belly more or less clouded with smoky gray, the flanks 
and lower tail-coverts mostly grayish brown; length 
19.00-20.00, wing 11.50-13.00, culmen 1.80-1.85. Hab. 
Atlantic Ocean generally. 

89. P. major Faser. Greater Shearwater. 
d?, Wing less than 10.00. 
et. Above sooty slate, without white tips to wing-coverts, ete. 


1 For references, see A. O. U. Check List, p. 350. 


60 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


fi. Tarsus 1.70, or more. 
g'. Tail 3.10, or less. 

Above uniform sooty blackish, the head and 
neck not perceptibly paler; lower tail-coverts 
mixed white and dusky, in greatly varying 
relative amount; length 13.00-15.00, wing 
8.50-9.25, tail 2.60-3.10, culmen 1.35-1.40, 
depth of bill at base .40-.45, tarsus 1.70-1.80, 
middle toe 1.65-1.70. Downy young: Sooty 
brownish gray above, grayish white below. 
Egg 2.36 x 1.62. Hab. Northern Atlantic 
(chiefly the eastern side) and Mediterranean 
Seaver sce 90. P. puffinus (BRunn.). Manx 

Shearwater. 
g’. Tail 3.25, or more. 

Above uniform sooty slate, appreciably paler on 
head and neck; lower tail-coverts wholly sooty 
grayish; length 12.25-15.00, wing 9.00-9.10, 
tail 3.25-3.80, culmen 1.30-1.42, depth of bill 
at base .35-.42, tarsus 1.75-1.85, middle toe 
1.68-1.75. Hogg 1.79 X 1.27. Hab. Pacific 
coast, from Lower California to British 
Columbia...... 93. P. opisthomelas CovEs. 

Black-vented Shearwater. 
f?. Tarsus 1.65, or less. 
g. Lower tail-coverts with more or less of dusky. 

h'. Above uniform sooty black; white of under side 
of head extending upward nearly or quite to 
the eye, sometimes involving part of the lores ; 
length about 11.00, wing 7.60-8.40, tail 3.50, 
culmen 1.20-1.25, depth of bill at base .35, 
tarsus 1.50-1.65, middle toe 1.45-1.60. Hgq 
2.05 « 1.45. Hab. Warmer parts of Atlantic 
Ocean, north, casually, to coast of New Jer- 
sey..... 92. P. auduboni Finscu. Audubon’s 

Shearwater. 

h?, Similar in color to P. auduboni, but sides of neck 
and breast slaty, the feathers with white mar- 
gins; wing 7.20-7.80, tail 2.95-3.25, culmen 
.J8-1.05, tarsus 1.40-1.45, middle toe, with 
claw, 1.52-1.60. Hab. Pacific Ocean? (“ King 
George’s Sound”'), west to the Seychelles. 

P. tenebrosus PELZ. Pelzeln’s Shearwater.” 


1 Larnam (“Synopsis,” iii. pt. ii. p. 417) says “King George’s Sound, on the American coast”; but von 
PELZELN (Ibis, 1873, p. 47) thinks that this is a mistake, King George’s Sound on the west coast of Australia 
being meant instead. 2 Puffinus tenebrosus Puuz, Ibis, 1873, 47. ‘ 


PUFFINUS. 61 


g. Lower tail-coverts entirely white. 

h’. Dusky of head extending far below the eye, the 
white being almost confined to throat and 
fore-neck ; wing 8.30, culmen 1.25, tarsus 1.55, 
middle toe, with claw, 1.85. Hab. Indian 

Ocean, and southeastward to New Zealand. 
P. gavia (Forst.). Shearwater.! 
W*. Dusky of head not descending below the eye, the 
ear-coverts and greater part of lores being 
white; wing 6.50, culmen about 1.00, tarsus 

1.25. Hab. Australian seas. 
P. assimilis GOULD. Allied Shearwater. 
e’. Above plumbeous, the larger wing-coverts, scapulars, etc., nar- 
rowly tipped with whitish. 
Lower parts entirely white ; wing 7.30, tail 2.70, culmen 
1.07, tarsus 1.70, middle toe, with claw, 1.95. Hab. 
South Atlantic. 
P. elegans GicL. & Satvap. Elegant Shearwater.’ 
c?, Lower parts uniform dusky, or sooty gray (the chin and throat some- 
times whitish). 
d', Bill black or dusky. 
e’. Culmen much longer than the combined length of the first 
two divisions of the outer toe. 

f’. Wing more than 11.00; bill horn-gray or dusky brownish ; 
under wing-coverts mottled with white and smoky 
gray, and with dusky shaft-streaks. 

g. Under wing-coverts gray, transversely mottled with 
white at tips; length about 16.00, wing 11.15- 
12.00, culmen 1.60-1.75, depth of bill at base .50- 
55, tarsus 2.05-2.15, middle toe 2.05-2.20. Egg 
2.58 * 1.78. Hab. North Atlantic, from the New- 
foundland Banks to South Carolina on the Ameri- 

can side. 
94. P. stricklandi Ripcw. Sooty Shearwater. 
g. Under wing-coverts white, transversely mottled with 
gray at tips; wing 11.15-12.00, culmen 1.55-1.70, 
depth of bill at base .45-.55, tarsus 2.12-2.35, 
middle toe 2.05-2.25. Hab. South Pacific, north, 
on American side, to California..... 95. P. griseus 
(GMEL.). Dark-bodied Shearwater. 


1 Procellaria gavia Forst., Deser. An. 1844, 148. Pugjinus gavia Finsou, Journ. fiir Orn. 1872, 256. 

2 Pufinus assimilis GouLn, P. Z. 8. 1837, 186; B. Austr. vii. pl. 59. 

3 Pufinus elegans Gieiiott & Satvaport, Ibis, 1869, 67, 68. Sanviy, Rowley’s Orn. Mise. pt. iv. 1876, 256, 
pl. 34. 


62 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


f’. Wing less than 10.00; bill deep black; under wing-coverts 
uniform deep sooty black. 
Uniform sooty black, the lower parts much darker 
and browner than in stricklandi and griseus ; wing 
9.80, tail 3.50, culmen 1.25, tarsus 1.70, middle toe, 
with claw, 1.98. Hab. Pacific Ocean (Christmas 
Island). 


P. nativitatis SrreETs. Christmas Island Shearwater.! 
e?. Culmen less than the combined length of the first two divisions 
of the outer toe. 

Above dark sooty slate, beneath deep sooty gray, paler 
on throat, where sometimes inclining to whitish; wing 
10.00-11.10, tail 3.20-3.60, culmen 1.20-1.28, depth of 
bill at base .35-.50, tarsus 1.90-2.00, middle toe, with 
claw, 2.18-2.42. Hab. Pacific Ocean, from Alaska and 
Kamtschatka to Australia.......... 96. P. tenuirostris 

(TEmm.). Slender-billed Shearwater. 

d’. Bill light-colored (pinkish or fleshy white in life), the nails black- 

ish. Hab. Off western coast of Australia. 
P. carneipes GouLD. Flesh-footed Shearwater.? 
b%. Tail nearly or quite half as long as the wing, graduated for about as much 
as the length of the tarsus. (Subgenus Theillus GLoGER.*) 
cl. Lower parts uniform sooty grayish. 

d'. Bill dusky or brownish, with flesh-colored or reddish tinge in life; 
wing 10.50-11.25, tail 5.00-6.00 (graduated for about 2.00), cul- 
men 1.60, tarsus 1.90, middle toe, with claw, 2.35. Hab. Aus- 
tralian seas....... .. P. sphenurus GouLp. Wedge-tailed Shearwater.‘ 

ad’. Bill “ greenish orange,” with black tip and culmen; rather larger 
than P. sphenurus. Hab. Indian Ocean, from western Australia 
to Cape of Good Hope. 

P. chlororhynchus Less. Green-billed Shearwater.® 
ce’. Lower parts white. 
Top and sides of head white, spotted and streaked with blackish ; 
wing 11.25-12.50, tail 5.85 (graduated for about 1.80), culmen 
1.85, tarsus 1.85, middle toe, with claw, 1.30. Hab. Japanese seas. 
P. leucomelas (TEMM.). Streaked Shearwater.® 


1 Pufinus (Nectris) nativitatis StREETS, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. No. 7, 1877, 29. 

2 Puffinus carneipes Goun, P. Z. 8. 1844, 57. 

3 Theillus GioG., “v. Fror. Notiz. 1827, xvi. 279.” Type, Pufinus chlororhynchus Less. (?). 

4 Puffinus sphenurus GouLp, Ann. Mag. N. H. Ist ser. xiii. 1844, 365; B. Austr. vii. pl. 58. 

5 Pugjinus chlororhynchus Luss., Traité, 1831, 613. 

8 Procellaria leucomelas TExm., Pl, Col. livr. 99, pl. 587 (1838). Pugfinus leucomelas Bonap., Consp. ii. 
1856, 203. 


LESTRELATA. 63 


Genus AESTRELATA Bonaparte. (Page 54, pl. XVL., fig. 6.) 


Species. 


a. Inner webs of primaries wholly dusky or with not much more than basal half 
white. 
b'. Plumage largely or chiefly white beneath. 
c’. Upper tail-coverts same color as back. 
d'. Wing more than 9.00. 

e’. Tail ash-gray, the exterior feathers whitish, mottled with 
gray; back, scapulars, rump, etc., plain ash-gray or light 
plumbeous; wings much darker; lower parts white, the 
sides of the chest and neck waved or barred with ash- 
eray. 

f*. Wing 11.50-12.00, tail 5.00-5.90, culmen 1.45-1.50, tarsus 
1.65-1.70, middle toe, with claw, 2.40-2.45; top of 
head almost entirely white. Hab. South Pacific and 


Indian Oceans. 
7E. lessoni (GARN.). Lesson’s Petrel.! 


Ff’. Wing 9.50-10.50, tail 4.50, culmen 1.10, tarsus 1.33, middle 
toe, with claw, 1.75; top of head deep ash-gray, except 
anteriorly. Hab. South Pacific and Antarctic Oceans. 

ZE. mollis (GOULD). Downy Petrel.? 
é. Tail uniform dusky, the exterior feathers sometimes mottled 
with whitish. 

f*. Axillars and under wing-coverts uniform smoky gray or 
dusky. 

g'. Culmen 1.25, or more. 
ht. Width of upper mandible at base equal to the 
height of the closed bill at base. 

Head, neck, and chest uniform sooty grayish 
brown, darker above, where nearly the 
same shade as the uniform dark sooty 
color of the upper parts generally ; entire 
sides, flanks, and outer webs of exterior 
lower tail-coverts sooty grayish brown, 
like under surface of wing; rest of lower 
parts white; wing 11.10, tail 4.70 (gradu- 
ated for 1.40), culmen 1.28, width of bill 
at base .65, depth .65, tarsus 1.75, middle 


1 Procellaria lessoni GAnnot, Ann. Se. Nat. vii. 1826, 54, fig. 4. dstrelata lessoni Cass., Proc. Ac. Nat. 
Sci. Phil. 1862, 327. 

2 Procellaria mollis Gouin, Ann. & Mag. N. H. xiii. 1844, 363; B. Austr. vii. pl. 50. strelata mollis 
Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 150. 


64 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


toe, with claw, 2.15. Hab. South Pacific 
(Tahiti). 
ZE. rostrata (PEALE). Thick-billed Petrel.! 
#2. Width of upper mandible at base decidedly less 
than height of closed bill at base. 
#, Under tail-coverts dusky. 

Head, neck, and chest smoky grayish 
brown, paler on chest (where feath- 
ers are white immediately beneath 
the surface), still paler on throat, 
where almost white ; sides and top of 
head, hind-neck, back, and scapulars 
deeper smoky brownish gray, the 
dorsal feathers with paler narrow 
tips; wings, rump, and tail dusky ; 
breast and belly soiled white; wing 
12.17-12.50, tail 5.15-5.40 (graduated 
for 1.60), culmen 1.42-1.60, tarsus 
1.65, middle toe, with claw, 1.95-2.42. 
Hab. Southern oceans, including vi- 
cinity of Tierra del Fuego. 
7E. incerta (ScHLEG.). Schlegel’s Petrel.? 

#. Under tail-coverts white. 

Otherwise, much like . incerta, but 
throat and a superciliary space more 
distinctly white; wing 12.00-12.21, 
tail 5.00-5.50, tarsus 1.49-1.60, mid- 
dle toe, with claw, 2.20. Hab. South 
Pacific. 


7E. magente GiaL. & SALVAD. Magenta 
Petrel.? 


g. Culmen, 1.14, or less. 
hi. Tail 4.75, or more; culmen 1.12, or more. 

Above uniform dusky, more grayish an- 
teriorly, especially on forehead; chest, 
entire sides, and under surface of wing 
dusky sooty brown, more gray across 
chest ; throat whitish ; breast, belly, and 
greater part of under tail-coverts white ; 
wing 11.20-11.41, tail 4.75-5.50, culmen 
1.12-1.14, tarsus 1.30-1.35, middle toe, 


1 Procellaria rostrata PEALE, Zool. U. S. Expl. 1848, 296, atl. pl. 41. strelata rostrata Cours, Pr. Ac. 
Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 144. 

2 Procellaria incerta ScuuEG., Mus. P.-B., Procellariz, 1863, 9. dstrelata incerta Cours, Pr. Ac. Nat. 
Sci. Phil. 1866, 147. 

3 Hetrelata magente GieL. & SALVAD., Ibis, 1869, 61. Saxvin, Rowley’s Orn. Mise. pt. iv. 1876, 251, pl. 30.. 


LESTRELATA. 65 


with claw, 1.83-1.90. Hab. South At- 
lantic (island of Trinidad). 
7E. arminjoniana Giat. & SALVAD. Ar- 
minjon’s Petrel.! 
h*, Tail 4.60, or less; culmen 1.10, or less. 

Similar in color to 4. arminjoniana, but 
much darker above, the color inclining to 
uniform sooty black throughout, the fore- 
head and chest more brownish; wing 
10.50-11.10, tail 4.40-4.60, culmen 1.08- 
1.10, tarsus 1.28-1.35, middle toe, with 
claw, 1.70-1.78. Hab. South Pacific 
(Hondon and Christmas Islands). 

#E. parvirostris (PEALE). Small-billed Petrel.? 

j*. Axillars and under wing-coverts mostly white. 

Upper parts, including hind-neck and upper tail- 
coverts, uniform brownish slate, darker on wings 
and tail and nearly black on head, the feathers of 
hind-neck and the upper tail-coverts (the latter 
very abruptly) white beneath the surface; fore- 
head, lores, cheeks, and entire lower parts white, 

(5.) the sides and longer lower tail-coverts sometimes 
irregularly barred with dusky ; wing 11.80-12.00, 
tail 5.50-5.75 (graduated for about 2.40), culmen 
1.22, tarsus 1.40, middle toe, with claw, 1.78. Hab. 
Middle Pacific, from Sandwich Islands to the 
Galapagos. 

4E. pheopygia SALV. Dark-rumped Petrel.3 
da’. Wing less than 9.00. 

Plumage much as in 4. pheopygia, but back, scapulars, and 
upper tail-coverts decidedly plumbeous, the latter not white 
beneath surface; wing 8.35-8.60, tail 3.80-4.00 (gradu- 
ated for about 1.10-1.40), culmen .95-.98, tarsus .95-1.05, 
middle toe, with claw, 1.30-1.32. Hab. Southern oceans 
generally. 

4E. brevipes (PEALE). Short-footed Petrel.t 
c. Upper tail-coverts plain white, in marked contrast with color of back. 


1 “strelata arminjoniana Gieu. & SALVAD., Ibis, 1869, 62, Sanvin, Rowley’s Orn. Mise. pt. iv. 1876, 252, 
pl. 31. 

? Procellaria parvirostris PEALE, Zool. U. 8. Expl. 1848, 298, atl. pl. 40. Astrelata parvirostris Cours, 
Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 146. 

3 strelata phxopygia SAuvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. pt. ix. 1875, 507, pl. 88, fig. 1. (Galapagos.) 
? (Bstrelata sandwichensis Ripaw., Water B. N. Am. ii. 1884, 395, in text. (Sandwich Islands.) 

$ Procellaria brevipes Prax, Zool. U.S. Expl. Exp. Birds, 1848, 294.—_#strelata brevipes SresN., Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. 1893, 619. (Synonymes are: Procellaria torquata MaceitLiv.—Procellaria cookii Cass., 
nec GRAY, nec GoULD.—Procellaria desolata SCHLEGEL, part, nec GMEL.) 


9 


66 NORFH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Top of head, and upper parts generally, except upper tail-coverts, 
uniform dusky, the back and scapulars paler, with perceptibly 
still paler terminal margins to the feathers; upper tail-coverts, 
basal half (approximately) of tail, head and neck, except top 
of the former (and sometimes the hind-neck also), together with 
lower parts, including axillars and under wing-coverts, pure 
white; the sides of the chest sometimes with a brownish gray 
wash; length 14.00-16.00, wing 11.40-11.75, tail 4.80-5.30 
(graduated for 1.25-2.00), culmen 1.22-1.38, tarsus 1.40-1.45, 
middle toe, with claw, 1.98-2.10. Hab. Middle Atlantic, strag- 
gling to coasts of North America (Florida and Long Island) 
and Europe.... 98. A, hasitata (KuHL). Black-capped Petrel. 

b?. Plumage of lower parts chiefly or entirely dusky. 
c. Upper tail-coverts pale smoke-gray or grayish white, in marked 
contrast. 

Entirely (except upper tail-coverts) uniform sooty brownish, 
rather paler and grayer below ; wing 10.80-11.00, tail 4.95-5.00 
(graduated for 1.18-1.20), tarsus 1.38-1.40, middle toe, with 
claw, 1.95-2.00. Hab. Jamaica and adjacent portions of Carib- 
bean Sea. 

ZE. jamaicensis (BANCROFT). Jamaican Petrel.! 
2. Upper tail-coverts dusky, like rest of plumage. 
d', Wing more than 9.50. 

é'. Plumage sooty black above. 

Lower parts very dark sooty slate, the feathers white 
beneath the surface ; wing 10.75-12.00, tail 4.50-5.60 
(graduated for about 1.20), culmen 1.35, tarsus 1.55—- 
1.60, middle toe, with claw, 2.20-2.40. Hab. Southern 
Atlantic, and Antarctic Ocean in vicinity of Kerguelen 
Island. 

ZE. atlantica (GouLD). Atlantic Petrel.? 
e?, Plumage slaty or dark sooty grayish or plumbeous above. 
fi. Larger (wing more than 11.00); wing 11.20, tail 4.55, 
culmen 1.10, tarsus 1.25, middle toe, with claw, 1.80. 

Hab. South Atlantie (vicinity of Trinidad Island). 
Z. trinitatis Gict. & Satvap, Trinidad Petrel.3 
f?. Smaller (wing less than 11.00); wing 9.68-10.20, tail 4.17— 
4.35, culmen 1.05-1.08, tarsus 1.35-1.46, middle toe, 

with claw, 1.69-1.78. Hab. Southern oceans. 

&. brevirostris (Lzss.). Short-billed Petrel.* 


1 Procellaria jamaicensis Bancrort, Zool. Jour. v. 1828, 81. Wstrelata jamaicensis A. & E, NEwToN, 
Handb. Jam. 1881, 117. 

2 Procellaria atlantica GouLp, Ann. Mag. N. H. xiii. 1844, 362. 

3 Bstrelata trinitatis SALVAD. & GieL., Ibis, 1869, 65. Sanvin, Rowley’s Orn. Mise. pt. iv. 1876, 253 
pl. 32. 

4 Procellaria brevirostris Lxess., Traité, 1831, 611. Cstrelata brevirostris SALVIN, Rowley’s Orn. Mise. pt. 


AESTRELATA. 67 


@. Wing less than 9.50. 

Plumage sooty blackish; wing 9.15, tail 3.82 (graduated for 
about .44), culmen 1.10, tarsus 1.46, middle toe, with claw, 
1.55. Hab. West coast of Africa; vicinity of Bourbon 
Island. 

4E. aterrima (SCHLEG.). Black Petrel.! 
a’. Inner webs of primaries abruptly white for at least the inner half. 
b'. Wing more than 9.00. 
c’. Back uniform grayish, brownish, or dusky. 
d'. Top of head, back, ete., plain dusky. 

e'. Shafts of quills whitish ; head, neck, and upper parts plain 
dark brownish gray, paler (nearly white) on throat and 
fore-neck ; breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts brownish 
gray; rest of lower parts sometimes white, sometimes 
entirely dusky ; wing 11.19-11.64, tail 3.91-4.17, culmen 
1.20. Hab. South Pacific, from Sunday Island to Juan 
Fernandez. 

E. neglecta (SCHLEG.). Neglected Petrel.? 

é. Shafts of quills dark brown ; head, neck, and upper parts plain 
dark slaty (feathers of head and neck white beneath sur- 
face, those of back, etc., white at base); upper tail-coverts 
and tail brownish ash-gray ; lores, chin, throat, and under 
tail-coverts white, the first mixed with blackish; breast, 
belly, sides, and flanks plain brownish plumbeous, the 
feathers pure white immediately beneath surface; thighs 
and chest white irregularly barred or vermiculated with 
deep grayish; wing 10.00, tail 4.00 (graduated for .90) 
culmen 1.02, depth of bill at base .50, tarsus 1.20, middle 
toe, with claw, 1.55. Hab. Antarctic Ocean. 

7E. gularis (PEALE), Peale’s Petrel.$ 
ad’. Top of head white, spotted with grayish. 

Back and scapulars fine bluish gray, or plumbeous ; lesser 
wing-coverts slaty blackish; greater and middle coverts 
slate-gray, broadly margined with white; tail mostly 
white, irregularly barred and vermiculated with gray ; 
lores, cheeks, chin, throat, middle of chest, and under tail- 
coverts immaculate pure white; a blackish spot imme- 
diately beneath eye; sides of neck and chest densely 


v. 1876, 235 (in text). strelata grisea Couns, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 148 (ex Procellaria grisea Kuuu, 
nee LATH.). (Mstrelata kidderi Cours, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 2, 1875, 28 (Kerguelen Island). 

1 Procellaria aterrima ‘“ VERREAUX,” ScuiEG. Mus. P.-B., Procellarix, 1863, 9. -dstrelata aterrima 
Cours, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 158. 

2 Procellaria neglecta ScuuteG., Mus. P.-B., Procellarix, 1863, 10. -dstrelata neglecta Cours, Proc. Ac. 
Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 147. 

3 Procellaria gularis Praug, Zoo). U.S. Expl. Exp. 1848, 299. Mstrelata gularis Brewst., Bull. Nutt. 
Orn. Club, iv. 1881, 94 (part). 


68 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


mottled and vermiculated with ash-gray and white, but 
the former prevailing; lower breast, belly, sides, and 
flanks smoky plumbeous superficially, but the feathers all 
pure white immediately beneath the surface; wing 10.15, 
tail 4 (graduated for .90), culmen 1.00, tarsus 1.25, middle 
toe, with claw, 1.70. Hab. North Pacific, in vicinity of 
Alaska (Kadiak). 
100. AE. fisheri Ripaw. Fisher’s Petrel. 
¢. Back plumbeous or plumbeous-black, the feathers bordered with gray- 
ish, or whitish, producing a scaled appearance. 

d', Above plumbeous-black, the feathers of back and scapulars mar- 
gined with gray; hind-neck white, with tips of the feathers 
pale gray; forehead and lower parts white; wing 11.50, tail 
5.00, tarsus 1.40, middle toe, with claw, 1.90. Hab. Eastern 
South Pacific (island of Masafuera) 

E. externa SaLy. Salvin’s Petrel.! 

d?, Above, including whole top of head, dark bluish gray, the feathers 
of back and scapulars broadly bordered terminally with ashy 
white, the middle and greater wing-coverts similarly marked ; 
chin, throat, chest, centre of breast, and under tail-coverts plain 
white; rest of lower parts vermiculated and irregularly barred 
with slate-gray or plumbeous, this becoming uniform and some- 
what darker on belly; tail chiefly plain light brownish gray ; 
wing 9.88, tail 3.95, culmen 1.03, depth of bill at base .46, tarsus 
1.37, middle toe, with claw, 1.70. Hab. Unknown; the single 
specimen obtained having been taken in Livingston Co., New 
York, in April, 1880. 

99. AX. scalaris Brewst. Scaled Petrel.’ 
b?. Wing not more than 9.00. 

Above ash-gray or plumbeous, changing to white on forehead and 
over eyes; outer surface of wings uniform; lower parts entirely 
white, except sides of breast, which are ash-gray, like hind-neck ; 
outermost rectrices entirely white; wing 8.70-9.00, tail 3.80-4.00 
(graduated for about .90-1.00), culmen 1.04-1.12, tarsus 1.07-1.20, 
middle toe, with claw, 140. Hab, Eastern South Pacific. 

£. defilippiana GicL. & SALVAD. De Filippi’s Petrel.’ 


1 (Qstrelata externa SAuyv., Ibis, July, 1875, 373. 

2(— “4. gularis”’ of the A. O. U. Check List, but not Procellaria gularis PEALE.) dstrelata scalaris 
Brewst., Auk, iii. July, 1886, 390. 

3 #strelata defilippiana Gieu. & SALvaD., Ibis, 1869, 63. 


BULWERIA. 69 


Genus BULWERIA Bonaparte. (Page 54, pl. XIV., fig. 5.) 


Species. 
Common CHaAractTers.—Plumage entirely dusky sooty brownish darker on 
upper parts. 

a’. Greater wing-coverts rather light sooty grayish brown, like lower parts; above 
dark sooty brown, paler on greater wing-coverts, nearly black on lesser wing- 
coverts and quills; lower parts uniform sooty grayish brown. Downy young : 
Uniform dark sooty brown. Length about 10.00, wing 7.70-8.00, tail 4.50- 
4.75, graduated for 1.45-1.75, culmen .85-1.00, tarsus .90-1.10, middle toe .95. 
gg 1.73 X 1.22. Hab. Eastern Middle Atlantic, chiefly in the vicinity of 
the Canaries and Madeira; accidental at Bermudas and near coast of Green- 
land: North Pacific..... 101. B. bulweri (Jarp. & Seisy). Bulwer’s Petrel. 

a’, Greater wing-coverts blackish, like rest of wings. (‘Like J. bulweri, but with 
bill rather larger; and it is without the sooty brown on the wings.”—GRAY.) 
South Pacific Ocean (Fiji Islands). 


B. macgillivrayi (GRAY). Macgillivray’s Petrel.! 


Gents DAPTION Svrepnens. (Page 55, pl. XIL, fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Lower parts (except chin and throat), rump, upper tail-coverts, and basal two- 
thirds of tail, together with greater portion of scapulars and secondaries, white; back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts, marked with triangular spots of dark sooty plumbeous ; 
wing, except as described, chiefly sooty plumbeous, as is also the terminal third of 
the tail; bill deep black; length about 15.00, wing 10.25-11.00, culmen about 1.25. 
Hab. Southern seas in general, north, on Pacific coast of America (accidentally 
Samlived)) tO; California ........2cecec0secesesnse 102. D. capensis (Linn.). Pintado Petrel. 


Genus HALOCYPTENA Covers. (Page 56, pl. XII, fig. 4.) 


Species. 

Plain sooty blackish, lighter and more brownish on lower parts, middle and 
greater wing-coverts, and fore part of head; bill and feet uniform black; length 
about 5.75, wing 4.80, tail 2.50, the outer feathers .40 shorter; culmen .45, tarsus 
.85, middle toe .60. Hab. Coast of Lower California to Bay of Panama. 

103. H. microsoma Cougs. Least Petrel. 


Genus PROCELLARIA Liynats. (Page 56, pl. XVII., fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Common CnaractEers.—General color sooty blackish, paler or more sooty 
grayish below, the upper tail-coverts white; bill and feet wholly black. 


1 Thalassidroma (Bulweria) Macgillivrayi G. R. Gray, Cat. Birds Isl. Pacific, 1859, 56. 


70 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


a’. Longer upper tail-coverts broadly tipped with black; under side of wing with 
more or less of white; tail even, or slightly rounded ; length 5.50-5.75, wing 
4.50-4.90, tail 2.40-2.60, culmen .40-.50, tarsus .90, middle toe .60-.65. Egg 
1.09 & .83. Hab. North Atlantic, south to Newfoundland Banks and 
westerm coast Of ATTriCa...:....csse<cnee 104. P. pelagica Linn. Storm Petrel. 

a’. Longer upper tail-coverts entirely white ; no white on under side of wing ; tail 
emarginated ; wing 5.20, tail 2.40, the middle feathers .20 shorter; tarsus .85, 
middle toe (with claw) .70. Hab. Vicinity of the Galapagos Islands. 

P. tethys Bonar. Galapagos Storm Petrel.! 


Genus OCEANODROMA Reicuensacu. (Page 56, pl. XVIL, figs. 1, 2.) 
Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Above dusky or grayish, with or without white on 
upper tail-coverts; lower parts uniform bluish gray or sooty, or white interrupted 
by a grayish band across chest. 


a’. No white on upper tail-coverts. 
b'. A white collar round hind-neck. 

Lower parts white, with a grayish collar across chest; upper parts 
grayish, the quills blackish, the forehead and sides of head white; 
length about 8.25, wing ?, tail 3.75, tarsus 1.00. Hab. North 
Pacific (“ Northwest coast of America’). 

—.O. hornbyi (Gray). Hornby’s Petrel. 
b?, No white collar round hind-neck. 
ce. Color bluish gray, above and below. 

Uniform bluish gray, fading to white on chin, throat, and under 
tail-coverts; orbital region, longer scapulars, innermost wing- 
coverts, anterior and outer lesser wing-coverts, together with 
quills, dusky; other lesser coverts, middle and greater coverts, 
and tertials, broadly edged with ashy white ; length 8.00-9.20, 
wing 5.90-6.40, tail 3.75-4.00 (forked for about 1.00). Egg 1.37 
< 1.03. Hab. North Pacific, south on the American side to 
Oreron. asa 105. O. furcata (GMEL.). Fork-tailed Petrel. 

ce. Color sooty brownish or dusky, above and below. 
da‘. Wing more than 6.50; tarsus 1.00, or more. 

e'. Sooty blackish, lighter and browner beneath, the greater wing- 

coverts and outer webs of tertials light grayish brown ; 
wing 6.80, tail 3.90 (forked for about 1.20), tarsus 1.20. 
Hab. Coast of Mexico, north to Lower California. 

107. O. melania (Bonap.). Black Petrel. 

e?. Sooty slate-color, the head, including throat, appreciably paler 

and more plumbeous; greater wing-coverts light grayish ; 


1 Procellaria tethys Bonap., Comp. Rend. xxxviii. 1854, 662; Consp. ii. 1857,197. Saxv. Trans. Zool. Soc. 
Lond. ix. pt. ix. 1875, 507, pl. 88, fig. 2. 


OCEA NITES. 71 


wing 6.90, tail 3.80 (forked for about 1.20), tarsus 1.00. 
Hab. Coast of Peru. 


O. markhami (SALv.). Markham’s Petrel.! 
ad, Wing less than 6.00; tarsus less than 1.00. 


Smoky plumbeous, the wing-coverts lighter and more brown, 
quills and tail dusky, rump and upper tail-coverts ashy 
plumbeous; wing 5.30-5.40, tail 3.30-3.50 (forked for .70- 
.90), tarsus .80-.90. Hab. Coast of California. 
(6.) 108. O. homochroa (Covss). Ashy Petrel. 
a’. Upper tail-coverts at least partly white. 

b. Upper tail-coverts without black tips; tail-feathers grayish at base; uni- 
form sooty, darker above; upper tail-coverts white, usually more or less 
mixed with grayish; length 7.50-8.90, wing 6.00-6.30, tail 3.50-4.00 
(forked for .80-.90), tarsus .90-.95 ; feet (including webs) entirely black. 
fgg 1.33% .97. Hab. Seas of the northern hemisphere. 

106. O. leucorhoa (VIEILL.). Leach’s Petrel. 

b’. Longer upper tail-coverts broadly tipped with black; tail-feathers exten- 
sively pure white at base; bill and feet (including webs) entirely black ; 
wing 5.80—-6.30, tail 3.00-3.15 (forked for .20-.30), tarsus .85-.90. Hab. 
Sandwich Islands. 

(7.) O. cryptoleucura Ripew. Sandwich Island Petrel.? 


Genus OCEANITES Keyseruine & Buasius. (Page 56, pl. XVIL., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Common CHARACTERS.—Sooty blackish, lighter beneath, the tail and quills 
nearly or quite black; upper tail-coverts white; tail even or slightly emarginate. 


a. Belly entirely dusky; webs of feet mostly yellowish; length about 7.00-7.25, 
wing 5.70-6.20, tail 3.00-3.25, tarsus 1.30-1.35. Hab. Cosmopolitan (on the 
high seas). 

109. O. oceanicus (Kun). Wilson’s Petrel. 

a’, Belly white; webs of feet wholly dusky; wing 5.20-5.50, tail 2.25-2.35, tarsus 
1.15-1.24. Hab. Coast of Chili and north to the Galapagos Archipelago. 


O. gracilis (ELLIOT). Graceful Petrel.$ 
Genus CYMODROMA Rineway. (Page 56, pl. XV., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Common CHaractErs.—Head, neck, breast, and upper parts dusky, varying 
from brownish black to plumbeous, the feathers of back and scapulars sometimes 
(in fresh plumage) margined terminally with ashy whitish. 


1 Cymochorea markhami Sauy., P. Z. 8. 1883, 430. 

2 Cymochorea cryptoleucura Ripew., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. iv. 1882, 337; Water B. N. Am. ii. 1884, 406. 

8 Thalassidroma gracilis Euxior, Ibis, Oct. 1859, 391. Oceanites gracilis Cours, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 
1864, 85. 


7D NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


a. Belly entirely white. 

b'. Throat and collar round hind-neck white ; length 8.75-9.00 ; tail emarginated 
for about .75; tarsus 1.65-1.75, middle toe, with claw, 1.25, or more. 

Hab. Intertropical seas. 
C. tropica (GOULD). Tropical Petrel.! 
b?. Throat usually with only concealed white, and without white on hind-neck ; 
length 7.50-8.00, wing 6.00-6.50, tail 3.00-3.30, even; tarsus 1.40-1.60, 
middle toe, with claw, 1.05-1.10. Hab. Intertropical seas, north, 


casually, to coast of Florida. 
110. C. grallaria (VIEILL.). White-bellied Petrel. 


a*. Middle line of belly dusky. 

No white on hind-neck, but throat sometimes white, and feathers of 
forehead white beneath surface; dusky of belly usually connected with 
that on chest; length 8.50-8.75 ; tail usually emarginated for about .75 ; 
wing 6.25-6.75, tarsus 1.60-1.70, middle toe, with claw, 1.05-1.15. Hab. 


South Pacific. 
C. melanogaster (GoULD). Black-bellied Storm Petrel.? 


Genus PELAGODROMA Rercuensacu. (Page 56, pl. XV., fig. 2.) 
Species. 


Forehead, superciliary stripe, and lower parts, pure white; top of head, broad 
stripe behind eye, and upper parts generally, slate-color, sometimes inclining to 
plumbeous; upper tail-coverts light ash-gray; quills and tail-feathers blackish ; 
bill black ; tarsi deep black ; feet black, the webs mostly yellowish ; wing 5.90-6.40, 
tail 2.90-3.30 (forked for .25-.35), tarsus 1.52-1.70, middle toe, with claw, 1.37-1.40. 


Hab. Southern seas, accidental off coast of Massachusetts. 
111. P. marina (Laru.). White-faced Petrel. 


1 Thalassidroma tropica GouLpD, P. Z. S. 1837, 366. 
2 Thalassidroma melanogastra GouLD, Ann. Mag. N. H. xiii. 1844, 367; B. Austr. vii. 1848, pl. 62. 


STEGANOPODES. 73 


Orver STEGANOPODES.—Thue Tottrat- 
MATE SWIMMERS. (Page 1.) 


Families. 


a. Nostrils distinct; lateral toes nearly equal, and nearly as long as the middle 
one; whole head feathered. 

Bill conical, compressed, pointed, without terminal hook, or unguis; 
culmen curved ; edge of upper mandible very concave; tail short, gradu- 
ated, the middle pair of feathers, in adults, very narrow and greatly 
NOM AUC ce nuns cath voceacose see adeeseseaassicsinsicie Phaéthontide. (Page 73.) 

a’, Nostrils not perceptible; lateral toes unequal, and one or the other of them 
much shorter than the middle one; head partly naked. 
6’. Bill conical, the tip of the upper mandible without distinct hook, or 
unguis. 
ce’. Bill very thick through the base, the tip slightly curved; tail about 
half as long as the wing, graduated or cuneate, the feathers narrow- 
ing toward the rather pointed tips.............+ Sulide. (Page 74.) 
c?, Bill slender, the outlines (culmen especially) nearly straight; head 
very small, the neck extremely long and slender; tail nearly as long 
as the wing, rounded (fan-shaped when spread), the feathers very 
broad, the middle pair transversely corrugated in the adult. 
Anhingidez. (Page 76.) 
b?. Upper mandible terminated by a distinct hook, or unguis. 
cl. Tarsus moderately lengthened, much longer than the hind toe, including 
its claw. 
d', Bill shorter than middle toe, compressed ; gular sac small, scarcely 
distensible ; outer toe much longer than middle. 
Phalacrocoracide. (Page 77.) 
d’, Bill much longer than middle toe, much flattened ; gular pouch very 
large, and greatly distensible ; outer toe shorter than middle. 
Pelecanidz. (Page 81.) 

c?, Tarsus excessively short, hardly equalling the hind toe (including its 

claw) in length. 

Wings and tail excessively lengthened, the latter deeply forked ; 
middle toe much longer than the outer, its claw flattened and 
fringed on inner edge; webs very small, occupying less than 
half the space between the toes........ Fregatidz. (Page 82.) 


Famiry PHAETHONTIDA.—Tue Troric Birps. (Page 73.) 


Genera. 


(Characters same as those of the Family)............... Phaéthon. (Page 74.) 
10 


74 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus PHAETHON Linnavs. (Page 73, pl. XVIIL,, fig. 1.) 
Species. 
Common CHaracters.—Plumage very compact, satiny ; color white (sometimes 
tinged with pink or salmon-color), varied with blackish on upper parts; bill red, 
orange, or yellow in adults; tarsi and base of toes yellowish, rest of feet black. est 


a cavity among rocks on sea-shore of oceanic islands. Egg ovate, dilute claret- 
brown or whitish speckled, sprinkled, spotted, or blotched with deep claret-brown. 


a’, Elongated middle tail-feathers with their webs very much broader than the 
moderately rigid shaft. 

b. Bill yellow or orange. Adult: lengthened tail-feathers pinkish or salmon- 
colored, with black shafts ; no black bars on upper parts, the black being 
in form of patches on scapulars, etc. Young: Upper parts irregularly 
barred with black; tail-feathers marked with a black spot near the end, 
the middle pair not elongated. Length (of adult, including lengthened 
tail-feathers) 25.00-32.00, wing about 11.00, elongated tail-feathers 20.00, 
or less, culmen 2.25. Egg 2.21 x 1.54. Hab. Intertropical seas, chiefly 
middle western Atlantic, especially in vicinity of the Bermudas and 
throughout West Indies, north to Florida; South Pacific (Samoan 
Islands) ; accidental in western New York. 

112. P. flavirostris Branpr. Yellow-billed Tropic Bird. 

b?. Bill coral-red. Adult: Lengthened middle tail-feathers pure white, with 
white shafts (except toward base); upper parts irregularly barred with 
blackish. Young: (Not seen.) Length (of adult with perfectly devel- 
oped middle tail-feathers) 30.00-35.00, wing 11.75-12.50, elongated tail- 
feathers 22.00, or less, culmen about 2.50. Hgg 2.22 « 1.59. Hab. Coasts 
of tropical America (both sides), north to Lower California and West 
Indies ; casual at the Newfoundland Banks. 

113. P. ethereus Linn. Red-billed Tropic Bird. 
a, Elongated middle tail-feathers with their webs much narrower than the very 
rigid shaft. 

Bill red in life. Adult: Lengthened middle tail-feathers dull reddish, with 
black shafts; wing 13.00, or more, culmen about 2.50. Hab. South 
Pacific. 

P. rubricaudus Bopp. Red-tailed Tropic Bird.! 


Famity SULIDAL.—THE Gannets. (Page 73.) 


Genera. 


(Characters same as for the Pamily).....7-- 32... scc.+0sne-accaes Sula. (Page 75.) 


1 Phaeton rubricauda Bonpp., Tabl. P. E. 1783, 57 (ex Burr. Pl. Enl. 979). 


SULA. 75 


Genus SULA Brisson. (Page 74, pl. XIX., figs. 1, 2.) 


Nest a rude platform of sticks, etc., on rocks, trees, or bushes by sea-shore. 
Eggs 1-2, elliptical or elongate-ovate, chalk-white superficially, but beneath the 
calcareous crust pale greenish blue. 


Species. 


a’. Whole lower jaw, together with chin and entire throat, naked. (Subgenus 
Sula.) 
b'. Young with upper parts variegated. 

Young (?): Head, neck, and lower parts white; upper parts dark 
grayish brown, the feathers with white tips; bill purplish, the 
upper mandible grayish horn-color; feet dusky (in dried skins) ; 
wing 14.60, tail 7.75, culmen 3.60, depth of bill at base 1.20. Hab. 
Coast of Peru. 

S. variegata (TscHUDI). Peruvian Booby.! 
b?, Young with upper parts unicolored. 
ce’. Naked skin of face and throat blackish (dark bluish in life). 

Adult : White, the remiges, greater wing-coverts, primary coverts, 
and alule dark sooty brown; middle tail-feathers hoary whitish, 
dusky at tips; rest of tail-feathers dark sooty brown, whitish 
basally ; feet dull yellowish (drying pale brown or yellowish). 
Young : Head, neck, and upper parts plain dark grayish brown, 
part of the back and rump streaked with white; lower parts 
white, the flanks streaked with grayish; length 25.50-29.00, 
wing 16.15-17.80, tail 7.75-9.10, culmen 3.95-4.15, depth of bill 
at base 1.40-1.60. Hggs 2, 2.46 1.74. Hab. Intertropical 
seas, especially the South Pacific and in West Indies, breeding 

* north to the Bahamas; southern Florida. 

(8.) 114. S. cyanops Sunp. Blue-faced Booby. 
ce’. Naked skin of face and throat light colored (yellowish or reddish in 
life). 

d’. Feet greenish or yellowish. Adult: Head, neck, breast, and upper 
parts dark sooty brown, the head and neck hoary grayish, in 
older (?) specimens, sometimes nearly white anteriorly ; lower 
parts, from breast backward, white. Young: Nearly uniform 
sooty brown, paler beneath. Length 30.00-31.00, wing 14.15- 
16.60 (15.72), tail 6.50-9.70 (8.23), culmen 3.25-3.95 (3.74), 
depth of bill at base .95-1.40 (1.24). Eggs 2, 2.24 «1.58. Hab. 
Tropical and subtropical coasts of America, north to Georgia 

(9.) and northwestern Mexico.......... 115. S. sula (Linn.). Booby. 


1 Dysporus variegatus Tscuupt, Weigm, Archiv. 1843, 390. Sula variegata Sct. & Sarv., Nom. Neotr. 
1873, 124, 


76 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


@. Feet always reddish. Adult: White, the head and neck tinged 
with buff, the shafts of the tail-feathers yellowish; remiges 
hoary slate. Young: Above sooty brown, the quills and tail- 
feathers more hoary ; head, neck, and lower parts light smoky 
gray. (Plumage extremely variable, scarcely two specimens 
being alike.) Length about 27.00-30.00, wing 14.00-16.10 
(15.04), tail 7.75-10.65 (8.93), culmen 3.05-3.50 (3.26), depth 
of bill at base .95-1.20 (1.07). Eggs 2, 2.56 1.80. Hab. 
Intertropical seas, north to Florida and Lower California. 

116. S. piscator (Linn.). Red-footed Booby. 
«, Lower jaw (i.e., malar region), together with sides of chin and throat, densely 
feathered. (Subgenus Dysporus.) 

Legs and feet blackish. Adult: White, the remiges dusky brown, the 
head and neck above washed with buff. Young: Dusky, everywhere 
streaked or speckled with white. Downy young: Entirely covered with 
fluffy yellowish white down. Length 30.00-40.50, wing about 19.50, tail 
10.00, culmen 4.00. Eggs 1, 3.00 * 1.92. Hab. Coasts of the North At- 
lantic, south, in winter, to the Gulf of Mexico and northern Africa; 
breeding from Nova Scotia and British Islands northward. 

117. S. bassana (Linn.). Gannet. 


Famity ANHINGIDAZ.—TueE Anuincas. (Page 73.) 


Genera. 


(Characters as given for the Family)...............cs.0+« Anhinga. (Page 76.) 


Genus ANHINGA Brisson. (Page 76, pl. XIX., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Adult male in summer: Head, neck, and body glossy greenish black; other 
parts deep black, the scapulars and lesser wing-coverts beautifully spotted (longitu- 
dinally) with light silvery gray; exposed surface of middle and greater wing- 
coverts light silvery gray; tail broadly tipped with pale brown, passing into 
whitish terminally ; sides of neck and hinder part of head, ornamented with length- 
ened, loose-webbed, or hair-like feathers of a dirty whitish or pale grayish lilac 
color; feathers of hind-neck also elongated and hair-like, forming a sort of mane, 
but black. Adult male in winter: Similar, but lacking all the elongated feathers of 
head and neck. Adult female in summer ; Head, neck, and breast grayish buff, darker 
on top of head, lighter on breast, where bordered below by a band of chestnut next 
to the black of the belly; sides of upper neck with a few whitish loose-webbed 
feathers ; otherwise, colored like the male. Adult female in winter: Similar to sum- 
mer plumage, but lacking entirely any ornamental, or lengthened, feathers on head 
or neck. Young in second year (?): Similar to adult female, but lower parts duller 


PHALACROCORAX. THE 


black, the chestnut chest-band wanting, and upper parts much duller black, or 
dusky grayish brown, with the light markings indistinct. Young in first year: 
Similar to the preceding, but lower parts dull grayish buff, darker posteriorly ; 
transverse corrugations on tail-feathers obsolete. Downy young: Entirely uniform 
buff. Length 32.25-36.00, wing about 14.00, tail 11.00, culmen 3.25. est a rude 
structure of sticks, etc., in trees or bushes overhanging or near fresh-water rivers, 
ponds, or lakes. Hggs 2-4, 2.12 x 1.34, ovate or elongate-ovate, pale bluish green, 
with a more or less continuous white calcareous superficial covering. Hab. The 
whole of tropical and subtropical America, north to South Carolina, southern 
Illinois (vicinity of Cairo), and western Mexico. 

118. A. anhinga (Linn.). Anhinga. 


Famity PHALACROCORACIDE.—Tue Cormorants, (Page 73.) 


Genera. 
(Characters same as for the Family)............. Phalacrocorax. (Page 77.) 


Genus PHALACROCORAX Brisson. (Page 77, pl. XX., figs. 1,2; pl. XXII, 
fig 1.) 


Nest a rude structure of sticks, ete., placed on trees, bushes, or rocks, near 
water. ggs 2-5, eclongate-ovate, pale bluish green, with a more or less continuous 
white chalky crust. 


Species. 


a’, Bill stout, with decidedly curved upper outline, the middle portion of the cul- 
men being appreciably concave, the terminal nail, or unguis, more or less 
arched, strongly hooked, and occupying one-third, or more, of the entire 
length of the upper mandible, measured to the base of the culmen. (Sub- 
genus Phalacrocoraz.) 

b. Tail-feathers 14. 

Adult: A whitish patch adjoining base of gular pouch; rest of head, 
neck, and lower parts blue-black ; back and wing-coverts grayish 
brown, each feather bordered with black. Nuptial plumage: Head 
ornamented with white filamentous feathers, occiput with a short 
mane-like crest, and flanks with a large white patch. Young in sec- 
ond year (?): Head, neck, and chest dull grayish brown, becoming 
dusky on top of head and hind-neck, and brownish white on throat; 
rest of lower parts brownish dusky, mixed with white along the 
median line. Young in first year(?): Upper part of throat, chest, 
breast, and middle of belly, white, streaked, except on throat, with 
grayish brown; top of head, and greater part of neck, grayish 
brown. Nestling: Naked skin dull livid slate, feet purplish dusky, 
with yellowish brown legs, the gular sac and inside of mouth flesh- 
color. Length 34.00-40.00, wing 12.90-14.00, tail 7.25-7.75, culmen 


ves} NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


2.30-2.85. Eggs 2.50 X 1.61. Hab. Europe, together with portions 
of Asia and Africa; Atlantic coast of North America, south, in 

winter, to coast of New Jersey. 
119. P. carbo (Linn.). Cormorant. 

6%. Tail-feathers 12. 

cl. Wing more than 11.00. Adult: Greenish black; back and wings slaty 
brown, the feathers bordered with black. Nuptial plumage: On 
each side of the crown, behind eye, a tuft of lengthened, narrow, 
curved, somewhat loose-webbed feathers; gular pouch bright 
orange (in life). Young in first year(?): Head and neck grayish 
brown, lighter next to gular sac, darker on top and behind; lower 
parts brownish, darker laterally and posteriorly; gular sac yel- 
lowish. Young, before moulting (?): Similar to the preceding, but 
throat, fore-neck, chest, and breast paler, sometimes quite white, 

or much mixed with this color. 

d'. Nuptial crests chiefly or entirely black. 
é. Length 29.00-34.00, wing 12.00-13.00 (12.50), culmen 2.00-2.45 
(2.25). Hggs 2.52 1.59. Hab. Northeastern North 
America, south, in winter, to Gulf coast, breeding from 
northern United States northward........ 120. P. dilophus 
(Sw. & Ricu.). Double-crested Cormorant. 
é*. Length 21.25-30.00, wing 11.20-12.50 (11.75), culmen 2.00-2.40 
(2.17). Eggs 2.36 x 148. Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf 
States, and lower Mississippi Valley, north to southern 
I}linois. 
118a. P. dilophus floridanus (Avp.). Florida Cormorant. 
d?, Nuptial crests chiefly or entirely white. 

é’. Length about 36.00, wing 12.50-14.00 (13.70), culmen 2.25-2.55 
(2.40). Hab. Northwest coast of North America, from 
Alaska south (in winter) to California... 118). P. dilophus 
cincinatus (BrAnpT). White-crested Cormorant. 

e. Length about 25.00-31.00, wing 11.75-13.00 (12.23), culmen 

1.90-2.385 (2.15). Eggs 2.40 x 1.47. Hab. Coast of Cali- 
fornia, south to western Mexico (Socorro Island).. 118¢. P. 
dilophus albociliatus Ripaw. Farallone Cormorant. 
e. Wing less than 10.50. 

Adult: Brownish black, with a white line bordering the base of 
the gular sac ; mantle dull brownish slate, the feathers bordered 
with black. Nuptial plumage: Head, neck, and ventral region 
ornamented with scattered, small, short, white filamentous 
feathers; pouch brownish in life. Young: Head, neck, and 
lower parts grayish brown, darker on top of head, hind-neck, 
sides, and under tail-coverts, much paler (sometimes whitish) 
on upper part of throat (adjacent to gular sac). Young, before 
moulting (?): Similar to the preceding, but throat, fore-neck, 


PHALACROCORAX. oe) 


chest, and breast much paler, sometimes nearly white, or much 
mixed with this color. Length 23.00-28.75, wing 9.95-10.40, 
culmen 1.70-2.00. Eggs 2.21% 1.42. Hab. Mexico, Cuba, 
Gulf States, and lower Mississippi Valley north to southern 

Illinois (vicinity of Cairo) and eastern Kansas. 
121. P. mexicanus (Branpr). Mexican Cormorant. 
a. Bill slender, with upper outline nearly or quite straight, the nail small, not 
arched, and occupying not more than one-fourth the total length of the 
upper mandible, measured to the base of the culmen (except in P. perspicil- 
latus, in which, however, other characters than the last mentioned are as 

above). 

b. Tail very short (less than half as long as the wing), slightly rounded, com- 
posed of 14 feathers; bill decidedly higher than broad at base; no 
crests or tufts on head or white patch on flanks in nuptial plumage. 
(Subgenus Compsohalieus Ripew.) 

Adult: Head and neck glossy blue-black, with a patch of light brown 
or brownish white adjoining base of gular sac; lower parts soft 
dark bottle-green; scapulars and wing-coverts dark dull greenish, 
bordered narrrowly with black.  Nuptial plumage: Uppermost 
scapulars and sides of neck ornamented with long, white or pale 
straw-colored bristly filaments; gular sac blue. Young: Head, neck, 
and rump silky dark brown, nearly black on hind-neck ; upper part 
of throat and median lower parts paler brown; chest, breast, sides, 
and flanks, brown. Length about 35.00, wing 10.50-11.75, tail 5.50- 
6.50, culmen 2.60-2.95. Eggs 254 1.53. Hab. Pacific coast, from 
Cape St. Lucas to the Columbia River. 

122. P. penicillatus (Branpr). Brandt’s Cormorant. 

&. Tail much longer than wing, graduated, composed of 12 feathers (except in 
perspicillatus); bill broader than high at base; nuptial plumage orna- 
mented with double crests, or tufts (one on crown, the other on nape), 
of broad soft feathers, and flanks with a large white patch. (Subgenus 
Urile Bonap.) 

c'. Culmen less than 2.50; tail-feathers 12. 

d', Feathering on side of lower jaw forming a deep projecting angle, 
the point of which advances forward to beyond the anterior 
angle of the eye. 

Adult: Feathers of forehead advancing to base of culmen ; 
gular sac and naked lores dull coral-red, or reddish brown ; 
head and neck rich, glossy, silky violet-black, more purplish 
toward head, the lower part of the neck inclining to steel- 
blue, changing gradually to silky dark green on lower 
parts; rump also silky dark green; scapulars and wing- 
coverts bottle-green, tinged more or less with bronzy 
purplish. Wuptial plumage: Neck and rump ornamented 
with narrow, pure white filamentous feathers, and flanks 


80 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


with a large patch of pure white. Young: Uniform 

brownish dusky, lighter and inclining to brownish gray on 

head, the upper parts darker and more glossy, with a faint 

greenish reflection. Vestling: Covered with down of a 

uniform dark sooty gray color. Length 25.00-29.00. 

e. Wing 9.50-10.60 (10.10), tail 6.00-6.75 (6.30), culmen 
1.70-2.00 (1.85). Hab. Coast of Kamtschatka, and 
Aleutian Islands; south, in winter, to Kurils and 
northern Japan. 

123. P. pelagicus PAL. Pelagic Cormorant. 

é. Wing 10.00-11.40 (10.80), tail 6.25-8.50 (7.00), culmen 
1.70-2.10 (1.95); bill much stouter than in pelagicus. 
Eggs 2.34 X 1.48. Hab. Coast of Alaska, from Norton 
Sound south to Washington Territory......... 123a. P. 
pelagicus robustus Rivew. Violet-green Cormorant. 

é. Wing 9.30-10.50 (9.79), tail 5.80-7.00 (6.30), culmen 
1.65-2.00 (1.81); bill more slender than in pelagicus. 
Eggs 2.29 149. Hab. Pacific coast, from Washing- 
ton Territory to western Mexico (Mazatlan and Cape 
St. Lucas)...123b. P. pelagicus resplendens (Avp.). 

Baird’s Cormorant. 
d. Feathering on side of lower jaw forming a slight or very obtuse 
angle, the point of which does not advance farther forward 
than beneath the middle of the eye (usually not nearly so 
far). 

Adult: Feathers of forehead separated from the oase of the 
culmen by a strip of bare skin, connecting the naked lores ; 
gular pouch blue, bordered behind by purplish red corru- 
gations; lores, orbits, and naked frontal skin bright orange 
(in life); plumage very similar to that of P. pelagicus, but 
neck decidedly more blue, the scapulars and wing-coverts 
decidedly purplish. Young: Uniform brownish dusky, 
with a faint purplish cast, the upper parts darker and 
more glossy. Downy young: Covered with down of a 
uniform sooty grayish brown color. Length 31.00-35.00, 
wing 10.50-11.60, tail 6.30-8.00, culmen 2.05-2.30. Eggs 
2.44% 149. Hab. Prybilof, Aleutian, and Kuril Islands, 
and coast of Kamtschatka, south, in winter, to northern 
Japan......... 124. P. urile (GmeEL.). Red-faced Cormorant. 

c. Culmen 3.75, or more; tail-feathers 14. 

Nuptial plumage: Head rich, glossy, silky violet-purple, neck 
glossy greenish blue, body rich dark green; head and neck 
ornamented with slender straw-yellow filamentous feathers, and 
flanks with a large patch of white; scapulars and wing-coverts 
deep purplish; quills and tail-feathers black, the latter with 


PELECANUS. 81 


white shafts. (in life, eye surrounded by a broad white ring 
of naked skin; naked skin round base of bill, and gular sac, 
mixed red, white, and blue.) Length about 36.00; weight 
about 12-14 lbs.; wing 13.00, tail 9.00, culmen 3.75. Hab. 
Formerly, Bering Island, but now extinct there; possibly still 
existing in some of the westernmost Aleutian Islands. 

—.P. perspicillatus Pau. Pallas’s Cormorant. 


Famity PELECANIDAZ.—Tue Peticans. (Page 73.) 


Genera. 


(Characters same as for the Family)...............000 Pelecanus. (Page 81.) 


Genus PELECANUS Linnaus. (Page 81, pl. XXI,, figs. 1, 2.) 


iggs 1-4, oval, ovate, or elongate-ovate, with rough chalky shell, pure white, 


but usually much blood-stained. 


Species. 


a’, Tail-feathers 24; lower jaw densely feathered; color white, with blackish 


remiges. (Subgenus Cyrtopelicanus REtcH.") 
Adult: Entirely white, with quills entirely black, the secondaries also 


chiefly black. Nuptial plumage: Culmen with a median elevated horny 
ridge, situated a little forward of the middle portion ; a pendent occipital 
crest of white or pale straw-yellow; lanceolate lesser wing-coverts and 
similarly formed feathers of chest, pale straw-yellow, or, rarely, purplish 
buff; pouch and bill chiefly reddish (in life), the former paler terminally ; 
feet intense orange-red. Post-nuptial plumage: Similar in all respects to 
the preceding, except that the appendage to culmen and the occipital 
crest are wanting (having been shed), the latter replaced by a patch of 
short grayish feathers. Winter adult : Plumage as in the preceding, but 
gray occipital patch wanting, yellowish color of chest and lesser wing- 
coverts paler, and colors of bill, face, pouch, and feet much less intense, 
a clear lemon-yellow being the prevailing tint. Young: Plumage white, 
but lesser wing-coverts and feathers of top of head brownish gray cen- 
trally, chest-feathers short, blended, and pure white, the bill, pouch, face, 
and feet pale yellowish. Length about 43-nearly 6 feet, extent 83- 
nearly 10 feet, weight about 17 lbs, wing 20.00-25.25, culmen 11.05-15.00. 
Nest « rude mound or heap of gravel and rubbish, flattened or slightly 
hollowed on top, on beach or bench usually of island in some lake or large 


1 The typical subgenus (Pelecanus proper), having for its type the P. onocrotalus of southern Europe, is 
not represented in America, 


11 


82 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


inland body of water. Hygs 1-3 or 4, 3.34 « 2.22. Hab. Whole of tem- 

perate North America, north in the interior to about 61°, south, in 

winter, as far as Guatemala; rare along Atlantic coast of the United 

States ...... 125. P. erythrorhynchos Gmet. American White Pelican. 

a’. Tail-feathers 22; lower jaw entirely naked; color chiefly grayish mixed with 
dusky. (Subgenus Leptopelicanus Reicu.) 

Nuptial plumage: Head, and feathers bordering base of gular pouch, all 
round, white, the top of the former sometimes straw-yellowish ; rest of 
neck rich velvety reddish brown, varying from light reddish chestnut 
to seal-skin brown, or nearly black; upper part of hind-neck with a 
more or less distinct crest of chestnut; upper parts silvery gray, the 
feathers of back, rump, lesser wing-coverts, etc., edged with dark brown, 
producing a striped or streaked appearance ; lower parts dark brownish 
gray, the sides, etc., streaked with silvery white. Winter adult : Similar, 
but whole head and neck white, except for a straw-yellow tinge on the 
former and on the lower part of the fore-neck. Young: Head and neck 
light brownish gray, somewhat mottled with paler tips to the feathers ; 
back, wing-coverts, etc., dull brown, the feathers tipped with pale ful- 
vous; lower parts white, tinged with brownish gray laterally and pos- 
teriorly. 

b.. Smaller, with pouch always dull greenish dusky or olive-dusky; 

length about 4-43 feet, wing 18.50-21.00, culmen 9.40-12.20. Vest 

a slight heap or mound of gravel, etc., on or near sea-beach. Eggs 

3.01 « 1.95. Hab. Coasts and islands of Gulf of Mexico and Carib- 

bean Sea, including West Indies; north, regularly, to North Caro- 
lina, accidentally (blown by storm ?) to Illinois. 

126. P. fuscus Linn. Brown Pelican. 

b%. Larger, with pouch red during pairing season; length 42 feet, or 

more, wing 20.50-23.25, culmen 12.25-14.75. Hab. Pacific coast 

from Washington Territory to western Mexico (perhaps to Panama, 

or farther).. 127. P. californicus Ripew. California Brown Pelican. 


Famity FREGATIDA.—Tue Man-o’-War Birps. (Page 73.) 


Genera. 


(Characters same as for the Family)................ceeeee Fregata. (Page 82.) 


Grnus FREGATA Cuvier. (Page 82, pl. XVIIL,, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


a. Culmen more than 4.15. 
Adult male: Entirely black, the lanceolate scapulars and interscapulars 
glossed with metallic bottle-green and reddish purple. Adult female: 


FREGATA. 83 


Dull black, the central lesser wing-coverts light grayish brown, the 
scapulars, etc., only slightly metallic, and not lanceolate; breast and 
sides whitish. Young: Head, neck, breast, and belly, white; otherwise, 
much as in the adult female. Downy young: Covered with very fluffy 
pure white down. Length 37.50-41.00, wing 22.00-27.10 (24.90), tail 
14.25-19.25 (17.73), forked for more than half its length; culmen 4.25- 
5.15 (4.62). Nest a rude structure of sticks on trees or bushes (usually 
mangroves) along sea-shore. /ggs (usually only 1), 2.70 x 1.83, pure 
white, oval, ovate, or elongate-ovate. Hab. Tropical and subtropical 
seas, chiefly north of the equator; north regularly to Florida, Texas, 
and California, accidentally to Nova Scotia, Ohio, and Kansas. 
128. F. aquila (LINN.). Man-o’-War Bird. 
a*. Culmen less than 4.15. 
In plumage not very obviously different from F. aguila. Wing 20.50-25.25 
(21.53), tail 15.75-17.10 (16.27), culmen 3.65-4.10 (8.90). Hab. Tropical 
parts of the South Pacific. 


F. aquila minor (GMEL.). Lesser Man-o’-War Bird.! 


1 Pelecanus minor GMEL., 8. N. i. 1788, 572. Fregata minor Ripew., in B. B. & R. Water B. N. Am. ii. 
1884, 128. 


84 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Orver ANSERES.—Tue Lame ..iirostrau 


SWIMMERS. (Page 1.) 
Families. 
(Characters same as for the Order).........cssseeeeeeeeees Anatidz. (Page 84.) 
Famity ANATIDAZ.—Tue Ducks, GgEsE, AND SWANS. (Page 84.) 


Eggs numerous, always unmarked, with a hard and usually smooth shell. 


Genera. 


a. Neck shorter than body. 
6. Tarsus shorter than middle toe, without claw. 
cl. Lower mandible without trace of lamelle along the side, but with a 
series of distinct, tooth-like serrations along the upper edge. 
(Subfamily Mergine.) 
d'. Culmen longer than tarsus, and three times, or more, the depth of 
bill at base. 
el. Serrations of both mandibles very conspicuously tooth-like, 
and strongly inclined backward at tips. 
Merganser. (Page 88.) 
e*. Serrations of both mandibles short, blunt, and not distinctly 
inclined backward at tips......... Lophodytes. (Page 89.) 
d@. Culmen shorter than tarsus ..........0......ss00. Mergus. (Page 90.) 
ce’. Lower mandible with a very distinct series of lamelle along the side, 
in addition to the series along upper edge. (Subfamily Anatine.) 
d'. Lower portion of tarsus in front with a row of transverse scutelle. 
e}. Lores entirely densely feathered; wing less than 12.00. 
fi. Tail normal. 
g'. Hind-toe without a distinct membraneous lobe. 
h’. Bill not spatulate. 
@. Tail-feathers narrow and pointed at tip. 
j’. Tail graduated for less than one-third its 
total length, or else consisting of only 
14 feathers, and culmen shorter than 
middle toe without claw. 
Anas. (Page 90.) 
jy. Tail graduated for more than one-third 
its total length, consisting of 16 


ANATID. 85 


feathers, and culmen longer than 
middle toe, without claw. 
Dafila. (Page 97.) 
#. Tail-feathers broad and rounded at tips. 
Aix. (Page 98.) 
h?, Bill spatulate (very broad near end and narrow 


At Dase)......ssccccscerecee Spatula. (Page 96.) 
g?. Hind toe with a broad, membraneous lobe. (Subfamily 
Fuliguline.) 


ht, Feathering on lores not reaching beyond posterior 
border of nostril. 
?, Graduation of tail less than length of bill from 
nostril. 

j. Loral feathering with a decidedly convex 
anterior outline; nail less than one- 
third as wide as width of bill across 
middle portion. Aythya. (Page 101.) 

*, oral feathering with straight or even 
slightly concave anterior outline; 
nail more than one-third as wide as 
bill across middle portion. 

Netta. (Page 100.) 
#. Graduation of tail much more than length of 
bill from nostril. 

ji. Distance from tip of bill to loral feather- 
ing less than graduation of tail. 

4, Distance from anterior end of nos- 
tril to loral feathers equal to or 
greater than width of bill at 
base. 

P, Distance from anterior end of 
nostril to tip of bill much 
less than from same point 
to loral feathers; tail less 
than twice as long as tarsus. 
Glaucionetta. (Page 104.) 

?, Distance from anterior end of 
nostril to tip of bill much 
greater than from same 
point to loral feathers; 
tail more than twice as 
long as tarsus. 
Charitonetta. (Page 106.) 

%, Distance from anterior end of nos- 
tril to loral feathering much less 
than width of bill at base. 


86 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


I. Distance from posterior end of 
nostril to loral feathers 
equal to or greater than 
length of nostril; anterior 
outline of loral feathering 
strongly convex. 

Histrionicus. (Page 107.) 

?, Distance from posterior end of 
nostril to loral feathers less 
than half the length of the 
nostril; anterior outline of 
loral feathering forming a 
nearly straight line, run- 
ning obliquely backward 
and downward from near 
nostril to corner of mouth. 

Clangula. (Page 106.) 
*, Distance from tip of bill to loral feather- 
ing greater than graduation of tail. 
. Distance from posterior border of 
nostril to angle of mouth much 
less than half the distance from 
anterior border of nostril to tip 
of upper mandible. 

P. Width of bill at base equal to 
one-half the length of cul- 
men ; speculum plain white. 

Camptolaimus. (Page 
107.) 

?. Width of bill at base much less 
than one-half the length of 
the culmen ; speculum dark- 
colored (steel-blue or violet 
in male), bordered before 
and behind by a white bar. 

Eniconetta. (Page 107.) 
#?, Distance from posterior border of 
nostril to angle of mouth equal 
to or greater than distance from 
anterior end of nostril to tiv of 
upper mandible. 
Oidemia. (Page 110.) 
h?, Feathering of lores reaching anteriorly to or be- 
yond posterior end of nostril, or else tertials fal- 
cate, or plumage barred with black and brown. 
U. Feathering of forehead continuous with that ~ 


ANATIDE. QT 


of lores, and advancing quite to the 
MOSUL eal cncs as Arctonetta. (Page 108.) 
?. Feathering of forehead separated from that 
of lores by the interposition of a more or 
less extensive naked angle, or prolonga- 
tion of naked skin of the bill. 
Somateria. (Page 108.) 
f?. Tail more than half as long as wing, much graduated, the 
feathers with narrow webs and very stiff shafts, their 
bases scarcely hidden by the short coverts. 

g. Nail of bill very small, hardly visible from above, and 
bent abruptly backward beneath the tip of the 
upper mandible; outer toe longer than middle. 

Erismatura. (Page 113.) 

g. Nail of bill normal (7.e. large, almost wholly visible 
from above, and not bent abruptly backward at 
tip); outer toe shorter than middle. 

Nomonyx. (Page 114.) 
e?, Lores wholly or partially naked; wing more than 12.00. 
Cairina.’ (Page 100.) 
d@’, Lower portion of tarsus in front without transverse scutelle. 
Dendrocygna. (Page 118.) 
6’. Tarsus longer than middle toe, without claw. (Subfamily Anserine.) 

c’. Serrations on cutting-edge of upper mandible visible from outside for 
greater portion of the tomium, the latter decidedly sinuated, or 
concave. 

da‘, Bill very stout, its depth through base equal to much more than 
half the length of the culmen; color of adults white, with 
blackish primaries, or else with head and part of neck white, 
the wing-coverts plain bluish gray........... Chen. (Page 114.) 
d’, Bill weaker and more depressed, its depth through base less than 
half the length of the culmen; color of adults never white, or 

with white head, or bluish gray wing-coverts. 
Anser. (Page 115.) 
ce’. Serrations on edge of upper mandible visible only near angle of mouth, 

the tomium very slightly or not at all sinuated. 

ad’. Nostril near middle of nasal fosse ; cutting-edge of upper mandible 
not appreciably or regularly sinuated; bill and feet always 
entirely black; head partially or entirely black; tail-coverts 
BMG, CLISSUMUWHILC.s.csceneccascse-s ccm coc ees Branta. (Page 116.) 
d?, Nostril at lower anterior extremity of nasal fosse; cutting-edge 
of upper mandible appreciably and regularly sinuated, or con- 
cave ; bill and feet light-colored ; head white (sometimes stained 


1 Cairina Fuemrne, Phil. of Zool. 1822, 260. Type, Anas moschata Linn. 


88 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


with rusty) in adult; tail-coverts and crissum grayish, barred 
with dusky and whitish............0.0.s0 Philacte. (Page 118.) 
a’. Neck as long as or longer than body. (Subfamily Cygnine.) 
Largest of American Anatide (length more than three feet) ; color entirely 
pure white, with black bill and feet, in adult, grayish in young. 
Olor. (Page 120.) 


Genus MERGANSER Brisson. (Page 84, pl. XXI., fig. 4.) 
Species. 

Common CHaracters.—Adult male with head and upper neck greenish black, 
the occiput crested ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, plain ash-gray ; rest of upper 
parts mainly pied black and whitish ; lower parts rich creamy white or pale salmon- 
color. Adult female, with head and upper neck cinnamon-brownish (occiput crested, 
as in the male), chin and part of throat white; upper parts grayish, with some 
white on wings; lower parts buffy white. 


a, Distance between nostril and nearest feathering at base of upper mandible much 
greater than height of upper mandible at base; feathering at base of upper 
mandible, on sides, projecting very slightly forward, and not forming a 
distinct angle. 

b'. No visible black bar across white of wing-coverts. Adult male: Head and 
upper neck greenish black, the top of the latter with a soft “bushy” 
crest, conspicuous only when erected; chest and other lower parts rich 
creamy white, or (especially in freshly-killed specimens) delicate pale 
salmon-color; wing 10.70-11.00, culmen 2.05-2.30, tarsus 1.90-2.00, 
middle toe 2.35-2.60. Adult female: Head and upper neck tawny brown 
or cinnamon, the chin and throat whitish, the occiput with a conspicuous 
pointed crest; upper parts chiefly ash-gray, with white on secondaries 
and greater wing-coverts; wing 9.75-10.25, culmen 1.80-1.90, tarsus 
1.65-1.80, middle toe 2.35. Hab. Northern parts of the eastern hemi- 
sphere, from western Europe to Kamtschatka. 

M. merganser Linn. Merganser.! 

b’, A very conspicuous black bar across white of wing-coverts. (Plumage 
not otherwise essentially different from that of MW. merganser, but feath- 
ering at base of bill having a quite distinct outline.) Downy young: 
Upper half of head, and hind-neck, rusty brown, more reddish on the 
latter, where encroaching on sides of neck; remaining upper parts hair- 
brown, relieved by four white spots; lower parts, including rest of head 
and neck, white ; a stripe on lower half of lores, white; beneath this, a 
narrower stripe of deep brown, and a similar, but broader, brown stripe 
on upper half of lores. Male: Length 25.00-27.00, wing 10.50-11.25, 
culmen 1.90-2.20, tarsus 1.90-2.00, middle toe 2.40-2.50. Female : Length 


1 Mergus merganser Linn., 8, N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 129. Merganser merganser StEIN., Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 
No. 29, 1885, 176. 


LOPHODYTES. 89 


21.00-24.00, wing 9.60-9.75, culmen 1.80-2.00, tarsus 1.85-1.90, middle toe 

2.25-2.40. Eggs 2.63 X 1.82, ovate, or elliptical-ovate, pale buff, or buffy 

white. Hab. Whole of North America, breeding south to northern border 

of United States.. 129. M. americanus (Cass.). American Merganser. 

a’, Distance between nostril and nearest feathering on sides of base of upper man- 

dible decidedly less than height of upper mandible at base; feathering on 

sides of base of upper mandible projecting far forward, and forming a very 
decided, though obtuse, angle. 

Adult male: Head dull greenish black, the occiput with a long pointed 
crest; neck and sides of chest dull brownish buff, or light cinnamon, 
streaked with black; other lower parts mainly white, usually tinged 
with cream- or salmon-color. Adult female: Very similar in coloration 
to the same sex of M. americanus, but smaller, and very readily distin- 
guishable by the different position of the nostrils, etc., as noted above. 
Downy young: Above hair-brown, the posterior border of each wing and 
a large spot on each side of the rump, yellowish white; lower parts, 
including cheeks, yellowish white; sides of head and neck rusty cinna- 
mon, paler on lores, which are bordered above by a dusky stripe, and 
beneath by a dark rictal stripe; lower eyelid whitish. Length about 
20.00-25.00, wing 8.60-9.00, culmen about 2.50, tarsus 1.80-1.90, middle 
toe 2.40. Hggs ovate or elliptical-ovate, 2.57 x 1.79, light olive-buff. 
Hab. Northern portion of northern hemisphere, breeding northward. 

130. M. serrator (LINN.). Red-breasted Merganser. 


Genus LOPHODYTES Reicuensacu. (Page 84, pl. XXI., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Head (except crest), neck, and most of upper parts black; crest 
pure white with a sharply defined black border or rim; lower parts white, the 
sides of the chest crossed by two black crescentic bars (projected from the black 
of the back), the sides light cinnamon, finely waved with black. Adult female : 
Head (except crest), neck, chest, and upper parts grayish brown, darker above ; 
crest reddish hair-brown or dull cinnamon, smaller and of looser texture than in 
the male; chin and upper throat, belly, etc., white. Young: Similar to adult 
female, but crest rudimentary, the sides and under tail-coverts more distinctly 
brown. Downy young: Above deep hair-brown, darkest on back and rump ; hinder 
border of arm-wing, a small spot on each side of back, and one on each side of 
rump, grayish white; lower half of head brownish buff or light fulvous, paler on 
chin and throat ; chest light dingy brownish, sides darker; belly white. Length 
about 17.25-19.25, wing 7.50-7.90, culmen 1.50. Nest in holes in trees, usually at 
a considerable height. Eggs 6-10, 2.09 « 1.75, broadly oval, white. Hab. North 
America in general; north to Alaska and (accidentally) Greenland; south to 
Mexico and Cuba; casual in Europe. 


131. L. cucullatus (Linn.). Hooded Merganser. 
12 


90 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus MERGUS Linnaus. (Page 84.) 
Species. 

Adult male: Prevailing color pure white, but this relieved as follows: A patch 
covering lores and narrowly surrounding eyes, deep black with a greenish reflec- 
tion; under portion of crest glossy greenish black; back, rump, some of the wing- 
coverts, secondaries, and two narrow crescentic bars across sides of chest, deep 
black ; upper tail-coverts and tail ash-gray ; length about 16.50, wing 7.75, culmen 
1.10. Adult female: Upper part of head, including lores, reddish brown; rest of 
head, with neck (except behind), and lower parts, white; upper parts, sides, and 
flanks ash-gray, darker on back; chest tinged with pale ashy; smaller than the 
male, and crest less developed. Downy young: “ Upper parts, including sides of the 
head below the eye, but only on the back of the neck, dark blackish brown, darkest 
on the crown and the lower part of the back ; at the base of the wing-joint a white 
spot, and another close to it, but rather lower down the back, and on each side of 
the rump another white spot; below the eye a very small white spot; underparts 
white; breasts and flanks pale grayish or sooty brown.” (Dresser.) Hab. Europe, 


ete.; accidental or occasional in eastern North America (?). 
M. albellus Linn. Smew.! 


Genus ANAS Linyaus. (Page 84, pl. XXII, figs. 2-5; pl. XXIII, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


egeee longer than middle toe, without claw. 

. Width of upper mandible near tip more than one-third the commissure, the 
upper and lower outlines of maxilla more or less convex for terminal 
half. 

c’. Wing more than 8.00; scapulars and larger tertials broad, and without 
light-colored median stripes in adult male. (Subgenus Anas.) 
ad’. Smaller wing-coverts uniform grayish brown or brownish slate ; 
tertials without light edgings; sexes very different in plumage; 
wing with two distinct white bands. 
Adult male: Head and neck soft, brilliant metallic green; 
chest rich dark chestnut, separated from green of neck by 
a collar of pure white; speculum rich metallic violet, bor- 
dered anteriorly by a black bar, this preceded by a white 
bar, and posteriorly by a black subterminal and white 
terminal band. Adult female (and male in breeding season) : 
Wings as above; elsewhere varied with dusky and ochra- 
ceous or buffy, the former on central or median portion of 
the feathers, and predominating on upper parts, the latter 
on edges, and prevailing on lower parts. Downy young: 


1 Mergus albellus Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 129. 


ANAS. Qo] 


e 


Above olivaceous, relieved by two pairs of yellowish spots, 

one pair on the back, just behind the wings, the other on 

each side of the base of the tail; lower parts, including 

sides of head and broad superciliary stripe, yellowish buff, 

deepest on head, paler and duller posteriorly ; side of head 

marked by a narrow but very distinct stripe of dark 

brown, extending from upper basal angle of the maxilla 

to the eye, and thence to, and confluent with, the oliva- 

ceous of the occiput; beneath this stripe an auricular spot 

of dusky; sides crossed by two olivaceous patches, con- 

fluent with the olive of the back. Length about 20.00- 

25.00, wing 10.25-12.00, culmen 2.00-2.40, tarsus 1.50-1.80, 

middle toe 1.90-2.15. Hggs 2.32 x 1.67, pale olive-buff, 

pale greenish buff, or pale buffy pea-green. Hab. Whole of 
northern hemisphere. 

132. A. boschas Linn. Mallard. 

@. Smaller wing-coverts distinctly bordered or margined with buff 

or ochraceous, and tertials edged with same; sexes alike in 

plumage. 
e. Wing without any white bands. 

J’. Cheeks, chin, and entire throat distinctly streaked with 
dusky ; dusky markings largely predominating in ex- 
tent over the lighter (buffy or ochraceous); lower 
basal corner of upper mandible without black spot; 
speculum usually deep violet. Downy young: Above 
olive-brown, slightly relieved by three pairs of light 
dull buff spots, as follows: One on posterior border 
of arm-wing (this sometimes indistinct), one on sides 
of back, just behind wing, and one on sides of rump, 
near base of tail; top of head and hind-neck olive- 
brown, like back, etc.; rest of head and neck, with 
lower parts, pale dingy buff, paler on belly; sides of 
head marked with a narrow dusky streak, from upper 
basal angle of bill to eye and thence back to occiput ; 
a dusky auricular spot, continued less distinctly back 
to nape. Length 21.00-24.50, wing 10.50-11.50, cul- 
men 2.00-2.35, tarsus 1.70-1.80, middle toe 1.90-2.10. 
Eggs 2.43 X 1.75, pale dull buff or pale greenish buff. 
Hab. Eastern North America, breeding from more 
northern United States to Hudson’s Bay, including 
whole of Labrador. (Western and southern limits 
imperfectly determined.) 

133. A. obscura Guru. Black Duck. 

f?, Cheeks, chin, and throat plain buff; ochraceous or buff 
markings predominating in extent over the darker 


(10.) 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


markings; lower basal angle of upper mandible with 
a triangular black spot; speculum usually bluish 
green; about the size of A. obscura. Eggs 2.15 X 1.61, 
pale dull buff or pale grayish buff. Hab. Southeastern 
United States, from Florida to Kansas. 

134. A. fulvigula Ripew. Florida Duck. 


e?. Wing with one or more white bands. 


f'. Wing more than 8.75, with two white bands. 

Chin, throat, and lower part of cheeks plain buffy ; 
dusky prevailing on upper parts, lower parts with 
dusky and ochraceous in about equal proportion ; 
wing 8.90-10.00, culmen 1.85-2.05, tarsus 1.60, 
middle toe 1.95. Hab. Southern Mexico (Puebla, 
etc.). 

A. diazi Ripgw. Mexican Duck.! 
f?. Wing less than 8.75, with only one white band. 

Only the chin and upper part of throat unstreaked 
buff; dusky and ochraceous markings nearly 
equal in extent, the latter, however, rather pre- 
dominating on lower parts; speculum dark metal- 
lic green, followed, successively, by a velvety black 
subterminal and a pure white terminal bar, each 
about .35 wide; wing 8.50, culmen 1.65, tarsus 
1.30, middle toe 1.70. Hab. Western Mexico 
(vicinity of Mazatlan). 

A. aberti Ripcw. Abert’s Duck? 


ce. Wing less than 8.00; scapulars and tertials lanceolate, and marked 

with buffy or whitish median stripes in adult males. (Lesser wing- 

coverts plain light bluish, last row of middle coverts white spotted 

or blotched with dusky, speculum bronzy greenish.) (Subgenus 
Querquedula STEPHENS.) 

d', Culmen usually less than 1.65. Adult male: Head and neck dull 


plumbeous, with a large crescent-shaped patch of white in 
front of eye, faint gloss of metallic lavender-purple on sides of 
occiput, the crown dusky ; lower parts pale chestnut, spotted 
with black. Adult female (and adult male in breeding season) : 
Above dusky, varied with dull buffy; head, neck, and lower 
parts dull brownish white, or pale dull buff, the head and neck 
streaked with dusky (except on chin and upper throat), the 
lower parts more or less spotted with same, the belly sometimes 
(especially in younger birds) immaculate. Young: Similar to 
adult female, but whole belly immaculate, and speculum dull 
grayish brown, without metallic gloss. Length 14.50-16.00, wing 


1 Anas diazi Rinew., Auk, iii. July, 1886, 332. 
2 Anas aberti Ripew., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i. 1878, 250. 


ANAS. 93 


7.00-7.50, culmen 1.40-1.65, tarsus 1.20-1.30, middle toe 1.40_ 
1.45. Hggs 1.84 < 1.34, pale buff. Hab. North America in 
general, but chiefly east of Rocky Mountains; in winter, whole 

of West Indies and Middle America, south to Ecuador. 
140. A. discors Linn. Blue-winged Teal. 
@, Culmen usually more than 1.65. Adult male: Head, neck, and 
lower parts uniform rich glossy chestnut, the top of head 
blackish, the belly duller (sometimes blackish). Adult Female 
(and male in breeding season) : Similar to corresponding stage of 
A. discors, but averaging larger (the bill especially), the plumage 
darker, only the upper throat (sometimes chin only) unstreaked, 
the belly usually heavily spotted and the breast deeply tinged 
with light brown. Young: Similar to adult female, but mark- 
ings of lower parts much narrower, streak-like. Downy young: 
Above dark olivaceous, varied by a spot of deep greenish buff 
on each side of back (behind wings), and a spot of clearer yel- 
lowish on each side of rump, at base of tail; top of head and 
hind-neck similar to back, but darker; forehead, broad super- 
ciliary stripe, sides of head and neck, and lower parts generally, 
deep buti-yellow, the sides of the head marked with a distinct 
narrow stripe of dark brown. Length about 15.50-17.00, wing 
7.20-7.75, culmen 1.65-1.85, tarsus 1.25-1.35, middle toe 1.40- 
150. L£ggs 1.87 1.41, pale buff. Hab. Western America, 
from the Columbia River to Chili, Argentine Republic, and 
Falkland Islands; east, casually or irregularly, to Mississippi 

Valley (Louisiana, Illinois, Nebraska, ete.). 
141. A. cyanoptera VIEILL. Cinnamon Teal. 
b?. Width of upper mandible near tip less than one-third the length of the com- 
missure, the upper and lower outlines straight for terminal half. (Wing 
less than 8.00.) (Subgenus Wettion Kaur.) 

c’. Adult male: A broad white bar across side of breast; inner webs of 
outermost scapulars vermiculated with dusky and whitish, the 
outer webs with a longitudinal spot of black, bordered internally 
by a white line; head and upper neck chestnut-rufous, varied by 
a broad patch of bright metallic green from eye backward, this 
bordered beneath by a line of pale buffy or whitish; a similar line 
on each side of forehead, continued backward, less distinctly, along 
upper edge of the green patch; a short tuft or “mane” of bluish 
black on upper hind-neck ; chin and upper throat dull black ; lower 
neck, upper back, scapulars, sides, and flanks, delicately waved 
with black and white; speculum bright metallic green, the lower 
feathers black, tipped with white; lower tail-coverts black medially, 
with a cream-colored patch on each side. Adult female: Wing much 
as in adult male; upper parts grayish dusky, varied by dull buffy 
edgings and bars; head, neck, and lower parts brownish white, 


to 
i> 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


the head and neck speckled with dusky, the markings enlarged 
and aggregated on pileum so as to form the prevailing color, and 
also along upper border of auricular region, producing a more or 
less distinct postocular stripe; crop, sides, and flanks heavily 
spotted with dusky; belly sometimes plain whitish, but usually (?) 
speckled. Young male: Similar to adult female, but entire belly 
and sides immaculate white. Downy young: Above grayish brown, 
with a light grayish buff spot on each side of back and a similar 
pair on rump; wings crossed near end by a light grayish buff bar; 
head, neck, and lower parts dull light buff, the pileum and nape 
grayish brown, darker on top of head, where scarcely reaching the 
forehead ; a dusky postocular streak, and an oblong dusky auric- 
ular spot. Length 12.50-15.00, wing 6.25-7.40, culmen 1.40-1.60, 
tarsus 1.25, middle toe 1.30-1.35. Hgqs 1.75 1.28, pale dull buff. 
Hab. Whole of North America, breeding chiefly north of the United 
States, in winter, south to Honduras and Cuba. 

139. A. carolinensis GMEL. Green-winged Teal. 


ec. Adult male: Similar to corresponding stage of A. carolinensis, but no 


white bar on side of breast, black and whitish undulations of sides, 
etc., much coarser, inner webs of outermost scapulars wholly and 
outer webs partly white, the exposed portion of outer webs mostly 
black ; other plumages not distinguishable with certainty from cor- 
responding stages of A. carolinensis (?); size about the same as A. 
carolinensis. Eggs 1.76 & 1.30, pale dull buff. Hab. Northern por- 
tions of eastern hemisphere; occasional in eastern North America. 
138. A. crecca Linn. European Teal. 


a?, Culmen shorter than middle toe, without claw. 


6. Distance from anterior border of nostril to tip of upper mandible more 
than three times the distance from same point to nearest loral feathers ; 
lamellz numerous, fine, more than 30 being visible from outside; tail- 
feathers 16. (Subgenus Chaulelasmus BONAPARTE.) 

Adult male: Head and neck pale brownish or whitish, thickly speckled 


with black ; top of head sometimes plain light brown; crop varied 
with crescentic bars of white and black, the latter predominating ; 
sides, back, and scapulars finely undulated with slate-color and 
white; many of the longer scapulars plain brownish gray, broadly 
edged with paler; middle wing-covert region bright chestnut, the 
anterior lesser coverts brownish gray, and the posterior ones deep 
black, the last row deep velvety black; speculum white, the lower 
feathers ashy, narrowly tipped with white; crissum and upper tail- 
coverts deep velvety black; bill bluish black, iris brown, legs and 
feet dull orange-yellow, the webs dusky. Adult male in breeding 
season: Similar to the winter male, but colors duller, crown dusky, 
rump and breast tinged with rusty, and under parts more spotted 
with dusky. Adult female: Colors chiefly brownish dusky and 


ANAS. 95 


brownish white, in longitudinal streaks on head and neck and in 
irrecular transverse spots and bars on other portions; the dusky 
predominating above, the white below; wing nearly as in the male, 
but the chestnut absent or barely indicated, and the gray of the 
wing-coverts more or less barred and tipped with white; belly and 
lower part of breast pure white, throat finely streaked with dusky. 
Downy young: Above dull dark brownish, with a spot of sulphur- 
yellow on each side of rump and back of each wing, the wings also 
marked with this color; “forehead, space round the eye, throat, 
and chest pale sulphur-yellow; abdomen white, shaded with sul- 
phur-yellow, on the lower part sooty gray.” (Dresser.) Male: 
Length 19.25-21.75, wing 10.25-11.00, culmen 1.60-1.75, tarsus 1.45- 
1.70, middle toe 1.80-1.90. Female: Length about 18.00, wing 
10.00-10.25, culmen 1.55-1.65, tarsus 1.60, middle toe 1.75-1.80. 
Eggs 2.09 * 1.57, pale buff or buffy white. Hab. Northern hemi- 
sphere in general, breeding in temperate regions, 
135. A. strepera Linn. Gadwall. 
o?. Distance from anterior border of nostril to tip of upper mandible less than 
three times the distance from the same point to nearest feathers of 
lores; lamellae coarser, less than 15 being visible from outside; tail- 
feathers 14, the tail much graduated. (Adult males with forehead and 
fore part of crown, posterior half of middle wing-covert region, and 
belly, plain white; speculum metallic green anteriorly, velvety black 
posteriorly ; crop plain vinaceous; sides, flanks, scapulars, and back, 
delicately waved with dusky upon a paler ground; under tail-coverts 
plain black.) (Subgenus Mareca STEPHENS.) 
cl. Adult male in winter: Head and upper neck plain rufous, the forehead 
varying from white to ochraceous; crop and sides of breast vina- 
ceous; sides, flanks, and whole back white, waved with blackish. 
Male after breeding season: “ Head and neck as in the old female ; 
back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and wing dark ashy blackish 
gray; the fore parts of the back with indistinct whitish vermic- 
ulations, the rest of the back and scapulars edged with fulvous ; 
wings as in winter dress; but the larger coverts are ashy blue- 
gray, not white, the median coverts being darker with rather 
lighter edges; tail as in the winter dress; underparts white ; the 
upper part of the breast and flanks rusty brown ; under tail-coverts 
white with a grayish tinge, and having large blackish brown central 
blotches.” (Dresser.) Adult female: Head and upper neck pale 
rusty, speckled and barred with dusky, especially on crown ; upper 
parts dusky brown, the feathers edged and more or less barred with 
pale brown and whitish ; white patch on wing-coverts merely indi- 
cated by white tips to feathers; speculum grayish, without lustre ; 
crop, sides, and flanks indistinctly barred with grayish brown, and 
dull jight rufous, or fulvous; rest of lower parts white, the lower 


96 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


tail-coverts barred with brown. Young male: Similar to adult 
female, but more richly colored. Length 18.00-20.00, wing 10.00- 
11.00, culmen 1.35-1.45, tarsus 1.45-1.60. Hygs 2.23 X 1.53, pale 
buff. Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere; occasional 
in eastern North America, and frequent in Alaska. 
136. A. penelope Linn. Widgeon. 
c, Adult male: Head and upper neck whitish, thickly flecked (except on 
forehead and part of crown) with blackish, the former ornamented 
on each side by a broad space of bright metallic green, extending 
from eye to occiput; crop, sides, and flanks vinaceous, all except 
the first waved with black; back and scapulars grayish white 
(usually tinged with vinaceous) waved with black. Adult female : 
Head and neck dull whitish, streaked with dusky ; crop, sides, and 
flanks dull vinaceous ; upper parts dusky grayish brown, irregularly 
and coarsely barred with dull white, or buffy; smaller wing-coverts 
dull dark grayish, tipped and edged with white. Young male: 
Similar to adult female, but colors more pronounced and pattern 
better defined, especially the wing-markings. Downy young: Above 
dark olive-brown, relieved by a spot of greenish buff on posterior 
border of each wing, one on each side of back, and one on each side 
of rump; top of head and hind-neck, dark olive, like back ; rest of 
head and neck, with lower parts, pale olive-buff or fulvous, the side 
of the head with a dusky streak, extending from bill, through eye, 
to occiput. Length 18.00-22.00, wing 10.25-11.00, culmen 1.30-1.50, 
tarsus 1.45-1.65. Eggs 2.06 x 1.48, pale buff. Hab. North America 
in general, breeding chiefly north of the United States; south, in 
winter, to Guatemala and Cuba. 
137. A. americana GmeEL. Baldpate. 


Genus SPATULA Bortz. (Page 85, pl. XXIII, fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Head and neck dark metallic bluish green; breast and outer 
scapulars white, the former sometimes spotted with dusky; rest of lower parts 
uniform chestnut, the crissum dark metallic bluish green, bordered anteriorly by a 
band of finely undulated grayish white ; wing-coverts light grayish blue, the last 
row tipped with white, forming a narrow band across the wing ; speculum bright 
metallic green, very narrowly tipped with white; bill deep black, iris bright yel- 
low, and feet rich orange-red in life. Adult female: Wings as in the male, but 
colors rather duller; rest of plumage grayish brown, varied with brownish white, 
above, the head and neck brownish white, streaked with dusky, the lower parts 
similar but spotted instead of streaked; bill brown, the mandible orange; iris and 
feet as in the male. Young male: Similar to the adult female, but colors richer, the 
abdomen tinged with chestnut. Young female: Similar to the adult, but wing-cov- 
erts dull slate-gray with little or no blue tinge, the speculum dusky, faintly glossed 


DAFILA. 97 


with green, and rather broadly tipped with brownish white. Downy young: Above 
grayish brown, with a brownish white spot on each side of back, and a correspond- 
ing pair on the rump; pileum darker brown than nape; rest of head and neck, with 
entire lower parts, pale grayish fulvous, or dull pale buff, shaded with grayish 
across jugulum; side of head with a dark brown stripe, from upper posterior angle 
of bill to eye, and thence back about half way to occiput; beneath this a similar 
stripe crossing auriculars and extending back towards nape. Length 17.00-21.00, 
wing 9.00-10.00, culmen 2.60-2.90, width of bill at end 1.10-1.20, at base .60, tarsus 
1.40-1.50. Hggs 2.12 x 1.48, pale olive-buff or brownish buff. Hab. Northern 
hemisphere in general, breeding chiefly northward. 

142. S. clypeata (Linn.). Shoveller. 


GENus DAFILA SrepHens. (Page 85, pl. XXIII, fig. 4.) 


Species. 


a’, Lower half of head plain brown (male) or dull whitish streaked with dusky 
(female); tail dusky or grayish, the feathers (except middle pair) with paler 
edges; lower parts white, sometimes streaked, but never spotted, with 
dusky ; secondaries narrowly tipped with white or buffy ; bill lead-color with 
black stripe on culmen (in male) or entirely dusky (female). (Subgenus 
Dajila.) 

Adult male: Head and upper neck plain hair-brown, darker on crown, and 
faintly glossed on sides of occiput with metallic green and purple; upper 
half of hind-neck black, with a white stripe on each side, confluent with 
the white of the crop and other lower parts; back, sides, and flanks 
finely waved with white and dusky; longer scapulars velvety black, 
edged with whitish; tertials silvery gray, marked with a velvety black 
median stripe; speculum varying from dull metallic green to bronzy 
purple, tipped with white, and crossed by a subterminal bar of velvety 
black ; wing-coverts uniform brownish gray, the last row broadly tipped 
with cinnamon, producing a distinct bar; length about 26.00-30.00, 
wing 10.25-11.20, middle tail-feathers 7.25-9.50, culmen 1.85-2.15, tarsus 
1.55-1.85. Adult female: Above grayish dusky, varied with irregular 
bars of yellowish white or pale ochraceous, these markings often U- 
shaped; wing much as in the male, but colors duller, the smaller coy- 
erts tipped with whitish; head and neck dingy whitish, everywhere 
streaked, except sometimes on throat, with blackish ; lower parts chiefly 
white, the flanks and under tail-coverts streaked with dusky; length 
21.00-23.50, wing 9.60-10.10, middle tail-feathers 4.50-5.00, culmen 1.80- 
2.10, tarsus 1.65. Male in breeding plumage: Similar to adult female, but 
wings as in spring and winter plumage. Young male: Similar to adult 
female, but markings on upper parts more transverse, and belly some- 
times (always ?) streaked with dusky. Young female: Similar to young 
male, but speculum pale brownish, more or less marked with dusky an- 
teriorly ; lower parts everywhere thickly streaked with dusky. Downy 

18 


98 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


young: Above grayish olive, with a dull white stripe along each side of 

back, a white space on wing, and a yellowish white superciliary stripe ; 

below grayish white tinged with sulphur-yellow (this deeper in younger 
individuals) ; a brown stripe behind each eye, and an indistinct spot of 

same over ears. Hggs 2.21 x 1.47, varying from pale brownish buff to 

pale grayish green. Hab. Northern hemisphere in general; in North 

America, breeding from northern United States northward, and winter- 

ing south to Cuba and Panama........... 143. D. acuta (Linn.). Pintail. 

a. Lower half of head, with upper fore-neck, plain white; tail creamy buff, fading 
into white at tip; lower parts buff, marked everywhere with roundish spots 

of black, largest on sides; secondaries very broadly tipped with buff; basal 

half of bill, on sides, pale-colored (rose-red in life); sexes alike. (Subgenus 
Poecilonetta Kyton.") , 

D. bahamensis (LInN.). Bahama Pintail.? 


Genus AIX Borz. (Page 85, pl. XXIII, fig. 5.) 


Species. 


Common CHaAractErs.—Adult males with the plumage strikingly variegated 
with boldly contrasted and brilliant colors; head varied with rich metallic green 
and purple and pure white; chest rich purplish chestnut; sides of breast crossed 
by a broad bar of pure white immediately followed by one of velvety black ; sides 
and flanks buffy, delicately waved with black, the tips of the broad outermost 
feathers broadly barred with purest white and most intense black; belly white; 
upper parts varied with velvety black and various metallic hues, the outer webs 
of the primaries hoary, passing into white at tips. Adult females with head plum- 
beous or brownish gray, varied with white; chest brownish, spotted with white ; 
upper parts without black, but with much metallic purple. 


a. Feathering at base of upper mandible extending much farther forward below 
than above, the upper basal portion of the mandible forming a very deep 
angle between the feathering of the forehead and that of the lores; depth of 
bill at base much greater than its width; feathers on sides of head and neck 
short and velvety; innermost tertial of normal form ; tail half as long as the 
wing, graduated, the feathers very broad, and extending far beyond the 
coverts. (Subgenus A7z.) 

Adult male: Head metallic green, purple, and violet relieved by a pure 
white line extending backward from the angle of the upper mandible 
along each side of the crown and upper border of the crest; another 
from behind the eye backward along the lower edge of the crest, and 
two much broader transverse bars crossing the cheeks and side of neck, 
respectively, and confluent with a white throat-patch ; upper parts chiefly 
velvety black, varied with metallic tints of bronze, purple, blue, and 


1 Poecilonetia Eyton, Monog. Anat. 1838, 116. Type, Anas bahamensis Linn. 
2 Anas bahamensis Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 224. Dafila bahamensis Gray, Gen. B. iii. 1849, 615. 


AEX. 99 


green; chest rich chestnut glossed with reddish purple, and marked 
with triangular white spots; sides of breast crossed with a broad pure 
white bar and a broad deep black one immediately behind it; sides and 
flanks delicately waved with black on a buff or pale fulvous ground, the 
outermost feathers beautifully ornamented with broad crescentice bars 
of pure white and velvety black; belly white; bill (in life) beautifully 
varied with jet-black, milk-white, lilac, red, orange, and yellow; length 
about 19.00-20.50, wing 9.00-9.50, culmen 1.40. Adult female: Feathers 
round base of bill, around eye (and extending thence back to the occi- 
put), chin, and whole throat, white; rest of head leaden gray, the crown 
and slightly developed occipital crest glossed with greenish; chest 
brownish, spotted with buff or whitish; remaining lower parts chiefly 
white; upper parts chiefly grayish brown, richly glossed on wings, 
scapulars, etc., with reddish purple and other metallic tints; length 
about 17.00-19.50. Downy young: Above dark hair-brown, darker, or 
approaching clove-brown, on top of head and tail; a dingy whitish bar 
along posterior edge of arm-wing, and a roundish spot of same on each 
side of rump; lores, superciliary stripe, and sides of head generally, 
bright sulphury buff, crossed by a broad stripe of blackish brown, from 
eye to occiput ; lower parts dingy white, the sides more brownish, crossed 
on flanks by a whitish bar. Vest in holes in trees, often at a great height 
from the ground. Eggs 2.08 x 1.58, pale buff, or buffy white. Hab. 
Whole of temperate North America; Cuba; accidental in Europe. 
144. A. sponsa (Linn.). Wood Duck. 
a’, Feathering at base of bill extending farther forward above than below, and 
forming a straight line from the side of the forehead to the lower basal cor- 
ner of the mandible; depth of bill at base not greater than its width ; 
feathers on side of neck (in adult male) much elongated, forming a conspicu- 
ous ruff of soft narrow feathers; innermost tertial with the shaft much bent, 
giving the outer web of falcate form, the inner (upper) web widened into an 
excessively broad sail-like ornament ; tail much less than half as long as wing, 
nearly even, and shorter than the lower coverts. (Subgenus Dendronessa 
SWAINSON.’) 

Adult male : Smaller than A. sponsa ; similar in general style of coloration, 
but middle upper portion of crest chestnut, lengthened feathers of sides 
of neck tawny chestnut, streaked with ochraceous, whole loral region 
buff, ete. Hab. Eastern Asia (domesticated extensively in China and 
Japan). 

A. galericulata (Liyn.). Mandarin Duck.’ 
ce a ee ee ca ee 


1 Dendronessa Swatns., F. B. A, ii. 1831, 497. Type, Anas galericulata LINN. 
2 Anas galericulata Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 128. Aix galericulata “ Eyton, Mon. Anat. 1838.” 


100 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus CAIRINA F temina.’ (Page 87.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Head, neck, and lower parts, uniform glossy brownish black; 
upper parts brilliant metallic blackish green, glossed with purple anteriorly and on 
rump; wing-coverts, above and below, entirely pure white; caruncles along sides 
of forehead, etc., bright pinkish red, or rose-red, in life; bill varied with blackish 
and pinkish white or light rose-color; length nearly 3 feet, wing about 16.00, 
tail 9.00, tarsus 2.00, or more. Adult female: Entirely brownish black, except some 
of the upper greater wing-coverts, which are white; upper parts glossed with 
metallic green and purple; length about 2 feet, wing 12.50, tail 5.50, tarsus 
2.00. Hab. Tropical America, from Paraguay and southern Brazil to Mexico; 
Louisiana ? 

C. moschata (LINN.). Muscovy Duck.? 


Genus NETTA Kavp. (Page 85, pl. XXIII, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Head and upper neck vinaceous-rufous, the full, soft, “bushy” 
crest paler, and more ochraceous; lower neck, stripe along hind-neck, most of the 
lower parts, and rump, uniform brownish black; back and scapulars light brown, 
with a broad transverse bar, or patch, on outer portion of scapular region ; specu- 
lum chiefly white; anterior border and under side of wing, and a very large patch 
on flanks, white; bill and feet bright vermilion-red in life; length about 21.00, 
wing 10.20, culmen 2.00. Adult female: Crest much smaller than in male; upper 
half of head and stripe down hind-neck, light hair-brown; rest of head and neck, 
with lower parts in general, pale grayish, the chest and sides more brownish ; 
rump dark brownish; no white scapular patch, and white anterior border to wing 
indistinct ; bill dusky or brownish, the tip paler (pinkish in life); wing 9.90, cul- 
men 1.90. Jmmature male: Much like the adult female, but crest still less devel- 
oped, and more reddish; under part and sides of head interspersed with cinnamon- 
colored feathers; breast, etc., mixed with black feathers; white scapular patch 
distinctly indicated. Downy young: Upper parts dull olive-gray, lower parts and 
scapular spot pale yellowish gray ; lores with two olive-gray stripes, one ascending 
over eye, and bordering a yellowish gray superciliary stripe, the other passing 
below the eye, across cheeks and ear-coverts. Eggs 2.19 & 1.68, pale olive-buff. 
Hab. Southern and eastern Europe, together with portions of Africa and Asia; 
accidental in eastern United States (Fulton Market, New York City). 

145. N.rufina (PALt.). Rufous-crested Duck. 


1 Cairina “ FLEMING, Phil. of Zool. 1822, 260.” Type, Anas moschata LINN. 
2 Anas moschata Linn., 8S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 124. Catrina moschata “ FueM., Philos. Zool. 1822, 260.” 


AYTHYA. 101 


Genus AYTHYA Bore. (Page 85, pl. XXIV., figs. 1-3.) 


Species. 


Common CHaractEers.—Adult males with the head and part of the neck uni- 
form chestnut or black, the lower neck uniform black (except in a few exotic 
species); back and scapulars waved with white and black; speculum bluish gray, 
or white, tipped with black; lower parts white. Adult females with head, neck, 
chest, and upper parts plain brownish, the head paler or whitish next the bill; 
speculum as in the male. 


a‘. Culmen longer than inner toe, with claw; bill not wider near end than at base ; 
head and neck reddish in adult males. 

b'. Bill much shorter than middle toe without claw, its greatest width nearly 
half the length of the culmen, the end moderately depressed, and the 
nail decidedly hooked. (Subgenus Aythya.) 

cl. Adult male: Head and upper half of neck rich chestnut-red, glossed 
with reddish purple; lower neck, chest, upper back, rump, and tail- 
coverts (above and below) black; back, scapulars, sides, and flanks 
waved or vermiculated with white and black, in nearly equal pro- 
portion; belly immaculate white. Adult female: Head and neck 
grayish brown, darker above, the fore part of the former lighter, 
almost white on chin and upper throat; back, scapulars, chest, sides, 
and flanks dull grayish brown, the feathers tipped with paler, or 
fulvous. Downy young: Above ochraceous olive-brown, with an 
indistinct yellowish spot behind each wing, another on the hind 
border of the arm-wing, and a third on each side of the rump; 
whole sides of head and neck, with lower parts in general, deep 
buff-yellow, paler and duller on belly and ventral region; no dark 
markings on side of head. Length 17.00-21.00, wing 8.50-9.25, 
culmen 2.05-2.25, greatest width of bill .75-.85. Hygs 2.42 x 1.73, 
pale olive-buff or pale dull greenish buff. Hab. Whole of North 
America, breeding from Maine and California northward. 
146. A. americana (Eyv.). Redhead. 
c. Adult male: Head and whole neck chestnut-rufous, without distinct 
purple gloss; back, scapulars, and whole lower parts, except chest 
and under tail-coverts, white, everywhere finely waved or vermic- 
ulated with dusky; otherwise like A. americana, but upper man- 
dible (in life) pale blue only between nostril and end, the basal por- 
tion being dusky. Adult female: Differing from the same sex of 
A. americana chiefly in the color of the bill (hardly appreciable in 
dried specimens) and in the different proportions. Wing 8.00-8.50, 
culmen 2.20-2.40, greatest width of bill .70-.78. Hab. Europe, with 
portions of Africa and Asia. A. ferina (LinN.). Pochard.! 


1 Anas ferina Linn., 8S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 126. Aythya ferina Borr, Isis, 1822, 564. 


102 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


ae 


b?. Culmen as long as middle toe, without claw, its greatest width not more 
than one-third the length of the culmen; the end much flattened, and 
nail very slightly hooked. (Subgenus Aristonetta Batrp.’) 

Adult male: Head and neck reddish brown, the former blackish on top; 
chest, upper back, lower rump, and upper and under tail-coverts, 
black ; rest of plumage (except quills, etc.) white, the upper parts, 
sides, flanks, and ventral region, finely waved or vermiculated with 
dusky. Adult female: Head, neck, chest, and upper back, raw- 
umber brown, the fore part of the head and fore-neck whitish ; 
scapulars, sides, and flanks similar, but tips of the feathers vermicu- 
lated with whitish. Length about 20.00-23.50, wing 8.75—9.25, 
culmen 2.10-2.50, greatest depth of bill .75-.80. Eggs 2.48 X 1.76, 
pale grayish drab or very pale grayish olive-green. Hab. Whole 
of North America, breeding far northward. 

147. A. vallisneria (WiLs.). Canvas-back. 
a. Culmen shorter than inner toe, with claw; bill wider at end than at base; head 
and neck black in adult males. (Subgenus Fuligula STEPHENS.) 

b', Speculum white, tipped with black. 

ct. Back and scapulars in adult male grayish white irregularly waved or 
zigzagged with black; no pendent crest on occiput. 

d'. Flanks immaculate white. 

e'. Six inner quills with a distinct white space on the inner web. 
Adult male: Head, neck, and chest uniform black, the first 
with a greenish gloss; wing-coverts dusky, “ grizzled” with 
grayish white; bill (in life) pale grayish blue, or bluish 
white, with black nail. Adult male at end of breeding sea- 
son: “Plumage resembling that of the female, but the 
brown on the head and neck is blackish brown, the back is 
more barred with dirty white, the beak is lighter blue, and 
the eyes richer yellow.” (DressEr.) Adult female: Head 
and neck snuff-brown, the former white round base of bill; 
chest, ventral region, and lower tail-coverts pale grayish 
brown, fading into white on belly, etc.; sides and flanks 
deeper brown; upper parts nearly plain brownish dusky, 
the wings much as in the male. Downy young: “ Crown, 
nape, and upper parts uniform dark olive-brown; throat, 
sides of the head, and fore part of the neck, yellowish 
white; a dull grayish band crosses the lower neck, rest of 
the under parts dull yellowish, the flanks grayish yellow.” 
(DressEerR.) Length 18.00-20.00. wing 8.25-8.50 (8.42), 
culmen 1.95-2.05 (2.00), greatest width of bill .90-1.00 


1 Aristonetta Batrp, B. N. Am. 1858, 793. Type, Anas vallisneria Wits. This subgenus, which was unani- 
mously accepted by the A. 0. U. Committee, was accidentally omitted from the Check List. 


AED ERY A. 103 


(.95), least width .70-.85 (.78). Hab. Northern portions of 
Old World, from western Europe to Kamtschatka. 
A. marila (Linn.). Scaup Duck.! 

é. Six inner quills without distinct white spaces on inner webs; 
otherwise not appreciably different from A. marila; length 
18.00-20.00, wing 8.25-9.00 (8.63), culmen 1.85-2.20 (2.03), 
greatest width of bill .85-1.05 (.97), least width .70-.90 
(.79). Eggs 2.54 x 1.71, pale buffy olive-gray. Hab. North 
America in general, breeding far northward; south, in 
winter, to Guatemala. 

148. A. marila nearctica Steyn. American Scaup Duck. 
d’, Flanks vermiculated or zigzagged with blackish. 

é'. Similar to A. marila nearctica (including absence of distinct 
white spaces on six inner quills), but black of head in male 
glossed with purplish instead of green; length 15.00-16.50, 
wing 7.50-8.25 (7.81), culmen 1.58-1.90 (1.75), greatest 
width of bill .80-.95 (.89), least width .60-.78 (.69). Eggs 
2.25 < 1.58, same color as in F. marila nearctica. Hab. 
North America in general, breeding northward ; south, in 
winter, to Guatemala and West Indies. 

149. A. affinis (Eyv.). Lesser Scaup Duck. 

e?, Similar to A. affinis, but six inner quills with a distinct white 
space on inner webs, as in A. marila. Hab. Eastern Asia 
(Japan and southward). 

A. affinis mariloides (Via.). Chinese Scaup Duck.? 

c. Back and scapulars, in adult male, black, sometimes minutely sprinkled 

with whitish; a long, pendent occipital crest. 

Otherwise, in color, much like A. marila ; wing 7.60-8.10, culmen 
1.85-1.90, greatest width of bill .75-.85. Hab. Northern parts 
of Old World, from western Europe to Kamtschatka. 

A. fuligula (Linn.). Crested Scaup Duck. 
b?. Speculum bluish gray. 

Adult male : Head, neck, chest, under tail-coverts, and upper parts black, the 
head with a violet-purple gloss, and middle of neck with a more or less 
distinct collar of chestnut ; chin with a triangular white spot; bill trans- 
versely banded with black, grayish white, and plumbeous. Adult female :* 


1 Anas marila Linn., Faun. Suec. 2d ed. 1761, 39. Aythya marila Born, Isis, 1822, 564. 

2 Fuligula mariloides Vie., Zool. Blossom, 1839, 31 (in text). Aythya affinis mariloides StesN., Orn. Exp!. 
Kamts. 1885, 161. 

3 Anas fuligula Lryn., 8. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 128. Aythya fuligula Sres., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No, 2°, 
1885, 160. 

4 The female of this species resembles very closely in coloration that of the Red-head (A. americana), but 
may be readily distinguished by the very different proportions, the average measurements of the two being 
about as follows : 

A. americana. Wing 8.50, culmen 1.90, greatest width of bill .85, least width .75, tarsus 1.60, middle toe 
2.30. 

A. collaris. Wing 7.50, culmen 1.80, greatest width of bill .85, least width .65, tarsus 1.35, middle toe 2.00. 


104 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Top of head and back of neck dark brown, rest of head and neck paler, 
becoming nearly or quite white anteriorly and on throat; chest, sides, 
and flanks deep fulvous brown; breast and belly white; upper parts 
nearly uniform dull dark brown, the speculum bluish gray, as in the 
male. Downy young: Above grayish brown, relieved by seven spots of 
light buff, as follows: A small spot in middle of upper back, a large 
patch on each side of back, another on each side of rump, and a bar 
across hinder border of each wing; top of head and hind-neck deep 
grayish brown; rest of head and neck, including forehead, with lower 
parts, light dingy buff, the flanks crossed by a brown transverse patch ; 
side of head without any markings, except a spot of grayish brown on 
ear-coverts. Length 15.50-18.00, culmen 1.75-2.00, tarsus 1.30-1.45, 
middle toe 2.00-2.15. Hggs 2.23 * 1.57, same color as in nearctica and 
afinis. Hab. North America in general, breeding northward ; south, in 
winter, to Guatemala and West Indies. 

150. A. collaris (Donoy.). Ring-necked Duck. 


Genus GLAUCIONETTA Sresnecer. (Page 85, pl. XXIV., fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracrers.—Adult males with head and upper neck black, glossed 


with green, blue, or violet, and relieved by a white patch between bill and eye; 
upper parts pied black and white, lower parts entirely white, the flanks streaked 
with black. Females with head and upper neck brown, chest and part of upper 
surface grayish, collar round neck and most of lower parts white; wing dusky, 
with white on wing-coverts and secondaries. Young males similar to adult females, 
but white loral spot of adult more or less distinctly indicated, and gray of chest ° 
less extensive (Sometimes quite obsolete). Male in post-nuptial plumage: Similar to 
young male, but wing-coverts more continuously white. 


a’. Height of upper mandible at base, measured from point of frontal angle to 


nearest point on cutting-edge, less than distance from anterior edge of loral 
feathering to anterior end of nostril, and usually little if any greater than 
distance from latter point to tip of upper mandible. Adult male: Head and 
upper neck glossy greenish black, with a large roundish or oval spot of 
white on lower part of lores; white wing-patch uninterrupted by black 
bands or bars. Adult female: Brown of head (usually deep hair-brown or 
grayish umber) reaching down only to upper part of neck, and not so far in 
front as elsewhere; gray of chest narrower, usually less deep, and white 
collar broader; greater wing-coverts usually without distinct blackish tips; 
nail of bill not more than .20 wide. Downy young: Upper parts, including 
upper half of head, to below eyes, broad band across chest, sides, and thighs, 
uniform deep sooty brown, lighter and more grayish on chest, the upper 
parts varied by about eight white spots; chin, throat, and cheeks pure 
white, in abrupt and decided contrast with the circumjacent brown; remain- 
ing lower parts (except chest) grayish white. 


GLAUCIONETTA. 105 


b. Smaller, with relatively smaller bill. Male: Length about 18.00, wing 
8.00-9.00° (8.52), bill from tip to extremity of frontal angle 1.65-1.80 
(1.73), depth of bill at base .95-1.05 (.99), width .70-.75 (.74), width of 
nail .18-.20, tarsus 1.30-1.55 (1.43), middle toe 2.15-2.30 (2.22). Female: 
Wing 7.40-8.00 (7.72), bill from tip to frontal angle 1.40-1.60 (1.50), 
depth at base .75-.85 (.81), width .60-.68 (.65), width of nail .18, tarsus 
1.10-1.45 (1.32), middle toe 1.80-2.45 (2.05). Hab. Northern portions of 
eastern hemisphere. 

G. clangula (Linn.). Golden-eye.! 

&. Larger, with relatively larger bill. Male: Length 18.50-23.00, wing 9.00- 
9.30 (9.18), bill from tip to extremity of frontal angle 1.85-2.05 (1.95), 
depth at base 1.00-1.10 (1.03), width .82-.85 (.84), width of nail .25, 
tarsus 1.50-1.60 (1.57), middle toe 2.40-2.60 (2.45). Female: Length 
about 16.50, wing 7.90-8.30 (8.14), bill from tip to frontal angle 1.60- 
1.75 (1.64), depth at base .85-.90 (.89), width .70, width of nail .20, tarsus 
1.40-1.48 (1.44), middle toe 2.05-2.20 (2.12). Hggs 2.38 < 1.71, dull light 
pea-green, occasionally ranging to dull pale olive-buffy. Hab. North 
America generally, breeding from Maine and Canada northward ; in 
winter, south to Cuba and Mexico. 

151. G. clangula americana (Bonap.). American Golden-eye. 
a’, Height of upper mandible at base, measured from extremity of frontal angle to 
nearest point on cutting-edge, equal to distance from anterior point of loral 
feathering to anterior end of nostril, and much greater than from latter point 
to tip of upper mandible. 
Adult male: Head and upper neck glossy blue-black, with a large vertical 
wedge-shaped patch of white across lores; white wing-patch crossed by 
a broad bar or band of black; length 21.00-23.00, wing 9.00-9.40 (9.17), 
bill from tip to frontal angle 1.65-1.80 (1.75), depth at base .95-1.10 
(1.03), width .75-.85 (.81), width of nail .35, tarsus 1.50-1.60 (1.57), 
middle toe 2.45-2.50 (2.47). Adult female : Brown of head (usually a 
deep sepia or purplish snuff-brown), descending to middle of neck, all 
round; gray of chest broader, and usually deeper, and white collar nar- 
rower, than in same sex of G. clangula; greater wing-coverts always (?) 
distinctly tipped with blackish; nail of bill not less than .23 wide; wing 
8.25-8.75 (8.46), bill from tip to frontal angle 1.40-1.70 (1.56), depth at 
base .80-.95 (.88), width .70-.80 (.73), width of nail .23-.30 (.26), tarsus 
1.30-1.60 (1.46), middle toe 2.10-2.25 (2.19). Eggs 2.47 1.77, dull pea- 
green or pale grayish pea-green. Hab. Northern North America, breed- 
ing from Gulf of St. Lawrence and Rocky Mountains of Colorado north- 
ward; Greenland; Iceland; south, in winter, to New York, Illinois, 
Utah, ete.; accidental or occasional in Europe. 
152. G. islandica (GueL.). Barrow’s Golden-eye. 


1 Anas clangula Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 125. Glaucionetta clangula STEIN., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, vii. 
1885, 409. 
14 


106 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus CHARITONETTA Sresnecer. (Page 85, pl. XXIV., fig. 5.) 
Species. 

Adult male: Head and upper neck rich silky dark metallic green, bronze, and 
violet-purple, with a large patch of pure white extending from behind the eye to 
and across the occiput; lower neck, lower parts, wing-coverts, secondaries, and 
outer scapulars, pure white; upper parts, except as described, black ; length 14.25—- 
15.25, wing 6.75-6.90, culmen 1.10-1.15. Adult female : Head, neck, and upper parts 
generally dusky grayish brown; a spot on ear-coverts, inner secondaries, and some- 
times a portion of the greater wing-coverts, white; lower parts white, tinged an- 
teriorly, laterally, and posteriorly with brownish gray; length 12.25-13.50, wing 
5.90-6.00, culmen .95-1.00. Eggs 1.98 x 1.46, dull light buff. Hab. Whole of North 
America, breeding northward.........seseseeeree 153. C. albeola (Linn.). Buffle-head. 


Genus CLANGULA Leacu. (Page 86, pl. XXV., fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Adult male in winter: Sides of head light smoke-gray, the eyelids and rest of 
head and neck, upper part of chest, and upper back, white; a dusky patch on each 
side of neck; breast and most of upper parts black, the scapulars pale pearl-gray or 
grayish white; lower parts white, the sides tinged with pearl-gray. Adult male in 
summer: Fore part of head pale grayish; eyelids and space behind eye white; rest 
of head and neck, with upper parts generally, sooty blackish or dark sooty brown, 
the upper back varied with fulvous, and scapulars edged with same; breast and 
upper belly dark sooty grayish, remaining lower parts white, shaded on sides with 
pale pearl-gray. Adult female in winter: Head, neck, and lower parts chiefly 
white; top of head dusky; chest grayish; upper parts dusky brown, the scapulars 
bordered with light brownish, sometimes tipped with grayish. Adult female in sum- 
mer: Head and neck dark grayish brown, with a whitish space surrounding the eye, 
and another on each side of neck; otherwise much as in winter plumage, but scapu- 
lars chiefly light brown or fulvous, with dusky centres. Young: Similar to winter 
female, but much more uniform above, with scarcely any lighter borders to scapulars, 
the head and neck light brownish gray, darker on crown, and whitish before and 
behind eye. Downy young: Above dark hair-brown, relieved only by a few grayish 
white markings on side of head, about eye, beneath which is a distinct dusky stripe 
running from the corner of the mouth to the hind-head; lower parts white, inter- 
“ rupted by a dark brown band across chest. Length (of male) 20.75-23.00, wing 
8.50-9.00, middle tail-feathers 8.00-8.50, culmen 1.10; the female smaller (about 
15.00-16.00 long), with middle tail-feathers not conspicuously lengthened. Eggs 
2.05 < 1.49, pale dull grayish pea-green, varying to dull light olive-buff. Hab, 
Northern portion of northern hemisphere; in America, south, in winter. to nearly 
across the United States...........2..-00<:<c0sse 154. C. hyemalis (Liyn.). Old-squaw. 


HISTRIONICUS. 107 


Genus HISTRIONICUS Lesson. (Page 86, pl. XXV., fig. 3.) 


Species. 

Adult male in winter: Lores and broad stripe on each side of crown, spot over 
ears, short stripe down each side of hind-neck, narrow collar round lower neck, 
broad bar across each side of breast, middle portion (longitudinally) of outer scap- 
ulars, greater part of tertials, spot near tip of greater wing-coverts, and spot at 
each side of base of tail, white; broad stripe along each side of crown, together 
with entire sides and flanks, bright rufous; rest of plumage chiefly bluish plum- 
beous, deepening into blackish along the margins of the white markings; speculum 
dark metallic violet-blue. Adult male in summer: Colors very much duller than in 
the winter plumage, the pattern of which is imperfectly indicated ; speculum dull 
dusky brownish gray with little metallic gloss; lower parts grayish white, spotted 
with grayish brown, the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts nearly uniform gray- 
ish brown. Adult female: Much like the summer male, but the head, neck, and 
chest grayish brown, with a distinct white spot on the ear-covert region, and the 
fore part of the head (laterally) inclining to white. Young: Similar to the adult 
female, but browner and more uniform above, the chest, flanks, and under tail- 
coverts decidedly brownish. Length 15.00-17.50, wing 7.40-8.00, culmen 1.05-1.10. 
Eggs 2.30 * 1.62, buffy white or pale buff? (Identification doubtful.) Hab. North- 
ern portion of northern hemisphere; in America, south, in winter, to Middle States, 
Ohio Valley, and coast of California, breeding south to Newfoundland, northern 
Rocky Mountains, and the Sierra Nevada, as far as lat. 38°. 

155. H. histrionicus (Linn.). Harlequin Duck. 


Grnus CAMPTOLAIMUS Gray. (Page 86, pl. XXV., fig. 2.) 


Species. 

Adult male: Head, neck, chest, scapulars, and wings (except quills) white; 
rest of plumage, including stripe on top of head and broad ring round neck, deep 
black; stiffened feathers of cheeks brownish white. Adult female: Uniform brown- 
ish gray, the wings more plumbeous; tertials silvery gray, edged with blackish ; 
secondaries white, primaries dusky. Young male: Similar to the adult female, but 
chin and throat white, and white chest of adult male strongly indicated ; greater 
wing-coverts white. Length about 18.00-23.75, wing 8.50-8.90, culmen 1.60-1.70, 
tarsus 1.50-1.60, middle toe 2.25-2.40. Hab. Formerly, northern Atlantic coast of 
North America, south, in winter, to Long Island, New Jersey, and the Great Lakes. 
Believed to be now nearly if not quite extinct. 

156. C. labradorius (Gmet.). Labrador Duck. 


Genus ENICONETTA Gray. (Page 86, pl. XXV., fig. 5.) 


Species. 
Adult male : Head and upper neck satiny white, the stiffened feathers of lores 
and short occipital tuft olive-green; space round eyes, chin, throat, lower neck (all 


108 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


round), middle of back, scapulars, tertials and secondaries glossy blue-black ; scapu- 
lars striped with satiny white, and tertials with inner webs wholly of this color ; 
all the wing-coverts, anterior scapulars, and sides of back, pure white; speculum 
rich dark violet or violet-blue, tipped with white; lower parts deep tawny, becom- 
ing dusky or blackish on belly and fading into a more buffy or ochreous tint on 
chest, sides, and flanks. Adult female: Above dusky and fulvous, the former pre- 
vailing ; head and neck light brownish, speckled with dusky ; chest and breast light 
rusty brown, irregularly spotted or barred with dusky ; belly uniform sooty brown ; 
wing-coverts dusky, tipped with brownish gray ; faleate tertials mostly dusky, and 
speculum much less brilliant than in the male. Young: Similar to adult female, 
but tertials much less faleate, and speculum dull dusky, with little if any metallic 
lustre. Length 16.00-18.00, wing 8.00-8.50, culmen 140-145. Eggs 2.30 x 1.62, 
varying from pale olive-buff to pale grayish olive-green or pale dull pea-green. 
Hab. Arctic and subarctic coasts of northern hemisphere ; Aleutian Islands, east to 
Unalashka, Kadiak, and Fort Kenai on the Alaskan coast. 

157. E. stelleri (PALL.). Steller’s Duck. 


Genus ARCTONETTA Gray. (Page 87, pl. XXVLI, fig. 1.) 
Species. 

Adult male in winter: Satiny “pad” encircling eye, dull white, bordered ante- 
riorly and posteriorly by a vertical black line; lores and forehead covered by a 
“cushion” of stiffened feathers (like the “ pile” of velvet plush), whitish anteriorly, 
shading into olive-green and this into light greenish buff; crown and occiput cov- 
ered by a cowl or hood of pendent, stiffened, hair-like feathers of a light olive- 
green color; a broad stripe of darker green beneath the eye; rest of head and neck 
white ; lower parts, rump, etc., plain plumbeous drab, or dark smoky gray; entire 
back, scapulars, wing-coverts (except greater), falcate tertials, and patch on each 
side of rump, yellowish white; bill orange (in life). Adult female: Above barred 
with light fulvous and black; lower parts similar, the abdomen, however, plain 
grayish brown; head and neck light grayish buff, finely streaked with dusky, the 
throat, however, nearly immaculate; wings grayish brown, the greater coverts 
and secondaries indistinctly tipped with whitish. Length about 21.50, wing 10.00, 
culmen 1.00. Eggs 2.57 x 1.77, pale olive-buff, varying to pale grayish olive-green 
or pea-green. Hab. Coast of Alaska, from Norton Sound to Point Barrow. 

158. A. fischeri (Branpr). Spectacled Eider. 


Genus SOMATERIA Lracu. (Page 87, pl. XXV., fig. 6; pl. XXVI., fig. 3.) 


Species. 

Common Cuaracters.—Adult males with the plumage pied black and white 
(the lower parts chiefly black, the upper surface mostly white), the breast more 
buff or cream-colored, the head varied with light green, black, ete. Females and 
young with the plumage barred with dusky and pale fulvous or rusty, the head and 


SOMATERIA. 109 


neck streaked with the same. Length about 20.00-26.00. Eggs pale olive-buff, pale 
dull olive-green or grayish pea-green. 


a’, Anterior point of feathering on forehead reaching only about half-way from the 
point of the naked angle on side of forehead to nostril ; feathering of lores 
extending forward to at least beneath the posterior end of the nostril; 
adult males with scapulars and tertials white, the top of head chiefly black. 
(Subgenus Somateria.) 

b'. Distance from anterior point of loral feathering to extremity of naked angle 
on side of forehead, usually greater than from same point to tip of upper 
mandible ; adult male without any black on throat. 

c’, Adult male with angle on side of forehead narrow and pointed; black 
of head bordered beneath by pure white, except at posterior 
extremity only. 

a’, Adult male with bill dull grayish olive in life, the breast deeper, 
more vinaceous, buff, the tertials less falcate; bill from poste- 
rior end of nostril 1.65, angle from anterior extremity of loral 
feathering to extreme point 1.46, depth of upper mandible (at 
frontal apex) .92. Adult female with bill much heavier than in 
the next, with nail larger and more strongly hooked ; bill from 
posterior border of nostrils 1.47-1.53, angle 1.38-1.43, depth of 
upper mandible .80-.90. Hab. Northern Europe. 

S. mollissima (Linn.). Eider.! 

d’, Adult male with bill orange-yellowish in life, the breast paler buff, 
the tertials more strongly falcate; bill from posterior end of 
nostril not more than 1.55, angle 1.38-1.52, its width across 
middle not more than .30, depth of upper mandible .90-1.03. 
Adult female: Bill from nostril 1.30-1.50, angle 1.20-1.40, depth 
of upper mandible 0.78-0.95. Downy young: Above grayish 
brown, fading gradually into paler grayish on lower parts, the 
abdomen inclining to grayish white; chin and a broad super- 
ciliary stripe pale brownish, in strong contrast with a dark 
brown stripe on side of head. Eggs 2.97 «1.97. Hab. Eastern 
Arctic America, including Greenland ; south to northern Lab- 
rador in summer and to northern border of United States in 
winter. 

159. S. mollissima borealis (BREHM). Greenland Eider.’ 

ce, Adult male with angle on side of forehead broad and rounded ; black, of 
head bordered beneath by pale green for nearly its entire length. 

Bill from posterior end of nostril 1.35-1.48, angle from anterior 

extremity of loral feathering 1.75-2.00, its width across middle 


1 For references, see No. 159, A. 0. U. Check List: the American bird proves to be not the true S. mollissima, 
however, but a fairly distinguishable race, characterized as above. 

2 Platypus borealis C. L. Breum, Lehrb. Europ. Vég. 1824, 813. Somateria mollissima borealis A. E. BREEM, 
Verz. Samml. Eur. Vég. 1866, 14. 


110 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


not less than .45, depth of upper mandible at frontal apex 
1.00-1.28. Adult female: Bill from posterior end of nostril 1.32, 
angle 1.87 (width .22), depth of upper mandible .78. Eggs 2.97 
<< 2.01. Hab. Atlantic coast of North America, from Maine to 
Newfoundland and southern Labrador; south, in winter, to the 
Delaware and the Great Lakes. 
160. S. dresseri SHARPE. American Eider. 
b?, Distance from anterior extremity of loral feathering to extremity of naked 
angle on side of forehead, less than distance from same point to tip of 
upper mandible; adult male with a V-shaped mark of black on throat. 
Plumage otherwise essentially as in S. mollissima and S. dresseri ; bill 
of adult male bright orange or orange-red in life, with paler tip. 
Male: Wing 11.75-12.75, culmen 1.80-2.20, length of bill to point 
of basal angle 2.50-3.10, greatest width of angle .20-.30, tarsus 2.00- 
2.30. Female: Wing 11.50-12.50, length of bill to point of basal 
angle 2.50-2.65. Eggs 2.96 x 1.96. Hab. Northwestern America, 
east to Great Slave Lake; northeastern Asia. 
161. S. v-nigra Gray. Pacific Eider. 
a’, Anterior point of feathering on forehead reaching as far forward as posterior 
end of nostril, the loral feathering extending only about half as far. Adult 
male with scapulars and tertials black, the top of the head light bluish gray ; 
lateral base of upper mandible, in adult male, enlarged into a very conspicu- 
ous broad lobe, the width of which at widest part exceeds the depth of upper 
mandible at anterior end of nostril. (Subgenus Hrionetta CovuEs.) 

Adult male with a V-shaped mark of black on throat, as in S. v-nigra. Fe- 
male and young hardly different in plumage from other species, but very 
readily distinguishable by different outline of feathering at base of upper 
mandible, as pointed out above. Wing 19.50-11.25, bill to end of basal 
lobe 1.20-1.30 in male, about 2.00 in female, tarsus 1.80-1.86. Eggs 2.77 
1.83. Hab. Northern portions of northern hemisphere; south, in 
winter, to New Jersey and the Great Lakes. 

162. S. spectabilis (Linn.). King Eider. 


Genus OIDEMIA Ftemina. (Page 86, pl. XX VIL, figs. 1-4.) 


Species. 

Common CuHaracters.—Adult males uniform black, with or without white 
speculum, and with or without white patches on head; bill brightly colored in life 
with tints of yellow, orange, or red, but partly black. Adult females plain brown- 
ish, lighter and more grayish beneath, the white head-markings of the male (if 
any) indistinctly indicated. 


wv. Length of commissure much less than inner toe, without claw; adult males 
entirely uniform black; bill of adult male much swollen on top at base ; 
distance from anterior end of nostril to nearest feathers of forehead greater 
than distance from same point to tip of bill. (Subgenus Ocdemia.) 


OIDEMIA. 111 


6. Nail of bill much flattened, scarcely hooked at tip. Adult male: Bill black, 
with a yellow or orange spot on culmen immediately in front of the 
basal knob. Adult female: Above sooty brown, beneath paler, inclining 
to light grayish brown on breast and belly; bill wholly dusky, the basal 
half of the culmen level, or scarcely if at all elevated at base. Wing 
8.00-9.20, culmen 1.90, depth of upper mandible at base .98-1.00 in male, 
.50 in female, tarsus 1.50-1.60. Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemi- 
sphere. 

O. nigra (Linn.). European Scoter.! 

6’. Nail of bill distinctly arched, and decidedly hooked at tip. Adult male: 
Basal half of upper mandible, including whole of knob, yellow or 
orange; rest, including entire edge, black. Adult female: Above dusky 
grayish brown, the feathers of dorsal region with paler tips; lower 
parts paler grayish brown, the lighter tips broader, though want- 
ing on the posterior portions; lateral and under-parts of head nearly 
uniform light grayish brown, in decided contrast with dark brown of 
pileum and nape; bill uniform blackish. Young: Much like adult 
female, but lighter beneath, where indistinctly barred (mostly beneath 
the surface) with grayish brown. Length 17.00-21.50, wing 8.75-9.50, 
culmen 1.65-1.80, depth of upper mandible at base .85-.95 in male, .70 
in female, tarsus 1.65-2.00. Hggs 2.55 x 1.80, pale dull buff or pale 
brownish buff. Hab. North America, breeding northward; in winter, 
south to New Jersey, the Great Lakes, and California. 

163. O. americana Sw. & Ricu. American Scoter. 
a. Length of commissure much more than length of inner toe without claw. 

b'. Feathering of head advancing nearly or quite as far on lores as on fore- 
head; sides of upper mandible at lower portion of base sunken; wing 
with a white speculum. (Subgenus Melanitta Bot.) 

cl. Loral feathers separated from nostril by a space nearly or quite 
equal to length of nostril; male with lower part of swollen basal 
portion of upper mandible, on sides, unfeathered; sides of bill 
orange-yellow in life; basal portion of culmen elevated but not 
forming an abrupt knob; plumage uniform black, or brownish 
black, relieved by a white wing-speculum and a white patch be- 
neath and behind eye. Adult female: Sooty grayish, or dusky 
grayish brown, darker above; wing with a white speculum, but no 
white on head; bill wholly dusky. Downy young: ‘“ Crown, nape, 
hind-neck, and sides of the head to a line from the base of the 
lower mandible deep brown; a small white spot below the eye; 
upper parts uniform dark brown with an olivaceous tinge; a small 
white patch of down on the wings; under-parts white, the upper 
breast crossed by a dull brown band.” (Dresser.) Length about 
21.00, wing 10.65-11.40, culmen 1.40-1.70, depth of upper mandible 


1 Anas nigra Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 123. Oidemia nigra Fuem., Brit. Anim. 1828, 119. 


bo 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


at base 1.10-1.30, tarsus 1.80-2.10. Eggs 2.87 x 1.92, pale cream- 
color. Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere; accidental in 
Greenlandee-cscanctacatee sere 164. O. fusca (Liny.). Velvet Scoter. 

c. Loral feathering separated from nostrils by a space much narrower 
than length of nostril; male with swollen lateral base of upper 
mandible entirely feathered, the sides of bill bright red or orange- 
red in life. 

@. Width of bill at widest part equal to or greater than distance 
from nostril to tip, the lateral outlines strongly convex; knob 
with anterior outline sloping backward; distance from frontal 
feathering to where outline of knob begins to incline down- 
ward not more than .45; sides of bill, in life, orange-red ; 
plumage as in O. fusca. Length 19.75-23.00, wing 10.65-11.40, 
culmen 1.40-1.70, depth of upper mandible at base 1.10-1.30, 
tarsus 1.80-2.10. Eggs 2.68 x 1.83, pale dull buff, varying to 
cream-color. Hab. Northern North America; south, in winter, 
to Chesapeake Bay, the Great Lakes, and southern California. 

165. O. deglandi Bonap. White-winged Scoter. 

@. Width of bill at widest part less than distance from nostril to tip, 
the lateral outlines nearly parallel; knob of male with anterior 
outline decidedly concave, the top forming a more or less con- 
spicuous projection; distance from frontal feathers along top 
of knob to anterior extremity not less than .55; sides of bill 
bright red in life; plumage as in O. fusca and O. deglandi, but 
black usually much more intense. Hab. Northeastern Asia 
(Kamtschatka to Japan). 

O. stejnegeri Ripcw. Kamtschatkan Scoter.! 

6. Feathering of head advancing much farther forward on forehead than on 

lores; sides of bill at base with swollen portion entirely naked; wing 
without white speculum. (Subgenus Pelionetta Kaur.) 

Adult male: Uniform deep black, the lower parts more sooty ; a patch 
on forehead and another on hind-neck, pure white (one or the other 
of them occasionally absent); bill reddish in life, the swollen base, 
on each side, marked with a conspicuous large spot of jet-black ; 
length about 20.00-22.00, wing 9.25-9.75, culmen 1.30-1.60, tarsus 
1.55-1.85. Adult female: Top of head and hind-neck dusky; rest 
of head grayish brown, usually with an indistinct whitish patch 
near corner of mouth; upper parts dusky, the feathers sometimes 
with paler tips; lower parts grayish brown, paler on belly, the 
feathers of breast and sides tipped with dull whitish; bill wholly 
dusky, scarcely swollen at base; length about 18.00-19.00. Young : 
Similar to adult female, but side of head with two quite distinct 
whitish patches, one near base of bill, the other over ears; color of 


1 New species. (=O. deglandii Srrsy., Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 174.) 


ERISMATURA. 113 


upper parts more uniform, and plumage everywhere of softer 
texture. Eygs 2.47 X 1.70, pale buff, or pale creamy buff. Hab. 
North America in general, breeding far northward; south, in winter, 
to Jamaica, the Carolinas, Ohio River, and Lower California ; acci- 
dental in Europe. ...... 166. O. perspicillata (Linn.). Surf Scoter. 


Genus ERISMATURA Bonaparte. (Page 87, pl. XXVL, fig. 4.) 
Species. 

Common Cnaracters (of American species)—Adult males with upper parts 
uniform rich reddish chestnut; head partly or entirely black, the bill fine light 
blue in life. Females and young, dull grayish brown above, finely mottled (some- 
times indistinctly barred) with paler; sides of head dull whitish, crossed by a 
longitudinal dusky bar or band. 


a, Width of bill near end .90-.95. 

Adult male: Above, including neck, bright reddish chestnut; top of head 
black; entire side of head, below eyes, white; lower parts, from chest back, 
whitish (the feathers dark brownish gray immediately beneath the sur- 
face, and this sometimes completely exposed by wearing away of the 
light-colored tips), sometimes overlaid by a bright rusty wash or stain. 
Adult female and young male: Above grayish brown, finely mottled and 
sometimes indistinctly barred with grayish buff; top of head darker ; 
rest of head grayish white, crossed longitudinally by a stripe of mottled 
brownish, from corner of mouth to ear-coverts; neck pale brownish 
gray, lower parts dull whitish (on surface). Downy young: Above dark 
smoky brown, darker on head; a whitish spot on each side of back; be- 
low eye, from bill to occiput, a stripe of brownish white, and beneath 
this a narrower one of dusky brown, confluent with the brown of the 
nape; beneath, grayish white, shading into sooty brown on chest. 
Length about 13.50-16.00, wing 5.75-6.00, culmen about 1.50-1.60. 
Eggs 2.42 < 1.80, oval or ovoid, white or pale buffy, with finely but dis- 
tinctly granulated surface. Hab. Temperate North America, south to 
New Granada and West Indies. 

167. E. rubida (Wits.). Ruddy Duck. 
a’, Width of bill near end only .70-.85. 

Adult male: Head and neck (except lower half of latter in front) uniform 
black ; rest of plumage essentially as in corresponding stage of 2. rubida. 
Adult female: Similar to same sex of EF. rubida, but darker and very dis- 
tinctly barred on the sides and upper parts with light fulvous or buffy. 
Hab. Southern South America. 

E. ferruginea Eyton. Ferruginous Duck.! 


1 Erismatura ferruginea Eyton, Mon. Anat. 1838, 170. 
15 


114 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus NOMONYX Riveway. (Page 87, pl. XXVL, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Fore-part and top of head, black; rest of head, with neck, dark 
rusty cinnamon; back and sides rusty, striped with black; belly, etc. yellowish 
rusty, the feathers occasionally showing dusky centres; wings brown, with a con- 
spicuous white speculum on greater coverts. Immature (?) male : Top of head, two 
stripes on side of head, and general color of upper parts, dull black ; spaces between 
head-stripes, also cheeks and chin, dull white; neck and chest rusty chestnut, 
sometimes with a purplish tinge ; rest of lower parts dull ochraceous, the feathers 
with concealed dusky central spots ; middle and greater wing-coverts, basal portion 
of secondaries, and whole of axillars, white; back and scapulars varied with bars 
and borders of rusty. Adult female: Similar to the preceding, but black less intense 
and more broken, the rusty paler (sometimes replaced by ochraceous) and spotted 
with black; belly dull ochraceous white, and wing-speculum smaller. Length 
about 12.00-14.50, wing about 5.50-5.75, tail 3.50-4.50, culmen 1.30-1.37. Hab. 
Tropical America in general, including the West Indies; accidental in the eastern 
United States (Lake Champlain, New York, and Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin). 

125. N. dominicus (Linn.). Masked Duck. 


Genus CHEN Bors. (Page 87, pl. XXVIII, figs. 1, 2.) 


Species. 


Common CHaAracters.—Adult with whole head and at least part of the neck 
white! (in two of the three species the plumage entirely white, except quills, which 
are blackish); the bill dull purplish red (in life), with whitish nail, and feet pur- 
plish red. Young with head and neck grayish, the rest of the plumage either 
chiefly grayish brown or else striped with grayish on a whitish ground ; bill and 
feet dusky. 


a’. Bill very robust, the commissure widely gaping, and enclosing a broad blackish 
space, extending from the corner of the mouth nearly to the tip of the bill; 
feathering at base of upper mandible, along each side, having a very convex 
outline; culmen 1.95 or more. 

b.. Plumage chiefly grayish brown, the rump (usually) and wing-coverts bluish 
gray. 

Adult: Head and part of neck, and sometimes rump and part of lower 
surface, white; greater wing-coverts and secondaries (including 
tertials) edged with white. Young: Similar to adult, but head and 
neck uniform deep grayish brown, only the chin being white. 
Length 26.50-30.00, wing 15.00-17.00, culmen 2.10-2.30, tarsus 3.00- 


1 In some specimens the head more or less stained with bright rusty, or orange-rufous, from contact with 
ferruginous matter. 


ANSER. 115 


3.30, middle toe 2.15-2.50. Hab. Interior of North America, east of 
Rocky Mountains, breeding on the eastern shores of Hudson’s Bay ; 
migrating south, in winter, through Mississippi Valley to the Gulf 
coast; occasional on Atlantic coast. 
169.1. C. czerulescens (Lrnn.). Blue Goose.' 
b?. Plumage of adult entirely white, except primaries and their coverts; young 
grayish white, the upper parts striped with dusky grayish. 

Adult : Uniform pure white, the head often stained with rusty; pri 
maries black, becoming grayish basally, their coverts, and the 
alule, ash-gray. Young: Head, neck, and upper parts pale grayish, 
the feathers of the latter with whitish edges and (especially wing- 
coverts and tertials) striped medially with darker; rump, upper 
tail-coverts, tail, and lower parts plain white. 

c. Length about 23.00-28.00, wing 14.50-17.00 (16.36), culmen 1.95- 

2.30 (2.15), tarsus 2.80-3.25 (3.01), middle toe 2.00-2.50 (2.34). 
Eggs 3.13 X 2.12. Hab. Western North America, breeding in 
Alaska; migrating south, in winter, to southern California and 
Gulf of Mexico; northeastern Asia. 

169. C. hyperborea (PALL.). Lesser Snow Goose. 

ce. Length about 30.00-38.00, wing 17.35-17.50 (17.42), culmen 2,55- 

2.70 (2.63), tarsus 3.15-3.50 (3.28), middle toe 2.60-2.80 (2.70). 
Hab. Eastern North America; breeding in northern Greenland, 
and probably arctic regions east of Mackenzie River; United 
States (Mississippi Valley to Atlantic coast) only during migra- 
tions and in winter. 
169a. C. hyperborea nivalis (Forsr.). Greater Snow Goose. 
«, Bill comparatively weak, the commissure not gaping, and not enclosing a dis- 
tinct blackish space; feathering at base of upper mandible, along each side, 
forming a nearly straight, oblique line ; culmen 1.70 or less. 

Adult with basal portion of upper mandible often wrinkled and warty ; 
plumage, at all ages, as in C. hyperborea, but young rather lighter in 
color, with the darker stripes of upper parts less strongly contrasted ; 
length 20.00-26.00, wing 13.75-15.50, culmen 1.50-1.70, tarsus 2.30-3.00, 
middle toe 1.80-2.05. Hab. Interior of Arctic America in summer; mi- 
grating south, in winter, to southern California, and eastward to Mon- 
LAT cies oaoccicemees ve saslecistjesiesss 170. C. rossii (BarrD). Ross’s Snow Goose. 


Genus ANSER Brisson. (Page 87, pl. XXVIIL., fig. 3.) 


Species. 
Common CnHaracters.—Plumage brownish, the feathers of back, ete., with 
lighter tips; lower parts pale brownish gray or grayish white, becoming pure 
white on under tail-coverts ; upper tail-coverts white ; tail dusky, tipped with white. 


1 References given on page 351 (“‘ Hypothetical List”) of the A. 0. U. Check List. It is, however, beyond 
question a good species. 


116 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


a. Culmen not more than 2.30, tarsus less than 3.00. 

Adult: Fore part of head, all round, to about half way across lores and 
forehead, white; rest of head grayish brown (darkest next the white), 
as are also the neck and upper parts, the latter varied by distinct gray- 
ish tips to the feathers; lower parts grayish white, blotched or irregu- 
larly spotted with black; anal region, crissum, and tail-coverts white; 
greater wing-coverts ash-gray tipped with white; secondaries blackish 
edged with white; bill light colored (yellowish or orange in life), with 
white nail; feet light-colored (orange or reddish in life). Young: 
Similar to adult, but fore-part of head dusky instead of white, lower 
parts without black markings, and nail of bill dusky. 

6. Length about 28.00, wing 14.75-16.00, culmen 1.60-1.75, depth of upper 

mandible at base about .90, width .85-1.05, tarsus 2.25-2.80. Hgqs 
3.06 < 2.03. Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere ; south- 
eastern Greenland?. 171. A. albifrons (GMmEL.). White-fronted Goose. 

b, Length 27.00-30.00, wing 14.25-17.50, culmen 1.80-2.35, depth of upper 

mandible at base .90-1.20, width .85-1.05, tarsus 2.60-3.20. Eggs 
3.16 x 2.07. Hab. North America, breeding far northward; in 
winter, south to Mexico and Cuba..... 171la. A. albifrons gambeli 
(Harru.). American White-fronted Goose. 
a. Culmen more than 2.30, tarsus more than 3.00. 

Adult: Head and neck grayish brown; upper parts brownish gray, the 
feathers tipped with grayish white; rump blackish brown, lower parts 
brownish gray, becoming white posteriorly, the upper tail-coverts and 
sides of rump also white; bill chiefly light-colored (orange in life ?), the 
nail, culmen, and basal half of lower mandible black; feet light-colored 
(orange-yellowish in life); length about 30.00-32.00, wing 18.50, or less, 
culmen 2.35, tarsus 3.10. Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemi- 
sphere; said to have occurred in Canada and at Hudson’s Bay (ide 
NUTTALL). A. segetum (GMEL.). Bean Goose.! 


Genus BRANTA Socoporr. (Page 87, pl. XXVIII, fig. 5.) 


Species. 


Common CHARACTERS.—Bill and feet entirely deep black, at all ages; head and 
neck black, one or the other, or both, relieved by white patches; tail-coverts 
white; tail and quills uniform black; upper parts brownish, the feathers with 
lighter tips; lower parts (from thighs forward) grayish white (in B. leucopsis only). 
grayish, brownish, or dusky. 


a’. Head partly white. 
b.. Head black, with a somewhat triangular whitish patch on each cheek, 
usually confiuent on throat, but sometimes separated by a black throat- 
stripe; chest grayish or brownish, like breast and belly. 


1 Anas segetum GMEL., S. N. 1. 1788, 512. Anser segetum Meyer, Taschb. ii. 1810, 554. 


BRANTA. 117 


cl. Lower parts light brownish gray, fading gradually into white on anal 
region; white cheek-patches usually confluent on throat; white collar 
round lower neck usually wanting, rarely distinct. 

d', Larger (wing usually more than 16.00, culmen usually more than 
1.75); tail-feathers usually 18-20; length about 35.00-43.00, 
wing 15.60-21.00, culmen 1.55-2.70, tarsus 2.45-3.70.  Hgqs 
3.55 X 2.27. Hab. Temperate North America, breeding chiefly 
within the United States. 

172. B. canadensis (Linn.). Canada Goose. 

d?. Smaller (wing usually less than 16.00, culmen usually less than 
1.75); tail-feathers usually 14-16; length about 25.00-34.00, 
wing 14.75-17.75, culmen 1.20-1.90, tarsus 2.25-3.20. Eggs 3.18 
< 2.10. Hab. Arctic and subarctic America; south, in winter, 
through United States, chiefly west of Alleghanies ; northeastern 
Asia (Japan to eastern Siberia)............. 172a. B. canadensis 

hutchinsii (Sw. & Ricu.). Hutchins’s Goose. 
é, Lower parts deep grayish brown or brownish gray (often not con- 
spicuously paler than upper parts), abruptly defined against white 
of anal region; white cheek-patches usually separated by a black 
throat-stripe, or black mottling on throat; white collar round lower 

neck usually very distinct. 

d', Larger (wing more than 16.00, culmen more than 1.25); tail- 
feathers usually 18-20; length about 35.00; wing 16.25-18.00, 
culmen 1.40-1.65, tarsus 3.05-3.25. Hab. Northwest coast 
of North America, north to Sitka; south, in winter, to Cali- 
POPU seca siesen sess se 172). B. canadensis occidentalis (Barrp). 

White-cheeked Goose. 

d@. Smaller (wing less than 16.00, culmen less than 1.25) ; tail-feathers 
usually 14-16; length about 23.00-25.00, wing 13.60-14.50, 
culmen 0.95-1.15, tarsus 2.40-2.75. Hggs 3.02 x 2.00. Hab. 
Pacific coast of North America, breeding chiefly about the 
shores of Norton Sound and the lower Yukon; south, in winter, 
to California, and, more rarely, to upper Mississippi Valley (Wis- 
consin, etc.). 

172c. B. canadensis minima Ripvew. Cackling Goose. 
6. Head mostly white, the lores, occiput, neck, and chest (sometimes back 
also) black. Above bluish gray, the feathers marked with a broad sub- 
terminal bar of black and a narrow terminal bar of white; lower parts 
grayish white, the sides and flanks brownish gray, the feathers with 
whitish tips; length 23.50-28.00, wing 14.90-16.90, culmen 1.10-1.45, 
tarsus 2.50-3.00. Eggs 3.71 x 2.38. Hab. Northern Europe; occasional 
on Atlantic coast of North America (Hudson’s Bay to North Carolina). 
175. B. leucopsis (Becusr.). Barnacle Goose, 

a’, Head entirely black. 
b'. Middle of neck with a patch of white streaks on each side; upper parts 


118 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


brownish gray, the feathers narrowly tipped with grayish white; lower 
parts pale grayish, in conspicuous and abrupt contrast with black of 
chest, and gradually fading into the white of anal region and crissum. 
Young: Similar to adult, but wing-coverts and secondaries broadly 
tipped with white, forming conspicuous bars; white on sides of neck 
reduced to small specks; lower parts paler and more uniform. Length 
23.50-30.50, wing 12.30-13.60, culmen 1.20-1.50, tarsus 2.10-2.40. Eygs 
2.92 2.02. Hab. Sea-coasts of Europe and eastern North America, 
breeding only within the Arctic circle ; casual or occasional in upper 
Mississippi Valley during winter. 
173. B. bernicla (Linn.). Brant. 
b?. Middle of neck encircled by a broad white collar, interrupted only behind ; 
upper parts nearly uniform dark sooty brown; lower parts dark sooty 
slate, not distinctly, if at all, contrasted with black of chest, but 
abruptly defined against white of anal region and crissum. Young: 
Similar to adult, but collar indistinct or obsolete, the larger wing- 
coverts and secondaries broadly tipped with white, and feathers of 
sides and flanks uniform brownish gray, without white tips. Length 
22.00-29.00, wing 12.70-13.50, culmen 1.20-1.35, tarsus 2.20-2.50. Eggs 
2.87 < 1.87. Hab. Western Arctic America, migrating south, in winter, 
along Pacific coast to Lower California, and very rarely straggling to 
Atlantic coast (Long Island). 
174. B. nigricans (Lawr.). Black Brant. 


Genus PHILACTE Bannister. (Page 88, pl. XXVIII, fig. 4.) 


Species. 

Adult: Head and hind-neck white, the former frequently stained with orange- 
rufous; throat and neck (except behind) plain dusky; basal half of tail slate-color, 
terminal half white; rest of plumage bluish gray, handsomely barred with black 
and white, these markings very sharply contrasted on upper parts, but much less 
distinct on lower, which are more or less tinged with fulvous. Young: Similar to 
adult, but with head and whole neck dusky, the former speckled, especially on top, 
with white; markings in general less distinct than in adult. Length about 26.00, 
wing 14.30-15.75, culmen 1.40-1.65, tarsus 2.60-2.85, middle toe 2.40-2.50. Eggs 
3.16 < 2.12. Hab. Coast of Alaska, north of the peninsula, chiefly about the shores 
of Norton Sound and valley of the lower Yukon. 

176. P. canagica (SEvAstT.). Emperor Goose. 


Genus DENDROCYGNA Swainson. (Page 87, pl. XXV., fig. 4.) 


Species. 


a. Plumage much spotted or speckled, without large areas of uniform color. 
Above dull brown, the feathers paler at tips; neck streaked with pale 


DENDROCYGNA. 119 


fulvous and dusky; lower parts dull whitish, irregularly spotted with 
black. Hab. West Indies (Jamaica and St. Croix). 
D. arborea Linn. Tree-duck.! 
a’, Plumage chiefly uniform, in distinctly defined areas of different colors. 
6. Belly plain light tawny-cinnamon, or fulvous, the flanks striped with 
paler. 

Adult : Back and scapular region black, the feathers tipped with ful- 
vous or cinnamon; upper tail-coverts white; head and neck plain 
tawny, like lower parts, the top of head and hind-neck darker ; 
bill black; length about 20.00-21.00, wing 8.10-8.90, culmen 1.65- 
1.95, tarsus 2.10-2.40, middle toe 2.30-2.80. Hab. Tropical and 
subtropical North America, north to California, Nevada, and Louisi- 
ana; also, southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentine Republic. 

178. D. fulva (GMeEL.). Fulvous Tree-duck. 
6%. Belly uniform black. 

c’. Under tail-coverts white, spotted with black ; bill light-colored (red in 
life); above reddish brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts 
black. 

ad’. Adult: Lower part of neck, all round, and chest, reddish brown, or 

cinnamon, like the back. Young: Similar, but pattern of color- 
ation much less distinct, and colors duller; the reddish brown 
replaced by dingy grayish, tinged with rusty, the belly, flanks, 
etc., grayish white, tinged with dusky; bill and feet dusky. 
Downy young: Above blackish brown, varied by large, sharply 
defined areas of sulphury buff; lower parts pale buff-yellow, 
the belly whitish. Length 19.75-24.00, wing 9.20-9.70, cul- 
men 1.90-2.15, tarsus 2.25-2.60, middle toe 2.25-2.70. Eggs 
2.12 X 1.56, white, sometimes tinged with pale olive greenish or 
buffy. Hab. Middle America, including Rio Grande Valley in 
Texas. 

177. D. autumnalis (Linn.). Black-bellied Tree-duck. 

d’, Adult: Lower part of neck, all round, including chest, brownish 

gray, abruptly contrasted with the chestnut-brown of the back. 
Hab. Northern South America. 
D. discolor Sct. & SALy. Colombian Tree-duck.? 

e*. Under tail-coverts uniform black. 

Adult: Chest and lower part of neck, all round, rich chestnut; 
sides yellowish white, barred with blackish ; fore part of head 
white; rest of head, and upper part of neck, black, with a white 
patch on fore-neck. Hab. Eastern South America and western 
Africa. 


D. viduata (Linn.). Brazilian Tree-duck.3 


1 Anas arborea Linn., S. N. ed. 12, i. 1766, 207. Dendrocygna arborea Eyt., Mon. Anat. 1838, 110. 
2 Dendrocygna discolor Scu. & Sauv., Nom. Neotr. 1873, 161. 
8 Anas viduata Linn., S. N, ed. 12, i. 1766, 205. Dendrocygna viduata Eyt., Mon. Anat. 1838, 110. 


120 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS 


Genus OLOR Wacirr. (Page 88, pl. XXIX., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common CHaracters.—Adults with whole plumage pure white, the head often 
stained with rusty ; bill either entirely black, or black and yellow; iris dark brown; 
feet black. Young ashy, sometimes tinged with brownish, the bill flesh-color (or at 
least partly of this color), and feet grayish, or whitish. Hygs white or buffy 
white. 


a’. Distance from the anterior corner of the eye to posterior end of the nostrils 
much greater than from the latter point to the tip of the bill. 
6. Basal portion of bill and entire lores yellow in adult. 
c’. Yellow of bill surrounding nostrils; wing 23.00 or more, and culmen 4.00 
or more; length about 43-5 feet, extent 7-8 feet, wing 23.00-26.00, 
culmen (including naked space on forehead) 4.00-4.75, tarsus 4.00, 
middle toe 5.00-6.00. Eggs 4.28 x 2.88. Hab. Northern parts of 
eastern hemisphere ; occasional in southern Greenland. 
179. O. cygnus (Linn.). Whooping Swan. 
ce. Yellow of bill not extending as far forward as the nostrils; wing less 
than 23.00, and culmen not more than 3.50; length less than 4 feet, 
extent about 6 feet, wing 20.00, culmen 3.50, tarsus less than 4.00, 
middle toe 4.50. Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere. 
O. bewickii (Yarr.). Bewick’s Swan.! 
b*. Basal portion of bill, with lores, black, the latter usually with a small 
yellow spot. 
Length about 44 feet, extent 7 feet, wing 21.00-22.00, culmen 3.80- 
4.20, tarsus 4.00-4.32, middle toe 5.40-5.90. Eggs 4.19 x 2.72. Hab. 
North America in general, breeding far northward; casual west to 
Commander Islands, Kamtschatka; accidental in Scotland. 
180. O. columbianus (OrpD). Whistling Swan. 
a’. Distance from anterior corner of eye to posterior end of nostril not greater than 
from the latter point to the tip of the bill. 
Bill and lores entirely black; length 5-5} feet, extent 8 to nearly 10 feet, 
wing 21.00-27.50, culmen 4.30-4.70, tarsus 4.54-4.95, middle toe 6.00- 
6.50. Eggs 4.46 x 2.92. Hab. Interior of North America, more rare or 
less generally distributed toward the Pacific coast, rare or casual along 
the Atlantic coast ; breeding from Iowa and Dakota northward. 
181. O. buccinator (Ricu.). Trumpeter Swan. 


1 Cygnus bewickii YaRrR., Trans. Linn. Soe. xvi. 1830, 453. Olor bewickii Sresn. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v., 
1882, 201. 


PHGNICOPTERUS. 121 


OrveEr ODONTOGLOSS.—Tue Lamet- 


LIROSTRAL (GGRALLATORES. (Page 1.) 


Families. 


(Characters same as those given for the Order)... Phoenicopteridz. (Page 121.) 


Famity PHCQENICOPTERIDA.— Tue FLamincogEs. (Page 121.) 


Genera. 


(Characters same as those given for the Family)... Phoenicopterus. (Page 121.) 


Genus PHCENICOPTERUS Linnavus. (Page 121, pl. XXIX., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Adult: General color light vermilion or pinkish, more intense (inclining to 
scarlet) on wings; flanks rosy carmine; primaries and secondaries deep black ; 
terminal third of bill black; basal portion whitish or yellowish. Young: Grayish 
white, the wings varied with grayish and dusky. Downy young: Entirely white. 
Length about 42.00-48.00, wing 15.30-16.50, culmen 5.20, tarsus 12.00-14.50. Eggs 
3.55 xX 2.18, elongate-ovate or cylindrical-ovate, pure chalk-white. Hab. Tropical 
and subtropical sea-coasts, from Florida Keys and coast of Gulf States to northern 
South America; Galapagos.................. 182. P. ruber Linn. American Flamingo. 

16 


122 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Orver HERODIONES.—Tue Herons, 


SToRKS, IBIsES, ETC. (Page 1.) 


Families. 


a’. Sides of upper mandible with a deep narrow groove extending uninterruptedly 
from the nostrils to the tip. (Suborder [bides.) 

b'. Bill very broad and excessively flattened, greatly widened toward end, only 
the extreme wip! decurved:.....:c2Ascccocucecseeces Plataleidze. (Page 122.) 

6’. Bill slender, nearly cylindrical, or even narrower than deep toward end, 
gradually but decidedly decurved or bent downward for nearly the 
whole lengGha.(ccs..<e: Cornea nae esis seas aoe aan eRe Ibididze. (Page 123.) 

a’, Sides of upper mandible without any groove. 

b'. Hind toe inserted above the level of the anterior toes; claws broad and flat, 
resting on a horny pad or shoe, the middle one not pectinated. (Sub- 
OLUSrACICONUBY) sendosec-. scscsaosdccuseeesee tert ctaesC Ciconiide. (Page 124.) 

b?, Hind toe inserted on the same level with the anterior toes; claws narrow, 
arched, the under surface free, the middle one with its inner edge dis- 
tinctly pectinated. (Suborder Herodii.) 

cl. Bill lance-shaped, or compressed, narrow, and pointed, the lateral out- 
lines nearly straight, and the gonys several times longer than the 
width of the lower mandible.................... Ardeidz. (Page 126.) 
c?. Bill shaped much like an inverted boat; excessively broad, the lateral 
outlines much bowed, and the gonys not longer than the width of 
thedlower mandi) © :ccscccwsse tnedesesswenceearssvecec es waneas Cochleartide. 


Famity PLATALEIDAL.—TuHE SpoonsiLts. (Page 122.) 


Genera. 


(Characters same as those given for the Family)......... Ajaia. (Page 122.) 
Genus AJAIA Retcnenpacu. (Page 122, pl. XXXI., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Adult: Neck, back, and breast white ; tail orange-buff, the shafts deep pink ; 
rest of plumage pale rose-pink, the lesser wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts 
glossy intense carmine. Immature (second year?): Similar to adult, but lacking 
the carmine of the wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts, and tail peach-blossom 
pink instead of orange-buff. Young: Head completely feathered, except around 
base of bill; plumage chiefly white, becoming delicate peach-blossom pink on 
wings, tail, and hinder lower parts; outer webs of bastard wing, primary coverts, 


1 The Boat-bills, represented by the single genus Cochlearius Brisson (type, Cancroma cochlearia Liny.). 


GUARA. 123 


and wide borders to exterior primaries (chiefly on outer webs), deep snuff-brown. 
Length about 28.00-35,00, wing 14.10-15.30, culmen 6.20-7.15, greatest width of 
bill 2.00-2.20, tarsus 3.75-4.65, middle toe 2.95-3.35. Eggs 2.57 & 1.73, ovate, white, 
or buffy white, blotched, spotted, and stained with various shades of brown. Hab. 
Tropical America in general, north to southern Atlantic and Gulf States, and casually 
(formerly at least) to California and southern [linois. 

183. A. ajaja (Linn.). Roseate Spoonbill. 


Famity IBIDIDA‘.—Tue Ipstses. (Page 122.) 


Genera. 


a. Head of adult wholly naked anteriorly; feathers of crown short, close, and 
blended; plumage of wings and tail pure white or scarlet in adult (the 
former with glossy black tips to longer quills), dull grayish brown or dusky 
MEURY OARIN ED c8-stccticat ct wacatiece +4 Feces aencl mac eemineaehe pic antin dae csan des Guara. (Page 123.) 

a’. Head of adult wholly feathered, except lores; feathers of crown distinctly 
lanceolate and slightly elongated, forming a short rounded crest when 
erected; plumage of wings and tail highly metallic, in both old and young. 

Plegadis. (Page 123.) 


Grenus GUARA ReicHEnBacn. (Page 123, pl. XXX., fig. 2.) 


Species. 

Common CHARACTERS.—Adults with the plumage entirely uniform white or 
scarlet, except tips of the longer quills, which are glossy black. Young, uniform 
dark brownish gray, the belly white. ygs greenish white, buffy, or pale brown- 
ish, stained, blotched, and spotted with brown. 


a’. Adult: Pure white (tinted with delicate pink in freshly-killed specimens), the 
tips of the longer quills glossy greenish black. Young: Uniform grayish 
brown, the rump, tail-coverts, base of tail, and under parts of body white. 
Length 21.50-27.50, wing 10.50-11.75, culmen 4.15-6.30, tarsus 3.10—-4.00, 
middle toe 2.15-2.70. Eggs 2.24 « 1.48. Hab. Tropical America in general, 
including West Indies; north, regularly, to North Carolina, southern Illinois 
and Indiana, and Lower California, casually to Great Salt Lake, Long Island, 
ANGIC OMNESCUCIIE 25. decee shat sccp severe seerset es 184. G. alba (Linn.). White Ibis. 

a’. Adult: Pure intense scarlet, the tips of the longer primaries glossy blue-black. 
Young: Dark brownish gray, the belly white. Length about 28.00-30.00, 
wing 10.80-11.00, culmen 6.00-6.50, tarsus 3.70-3.80, middle toe 2.55-2.60 
Eggs 2.12% 146. Hab. Eastern coasts of tropical America, north, casually, 
to Florida, Louisiana, and Texas......... 185. G. rubra (Linn.). Scarlet Ibis. 


Genus PLEGADIS Kavp. (Page 123, pl. XXX., fig. 1.) 
Species. 


Common CHaracters.—Adults with head. neck, and (in some species) lower 
parts uniform chestnut, the upper parts metallic green, bronze, and purple, most 


124 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


brilliant on under surface of wings and tail. Young: Head and neck streaked 
with white and dusky, and lower parts uniform grayish brown or dusky, the upper 
parts much as in the adult. Hggs plain greenish verditer blue. 


a’, Legs and feet long and slender, the tarsus with a nearly continuous frontal series 
of transverse scutellea. Adult with neck, back, lesser wing-coverts, and 
lower parts rich chestnut. Young with lower parts dull grayish brown. 

b'. Adult: Lores greenish in life, blackish in dried skins ; feathers surround- 
ing base of bill blackish. Downy young: Blackish, “ with a broad white 
band over the crown; legs and bill yellowish, the latter black at the 
base and tip, and with a central black band.” (DressEr.) Length 
about 22.00-25.00, wing 10.20-11.85, culmen 4.30-5.45, tarsus 2.90-4.30, 
middle toe 2.10-2.80. Eggs 2.01 x 147. Hab. Warmer parts of the 
eastern hemisphere; also, more southern portion of eastern United 
States, and West Indies.. 186. P. autumnalis (HassELq.). Glossy Ibis. 

b?. Adult: Lores lake-red in life, pale brownish or yellowish in dried skins; 
feathers surrounding base of bill white. Young not obviously different 
from corresponding stage of P. autumnalis. Downy young when newly 
hatched: Clothed with uniform blackish down, the bill whitish, with 
dusky base. Older: Similar, but base and tip of bill, and band across 
middle portion, blackish ; the intervening spaces pinkish white. Length 
about 19.00-26.00, wing 9.30-10.80, culmen 3.75-6.00, tarsus 3.00-4.40, 
middle toe 2.10-2.85. Eggs 2.05 x 141. Hab. Tropical America in 
general (except West Indies?), south to Argentine Republic and Chili, 
and western North America, from Texas and Lower California to 
OTregOn\snwecewocscec 187. P. guarauna (LINN.). White-faced Glossy Ibis. 

a’. Legs and feet comparatively short and stout, the tarsus with frontal scutelle 
more or less irregular and interrupted. Adult with head and upper neck 
dark chestnut-brown, the lower neck and lower parts violet-blackish ; lesser 
wing-coverts metallic green and bronzed purple, the back dark metallic 
green. Young with lower parts dusky, glossed with violet. Wing 10.15- 
12.00, culmen 3.40-5.10, tarsus 2.70-3.85, middle toe 1.80-2.30. Hab. Vicinity 
of Lake Titicaca, Peru; Chili. 


P. ridgwayi (ALLEN), Peruvian Glossy Ibis.! 


Famity CICONIIDAL.—TueE Srtorxs anp Woop IbsisEs. (Page 122.) 


Genera. 


_@, Bill decurved toward end, with the tip blunt and rounded; toes lengthened, the 
middle one at least half as long as the tarsus. (Subfamily Tantaline.) 

b'. Adult with whole head and part of neck naked, the skin hard and scurfy, 

except on top of head, which is covered with a smooth, nearly quadrate, 


—— 


1 Faleinellus ridgwayi ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. iii. July, 1876, 355. Plegadis ridgwayi Rmew., in 
B. B.& R. Water B. N. Am. i. 1884, 94. 


TANTALUS. 125 


or somewhat shield-shaped, plate ; nostrils subbasal ; tertials longer than 
primaries, and with their webs compact or normal. 
Tantalus. (Page 125.) 
b?. Adult with only the front part of the head (all round) naked, the skin not 
scurfy or corrugated ; nostrils strictly basal; tertials shorter than pri- 
maries, and with their webs somewhat decomposed...... Pseudotantalus. 
a. Bill straight to the tip or else slightly recurved toward end, the tip pointed; 
toes short, the middle one much less than half as long as the tarsus. (Sub- 
family Ciconiine.) 
b'. Entire head and neck feathered, except lores and a narrow strip on each 
side of throat; bill straight to the tip; tail very short and deeply 
forked, the broad and stiffened lower tail-coverts extending far beyond 


MGS Oller ae eesme vocaariis coemesctes ace sess cke cate schisislelebessaneneaeaaessaasiaesis HBuxenura? 
6’. Entire head and neck (except occipital patch) naked ; bill enormously large, 
slightly recurved toward tip; tail normal....... Mycteria. (Page 125.) 


Genus TANTALUS Linnaus. (Page 125, pl. XXXI., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Adult: Plumage white, the remiges and tail glossy greenish black, with purple 
and bronze reflections; under wing-coverts pale rose-pink in breeding plumage; 
bill and naked scurfy skin of head and upper neck dull grayish dusky. Young : 
Head covered, except anteriorly, with rather scant, somewhat “ woolly,” feathers, 
the neck also entirely feathered; plumage of head and neck grayish brown, be- 
coming darker on occiput, where inclining to dark sooty; rest of plumage as in 
adult, but white duller, or more grayish (said to be wholly replaced by dusky gray 
in very young birds), and black of remiges and tail less metallic. Zmmature (second 
year ?): Head entirely bare and scurfy as in adult, but whole neck feathered, as in 
young; plumage intermediate. Length 35.00-45.00, wing 17.60-19.50, culmen 6.10- 
7.30, tarsus 7.00-8.50, middle toe 3.85-4.30. Hggs 2-3, 2.74 x 1.80, chalk-white, 
usually more or less stained, in streaks, with pale brownish. Hab. Whole of tropical 
and warm-temperate America, north to New York (casual), Ohio, Indiana, Wiscon- 
sin, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and California.. 188. T. loculator Linn. Wood Ibis. 


Genus MYCTERIA Linnavus. (Page 125, pl. XXXII,, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Adult: Plumage entirely white ; bill, naked skin of head and neck, with legs 
and feet, black, the lower part of the naked neck encircled by a collar of bright 
red (in life). Young: Plumage entirely, or prevailingly, brownish gray; occiput 
crested with a somewhat “bushy” tuft of blackish hair-like feathers. Length about 


1 Pseudotantalus Ripew., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. 1883, 550. Type, Tantalus itis Linn. 
2 Euxenura Rivew., Bull. U.S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. iv. No. 1, 1878, 250. Type, Ardea maguart 
GMEL, 


126 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


43 feet, wing 24.50-27.00, culmen 9.75-13.00, tarsus 11.25-12.50, middle toe 4.20-4.80. 
Hab. Continental tropical America, north to Texas. 
189. M. americana Linn. Jabiru. 


Famity ARDEIDA®.—Tue Herons. (Page 122.) 


Genera. 


a. Tail-feathers 10, very short, scarcely more stiff than the coverts; outer toe de- 
cidedly shorter than the inner; claws lengthened, slightly curved. (Sub- 
Pe TINN ltd OLN LIECE) tora ae/sioacojeise/s oinsaislaclecieeie> -eecenbecsieceaecms Botaurus. (Page 126.) 
a’. Tail-feathers 12, more lengthened, and decidedly more stiff than the coverts ; 
outer toe as long as or decidedly longer than the inner; claws comparatively 
short and strongly curved. (Subfamily Ardeine.) 
b'. Bill comparatively long and narrow, the culmen equal to at least five times 
the greatest depth of the bill; plumage of the young not conspicuously 
different in pattern from that of the adult............ Ardea. (Page 128.) 
6. Bill comparatively short and thick, the culmen equal to not more than four 
times the greatest depth of the bill; plumage of the young conspicuously 
different in pattern from that of the adult..... Nycticorax. (Page 132.) 


Genus BOTAURUS StepuHens. (Page 126, pl. XXXIIL., figs. 1, 2.) 


Species. 


a, Size large (wing more than 9.50); sexes alike in coloration, and young not ob- 
viously different from adults. (Subgenus Botaurus.) 

b'. Neck plain ochraceous, or minutely freckled, the fore-neck striped with 
whitish ; wing-coverts minutely freckled with different shades of ochra- 
ceous and rusty; a blackish or dull grayish stripe on side of neck; 
lower parts distinctly striped. 

Prevailing color ochraceous, this much varied above by dense mottling 
and freckling of reddish brown and blackish ; quills and their coverts 
slate-color, tipped with pale cinnamon; lower parts, including fore- 
neck, pale buff, striped with brown; length 24.00-34.00, wing 9.80- 
12.00, culmen 2.50-3.20, tarsus 3.10-3.85, middle toe 2.90-3.60. Hgqs 
1.88 x 1.43, pale olive-drab, or pale isabella-color. Hab. Whole of 
temperate and tropical North America, south to Guatemala, Cuba, 
Jamaica, and Bermudas; occasional in British Islands. 

190. B. lentiginosus (Monraa.). American Bittern. 

b?. Neck transversely barred with blackish and ochraceous; wing-coverts 
coarsely variegated, in irregular, somewhat “herring-bone,” pattern, 
with blackish on an ochraceous ground-color; no black or grayish stripe 


a’. 


BOTAURUS. toy 


on side of neck; lower parts nearly immaculate; wing 10.10, culmen 

3.25, tarsus 3.75, middle toe 3.75. Hab. Tropical America, north to 
Nicaragua. 

B. pinnatus (WAGL.). South American Bittern.! 

Size very small (wing :ess than 6.00); sexes more or less different in color (ex- 

cept in A. involucris ?), and young appreciably different from adults. (Sub- 


(11.) genus Ardetta Gray.) 


6. Upper parts not conspicuously striped; adult males with top of head, 
back, scapulars, rump, and tail uniform glossy black. 
ec’. Quills tipped with cinnamon-rufous, or pale cinnamon ; adult male with 
a distinct narrow stripe of buff along each side of back. 

Adult male: Sides of head and neck ochraceous, deepening into 
chestnut on hind-neck; chin, throat, and fore-neck whitish, 
striped with pale buff; central portion of wing-covert region 
buff, surrounded by cinnamon-rufous ; lower parts buff-whitish. 
Adult female: Similar to the male, but black replaced by brown, 
and scapular stripes much broader. Young: Similar to adult 
female, but feathers of back and scapulars tipped with buff. 
Length 12.00-14.25, wing 4.30-5.25, culmen 1.60-1.90, tarsus 
1.50-1.75, middle toe 1.40-1.60. Eggs 1.20 * .93, white, or 
greenish white. Hab. Whole of temperate North America, and 
tropical America south to Brazil. 

191. B. exilis (GmEL.). Least Bittern. 
¢, Quills without rufous or cinnamon tips; adult males without trace of 
lighter stripe along sides of back. 

d. Adult male: Lower tail-coverts dull black; wing-coverts rich 
chestnut; neck similar, the lower parts more rufous; length 
(skin) 10.80, wing 4.30-4.60, culmen 1.80-2.00, tarsus 1.40-1.65. 
Hab. Florida, Ontario, Michigan, ete. 

191.1. B. neoxenus (Cory). Cory’s Least Bittern.’ 

d’, Adult male: Lower tail-coverts white; wing-coverts pale grayish 
buff, becoming nearly white on greater coverts; neck similar, 
but darker and more tinged with buff; lower parts pale buffy, 
becoming white medially and posteriorly. Adult female: Back, 
scapulars, and rump umber-brown, streaked narrowly with 
buffy (except on lower back and rump); rest of plumage much 
as in adult male, but more decidedly buffy, the fore-neck con- 
spicuously striped, the sides, etc., more narrowly striped, or 
streaked. Length about 12.00-13.00, wing 5.50-5.80, culmen 
1.75-1.85, tarsus 1.60-1.70. Hab. Europe, ete. 


B. minutus (Linn.). European Least Bittern.s 
6. Upper parts conspicuously striped with black and ochraceous ; quills broadly 


1 Ardea pinnata “ Licut.”” WaGt., Isis, 1829, 663. Botaurus pinnatus Gray, Gen. B. iii. 1847, 557. 
2 Ardetta neoxena Cory, Auk, iii. April, 1886, 262; ib. July, 1886, 408. 
3 Ardea minuta Liny., S. N. ed. 12, i. 1766, 240. Botaurus minutus Born, Isis, 1822, 559. 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


be 
to 
10.5) 


tipped with rufous; wing about 4.85, culmen 2.00. Hab. Southern South 
America. 
B. involucris (VIEILL.), Azara’s Least Bittern! 


Genus ARDEA Linnaus. (Page 126, pls. XXXIV. to XXXVI) 
Species. 


(West of coarse sticks, placed usually in trees. Hggs plain bluish green, vary- 
ing in depth of color.) 


a’. Culmen decidedly shorter than tarsus, the latter more than one and a half times 
as long as the middle toe (without claw). 
6. Tarsus much less than twice as long as middle toe (without claw). 
c. Wing more than 13.00. 

d'. Wing more than 17.00. Adult with scapular plumes narrowly 
lanceolate, with compact webs; head crested, the occiput 
during pairing season with two or more long, slender, com- 
pactly webbed plumes; plumes of lower neck stiffened, nar- 
rowly lanceolate, or acicular. (Subgenus Ardea.) 

e'. Color entirely pure white; length 45.00-54.00, wing 17.00- 
21.00, culmen 6.00-7.00, tarsus 8.00-8.75. Hggs 2.60 x 
1.84. Hab. Southern Florida (chiefly on eastern side ?) ; 
Cuba; Jamaica ? 
192. A. occidentalis Aup. Great White Heron. 
e?, Color nearly uniform bluish gray above, lower parts striped 
with black and white. 
J’. Thighs and edge of wing cinnamon-rufous. 

g. Lower parts white, narrowly striped or streaked with 
black ; tarsus more than 8.50; legs and feet olive 
in adult. 

h’. Adult with head entirely white, the forehead 
streaked with blackish. Young: Forehead 
and crown dull slate-color, narrowly streaked 
with white; feathers of occiput white with 
dusky tips; wing-coverts spotted with rusty, 
the lower and more posterior with large 
wedge-shaped white spots. Length 48.00- 
50.00, wing 20.00-21.00, culmen 5.95-6.50, 
tarsus 7.95-8.25. Eggs about 2.60 x 1.84. 
Hab. Florida Keys and Cape Florida; Ja- 
maica?; accidental in southern Illinois (Mount 
Carmel, Sept. 11-22, 1876)... —. A. wuerde- 

(12.) manni Barrp. Wurdemann’s Heron.’ 

h?. Adult with occiput and sides of crown black (as 


1 Ardea involucris VIHILL., Enc, Méth. 1823, 1127. Ardetta involucris Sci. & Satv., P. Z. S. 1869, 634, 


ARDEA. 129 


in A. herodias), the forehead and middle of 
crown pure white. Young not essentially 
different from same stage of A. wuerde- 
manni? Length about 48.00-54.00, wing 
20.00-20.50, culmen 6.50-7.00, tarsus 8.50- 
9.00. Eggs about 2.65 x 1.85. Hab. Western 
Florida. 
193. A. wardi Ripacw. Ward’s Heron. 
g. Lower parts black or dusky, broadly striped with 
white (the two colors in nearly equal proportion 
in young, however) ; tarsus not more than 8.00; 
legs and feet black in adult. 

Adult: Occiput and sides of crown black ; fore- 
head and centre of crown pure white (exactly 
as in A. wardi). Young: Whole top of head 
dusky, some of the feathers with paler shaft- 
streaks ; wing-coverts without white spots or 
distinct rufous spots. Length about 42.00- 
50.00, wing 17.90-19.85, culmen 4.30-6.25, 
tarsus 6.00-8.00. Hggs 3-6, about 2.50 « 
1.50. Hab. North America in general, north 
to Hudson’s Bay and Sitka; south through- 
out West Indies and Middle America, and as 
far as Colombia and Venezuela; Galapagos? ; 
Bermudas. 

194. A. herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron. 
J?. Thighs and edge of wing white. 
g. Adult with occiput and sides of crown black, the 
forehead and centre of crown pure white (as in 
A. herodias and A. wardi); neck ash-gray ; length 
about 37.00, wing about 18.50, culmen 4.80, tarsus 
6.00-6.25. Eggs 2.40 < 1.71. Hab. Northern 
portion of eastern hemisphere; accidental in 
southern Greenland. 

195. A. cinerea Linn. European Blue Heron. 
g’. Adult with entire top of head black; neck pure 
white; wing 18.50-20.00, culmen 5.85-6.75, tarsus 

7.20-8.00. Hab. South America. 


A. cocoi Linn. Cocoi Heron.! 

@. Wing less than 17.00. Adult in nuptial plumage with the scapular 
plumes excessively elongated, reaching far beyond end of tail, 

their shafts thick and stiffened, their webs decomposed ; head 
without crest or plumes, and feathers of lower neck (in Amer- 


1 Ardea cocoi Linn., S. N. ed. 12, i. 1766, 237. 
17 


130 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


ican species) soft, broad, and not lengthened; color always 
wholly pure white. (Subgenus Herodias Bors.) 

Length 37.00-41.00, wing 14.10-16.80, culmen 4.20-4.90, tar- 
sus 5.50-6.80. Hggs 2.28 x 1.60. Hab. Nearly the whole 
of America, north (casually at least) to British Provinces 
and Oregon, south to Chili and Patagonia. 

196. A. egretta GmeL. American Egret. 
ce. Wing less than 11.00. 

d'. Adult with occipital, jugular, and scapular plumes greatly devel- 
oped, with much decomposed webs; the scapular plumes ex- 
tending to or beyond the tail and recurved at tips; color 
always entirely pure white. (Subgenus Garzetta Kavp.) 

Length 20.00-27.25, wing 8.20-10.50, culmen 2.08-3.65, tarsus 
3.15-4.50. Eggs 1.68 « 1.34. Hab. Whole of tropical and 
warm-temperate America, north (more or less regularly) 
nearly across United States, and south to Chili and Argen- 
tine Republic.. 197. A. candidissima GmEL. Snowy Heron. 

d’, Adult with scapular and jugular plumes elongated, narrowly lan- 
ceolate, compact-webbed ;! occipital plumes slender, only a few 
of them much elongated; color varying from uniform dark 
slate-blue, with maroon-colored head and neck, to wholly pure 
white. (Subgenus Florida Barrp.) 

Adult usually uniform dark slate-blue, with maroon-colored 
head and neck, but not unfrequently “ pied” with white, 
or even almost wholly white, with bluish tips to longer 
quills. Young usually pure white, with longer quills 
tipped with slate-blue. Length 20.00-29.50, wing 9.00- 
10.60, culmen 2.70-3.30, tarsus 3.15-4.00. Hggs 1.73 & 1.28. 
Hab. Whole of tropical and warm-temperate North Amer- 
ica (except western United States), north to Massachusetts, 
Illinois, Kansas, etc., south to Colombia and Guiana and 
throughout West Indies. 

200. A. ceerulea Linn. Little Blue Heron. 
&. Tarsus twice as long as middle toe, without claw. 

Adult with feathers of head and neck (excepting throat and upper fore- 
neck) elongated and narrowly lanceolate, most lengthened on occi- 
put and lower fore-neck; scapular plumes much lengthened (ex- 
tending beyond end of tail), with shafts straight and stiffened, the 
webs decomposed, but with the hair-like fibrille rather close to- 
gether; color uniform, or else irregularly patched with white and 
slaty. (Subgenus Dichromanassa Ripaway.) 

ec. Adult plain slate-color, the head and neck cinnamon- or vinaceous-rufous. 
Young plain grayish, tinged here and there with rusty. Length 
27.00-32.00, wing 11.90-13.60, culmen 3.30-4.00, tarsus 4.90-5.75. 


1 Some of the longer scapular plumes are sometimes loose-webbed. 


ARDEA. 131 


Eggs 1.97 X 1.46. Hab. Warmer portions of eastern United States, 

north to Florida and southern Illinois (vicinity of Cairo); Mexico 

(both coasts, including Lower California) and Guatemala; Cuba; 

JAMO RICA ccsca-tcnescoscses ae 198. A. rufescens GmeEL. Reddish Egret. 

ce. Color entirely pure white, at all ages; size of A. rufa. Hab. Gulf coast, 

from Florida to Texas, and south to Honduras and Guatemala (both 

(13.) GCOABLS))s (CUd sececeesecestcseses ese —. A. pealei Bonar. Peale’s Egret. 
a. Culmen equal to or longer than tarsus, the latter less than one and a half times 

as long as the middle toe (without claw). 
b'.. Wing more than 8.00; culmen and tarsus more than 3.00. 

Adult with an occipital tuft of several moderately lengthened lan- 
ceolate, compact-webbed feathers; jugular feathers broadly lan- 
ceolate, with compact webs, and distinct outlinés; scapular plumes 
lengthened, straight and hair-like, extending to a little beyond the 
tail; color never wholly white. (Subgenus Hydranassa Barrp.) 

Adult : Head, neck, and upper parts bluish plumbeous, the lan- 
ceolate plumes with a chalky or glaucous cast, the color darker 
on head and neck; plumes of occiput and nape rich maroon 
purplish, the longer feather among the former white; jugular 
plumes rich maroon purplish and plumbeous-blue; chin and 
upper part of throat pure white, continued in streaks, mixed 
with rufous and plumbeous, down the fore-neck; “ train” (7.e., 
scapular plumes) light drab; lower parts plain white. Young: 
Head and neck chiefly light rusty, the malar region, chin, and 
throat pure white; fore-neck streaked white and rusty ; lower 
parts, rump, and upper tail-coverts pure white; upper parts 
(except rump, etc.) plumbeous, the back tinged and the wing- 
coverts spotted with rusty. Length 23.00-28.00, wing 8.35- 
10.80, culmen 3.30-4.15, tarsus 3.20-4.15. Eggs 1.78 x 1.29. 
Hab. Warmer portions of eastern North America, north, casu- 
ally, to New Jersey, Indiana, ete. ; whole of Mexico (including 
Lower California) and West Indies. 

199. A. tricolor ruficollis (Gossr). Louisiana Heron. 
b?. Wing not more than 8.00; culmen and tarsus less than 3.00. 

Adult with scapular plumes and feathers of top of head moderately 
lengthened, lanceolate, soft, and with compact webs; jugular plumes 
broad, soft, and blended; color never white. (Subgenus Butorides 
BLYTH.) 

c’. Neck maroon-chestnut, rufous, or rusty. 

d’. Head and neck (except top of former) uniform chestnut-rufous, 
without white markings on throat and fore-neck ; wing-coverts 
very narrowly edged with rusty. Young: Plumage nearly 
uniform rusty brown. Wing 6.40-7.00, culmen 2.20-2.75, tarsus 
1.85-2.30. Hab. Cuba. A. brunnescens GunDL. Brown Heron.! 


* Ardea brunnescens “ Gunpu. MSS.,’”’ Lemp. Aves de Cuba, 1850, 84, pl.12. Butorides brunnescens BatrD, 
B. N. Am. 1858, 677 (in text). 


132 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


d?. Throat and fore-neck striped with whitish. 

Adult: Whole top of head glossy dark bottle-green or green- 
ish black; rest of head, with greater part of neck, rich 
chestnut, varying in tone from cinnamon to maroon; scap- 
ular plumes plumbeous, or glaucous, glossed with green, 
and with whitish shafts ; wing-coverts metallic bottle-green 
distinctly bordered with buff or whitish; innermost pri- 
maries tipped narrowly with whitish; lower parts plain 
grayish. Young: Much like adult, but top of head usually 
streaked anteriorly with rusty; sides of head and neck 
streaked with ochraceous or buff, on a duller rusty ground ; 
lower parts whitish, striped with dusky; light borders to 
wing-coverts broader, the two or three median rows of 
coverts marked with wedge-shaped spots or streaks of 
white. Length 15.50-22.50, wing 6.30-8.00, culmen 2.00- 
2.55, tarsus 1.75-2.15. Eggs 1.50 x 1.14. Hab. Whole of 
temperate North America, West Indies, Middle America, 
and northern South America, to Colombia and Venezuela ; 
north to Ontario and Oregon ; Bermudas. 

(14.) 201. A. virescens Linn. Green Heron. 
ce. Neck ash-gray. 
Otherwise much like A. virescens. Hab. South America, except 
northern portion. 
A. striata Linn, Streaked Heron. 


Genus NYCTICORAX Srepuens. (Page 126, pl. XXXVII, figs. 1, 2; pl. 
XXX VIEL fie. 1) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Adults: Prevailing colors bluish gray, black, and white, 
the head (except just after breeding season) ornamented with several very much 
lengthened narrow white plumes; bill black, and iris reddish. Young, brownish, 
striped longitudinally with white. gs pale bluish green. 


a', Culmen about as long as the tarsus; gonys nearly straight, and lateral outlines 
of bill slightly concave; tarsus but little longer than middle toe; scapulars 
broad, blended. (Subgenus Wycticoraz.) 

Adult: Top of head, back, and scapulars uniform glossy greenish black ; 
forehead, sides of head, chin, throat, and lower parts generally white, 
often tinged with delicate cream-yellow ; neck (except in front) and sides 
pale ash-gray ; wings, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, deep ash-gray. 
Immature (secand year ?); Similar to adult, but scapulars and interscapu- 
lars dull ash-gray, like the wings, and white of forehead obscured by 


1 Ardea striata Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 144. Butorides striatus Ripew., in B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. 
i. 1884, 51. 


NYCTICORAX. 133 


blackish of crown; colors generally more sombre, with median lower 
parts less purely white. Young: Above light brown, tinged with cin- 
namon (especially on quills), each feather (except quills and _ tail- 
feathers) marked with a median tear-shaped or wedge-shaped stripe of 
white, the quills with small white spots at tips; tail-feathers plain ash- 
gray; sides of head and neck, and entire lower parts, striped with 
grayish brown and white, the chin and throat plain white medially. 
Length about 23.00-26.00, wing 11.00-12.80, culmen 2.80-3.10, tarsus 
8.10-3.40, middle toe (without claw) 2.65-3.10. Eggs 2.01% 147. Hab. 
Nearly the whole of America, except Arctic regions. 
202. N. nycticorax neevius (Bopp.). Black-crowned Night Heron. 
a, Culmen much shorter than tarsus (only a little longer than middle toe); gonys 
convex, and lateral outlines of bill straight, or sometimes even perceptibly 
convex; tarsus much longer than middle toe; scapulars lengthened, narrow 
(but not pointed), somewhat loose-webbed. (Subgenus MNyctanassa SrEsn.) 
Adult: Top of head and elongated patch on side of head, white, the first 
often stained with rusty brown, and in freshly-killed or living specimens 
deeply tinted with delicate primrose-yellow ; rest of head black ; plumage 
in general bluish plumbeous, plain beneath, but on upper parts striped 
with black. Young: Above sooty grayish brown, streaked with dull 
white or pale buff, the streaks more wedge-shaped on wing-coverts ; 
lower parts soiled whitish, striped with brownish gray. Length 22.00- 
28.00, wing 10.50-12.65, culmen 2.50-3.00, tarsus 3.10-4.20, middle toe 
2.20-2.55. Eggs 1.96 x 1.42. Hab. Whole of tropical and subtropical 
America, including West Indies; north regularly to Missouri, Illinois, 
Indiana, and North Carolina, irregularly or casually much farther. 
203. N. violaceus (Linn.). Yellow-crowned Night Heron. 


134 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Orver PALUDICOLA.—Tue Crangss, Rats, 


AND CouRLANS. (age 2.) 


Families. 


a, Size very large (wing 17.50, or more) ; head partly naked and warty in adult, or 
else with ornamental plumes; hind toe small, much elevated; middle toe 
less than half as long as the tarsus. (Suborder Grues.) 

Gruidez. (Page 134.) 

a’, Size medium to very small (wing less than 14.50); head entirely feathered, or 
else with only a frontal “shield” naked; hind toe lengthened (nearly as long 
as the first division of the middle toe), inserted nearly on a level with the 
anterior toes; middle toe nearly as long as the tarsus. (Suborder falli.) 

b. Wing 11.00-14.20 ; first quill shorter than seventh, its inner web very narrow, 
except near end; tail-feathers well developed, firm. 
Aramidz. (Page 135.) 
b?, Wing less than 10.00; first quill longer than seventh (usually longer than 
sixth), its inner web normal; tail-feathers almost rudimentary (nearly 
hidden by the coverts), soft; bill and feet very variable in form. 
Rallidz. (Page 136.) 


Famity GRUIDAE.—THE Cranes, (Page 184.) 


Genera. 


(Characters same as those given for the Family) .......+++ Grus. (Page 134.) 


Genus GRUS Pattas. (Page 134, pl. XXXIX., figs. 1, 2.) 


Species. 


(Nest on ground in marsh or wet meadow. Eggs pale olive or olive-buffy, 
spotted with brown, reddish brown, and purplish gray.) 


a. Tarsus 11.00, or more; bill stout, its depth through the base about one-fourth 
the length of the culmen; distance from posterior end of nostril to base of 
upper mandible much more than one-half the distance from anterior border 
of nostril to tip of upper mandible. Adult with plumage white, and cheeks 
naked. 

Adult: Plumage pure white, the quills black. Young: General color 
white, but this overlaid by patches of light cinnamon or rusty, the 
upper parts chiefly of this color; head entirely feathered. Length 


ARAMUS. 135 


50.00-54.00, extent 92.00, wing 22.00-25.00, culmen 5.35-5.80, depth of 
bill at base 1.40, tarsus 11.00-12.00, middle toe 4.25. Eggs 4.04 < 2.50. 
Hab. Interior of North America north to the Saskatchewan, south to 
Florida and central Mexico. 
204. G, americana (LINN.). Whooping Crane. 
a’, Tarsus 10.00, or less; bill more slender, its depth through base less than one- 
fourth the length of the culmen; distance from posterior end of nostril to 
base of upper mandible less than one-half the distance from anterior end of 
nostril to tip of upper mandible. Adult deep slate-gray or brownish, the 
cheeks normally feathered. 

Adult: Entire plumage slate-gray, varying from a bluish or plumbeous 
shade to brownish, sometimes tinged or even extensively washed with 
rusty, the primaries darker, the cheeks and throat paler, sometimes 
almost white. Young: Entirely brown, more or less washed, especially 
on upper parts, with tawny cinnamon or rusty; head entirely feathered. 

b'. Larger: Length 40.00-48.00, wing 21.00-22.50 (21.83), culmen 5.15- 

6.00 (5.47), depth of bill at base .95-1.10 (1.01), tarsus 9.90-10.65 
(10.25), middle toe 3.40-3.60 (3.50), bare part of tibia 4.60-5.00 
(4.78). Eggs 3.98 x 2.44. Hab. United States, chiefly from Mis- 
sissippi Valley west to Pacific coast, south into Mexico, and east- 
ward along Gulf coast to Florida and Georgia. 

206. G. mexicana (Mitt.). Sandhill Crane. 

6. Smaller: Length about 35.00, wing 17.50-20.00 (18.70), culmen 3.04- 

4.20 (3.61), depth of bill at base .70-.80 (.77), tarsus 6.70-8.44 (7.57), 
middle toe 2.60-3.36 (2.91), bare portion of tibia 2.90-3.50 (3.13). 
Eggs 3.66 X 2.28. Hab. Northern North America, from Hudson’s 
Bay to Alaska, migrating south through western United States. east 
of Rocky Mountains, to Mexico. 

205. G. canadensis (Linn.). Little Brown Crane. 


Famity ARAMID4.—Tue Courtans, (Page 134.) 


Genera. 


(Characters same as those of the Family)............... Aramus. (Page 135.) 


Genus ARAMUS Visitor. (Page 135, pl. XX XVIIL,, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common Cnaracrers.—Prevailing color dark brown (the quills and _tail- 
feathers glossed with purplish), the head and neck (sometimes back and lower 
parts also) striped with white. Vest on bushes or clumps of rank grasses or reeds 
along side of marsh or stream. 


a’. White stripes extending over back, wing-coverts, and lower parts. Young simi- 
lar to adult, but white stripes much narrower and less sharply defined, and 


136 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


the brown color lighter and duller. Downy young: “Covered with coarse 
tufty feathers of a black color.” Length 25.00-28.00, wing 11.00-13.00, eul- 
men 3.50-4.75, tarsus 3.50-5.20, middle toe 3.30-3.50. Eggs 4-7 (sometimes 
as many as 15?), 2.32 < 1.70, pale dull buff, spotted, daubed, and stained with 
brown and purplish gray. Hab. Greater Antilles, Florida, coast of Gulf of 
Mexico, and south to Costa Rica (both sides). 
207. A. giganteus (Bonap.). Limpkin. 
a’. White markings confined to head and neck. Wing 12.50-14.20, culmen 4.30- 
4.70, tarsus 4.60-5.20. Hab. Eastern South America. 
A. scolopaceus (GMEL.). Brazilian Courlan.! 


Famity RALLIDA®.—Tue Rats, GALLINULES, AND Coots. (Page 134.) 


Genera. 


a’. No frontal process, or shield-like extension of bill over forehead. (Subfamily 
Ralline.) 

Db’. Bill slender, as long as, or longer than, the tarsus..... Rallus. (Page 136.) 

b°. Bill stout, not more than two-thirds as long as the tarsus (usually much 
less). 

c’. Middle toe (without claw) not shorter than tarsus; base of gonys not 
forming, decided an elen.escs-ccase.s-cccmeecers Porzana. (Page 139.) 

c’, Middle toe shorter than tarsus; base of gonys forming a decided 
BNC. scale veces sccossniwass onsacdcnssmecindl cadet eeeeere nace Crex. (Page 140.) 

a’. Forehead covered by a shield-like extension of the culmen. 
b.. Toes without lateral lobes or flaps. (Subfamily Gallinuline.) 

c’. Nostril small, oval; middle toe (without claw) shorter than tarsus; 
inner posterior face of tarsus covered by a single row of large 
quadratescutellee.c.:. cncsteacscs tens edeaacueentnoes Ionornis. (Page 140.) 

ce’. Nostril elongated, slit-like; middle toe (without claw) longer than tar- 
sus; inner posterior face of tarsus covered with several irregular 


rows of small hexagonal scales................ Gallinula. (Page 141.) 
b?. Toes provided with conspicuous lateral lobed membranes, or “ flaps.” (Sub- 
PAM y LUCIE.) ox 2 aus abv scdonnis cho tsdeseasepaatebaease en Fulica. (Page 141.) 


Genus RALLUS Linnazvus. (Page 136, pl. XL., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common CHaracters.—Above brownish or grayish, striped, more or less dis- 
tinctly, with darker; chin and upper throat whitish ; fore-neck, chest, and breast, 
‘plain cinnamon, varying to buffy grayish; sides, flanks, and axillars barred with 
brown or dusky and whitish. Downy young: Entirely uniform glossy black. est 


1 Ardea scolopacea GMEL., S. N. i. pt. ii. 1788, 647. Aramus scolopaceus ViEILL., Nouv. Dict. N. H. vii. 
1817, 301. 


RALLUS. 137 


a platform-like structure of dried grasses, sedges, etc., supported in tufts of grass 
or sedges in marshes or ponds. Hggs 6-15, white, buffy white, dull buff, or pale 
brownish buff, rather sparingly spotted and speckled with rusty brown and 
purplish gray. 


a. Larger (wing more than 5.00). 
b'. Ground-color of upper parts grayish (varying from ash-gray to olive- 
gray). 

c’. Breast, ete., pale cinnamon-buff, tinged with ashy across chest; darker 
stripes on back, etc., usually indistinct (sometimes almost obsolete) ; 
flanks, ete., grayish brown, broadly barred with white, but without 
darker bars; length 13.50-15.60, wing 5.40-6.30 (5.79), culmen 2.10- 
2.60 (2.36), depth of bill at narrowest part .22-.30, at base 47-50 
(.49), tarsus 1.85-2.27 (2.00), middle toe 1.70-2.00 (1.83). Eggs 1.72 
* 1.20. Hab. Salt-water marshes of Atlantic coast, north, regularly, 
to Long Island, casually to Massachusetts. 

(15.) 211. R. longirostris crepitans (GMEL.). Clapper Rail. 

c’. Breast, etc., deeper cinnamon; darker stripes on back, etc., very dis- 
tinct; flanks, etc., darker or deeper brown, more narrowly barred 
with white, and with more or less distinct narrow dusky bars bor- 
dering the white ones. 

d'. Above ash-gray, broadly and sharply striped with blackish brown 
or brownish black; breast, etc., dull cinnamon, strongly shaded 
with olive-gray laterally ; sides of neck olive-gray, shaded with 
ash-gray, this passing into slate-gray on sides of head, especi- 
ally behind eye; ground-color of flanks, ete., darker brown ; 
length about 12.00-14.00, wing 5.60-5.70 (5.65), culmen 2.10- 
2.45 (2.27), least depth of bill .22-.28 (.25), tarsus 1.95-2.00 
(1.97), middle toe 1.75-1.80 (1.78). Hab. Coast of Louisiana ; 
western Florida?...... 21la. R. longirostris saturatus HENsH. 

(16.) Louisiana Clapper Rail. 
ad’, Above olive-gray or grayish olive, broadly, but usually not sharply, 
striped with blackish brown; breast, ete., uniform deep cinna- 
mon, not strongly shaded with gray laterally, the sides of the 
neck dull grayish cinnamon, and sides of head without pure 
gray; ground-color of flanks, ete., lighter brown ; length 17.00- 
18.00, wing 6.20-6.70 (6.63), culmen 2.25-2.50 (2.40), least depth 
of bill .30-.35 (.33), depth at base .50, tarsus 2.10-2.30 (2.18), 
middle toe 1.90-2.15 (2.04). Hggs 1.75 & 1.24. Hab. Salt-water 
marshes of Pacific coast (Lower California to Oregon). 
210. R. obsoletus Rinaw. California Clapper Rail. 
6. Ground color of upper parts distinctly brownish (varying from deep raw- 
umber brown or olive-brown to fulvous-brown), very distinctly, and 
usually sharply, striped with brownish black. 
cl. Flanks, ete., with the lighter (pure white) bars very broad (averaging 
18 


138 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


.10 or more in width), the ground-color varying from clear brown 
(darker next to white bars) to brownish black; upper parts vary- 
ing trom fulvous-brown to an almost ochrey tint, the blackish stripes 
very sharply defined; breast, etc., deep cinnamon, usually distinctly 
paler posteriorly and medially; length 17.00-19.00, wing 5.90-6.80 
(6.43), culmen 2.12—2.50 (2.35), least depth of bill .27-.35 (.30), depth 
at base .50-.55 (.52), tarsus 2.10-2.40 (2.28), middle toe 1.85-2.50 
(2.07). Eggs 1.63 x 1.22. Hab. Fresh-water marshes of eastern 
United States, north to Wisconsin, southern Michigan, Ohio, ete. 
(casually to Massachusetts, Maine, and Ontario), west to the Great 
PA BIMBY. 283s tsiswepaedossepecas-actastoes 208. R. elegans Aup. King Rail. 

ce. Flanks, ete., with lighter bars very narrow (averaging decidedly less 
than .10 wide), the ground-color varying from clear hair-brown 
to cinnamon-brown ; upper parts umber-brown or olive, distinctly, 
but usually not sharply, striped with blackish brown; breast, ete., 
uniform deep cinnamon, not distinctly paler posteriorly or me- 
dially. 

d'. Flanks hair-brown, distinctly barred with pure white, the white 
bars bordered on each side by a blackish bar; ground-color of 
upper parts olive; lores dark brown, bordered above by a stripe 
of pale cinnamon; length about 15.00-16.00, wing 5.70-6.40 
(6.03), culmen 2.25-2.50 (2.37), least depth of bill .29-.35 (.31), 
depth at base .50, tarsus 1.88-2.10 (1.93), middle toe 1.75-1.90 
(1.81). Hab. Eastern coast of Lower California (La Paz; 
Espiritu Santo Island, ete.). 

209. R. beldingi Ripaw. Belding’s Rail. 

d@. Flanks cinnamon-brown, indistinctly barred with pale cinnamon 
and rusty whitish, but without darker bars; ground-color of 
upper parts umber-brown; lores rather pale brown, bordered 
above by a white stripe; wing 5.90-6.00 (5.95), culmen 2.00- 
2.40 (2.17), least depth of bill .22-.30 (.26), tarsus 1.80—-2.08 
(1.93), middle toe 1.70-1.92 (1.81). Hab. Central and western 
Mexico. 

R. tenuirostris (LAwR.). Mexican King Rail.! 
a, Smaller (wing less than 4.50). 

Above olive-brownish, broadly striped with blackish; wing-coverts deep 
rusty, or chestnut-rufous ; breast, etc., deep cinnamon ; flanks and axil- 
lars dusky, barred with white. Jmmature specimens with lower parts 
mixed more or less extensively wlth black. Length 8.12-10.50, wing 
3.90-4.25, culmen 1.45-1.60, tarsus 1.30-1.40, middle toe 1.20-1.40. Egqs 
1.24 x .94. fab. Whole of temperate North America, north to British 
Columbia and Hudson’s Bay, south to Guatemala and Cuba. 

212. R. virginianus Linn. Virginia Rail. 


1 Rallus elegans var. tenuirostris LAwR., Am. Nat. viii. Feb. 1874, 111. 


PORZANA. 139 


Genus PORZANA Viertuor. (Page 136, pl. XLI,, figs. 1-3.) 


Species. 


a’, Secondaries without white. 
6. Wing more than 4.00; above olive-brownish, striped with black. (Sub- 
genus Porzana.) 

c’. Neck and breast olive, speckled with white; flanks brown, narrowly 
and irregularly barred with white. Adult: Broad superciliary 
stripe, malar region, chin, and throat, uniform grayish ; ear-coverts, 
neck, and chest light hair-brown, irregularly speckled with white. 
Young: Superciliary stripe finely speckled with white; malar 
region, chin, and throat whitish, speckled with brown, the breast 
and belly washed with pale buff. Length about 8.50, wing 4.20- 
4.50, culmen .68-.72, tarsus 1.20-1.30, middle toe 1.25-1.35. Eggs 
8-12, 1.32 < .95, dull buffy, spotted with vandyke-brown and pur- 
plish gray. Hab. Northern portion of eastern hemisphere; occa- 
sional in Greenland....... 213. P. porzana (LINN.). Spotted Crake. 

ce. Neck and breast without white specks; flanks broadly and regularly 
barred with white and slate-color. Adult: Anterior portion of 
head, with chin and throat, uniform black ; top of head olive-brown, 
with a broad median stripe of black; rest of head and neck, with 
chest and breast, plain plumbeous. Young: Lores and superciliary 
stripe brownish, the chin and throat whitish; rest of head and 
neck, with chest and breast, light brownish. Downy young: Uni- 
form dull black, the shorter down interspersed with numerous long, 
glossy black, hair-like filaments; on throat, a tuft, directed for- 
wards, of stiff, coarse, orange-colored, bristle-like feathers. Length 
7.85-9.75, wing 4.15-4.30, culmen .75-.90, tarsus 1.25-1.35, middle 
toe 1.30-1.45. Eggs 8-12, 1.23  .89, brownish buff, rather sparsely 
spotted with brown and purplish gray. Hab. Whole of temperate 
North America, breeding from northern United States northward; 
in winter, south to West Indies, Middle America, and northern 
SOUtMPAMETICH css cssscese gees eccats 214. P. carolina (Linn.). Sora. 

6. Wing less than 3.75; above dusky, sometimes speckled with white. (Sub- 
genus Creciscus CABANIS.) 

e. Wing 2.95 or more; back speckled with white. 

Adult: Head, neck, and lower parts plain dark plumbeous, or 
slate-color, darker (sometimes nearly black) on top of head; 
belly and under tail-coverts brownish black, barred with white ; 
hind-neck and back dark chestnut-brown, marked with small 
dots and irregular bars of white. Young: Similar to adult, but 
breast, etc., dull grayish, the throat whitish, and top of head 
tinged with reddish brown. Downy young: “ Entirely bluish 
black.” Length 5.00-6.00, wing 2.50-3.20, culmen .50-.60, 


140 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


depth of bill through base .20-.25, tarsus .85-.90, middle toe 
.80-1.00. Eggs about 9, 1.01 x .79, white, or buffy white, 
sprinkled, or finely speckled, chiefly on larger end, with dark 
reddish brown or chestnut. Hab. United States (north to 
Oregon, Kansas, Illinois, Massachusetts, etc.), and south through 
West Indies, Middle America, and greater part of South 
America, to Chili.. 216. P. jamaicensis (GmeEt.). Black Rail. 
¢. Wing 2.50; back without white markings. 

Wing 2.50, culmen .60, depth of bill through base .15, tarsus .75, 

middle toe .85. Hab. Farallone Islands, California. 
216a. P. coturniculus Barrp. Farallone Rail. 

a’, Secondaries white. (Subgenus Coturnicops BONAPARTE.) 

Head, neck, and breast ochraceous; flanks dusky, barred with whitish ; 
under tail-coverts cinnamon; under wing-coverts and axillars white; 
upper parts ochraceous, broadly striped with black and narrowly barred 
with white; length 6.00-7.75, wing 3.00-3.60, culmen .50-.60, tarsus 
.80-1.00, middle toe .82-1.00. Eggs 6 or more, 1.12 < .83, creamy buff, 
densely sprinkled and speckled on Jarger end with rusty brown. Hab. 
Eastern North America, north to Nova Scotia and Hudson’s Bay, west 
to Utah and Nevada; Cuba; Bermudas. 

215. P. noveboracensis (GmMEL.). Yellow Rail. 


Genus CREX Becusrein. (Page 136, pl. XLLI, fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Adult: Above light brown, striped with black ; wings rusty or reddish brown 
with a few whitish bars or spots on greater coverts ; axillars and under wing-coverts 
light cinnamon, the latter edged with white; head ash-gray, the crown and a 
broad stripe on side of head light brown; throat, belly, and ventral region white , 
fore-neck and chest pale brownish or drab; sides and under tail-coverts barred with 
brown and white. Young: Similar, but without any gray on head. Downy young: 
Uniform dark sooty brown, the head blackish. Length about 10.00-10.50, wing 
5.70-6.00, culmen .85-.90, tarsus 1.50-1.60, middle toe 1.30. Eggs about 11, 1.49 x 
1.07, light buff, or pale olive-buff, spotted, longitudinally, with cinnamon-brown, or 
rusty, and purplish gray. Hab. More northern portions of eastern hemisphere ; 
accidental in eastern North America (Greenland, Bermudas, Long Island, etc.). 

217. C. crex (Linn.). Corn Crake. 


Genus IONORNIS Retcuensacu. (Page 136, pl. XLII, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Adult : Head, neck, and lower parts slaty bluish purple, darker on belly and 
thighs; lower tail-coverts white ; upper parts bright olive-green, changing to bright 
verditer-blue toward the purple of the lower parts; wings brighter green than back, 
shaded with bright verditer-blue ; frontal shield dusky or bluish ; bill bright red, 


GALLINULA. 141 


tipped with yellow. Young: Above light brown, tinged with greenish on wings; 
beneath pale fulvous or buffy, the belly whitish; bill dull yellowish, and frontal 
shield much smaller than in adult. Downy young: Said to be entirely black. 
Length 12.50-14.00, wing 7.00-7.50, culmen (including frontal shield) 1.85-1.95, tar- 
sus 2.25-2.50, middle toe 2.25-2.35. Hggs 6-10, 1.55 x 1.13, pale cream-color, or 
creamy white, speckled (sometimes also sparingly spotted), chiefly round larger end, 
with brown and purplish gray. Hab. Nearly the whole of tropical and warm- 
temperate America, north, casually or irregularly nearly across the United States 
east of the Great Plains, but apparently wholly absent from the Pacific coast, in- 
cluding Lower California............... 218. I. martinica (LINN.). Purple Gallinule. 


Gents GALLINULA Brisson. (Page 136, pl. XLIL, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Uniform plumbeous, sometimes mixed with whitish on lower parts and washed 
with brown on back, the edge of the wing, the lateral under tail-coverts, and broad 
stripes on flanks, white. Swmmer adult: Bill and frontal shield bright vermilion- 
red in life, the former tipped with greenish yellow; belly uniform plumbeous. 
Winter adult; Similar, but frontal shield smaller, and belly suffused with whitish. 
Young : Similar to winter adult, but frontal shield rudimentary and, with the bill, 
brownish ; whole extent of lower parts, including sides of head, suffused with 
whitish, the throat sometimes almost wholly white ; white flank stripes less dis- 
tinct (sometimes nearly obsolete). Downy young: Glossy black, the lower parts 
sooty along the median line; throat and cheeks interspersed with silvery white 
hairs. Length 12.00-14.50, wing 6.85-7.25, culmen (to end of frontal shield) 1.70- 
1.85, tarsus 2.10—2.30, middle toe 2.50-2.60. Eggs 8-13, 1.74 x 1.19, buff, pale buff, 
brownish buff, or buffy brown, sparsely spotted with dark brown. Hab. Whole 
of tropical America and temperate North America, north to British Provinces. 

219. G. galeata (Licut.). Florida Gallinule. 


Genus FULICA Linnavus. (Page 136, pl. XL., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.— Uniform slaty or plumbeous, the head and neck darker 
(nearly black in adults) ; edge of wing whitish ; bill whitish in adults. Eggs pale 
dull buff, finely dotted or sprinkled with brownish black and purplish gray. 


a’. Only the edge of the wing and a very narrow edge to first quill white; entire 
bill and frontal shield whitish; length about 16.00, wing 7.70-8.80, culmen 
(including frontal plate) 1.70-2.00, tarsus 2.25-2.35, middle toe 2.85-3.15. 
figgs 2.11 X% 147. Hab. Europe, Asia, and northern portions of Africa; acci- 
dentalviny Greenland c.05.0scccsecceesass ¢se0ce 220. F. atra Linn. European Coot. 

a’, Lateral and posterior lower tail-coverts and tips of secondaries white; bill with 
a dark brownish spot near end of each mandible. 

6. Frontal shield dark brown. Summer adult: Bill (in life) milk-white, tinged 


142 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


with bluish terminally, a spot near the end of each mandible and the 
frontal shield dark brown; belly uniform slaty plumbeous. Winter 
adult : Similar, but frontal shield reduced in size, and the belly suffused 
with whitish. Young: Most like winter plumage, but lower parts much 
suffused with whitish, especially on throat and belly ; frontal shield rudi- 
mentary, and bill, in life, dull flesh-color, tinged with olive-greenish, the 
spots obsolete (dull light brownish in dried skins). Downy young: 
Blackish, the head and neck ornamented with orange- or salmon-colored 
crisp filamentous bristles, the upper parts more sparsely covered with 
similar but paler (whitish or pale orange-buff) filaments ; bill orange- 
red, the upper mandible tipped with black. Length 13.00-16.00, wing 
7.25-7.60, culmen (to commencement of frontal shield) 1.25-1.60, tarsus 
2.00-2.20, middle toe 2.45-2.65. Hggs 6-12, 1.91 * 1.32. Hab. Whole of 
North America, Middle America, and most of West Indies; north to 
Greenland and Alaska, south to Veragua (and Trinidad ?). 

221. F. americana (GMEL.). American Coot. 


b?. Frontal shield whitish (pale brownish in dried skins), like bill, oval or ellip- 


tical, much wrinkled; bill more slender; otherwise, very similar to /. 
americana. Hab. Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe and St. John’s). 
F. caribea Ripaw. Caribbean Coot.! 


1 Fulica caribea Ripew., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vii. Sept. 17, 1884, 359. 


LIMICOLZ. 143 


Orpver LIMICOLE.—Tue Suore Birps. 


(Page 2.) 
Families. 


a. Tarsus more than twice as long as middle toe, with claw; naked portion of thigh 
much longer than middle toe, with claw.... Recurvirostridz. (Page 146.) 
a’, Tarsus less than twice as long as middle toe, with claw; naked portion of thigh 
shorter than middle toe, with claw. 
b'. Claws normal. 
c. Toes with distinct, usually scalloped, lateral membranes; tarsus ex- 


tremely COMPTESSE:.....6....ccceasseses Phalaropodide. (Page 143.) 
c. Toes without distinct lateral membranes; tarsus not unusually com- 
pressed. 


d'. Front of tarsus covered by a continuous row of transverse scutelle. 
é'. Bill slender, with blunt and more or less rounded (sometimes 
expanded) tip, the exposed culmen longer than middle toe 

WICHOUC ClBW.. coosiccceecsseect secs Scolopacide. (Page 147.) 

e’. Bill stout, culmen arched toward tip, its exposed portion 
shorter than middle toe (without claw), or else pointed and 


wedge-shaped at tip................. Aphrizide. (Page 179.) 
@. Front of tarsus covered with small hexagonal or irregular 
scales. 


e'. Bill shorter than tarsus, not compressed, the anterior portion 
of culmen more or less distinctly arched. 

Charadriide. (Page 172.) 

e?, Bill longer than tarsus, much compressed terminally, the 


culmen not arched.......... Hematopodide. (Page 181.) 
&. Claws excessively lengthened, straight, and acute, that of the hind toe 
longer than! the toe 1isel tin: sss. cscissncesrsnceeses Jacanide. (Page 183.) 


Famity PHALAROPODIDAE.—Tue Puatarores. (Page 143.) 


Genera. 


a. Bill broad, flattened, somewhat widened toward end; nostrils separated from 
loral feathers by a space equal to the depth of the upper mandible at base. 

Crymophilus. (Page 144.) 

a’, Bill slender, nearly cylindrical, not perceptibly widened toward end; nostrils 

separated from loral feathers by a space equal to much less than the depth 

of the upper mandible at the base................006 Phalaropus. (Page 144.) 


144 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus CRYMOPHILUS Victor. (Page 143, pl. XLIIL, fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Adult female in summer: Entire lower parts deep purplish cinnamon; sides of 
head white; fore part and top of head uniform dark plumbeous or blackish; hind- 
neck plain cinnamon and plumbeous; back and scapulars light ochraceous or buff, 
striped with black. Adult male in summer: Similar to the female, but top of head 
and hind-neck streaked with ochraceous (or buffy) and blackish, the white on side of 
head more restricted and less abruptly defined, and size somewhat less. Winter 
plumage: Head, neck, and lower parts pure white, the occiput and space about 
eyes dark plumbeous ; upper parts uniform pearl-gray, or light plumbeous. Young: 
Top of head, hind-neck, back, and scapulars dull black, the feathers edged with 
ochraceous ; wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts plumbeous, the middle cov- 
erts bordered with pale buff, the tail-coverts with ochraceous; head and neck (ex- 
cept as described above) and lower parts white, the throat and chest tinged with 
brownish buff. Downy young: Above bright tawny buff, marked with broad 
irregular stripes of black; broad superciliary stripes bright tawny buff, separated 
anteriorly only by a narrow and somewhat interrupted dusky streak ; crown bright 
umber-brown bordered with black; chin and throat light fulvous-buff, changing to 
smoky buff on chest; rest of lower parts dull whitish. Length 7.50-8.75, wing 
5.25-5.50, culmen .80-.95, tarsus .80-.85, middle toe .75-.80. Hggs 3-4, 1.24 x .86, 
pale drab, olive-drab, olive-buff, or pale brown, heavily spotted with dark brown. 
Hab. Northern portions of northern hemisphere, breeding far northward; in 
America, south, in winter, to Middle States, Ohio Valley, and Cape St. Lucas. 

222. C. fulicarius (Linn.). Red Phalarope. 


Genus PHALAROPUS Brisson. (Page 143, pl. XLIIL, figs. 1, 2.) 


Species. 


a. Wing less than 4.50; tarsus less than 1.00; web between outer and middle toes 
extending to or beyond second joint of the latter; lateral membrane of all 
the toes broad and distinctly “scalloped.” (Subgenus Phalaropus.) 

Adult female in summer: Above dark plumbeous, the back striped with 
ochraceous or buff; wings dusky, the greater coverts broadly tipped 
with white; lower parts white; chest and sides of neck rufous. Adult 
male in summer: Similar to the female, but colors duller, the rufous 
almost confined to sides of neck, and less distinct, the chest chiefly 
mixed white and grayish. Winter plumage: Forehead, superciliary 
stripe, sides of head and neck, with lower parts generally, pure white; 
top of head grayish, the feathers with dusky shaft-streaks and whitish 
borders ; a blackish spot in front of eye, and side of head, from beneath 
eye, across ear-coverts mixed dusky and grayish white; upper parts 
chiefly grayish ; sides of chest washed or clouded with grayish. Young: 
Top of head dusky, with or without streaks; back and scapulars black- 


PHALAROPUS. 145 


ish, distinctly bordered with buff or ochraceous; middle wing-coverts 
bordered with buff or whitish; forehead, supra-auricular stripe, lores, 
and lower parts white, the chest and sides of breast sometimes suffused 
with dull brownish ; ear-coverts dusky. Downy young: Above bright 
tawny, the rump with three parallel stripes of black, enclosing two 
of paler fulvous than the ground-color; a triangular patch of brown 
on crown, bounded irregularly with blackish; a black line over ears; 
throat and rest of head pale tawny; rest of lower parts white, be- 
coming grayish posteriorly. Length 7.00-8.00, wing 4.00-4.45, culmen 
.80-.90, tarsus .75-.80, middle toe .65-.75. Eggs 3-4, 1.20 x .82, pale 
olive-drab or olive-buff, thickly speckled or spotted with dark brown. 
Hab. Northern portions of northern hemisphere, breeding far north- 
WAL Zaie tn eeacys cosecrewtacesns 223. P. lobatus (Linn.). Northern Phalarope. 
a. Wing more than 4.50; tarsus more than 1.00; web between outer and middle 
toes not reaching to second joint of the latter; lateral membrane of all the 
toes narrow and not distinctly “scalloped.” (Subgenus Steganopus VIEILL.) 
Adult female in summer: Forehead and crown pale bluish gray, the former 
with a blackish line along each side; occiput and hind-neck white, 
changing to plumbeous-gray on back; stripe on side of head and con- 
tinued broadly down side of neck deep black, changing gradually on 
lower portion into rich dark chestnut, this continued backward along 
each side of back; short stripe above lores and eyes, chin, cheeks, and 
throat, pure white; fore-neck and chest soft buffy cinnamon; rest of 
lower parts white ; length 9.40-10.00, wing 5.20-5.30, culmen 1.30-1.35, 
tarsus 1.30-1.35, middle toe .90-1.00. Adult male in summer: Smaller 
and much duller in color than the female, with the beautiful tints and 
pattern of the latter but faintly indicated ; length 8.25-9.00, wing 4.75- 
4.80, culmen 1.25, tarsus 1.20-1.25, middle toe .90. Winter plumage: 
Above plain ash-gray ; upper tail-coverts, superciliary stripe, and lower 
parts white, the chest and sides of breast shaded with pale gray. Young: 
Top of head, back, and scapulars dusky blackish, the feathers distinctly 
bordered with buff; wing-coverts also bordered with pale buff or 
whitish ; upper tail-coverts, superciliary stripe, and lower parts, white, 
the neck tinged with buff. Downy young: Bright tawny, paler beneath, 
the belly nearly white; occiput and hind-neck with a distinct median 
streak of black, on the former branching laterally into two narrow 
irregular lines; lower back and rump with three broad black stripes ; 
flanks with a black spot, and region of tail crossed with a wide bar of 
the same. Hggs 3-4, 1.28 x .90, pale grayish buff varying to brownish 
buff, thickly speckled and spotted with dark brown or brownish black. 
Hab. Temperate North America, but chiefly the interior; north to 
eastern Oregon, the Saskatchewan, and Nova Scotia; south, during 
migrations, to Brazil and Patagonia. (Not recorded from Pacific slope 

of California, Oregon, or Washington Territory.) 
224. P. tricolor (ViriLL.). Wilson’s Phalarope. 

19 


146 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Famity RECURVIROSTRID.—Tue Avocets anp STILTs. 
(Page 143.) 
Genera. 


a’. Hind toe present ; anterior toes all webbed; bill decidedly recurved toward tip. 
Recurvirostra. (Page 146.) 

a’, Hind toe absent; no web between inner and middle toes, and that between 
outer and middle toes occupying less than half the space; bill very slightly 

or not at all recurved toward tip...........scsceceee Himantopus. (Page 146.) 


Genus RECURVIROSTRA Linnaus. (Page 146, pl. XLIV., fig. 1.) 
Species. 


a’. Outer scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts, also part of secondaries and 
greater wing-coverts, white. 

Wings (except secondaries and terminal half of greater coverts), inner 
scapulars, and adjacent feathers of back, brownish black; lower parts, 
rump, outer scapulars, and middle of back, white; tail ashy white or 
pale ashy. Summer adult: Head (except anteriorly), neck, and chest 
light cinnamon. Winter plumage: Head, neck, and chest white, tinged, 
more or less, with pale bluish gray, especially on top of head and hind- 
neck. Young: Similar to winter plumage, but quills slightly tipped 
with whitish, scapulars, etc., tipped or transversely mottled with buffy 
or pale fulvous, and hind-neck tinged with light rufous. Length 15.50- 
18.75, wing 8.50-9.00, culmen 3.40-3.65, tarsus 3.70-3.80, middle toe 
1.60-1.70. Eggs 3-4, 1.93 x 1.35, pale olive, olive-buff, or drab-buff 
(rarely creamy buff), thickly spotted (sometimes sparsely lined also) 
with dark brown or black. Hab. Temperate North America, north, 
in the interior, to the Saskatchewan and Great Slave Lake; south, in 
winter, to Guatemala, Cuba, and Jamaica. 

225. R. americana GmMEL. American Avocet. 
a. No white on upper parts, except head, neck, and rump. Hab. Andes of Chili. 
R. andina Puitrepr & Lanps. Chilian Avocet.! 


Genus HIMANTOPUS Brisson. (Page 146, pl. XLIV., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


a. White of forehead not extending over the crown; black of hind-neck continuous 
with that of the back. 

Adult male: Forehead, spot behind eye, lores, cheeks, entire lower parts 

(including fore-neck, throat, and chin), rump, and upper tail-coverts, 

pure white (sometimes tinged with pinkish in breeding season) ; rest of 


1 Recurvirostra andina Puiieri & LANDBECK, Weigm. Archiv, 1863, 131. Harring, Ibis, 1874, 257, pl. 9. 


SCOLOPA CID. 147 


head and neck, back, scapulars, and wings, uniform glossy greenish 
black ; tail pale ashy ; iris crimson, and legs and feet delicate lake-red or 
rose-pink, in life. Adult female: Similar to the male, but back and 
scapulars brownish slate, and black of other portions duller. Young: 
Similar to adult female, but feathers of back, scapulars, and tertials bor- 
dered with buff or dull whitish, the blackish of head and neck finely 
mottled with the same. Downy young: Above light fulvous-grayish, 
mottled with dusky, the back and rump marked with several large black 
blotches; head, neck, and lower parts fulvous-whitish, the top of head 
and hind-neck grayish, the crown with a median black streak and occi- 
put with several spots of blackish. Length 13.50-15.50, wing 8.50-9.00, 
culmen 2.50, tarsus 4.00, middle toe 1.87. Eggs 3-4, 1.79 & 1.23, similar 
in coloration to those of ecurvirostra americana. Hab. Temperate 
North America, from northern United States southward; south, in 
winter, to Peru, northern Brazil, and West Indies. 
226. H. mexicanus (MUtt.). Black-necked Stilt. 
a’, White of forehead extending back to and including the occiput; black of nape 
separated from that of the back by a white bar or “ collar.” 
Otherwise, similar to H. mexicanus. Hab. Southern South America 
(Brazil, Argentine Republic, Chili, etc.). 
H. brasiliensis BreuM. Brazilian Stilt. 


Famiry SCOLOPACIDAL.—Tue Swipes, SANpPIPERs, ETC. 
(Page 143.) 


Oo 
5 


(West usually on ground, in meadows, marshes, or along banks of streams. 


Eggs 2-4.) ‘ 
enera. 


a. Back of tarsus with a continuous row of transverse scutellx. 

6’. Ears situated directly underneath the eyes; tip of upper mandible thick- 
ened, with cutting-edges brought near together; plumage the same at 
all stages and seasons. (Subfamily Scolopacine.) 

ce’. Thighs entirely feathered ; top of head with transverse bands. 
da’. First quill longer than second, and broad like the rest; outer webs 
Ol Gul SYS POLGEG srctue sowed ssicekewsosiecens Scolopax. (Page 149.) 
d@. Three outermost quills abruptly much shorter and narrower than 
the fourth ; outer webs of’ quills plain. 
Philohela. (Page 150.) 
c’. Lower part of thighs naked ; top of head with longitudinal stripes. 
Gallinago. (Page 150.) 

6’. Ears situated decidedly posterior to the eyes; tip of upper mandible thin, 
with cutting-edges far apart; plumage very different in winter and 
sunimer, and young different in color from adult. (Subfamily Tringine.) 


1 Himantopus brasiliensis Breum, Vig. Deutschl. 1831, 684. 


148 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


ce’. Bill only slightly or not at all widened at tip. 
d’. Hind-toe present. 
e’. No trace of web between anterior toes. 
jf’. Exposed culmen longer than middle toe, with claw ;' inner 
webs of quills and under primary coverts not mottled. 
Tringa. (Page 152.) 
f?. Exposed culmen shorter than middle toe, with claw; inner 
webs of quills and under primary coverts beautifully 
MOLEd a cecctebesd Sddeaweceasee nes Tryngites. (Page 169.) 
e?. Middle toe united at base to one or both of the lateral toes by 
a distinct web. 

jf’. Tail more than half as long as the wing, graduated for as 

much as the length of the culmen. 
Bartramia. (Page 168.) 
f*. Tail not more than half as long as the wing, and if grad- 
uated, the graduation not more than one-half the 

length of the culmen. 
g'. Tail longer than the exposed culmen. 
h’. Wing less than 4.00. (All anterior toes webbed 
AG IDAKE! i caseles cues? Ereunetes. (Page 161.) 
7, Wing not less than 4.00. 
a. Exposed culmen less than one-fifth as long as 
the wing...... Pavoncella. (Page 168.) 
?, Exposed culmen more than one-fifth as long 
as the wing. 
j. Bill narrow at tip, where hard and 
smooth on top. 
k. Wing less than 4.50. 
Actitis. (Page 169.) 
k?, Wing more than 4.50. 
?, Axillars uniform grayish or 
dusky. 

m. Quills entirely dark-col- 
ored ; no web between 
inner and middle toes 
at base.. Heteractitis. 

(Page 167.) 

m?. Quills with a conspicuous 
white patch at base; a 
distinct web between 
inner and middle toes, 
at base.. Symphemia. 

(Page 167.) 


1 Except sometimes in Tringa maculata. 


SCOLOPAX. 149 


?, Axillars white, or barred with 
white and dusky. 
Totanus. (Page 164.) 
yj. Bill slightly widened at tip, which (at 
least in dried specimen) is pitted or 
wrinkled on top. 
Micropalama. (Page 152.) 
g*. Tail shorter than exposed culmen. 
ht. Terminal portion of both upper and lower man- 
dibles grooved medially and pitted or wrinkled 
(as in Gallinago); wing less than 7.00. 
Macrorhamphus. (Page 150.) 
h?. Terminal portion of upper and lower mandibles 
entirely smooth and hard; wing more than 


COO. cere sasssesosaseser ss Limosa. (Page 162.) 
@, Hind-toe absent... :.......cecevsrssessnsessscereses Calidris. (Page 162.) 


ce. Bill excessively widened and flattened at tip, its greatest width equal to 
about half the length of the exposed culmen. 
Eurynorhynchus. (Page 160.) 
a*, Back of tarsus covered with small hexagonal scales. (Subfamily Wumenine.) 
Bill decidedly arched or decurved ; wing 8.00 or more. 
Numenius. (Page 170.) 


Genus SCOLOPAX Linnavus. (Page 147, pl. XLV., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Adult: Above rusty brown, everywhere variegated with dusky and light 
grayish and buffy, the middle line of the back and the scapulars marked with large 
irregular black spots or blotches, the scapulars much mixed posteriorly with light 
grayish and the sides of the interscapular region almost continuously light grayish, 
forming a pair of well-defined V-shaped marks on each side of the rusty black- 
spotted areas; quills with outer webs spotted with pale cinnamon in transverse 
series, the exterior quill broadly edged with pure white; forehead and fore part of 
crown brownish gray; hind part of crown with occiput black, crossed by two nar- 
row bands of light rusty or ochraceous, and bordered anteriorly and posteriorly, 
respectively, by two others; a dusky stripe from corner of mouth to eye; lower 
parts in general pale fulvous-grayish irregularly barred with dark brown. Downy 
young: General color rusty ochraceous, the upper parts marked with large blotch- 
like areas of deep rusty, and an indistinct hand of the same across chest. Length 
about 13.50, wing 8.00, culmen 3.00-3.25, tarsus 1.50, middle toe 1.30. Hggs 1.71 x 
1.37, rounded ovate, pale dull buff or dull buffy white, spotted with raw umber and 
purplish gray. Hab. Northern parts of eastern hemisphere; occasional in eastern 
OR PACNOTICE issu: scceesensee ss ctcsnice 227. S. rusticola Linn. European Woodcock. 


159 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus PHILOHELA Gray. (Page 147, pl. XLV., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Adult: Occiput with three transverse bands of black alternating with three 
much narrower ones of ochraceous, or yellowish rusty; upper parts varied with 
pale ashy, rusty, and black, the latter in form of large spots; quills plain brownish 
gray ; head, except as described above, chiefly plain cinnamon-ashy, relieved by a 
dusky line from corner of mouth to eyes and another across ear-coverts; lower 
parts plain light cinnamon, much tinged with light ashy. Downy young : General 
color light rusty buff, unvaried on lower parts; broad stripe down rump, and other 
markings on upper parts very dark chestnut, or seal-brown. Length 10.50-11.75, 
wing 4.80-5.70, culmen 2.50-nearly 3.00, tarsus 1.25, middle toe 1.37. Eggs 1.51 x 
1.14, short ovate or rounded ovate, buffy, spotted with rusty brown and purplish 
gray. Hab. Eastern United States, north to British Provinces, west to the Plains ; 
accidental in Bermudas................. 228. P. minor (GMEL.). American Woodcock. 


Genus GALLINAGO Leacu. (Page 147, pl. XLV., fig. 2.) 


Species. 

Common CuHaracters.—Tail with a subterminal band of rufous, succeeded by a 
black bar; top of head blackish, divided medially by a line of pale buff; feathers of 
back, etc., blackish, broadly edged exteriorly with pale buff; under wing-coverts, 
axillars, and sides sharply and broadly barred with slate-color on a pure white 
ground; length 10.00-12.00. Eggs pale olive, olive-grayish, or pale olive-brown, 
heavily spotted, especially on larger end, with deep brown and purplish gray. 


a. Tail-feathers usually 14; under wing-coverts with white prevailing, the dark 
bars everywhere narrower than the white interspaces; culmen usually more 
than 3.80; wing 5.00-5.30, culmen 2.80-3.00, tarsus 1.25-1.45, middle toe 
1.15-1.40; outer tail-feathers much broader than in G. delicata. Kggs 1.57 
1.11. Hab. Europe and northern Asia and Africa; accidental in Bermu- 
das, and occasional in Greenland. 

229. G. gallinago (Linn.). European Snipe. 

a. Tail-feathers usually 16; under wing-coverts everywhere broadly barred with 
slate-color, these bars, as well as those on the axillars, nearly as broad as the 
white interspaces; culmen usually less than 2.75; wing 4.90-5.60, culmen 
2.50-2.70, tarsus 1.20-1.30, middle toe 1.10-1.35. Eggs 1.55 x 1.09. Hab. 
Whole of North and Middle America, and West Indies, and northern South 
America; breeding from northern United States northward. 

230. G. delicata (Orp). Wilson's Snipe. 


Genus MACRORHAMPHUS lLeacu. (Page 149, pl. XLVL,, fig. 1.) 
Species. 


Common CHARAcTERS.—Rump and upper tail-coverts white, the former with 
U- or V-shaped marks, the latter with transverse bars, of dusky ; tail grayish dusky, 


MACRORHAMPHUS. 151 


or slaty, barred with white. Summer adult: Sides of head and neck, throat, fore- 
neck, chest, breast, and sides (sometimes entire lower parts), light cinnamon, usu- 
ally more or less flecked, speckled, or barred with dusky ; top of head and hind-neck 
streaked with pale cinnamon, or buffy, and dusky; back, scapulars, ete., varied 
with dusky and light cinnamon, or buffy. Winter plumage :' Belly, anal region, 
and indistinct superciliary stripe, white ; rest of plumage plain ash-gray, intermixed 
more or less with white on breast and sides; wing-coverts bordered with whitish. 
Young :' Back, scapulars, and tertials varied with blackish and light brown or clay- 
color, the latter chiefly along edges of feathers; lower parts soiled white, tinged, 
especially on breast, with pale brownish, the chest and sides indistinctly speckled 
with dusky. 


a’. Web between inner and middle toes very indistinct ; culmen not more than 3.00, 
wing not more than 6.00, and tarsus not more than 1.75; lower back entirely 
white; axillars barred to tips with dusky, and under wing-coverts much 
varied with same; tertials, scapulars, etc., more or less barred with light 
cinnamon or buffy, in summer plumage. (Subgenus Macrorhamphus.) 

6. Length about 10.00-11.00, wing 5.25-5.90 (average 5.65), culmen 2.00-2.55 
(2.30), tarsus 1.20-1.55 (1.35), middle toe .90-1.05 (.95). Summer adult 
with belly whitish, the breast and sides speckled with dusky. Eggs 
1.65 X 1.13, light buffy olive, distinctly spotted and speckled, especially 
on larger end, with deep brown. Hab. Eastern North America, breed- 
ing far northward ; Nushagak River, Alaska (straggler ?). 

231. M. griseus (GMEL.). Dowitcher. 

6’. Length 11.00-12.50, wing 5.40-6.00 (average 5.74), culmen 2.10-3.00 (2.72), 
tarsus 1.35-1.75 (1.58), middle toe .95-1.15 (1.01). Summer adult with 
cinnamon-color of lower parts deeper and much more uniform, covering 
entire belly ; sides distinctly barred with dusky. Eggs 1.74 x 1.21, pale 
olive-grayish, boldly spotted, especially over larger end, with deep van- 
dyke-brown. Hab. North America in general (except northeastern por- 
tion), but chiefly the Western Province, breeding in Alaska, etc., north 
to Arctic Ocean... 232. M. scolopaceus (Say). Long-billed Dowitcher. 

a’. Web between inner and middle toes very large (almost equal in extent to that 
between outer and middle toes); culmen more than 3.00, wing more than 
6.00, and tarsus more than 1.75; lower back dusky, the feathers edged and 
margined with white; axillars white, barred or spotted toward base only 
with dusky, and under wing-coverts almost entirely white; tertials, scapu- 
lars, etc., edged, but not barred, with pale cinnamon, in summer plumage. 
(Subgenus Pseudoscolopax BiyTu.’) 

M. semipalmatus (JERD.). Semipalmated Snipe.’ 


1 Winter plumage and young of M. semipalmatus not seen by me, and perhaps different in style of colora- 
tion from the same stages of the American species. 

? Pseudoscolopax Buytu, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. xvii. 1848, 252. Type, Macrorhamphus semipalmatue 
JERD. 

3 Pseudoscolopax semipalinatus “ JerpD.’”’ Biytu, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. xvii. 1848, 252. 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


ror" 
or 
bo 


Genus MICROPALAMA Bairp. (Page 149, pl. XLIII., fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Summer adult: Upper parts varied with black, pale gray, and light buff, the 
first prevailing on back and scapulars; wing-coverts grayish, margined with paler ; 
upper tail-coverts white, marked with dusky streaks and bars; top of head dusky, 
streaked with whitish ; ear-coverts and patch on each side of occiput, light rusty ; 
streak of dusky from eye to corner of mouth; rest of head, with neck, dull white, 
streaked with dusky, the lower parts whitish barred with dusky. Winter plumage : 
Upper parts uniform ash-gray, except tail-coverts, wings, and tail, which are as in 
summer; superciliary stripe and lower parts white, the chest, sides of neck, and 
lower tail-coverts streaked with grayish. Young: Back and scapulars dusky, all 
the feathers bordered with pale buff or buffy whitish; wing-coverts bordered with 
pale buff and white; upper tail-coverts nearly immaculate white; lower parts 
soiled white, the chest and sides more or less strongly washed with buff, and indis- 
tinctly streaked with grayish. Length 7.50-9.25, wing 5.00-5.30, culmen 1.55-1.75, 
tarsus 1.55-1.70. Hgqs 1.42 x 1.00, pale grayish buff, or grayish buffy white, boldly 
spotted with rich vandyke-brown and purplish gray. Hab. Eastern North America 
breeding far northward; south, in winter, to Brazil, Peru, and West Indies; Ber- 
mudas during migrations.......... 233. M. himantopus (Bonap.). Stilt Sandpiper. 


Genus TRINGA Linnazus. (Page 148, pl. XLVIL,, figs. 1-3; pl. XLVIIL,, figs. 1, 2.) 


Species. 


a’. Wing 6.00 or more; middle pair of tail-feathers not longer than the rest. (Sub- 
genus Tringa.) 

b'. Wing less than 7.00; summer adult with lower parts uniform light cinna- 
mon. Summer adult: Above light grayish, irregularly varied with black 
and tinged with pale rusty; rump and upper tail-coverts white, irregu- 
larly barred and spotted with dusky; distinct superciliary stripe and 
lower parts generally, uniform pale vinaceous-cinnamon, paler on belly ; 
under wing-coverts, axillars, flanks, and lower tail-coverts white, usually 
more or less marked with dusky. Winter plumage: Above plain ash- 
gray, the feathers with indistinct darker shaft-streaks ; rump and upper 
tail-coverts white, barred with dusky ; lower parts white, the throat, 
fore-neck, chest, and sides streaked and otherwise marked with dusky. 
Young: Above ash-gray, each feather bordered with whitish and with 
a subedging of dusky ; lower parts whitish, sometimes tinged with dull 
buffy on breast, etc., the neck and chest streaked and flecked with dusky, 
the sides indistinctly barred and spotted with the same; otherwise, like 
adult. Downy young: “ Forehead warm buff, with a central black line ; 
over the eye a double black line ; crown, from centre backwards, black, 
slightly varied with rufous, and dotted with buff; nape creamy buff, 
slightly varied with blackish; upper parts... black slightly varied 


TRINGA. 153 


with reddish brown and profusely dotted with creamy white; under 
parts very slightly washed with warm buff.” (Dresser.) Length 10.00- 
11.00, wing 6.50, tail 2.50. Hab. Sea-coasts throughout northern hemi- 
sphere and nearly throughout southern hemisphere in winter ; in North 
America, shores of the Great Lakes also. 
234. T. canutus Linn. Knot. 
6%. Wing more than 7.00; summer adult with lower parts white, heavily 
spotted anteriorly with dusky ; wing 7.40, tail 2.80, culmen 1.60, tar 
sus 1.35, middle toe .85. Hab. Coast of Eastern Asia (Japan, etc.). 
T. crassirostris TEMM. & SCHLEG. Large-billed Sandpiper.! 
a. Wing less than 6.00 ; middle tail-feathers usually longer and more pointed than 
the rest. 
b'. Tarsus shorter than middle toe (with claw), the latter decidedly shorter 
than exposed culmen. (Subgenus Arquatella BAIRD.) 
cl. Summer adult and young with little if any rusty on upper parts, the 
former without dusky patch or extensive clouding on breast. 
Summer adult: Top of head dusky streaked with dull light buffy ; 
scapulars and interscapulars blackish, irregularly spotted and 
indented with dull buff, and bordered terminally with whitish ; 
fore-neck and chest white, streaked with dusky; breast dull 
light grayish, spotted with darker. Winter plumage : Upper 
parts uniform sooty blackish, glossed with purplish, the scapu- 
lars, interscapulars, and wing-coverts bordered terminally with 
dark plumbeous-gray ; chest uniform mouse-gray, or brownish 
plumbeous, other lower parts white. Young: Above dusky, the 
scapulars, interscapulars, and wing-coverts bordered with pale 
buffy or whitish. Downy young: Above hair-brown, lighter and 
grayer on hind neck, the brown irregularly marbled with black, 
the wings, back, and rump thickly sprinkled with white downy 
flecks; head grayish white, tinged with fulvous, variously 
marked with black, the lores having two distinct longitudinal 
streaks; lower parts dull grayish white. Length 8.00-9.50, 
wing 4.85-5.40 (5.06), culmen 1.10-1.45 (1.20), tarsus .90-1.00 
(.99). Eggs 144 x 1.02, pale olive, varying to greenish or 
brownish or even buffy, spotted and clouded with various 
shades of brown. Hab. Sea-coasts and shores of larger inland 
waters of Europe and eastern North America, breeding far 
northward; south, in winter, to Middle States and Great 
DU MIKEBR soe cazowe? 235. T. maritima Brinn. Purple Sandpiper. 
ce, Summer adult and young with much rusty on upper parts, the former 
with a more or less distinct patch, or extensive clouding, of dusky 
on breast. 
@. Smaller and darker colored. Summer adult: Upper parts dusky, 


1 Tringa crassirostris TEMM. & Scuuec., Faun. Jap. Aves, 1847, 107, pl. 14. 
20 


154 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


with purplish gloss, the top of head streaked with rusty, the 
scapulars and interscapulars widely bordered by a brighter 
shade of the same; fore-neck and chest irregularly clouded 
with pale buff or soiled white and sooty plumbeous, the breast 
more coarsely clouded, with more or less of a blackish patch on 
each side. Winter plumage: Hardly distinguishable from corre- 
sponding stage of 7. maritima, but lighter borders to feathers 
of upper parts of a clearer, more bluish plumbeous, and the 
grayish of the chest more varied or broken by white. Young: 
Scapulars and interscapulars conspicuously bordered with bright 
rusty, ochraceous, and whitish; wing-coverts broadly bordered 
with pale buff or whitish; breast and sides buffy white, streaked 
with dusky. Downy young: Above bright rusty fulvous, irreg- 
ularly marbled with black, the ornamental velvety flecks coarser 
and less purely white than in 7. maritima ; head light fulvous, 
marked as in 7. maritima ; sides distinctly tinged with fulvous. 
Length 7.50-9.00, wing 4.50-5.15 (4.86), culmen .98-1.25 (1.13), 
tarsus .88-1.00 (.95). Zggs 1.46 x 1.00, pale olive-buff, varying 
to light brownish buff, spotted longitudinally, and somewhat 
spirally, with vandyke-brown, or deep umber, these darker 
markings sometimes prevailing over the ground-color. Hab. 
Aleutian Islands and coasts of Bering’s Sea, north to Kowak 
River, Alaska, west to Commander Islands, Kamtschatka. 

236. T. couesi Ripaw. Aleutian Sandpiper. 


d’. Larger and lighter colored. Summer adult: Top of head broadly 


streaked with buff; scapulars and interscapulars widely bor- 
dered with bright ochraceous or ochraceous-rufous ; fore-neck 
and chest pure white, sparsely streaked with brownish gray ; 
breast white, streaked anteriorly and clouded posteriorly with 
dusky, the latter forming more or less of a patch on each side. 
Winter plumage: Above light plumbeous or ashy, the scapulars 
and interscapulars darker centrally and with paler borders; 
wing-coverts edged with pure white; chest with white pre- 
vailing. Young: Similar to corresponding stage of 7. couesi, 
but colors much paler, with light borders to feathers of back, 
etc., broader, the dark centres correspondingly decreased. 
Downy young: Similar to that of TZ. coues?, but paler in color, 
the dark streaks on lores not reaching to the eye. Length 
about 9.50-10.00, wing 5.00-5.40 (5.16), culmen 1.15-1.45 (1.33), 
tarsus .95-1.00 (.98). Eggs 1.50 x 1.07, light brownish buff, 
heavily spotted with rich vandyke-brown and clouded with 
purplish gray. Hab. Prybilof Islands, Bering’s Sea; adjacent 
coast of Alaska. south of Norton Sound, in winter. 

237. T. ptilocnemis Cours. Prybilof Sandpiper. 


TRINGA. 155 


b% Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw, or else toes very slender, without 
distinct lateral membrane. 

cl. Exposed culmen not longer than tarsus (or else exceeding it by not 

more than half the length of the basal phalanx of the middle toe), 

and less than half as long as the tail. (Subgenus <Actodromas 
KAUvpP.) 

d'. Wing more than 4.50. ; 
e’. Rump and median upper tail-coverts plain brownish black or 
dusky. 

f'. Shafts of all the quills white for a portion of their length; 

exposed culmen shorter than tarsus. Summer adult: 

Top of head bright rusty, streaked with black; scap- 

ulars and interscapulars rusty, tipped with pale gray- 

ish brown and white, and broadly striped with black ; 

superciliary stripe, malar region, chin, and throat, 

white, streaked and flecked with dusky; fore-neck and 

chest buff broadly streaked and spotted with dusky; 

rest of lower parts white, with V-shaped marks of 

grayish brown, except on belly. Winter plumage: 

Above grayish brown (more rusty on top of head), 

streaked and striped with dusky; superciliary stripe 

and lower parts dull white; chest and sides of breast 

pale grayish buff, the former indistinctly streaked with 

dusky, lower tail-coverts with dusky shaft-streaks. 

Young: Whole top of head bright rusty, sharply 

streaked with black; scapulars, etc., bright ochraceous- 

rusty, striped with blackish and bordered terminally 

with white; superciliary stripe, malar region, chin, 

throat, belly, and lower tail-coverts white, the first 

two finely streaked with dusky, the last with dusky 

shaft-streaks. Length about 7.50-9.00, wing 4.90- 

5.50, culmen .95-1.05, tarsus 1.10-1.25. Hab. Western 

coasts and islands of Pacific Ocean, from Australia to 

Kamtschatka and Alaska (numerous and probably 

Pree ding riences ciscaess . 238. T. acuminata (Horsr.). 

Sharp-tailed Sandpiper. 

f?. Shaft of outer quill, only, white; exposed culmen longer 

than tarsus. Swmmer adult: Above light clay-color or 

brownish buff, broadly striped with black; fore-neck 

and chest light buffy grayish, broadly streaked with 

dusky; chin, upper part of throat, and lower parts 

from breast backward, plain white. Winter plumage : 

Similar to summer dress, but upper parts more uni- 

form, with blackish markings less distinct, the lighter 

tints less rusty or buffy. Young: Much like.summer 


156 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


adult, but lighter tints above more rusty, the scapulars 

and outermost interscapulars tipped exteriorly with 

white, the chest, etc., more buffy and more narrowly 

streaked. Length 8.00-9.50, wing about 5.00-5.50, cul- 

men 1.10-1.20, tarsus 1.00-1.10. Eggs 1.44 x 1.02, pale 

grayish buff varying to pale olive-greenish, boldly and 

heavily blotched with rich vandyke-brown and clouded 

with purplish gray. Hab. Nearly the whole of Amer- 

ica, but in summer confined to Arctic and subarctic 

districts ; occasional in Europe. 

239. T. maculata ViertL. Pectoral Sandpiper. 

é@. Rump dusky, the feathers bordered with pale grayish, buffy, 
or whitish. 

f*. Upper tail-coverts all white, but sometimes marked with 
dusky. 

g. Wing less than 5.50. Summer adult: Top of head 
buffy, broadly streaked with black; back and scap- 
ulars mixed light brownish gray and grayish buff, 
tinged more or less with rusty ochraceous, and 
broadly striped with blackish, these markings 
more wedge-shaped on scapulars; upper tail-cov- 
erts white, often nearly or quite immaculate, 
sometimes with a few, mostly concealed, sagittate 
or V-shaped, marks of dusky ; superciliary stripe 
and lower parts white; sides of head and neck, 
fore-neck, chest, and sides, streaked with dusky, 
these streaks broadest and most distinct on chest, 
sparser, larger, and more cuneate or V-shaped on 
flanks. Winter plumage: Upper parts plain brown- 
ish gray, with indistinct narrow mesial streaks 
of dusky; otherwise as in summer, but streaks 
on chest, ete., less distinct. Young: Scapulars 
and interscapulars blackish, margined terminally 
with white and laterally with rusty, those of 
middle of back (longitudinally) also tipped with 
rusty; feathers of top of head and rump, also 
tertials, margined with rusty; wing-coverts bor- 
dered with pale grayish buff; otherwise like winter 
plumage, but chest, etc., suffused with buffy. 
Length 6.75-8.00, wing 4.90-5.00, culmen .90-1.00, 
tarsus .95-1.00. Eggs 1.37 x .94, light olive or 
olive-brownish, spotted (usually rather finely) 
with deep brown and dull purplish gray. Hab. 
Eastern North America, breeding far northward ; 
in winter, south through West Indies and over 


TRINGA. 157 


eastern South America, to Falkland Islands; occa- 
sional in Europe....... 240, T. fuscicollis VIEILL. 
Bonaparte’s Sandpiper. 
g. Wing more than 5.50. Summer adult: Similar to cor- 
responding stage of T. fuscicollis, but ground-color 
of upper parts brownish gray, with only the least 
trace of ochraceous on some of the longer scapu- 
lars, and upper tail-coverts conspicuously varied 
with broad V-shaped marks of grayish dusky ; 
length about 9.50, wing 5.80, culmen 1.25, tarsus 
120. Hab. Long Island, New York (only one 
specimen known, obtained May 24, 1833). 
__. T. cooperi Barrp. Cooper's Sandpiper. 
f?, Median upper tail-coverts plain dusky. 

Summer adult: Crown pale grayish buff, broadly 
streaked with brownish black ; scapulars and in- 
terscapulars irregularly spotted with brownish 
black and pale grayish buff, the former largely 
predominating ; chest pale grayish buff, streaked 
and spotted with dusky grayish brown; super 
ciliary stripe, chin, and throat white, the first 
finely but sparsely streaked with dusky; lower 
parts posterior to chest plain white. Winter 
plumage: Above plain buffy grayish brown, the 
feathers with rather indistinct dusky mesial 
streaks; feathers of ramp and median upper tail- 
coverts dusky, bordered terminally with dull 
buffy ; lower parts dull white, the sides of neck, 
chest, and sides of breast strongly washed or suf- 
fused with dull buffy. Young: Above dull gray- 
ish buff, the scapulars and interscapulars dusky 
centrally and margined terminally with white ; 
top of head streaked with dusky ; otherwise much 
as in winter plumage, but chest streaked with 
dusky. Length 7.00-7.60, wing 4.60-4.85, culmen 
90-1.00, tarsus 1.00. Eggs 1.30 < .93, light 
creamy buff, sometimes tinged with rusty, thickly 
speckled and spotted with deep reddish brown or 
chestnut. Hab. America in general, but chiefly 
the interior; breeding along arctic coast, and mi- 
grating in winter south to Chili and Argentine 
Republic. 

9°41. T. bairdii Coves. Baird’s Sandpiper. 
@, Wing less than 4.00. 
2. Middle toe, without claw, shorter than exposed culmen ; shafts 


158. NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


of all the quills more or less white Summer adult: 
Scapulars and interscapulars bordered and irregularly in- 
dented with rusty ochraceous, these lighter markings some- 
times extended nearly or quite to the shaft, thus dividing 
the black into more or less cumpletely separated spots; 
tertials broadly edged with rusty ochraceous; rump and 
upper tail-coverts plain brownish black, the outermost 
feathers of the latter partly or entirely white; top of head 
rusty ochraceous, broadly streaked with black; fore-neck 
and chest dull brownish white, streaked with dusky; rest 
of lower parts plain white. Winter plumage: Above plain 
brownish gray, with dusky shaft-streaks; chest pale gray- 
ish, very indistinctly streaked with darker; rest of lower 
parts plain white. Young: Similar to summer adults, but 
scapulars and outermost interscapuiars with white tips to 
outer webs, and lacking the concealed ochraceous bars; 
lower parts more as in winter plumage. Length 5.00-6.75, 
wing 3.50-3.75, culmen .75-.92, tarsus .75. Eggs 1.15 x .83, 
pale grayish buffy, varying to pale brownish, thickly spotted, 
speckled, or sprinkled with deep chestnut and dull purplish 
gray. Hab. America in general, but breeding only in arctic 
and subarctic districts. 
242. T. minutilla Virity. Least Sandpiper. 
é. Middle toe, without claw, longer than exposed culmen; shafts 
of all the quills, except first, wholly dark brown. Summer 
adult: Very similar to corresponding stage of 7. minutilla, 
but feathers of back more broadly edged with tawny 
ochraceous, and scapulars more broadly edged with a 
brighter, more rusty shade of the same, these feathers with- 
out any trace of bars or indentations of the lighter color. 
Winter plumage, not seen. Young, hardly distinguishable 
from summer adult. Length about 5.50-6.20, wing 3.45- 
3.65, culmen .70-.80, tarsus .85-.90. Hab. Asia, breeding 
toward arctic coast; accidental (?) in Alaska (Otter Island, 
Bering’s Sea, June 8, 1885). 
242.1. T. damacensis (Horsr.). Long-toed Stint.’ 
ce’. Exposed culmen exceeding tarsus by at least half the length of the 
middle toe, without claw, and more than two-thirds as long as 
tail. 
ad‘. Tarsus less than one and a half times as long as middle toe, with- 


1 To this section belong also the type of the subgenus, 7. minuta Leisu.; also, 7. temminekii LEIsu., and 
T. ruficollis PAuu., of the northern portions of the eastern hemisphere. 

2 Totanus damacensis Horsr., Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. 1821, 129. Tringa damacensis Swinu., P. Z. S. 1863, 
316. Rinew. Auk, iii. 1886, 275 (Otter Island, Alaska; Chas. H. Townsend). Actodromas damacensis STEJN., 
Orn. Expl. Kamtschat. 1885, 116 (Bering Island, Kamtschatka). 


TRINGA. 159 


out claw; median upper tail-coverts dusky ; lower parts white 
and blackish in summer adult. (Subgenus Pelidna Cuvisr.) 

e. Summer adult: Above light dull rusty or tawny, streaked and 
spotted with blackish; anterior lower parts white, or 
grayish white, streaked with dusky; belly covered by a 
more or less continuous patch of blackish. Winter plumage: 
Above plain ash-gray or brownish gray, sometimes with 
indistinct dusky shaft-streaks; an indistinct superciliary 
stripe and lower parts white, the neck and chest indis- 
tinctly streaked with grayish, the sides and flanks some- 
times also sparsely streaked. Young: Back and scapulars 
dusky, the feathers broadly bordered with rusty, ochra- 
ceous, or buffy, this becoming paler (often whitish) on tips 
of some feathers; wing-coverts bordered with buffy ; top 
of head light rusty, streaked with blackish; sides of head 
and neck dull buffy, indistinctly streaked with dusky ; 
lower parts white, the breast and belly spotted with 
black. 

f'. Smaller and duller in color. Summer adult with back 
varied with dull ochreous or buffy, and blackish of belly 
not in strong contrast with speckled or otherwise va- 
ried dull grayish of breast. Downy young: ‘“ Covered 
with rather close down; crown velvety black, this 
color narrowing to a point on the forehead, and mar- 
gined all around with buffy white; hind crown slightly 
spotted with white; upper parts deep black slightly 
varied with rufous, and dotted here and there with 
white; sides of the head white with a warm buffy 
tinge; a dark streak passes from the base of the bill 
over the eye, and another below it, and behind the eye 
there is a dark patch; rest of under-parts grayish 
white.” (DressEr.) Length about 7.50, wing 4.30-4.75, 
culmen 1.15-1.40, tarsus .85-1.00, middle toe .70-.75. 
Egqs pale olive-buff, spotted, somewhat spirally (some- 
times speckled), with different shades of vandyke- 
brown and purplish gray. Hab. Europe, ete.; acci- 
dental or casual in eastern North America (west side 
of Hudson’s Bay).... 243. T. alpina (Linn.). Dunlin. 

f°’, Larger and brighter colored. Summer adult with back, 
ete., varied with bright rusty ochraceous, and black of 
belly conspicuously contrasted with nearly immaculate 
grayish white of breast; length 7.60-8.75, wing 4.60- 
4.95, culmen 1.40-1.75, tarsus 1.00-1.15, middle toe .70- 
.80. Eggs 1.43 x 1.01, dull brownish or grayish buff or 
olive-buff, blotched, spotted, and stained with chestnut- 


160 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


brown. Hab. North America in general, breeding far 

northward; eastern Asia.... 243a. T. alpina pacifica 

(CovuEs). Red-backed Sandpiper. 

d’. Tarsus one and a half times as long as the middle toe, with claw ; 

upper tail-coverts entirely white; head, neck, and lower parts 

rufous or chestnut in summer adult. (Subgenus Ancylocheilus 
Kavp.) 

Summer adult: Head, neck, and lower parts (except anal 
region and lower tail-coverts), deep cinnamon-rufous or 
chestnut; upper parts varied with blackish and rusty. 
Winter plumage: Above plain brownish gray, with indis- 
tinct dusky shaft-streaks ; superciliary stripe, upper tail- 
coverts, and lower parts, white, the chest indistinctly 
streaked with grayish. Young: Back and scapulars 
dusky, the feathers edged with dull buffy or light ochra- 
ceous, and bordered terminally with whitish; lesser and 
middle wing-coverts bordered terminally with dull buff; 
otherwise much like winter plumage, but chest and sides 
of breast washed with dull buff. Length about 7.00-9.00, 
wing 4.80-5.20, culmen 1.38-1.60, tarsus 1.10-1.20. Eggs 
1.50 X 1.04, pale grayish or greenish buffy, spotted with 
deep brown, etc. (hardly distinguishable from eggs of T. 
maculata or T. alpina pacifica). Hab. Eastern hemisphere 
in general; occasional in eastern North America and in 
Alaska..... 244. T. ferruginea Briinn. Curlew Sandpiper. 


Genus EURYNORHYNCHUS Nitsson. (Page 149, pl. XLIV., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Summer adult: Head, neck, and chest rusty, the crown streaked and the back 
spotted with dusky ; scapulars and tertials lighter rusty, or ochraceous, the central 
portion of each feather black; wing-coverts brownish gray, with dusky shaft- 
streaks; lower parts from breast back, white, the sides more or less spotted with 
dusky. Winter plumage: Forehead, cheeks, and entire- under parts white; upper 
parts (except forehead) dusky, the feathers margined with pale grayish. Young : 
Back and scapulars dusky, the feathers bordered terminally with dull whitish, 
these borders becoming rusty on anterior portion of back and scapulars; wing- 
coverts dusky centrally, with still darker shaft-streaks, and margined with brown- 
ish gray, the greater tipped with white; top of head dull grayish, spotted with 
dusky, the feathers edged with rusty; rest of head, neck (except behind), and 
lower parts white, clouded with light grayish brown, and suffused with dull buffy 
anteriorly. Length about 6.00, wing 3.35-3.90, culmen .80-1.00, width of bill near 
tip about .45, tarsus .80-.90. Hab. Eastern Siberia in summer, straggling across to 
coast of Alaska (Choris Peninsula) ; in winter, south to India. 

245. E. pygmaeus (Linn.). Spoon-bill Sandpiper. 


EREUNETES. 161 


Genus EREUNETES Ituicer. (Page 148, pl. XLVIIL,, fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Common CuHaracTErs.—Rump slate-grayish ; upper tail-coverts and middle tail- 
feathers dusky, rest of tail-feathers ash-gray ; wing-coverts and tertials brownish 
gray, with darker shaft-streaks, the greater coverts tipped with white; superciliary 
region and lower parts white, the former finely streaked with dusky. Summer 
adults with feathers of back, scapulars, etc., blackish centrally, their edges more or 
less buffy or rusty ; chest streaked or spotted with dusky. Winter plumage with 
upper parts plain grayish, the feathers with darker shaft-streaks; chest nearly or 
quite immaculate. Young: Much like summer adult, but chest tinged with dull 
buffy, and without streaks, and the scapulars and feathers of back margined termi- 
nally with white. Downy young: Forehead whitish, divided medially by a black 
line; crown chestnut, marbled posteriorly with black and white; occiput marbled 
whitish ; a line of black on lores, forking just in front of eye, the upper branch run- 
ning toward anterior corner of eye, the other inclining downward ; upper parts ful- 
vous-brown or rusty laterally, black centrally, the whole surface thickly bespangled 
with white downy tufts; throat fulvous-whitish ; other lower parts dull whitish, 
nearly pure on belly. Length about 5.25-6.75. 


a’. Culmen .68-.75 (.72) in male, .80-.92 (.84) in female. Summer adult with little 
rusty on upper parts, the prevailing color above being grayish brown, tinged 
on sides of head (above ear-coverts), scapulars, etc., with pale buffy cinnamon, 
but this often nearly absent ; chest narrowly streaked with dusky. Young 
with little of rusty or ochraceous on upper parts. Male: Wing 3.65-3.90 
(3.69), culmen .68-.75 (.72), tarsus .80-.90 (.85), middle toe .55-.65 (.62). 
Female: Wing 3.85-4.00 (3.91), culmen .80-.92 (.84), tarsus .85-.95 (.90), 
middle toe .55-.65 (.61). Hggs 1.21 X 0.85, pale dull grayish buff, sprinkled, 
speckled, or spotted with dark brown and purplish gray. Hab. Northern 
and eastern North America, breeding from Labrador and western shores 
of Hudson’s Bay to northern Alaska; west, during migrations, to Rocky 
IMGUNLAINS..). 0045.50.00 002 246. E. pusillus (Linn.). Semipalmated Sandpiper. 

a. Culmen .85-.95 (.88) in male, 1.00-1.15 (1.05) in female. Summer adult with 
upper parts chiefly rusty, or bright rusty cinnamon, the feathers spotted cen- 
trally with black, the rusty or cinnamon sometimes uniform along sides of 
head (above ear-coverts), and a more or less distinct stripe of same on side 
of head; chest and breast thickly marked with broad streaks (sometimes 
widened into triangular spots) of dusky, the sides marked with sagittate 
spots of the same. Young: Upper parts, including top of head, with rusty 
ochraceous prevailing. Downy young: Rusty areas of upper parts more ex- 
tended and brighter in color. Male: Wing 3.60-3.75 (3.68), culmen .85-.95 
(.88), tarsus .85-.90 (.87), middle toe .55-.60 (.59). Female: Wing 3.70-3.90 
(3.82). culmen 1.00-1.15 (1.05), tarsus .90-.95 (.93), middle toe .60-.65 (.61). 
iggs 1.24 X 0.87, deep cinnamon-buffy, sprinkled, speckled, or thickly spotted 

21 


162 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


with bright rusty brown or chestnut, the general aspect decidedly rusty.) 
Hab. Western North America, breeding north to shores of Norton Sound, 
Alaska; during migrations occurring more or less plentifully along Atlantic 
COAST Se ceeecaneeee ces se eee 247. E. occidentalis Lawr. Western Sandpiper. 


GEnus CALIDRIS Cuvier. (Page 149, pl. XLIV., fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Lower parts white, immaculate on belly, sides, flanks, under tail-coverts, axil- 
lars, and under wing-coverts; greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, and 
inner primaries white at base of outer webs. Summer adult: Above light rusty, 
spotted with blackish, many of the feathers tipped with whitish; head, neck, and 
chest pale rusty, streaked and speckled with dusky. Winter plumage: Above very 
pale uniform ash-gray, inclining to pearl-gray (the anterior lesser wing-coverts de- 
cidedly darker), varied only by slightly darker shaft-streaks to the feathers; throat 
and chest, like rest of lower parts, immaculate pure white. Spring plumage: Above 
light grayish, coarsely spotted with black (streaked on head and neck), and tinged 
here and there with rusty ; chest speckled with dusky. Young: Above pale gray- 
ish, spotted with black and whitish, the latter on the tips of the feathers; chest 
immaculate white, faintly tinged with dull buff. Length 7.00-8.75, wing 4.70-5.00, 
culmen .95-1.00, tarsus .90-1.05, middle toe .55-.60. Hggs 1.41 x .91, light olive- 
brown, finely spotted or speckled with darker, the markings larger and more 
blended on larger end. Hab. Nearly cosmopolitan, but breeding only in northern 
portion of northern hemisphere................ 248. C. arenaria (Linn.). Sanderling. 


Genus LIMOSA Brisson. (Page 149, pl. XLIX., fig. 1.) 
Species. 
a’. Wings without any white patch. 
b’. Tail distinctly barred. 
cl. Upper tail-coverts pale cinnamon, barred with black ; axillars and under 
wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous. 

Prevailing color pale cinnamon or ochraceous, the head and neck 
streaked, the remaining upper parts irregularly barred and 
spotted, with brownish dusky. Adult: Breast, sides, and flanks 
barred with dusky. Young: Breast, sides, and flanks im- 
maculate, and deeper ochraceous than in adult. Length 16.50- 
20.50, wing 8.50-9.00, culmen 3.50-5.06, tarsus 2.75-3.00, middle 
toe about 1.40. Eggs 2.27 x 1.60, pale olive, varying to light 
grayish buffy, irregularly and rather sparsely spotted with 
dark brown and dull purplish gray. Hab. North America in 


1 The eggs of the two species of this genus differ constantly and very decidedly in coloration, as shown by 
the above descriptions, which are based on a very large series of each. 


LIMOSA. 163 


general, breeding from Iowa, Dakota, ete., north to Alaska, 
migrating south in winter to Guatemala, Yucatan, and Cuba. 
249. L. fedoa (Liny.).. Marbled Godwit. 
c. Upper tail-coverts white, spotted with dusky ; axillars and under wing- 
coverts white, marked irregularly with dusky. 

d', Rump white, marked with broad, acuminate streaks of dusky ; 
head, neck, and lower parts very deep cinnamon in summer 
adult; length about 17.00, wing 8.25-8.50, culmen 2.95-3.80, 
tarsus 2.00-2.15, middle toe 1.10-1.20. Hab. Northern portion 
of eastern hemisphere. 

L. lapponica (Linn.). Bar-tailed Godwit.! 

d’. Rump dusky, the feathers margined with white ; head, neck, and 
lower parts paler cinnamon in summer adult. Summer adult: 
Head, neck, and lower parts, plain cinnamon-color; back and 
scapulars irregularly varied with blackish, whitish, and light 
rusty; wing-coverts light grayish, with dusky shaft-streaks 
and whitish margins. Winter plumage: Head, neck, and lower 
parts whitish, the head and neck streaked, the breast and sides 
scantily and irregularly barred, with grayish brown; back and 
scapulars plain brownish gray; otherwise, asinsummer. Young: 
Above, including wing-coverts, light buffy grayish, or dull clay- 
color, irregularly varied with dusky; lower parts dull buffy 
whitish, shaded across chest with deeper grayish buff. Length 
14.60-16.00, wing 8.25-9.15, culmen 3.15-4.70, tarsus 2.00-2.45, 
middle toe 1.10-1.33. Hggs 2.25 x 1.45, similar in color to 
those of L. fedoa. Hab. Coasts of eastern Asia and across to 
Alaska, migrating south in winter to New Zealand and Austra- 
lia; Lower California (casual, in winter). 

250. L. lapponica baueri (Naum.). Pacific Godwit. 

6? Tail not distinctly barred, but uniform black, with white base and tip. 

Upper tail-coverts crossed by a broad band of pure white; longer 
upper tail-coverts, rump, and axillars plain sooty blackish, or dusky ; 
under wing-coverts chiefly dusky. Summer plumage: Head and 
neck pale chestnut, streaked with dusky ; lower parts deeper chest- 
nut, barred with dusky ; back, ete., blackish, irregularly varied with 
buffy. Winter plumage: Back, etc., plain dull brownish gray ; head, 
neck, and lower parts dull whitish, or pale grayish buffy, shaded 
with brownish gray anteriorly. Young: Back, ete., dull brownish 
gray, each feather marked with a submarginal dusky crescent and 
margined terminally with buffy; beneath pale dull grayish buffy, 
the belly whitish and chest more grayish. Length 14.00-16.75, 
wing 8.10-8.60, culmen 2.85-3.45, tarsus 2.25-2.50, middle toe 1.15- 
1.30. Hggs 2.20 « 1.42, ovate, deep olive, hair-brown, or broccoli- 


1 Scolopax lapponica Linn., 8. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 147. Limosa lapponica Gray, Gen. BD. iii. 1849, 570. 


164 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


brown (sometimes paler), usually more or less spotted with darker 
brown, but sometimes nearly uniform. Hab. Northern North 
America, east of Rocky Mountains (west to Pacific coast in 
Alaska), migrating south, in winter, through eastern United States, 
western Cuba, and Middle America to southern South America. 
251. L. hemastica (Linn.). Hudsonian Godwit. 
a’, Wing with two white patches, one at base of quills, the other occupying greater 
portion of secondaries. 

Upper tail-coverts, rump, and tail, much as in Z. hemastica ; axillars and 
under wing-coverts pure white. Summer adult: Head, neck, and chest 
cinnamon or rusty, the first two streaked, the last barred, with dusky; 
rest of lower parts white, the breast and sides barred with dusky; back, 
etc., mixed black, rusty, and whitish. Winter plumage: Head, neck, 
back, and scapulars plain dark brownish gray ; chest plain pale grayish; 
rest of lower parts plain white. Young: ‘“ Head dull brownish, the 
feathers edged with rufous-buff . . . back earthy brown, with here and 
there a blackish brown feather, all being edged with dull rufous... 
sides of head, neck, and breast dark buff; flanks washed with buff.” 
Downy young: “ Rusty yellow, marked with black, especially on crown 
and rump; a narrow streak through the eye, wing-joints, cheeks, and 
belly, light yellowish.” (DressEr.) Length about 15.00, wing 8.00- 
9.80, culmen 3.70-4.95, tarsus 2.80-3.80, middle toe 2.00-2.12. Kggs 2.17 
< 1.50, deep grayish olive, indistinctly spotted with deeper olive-brown. 
Hab. Northern portion of eastern hemisphere; accidental in Greenland. 

252. L. limosa (Linn.). Black-tailed Godwit. 


Genus TOTANUS Becustein. (Page 149, pl. L., figs. 1, 2.) 


Species. 


Common CHARACTERS.—Above grayish or brownish, more or less varied with 
white or dusky, or both; head and neck streaked, and tail barred, with white and 
grayish or dusky; lower parts white, the chest (sometimes other portions also) 
more or less streaked or spotted with dusky. 


a’. Bill longer than middle toe, with claw. 
b'. Tarsus more than one and a half times as long as the middle toe, without 
claw. (Subgenus Totanus.) 

c'. Nasal groove occupying less than balf the total length of the upper 
mandible; exposed culmen as long as tarsus to base of hind toe: 
wing 7.00 or more. 

d'. Bill decidedly recurved ; entire lower back and rump pure white; 
flanks and lower tail-coverts without markings. Summer 
adult: Back and scapulars blackish, the feathers edged with 
light ash-gray; fore-neck streaked with dusky. Winter plu- 
mage: Back and scapulars grayish, the feathers bordered with 


TOTANUS, 165 


grayish white; fore-neck plain white. Young: Back, scapu- 
lars, etc., light brownish gray, the feathers margined with 
paler, and with a subedging of dusky, in the form of an irregu- 
lar line inside the whitish border; these markings changed on 
tertials into short, zigzag, oblique bars along the edge of both 
webs; fore-neck, sides, etc., immaculate, as in winter adult. 
Downy young: “Upper parts black and gray, with reddish 
tinge ; forehead, sides of head, and whole under-parts white; a 
streak through the eye, a fine line along the forehead, a larger 
spot on the crown, a few lines or spots over the arm, sides of 
rump, and tail-down black, often mixed with reddish brown.” 
(Meves, fide Dresser.) Length 12.50-14.50, wing 7.00-7.80, 
culmen 2.15-2.20, tarsus 2.25-2.65, middle toe 1.12-1.30. Hgqs 
1.95 & 1.39, dull brownish buff, spotted with vandyke- and 
madder-brown and purplish gray. Hab. Greater part of 
eastern hemisphere, but only far northward during summer; 
accidental in eastern North America (Florida) ? 
253. T. nebularius (GuNN.). Greenshank. 
d’. Bill very slightly or not at all recurved; lower back and upper 
rump grayish, spotted with dusky ; flanks and lower tail-coverts 
barred with dusky. Summer adult: Above varied with blackish- 
pale gray, and white, the first predominating, the last in the 
form of spots along the edges of the feathers; throat streaked 
with dusky ; rest of lower parts (except belly) spotted or barred 
with the same. Winter plumage: Above rather light ash-gray, 
without the blackish, but with the white, spotting of summer 
dress; fore-neck, etc., much more narrowly streaked, and mark- 
ings of other lower parts much sparser and less distinct. 
Young : Similar to winter adult, but darker and more brownish 
above, the whitish spotting tinged with light brownish buff. 
Length 12.15-15.00, wing 7.50-7.75, culmen 2.20-2.30, tarsus 
2.50-2.75, middle toe 1.35-1.50. Hggs 1.43 x 1.20, brownish 
buffy, distinctly but very irregularly spotted with rich van- 
dyke- or madder-brown. Hab. Nearly the whole of America, 
but breeding only in the more northern portions of the northern 
continent (south to northern Iowa and Illinois ?). 
254. T. melanoleucus (GmMEL.). Greater Yellow-legs. 
e?. Nasal groove occupying more than half the total length of the upper 
mandible ; exposed culmen much shorter than tarsus to base of hind 
toe; wing less than 7.00. 

Plumage essentially similar, in all stages, to that of 7. melanoleu- 
cus; legs also yellow in life; length 9.50-11.00, wing 6.10- 
6.65, culmen 1.30-1.55, tarsus 2.00-2.15, middle toe 1.00-1.15. 
Eggs 1.69 < 1.15, buffy (variable as to shade), distinctly (some- 
times broadly) spotted or blotched with dark madder- or van- 


166 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


dyke-brown, and purplish gray. Hab. Northern North America 
in summer; migrating southward (chiefly east of Rocky Moun- 
tains) to West Indies, Buenos Aires, Chili, ete.; accidental in 
BUROPS in cdese sedcstaetss 255. T. flavipes (GMEL.). Yellow-legs. 
b?. Tarsus much less than one and a half times as long as the middle toe, with 
claw. (Subgenus Helodromas Kaup.") 
cl. Upper tail-coverts dusky, barred with white; middle tail-feathers 
dusky, spotted along edges with white. Summer adult: Above 
olivaceous-slate, rather sparsely speckled with white; fore-neck 
distinctly streaked with dusky. Winter plumage: Above dark ashy, 
less distinctly speckled with white, the fore-neck less distinctly 
streaked. Young: Above grayish brown, thickly speckled with 
dull buff; sides of head and neck nearly uniform grayish. Length 
7.50-8.60, wing 5.00-5.40, culmen 1.15-1.30, tarsus 1.25-1.90, middle 
toe 1.00. Hyg CGdentification doubtful, but probably correct) 1.32 
< .90, dull light buffy, thickly spotted and clouded with rich mad- 
der-brown and purplish gray. Hab. Temperate North America in 
summer, southern United States and tropical America in general in 
(Chgs) WADLER siccieseiieie aise 256. T. solitarius (Wits.). Solitary Sandpiper. 
c. Upper tail-coverts pure white, nearly or quite immaculate; middle 
tail-feathers widely barred with white; otherwise, very similar in 
plumage, in all stages, to 7. solitarius. Downy young: “Covered 
with close fine down; head grayish buff; a black line passes through 
each eye from the base of the bill to the nape; another broad line 
passes through the centre of the crown, and joins with one on each 
side of the crown at the nape, forming a patch, which is continued 
in a broad line to the rump; upper parts grayish buff and rufous, 
variegated with black, the latter forming to some extent a broad 
line on each side of the body; chin, throat, and under-parts white.” 
(DressEr.) Length about 10.00, wing 5.40-5.70, culmen 1.30-1.40, 
tarsus 1.25-1.40, middle toe .95-1.00. Mest not built by this species, 
but the abandoned nest of some tree-building bird, as a thrush, jay, 
or pigeon, often at a considerable height from the ground. ggs 
3-7, 118-124 « 14,-L4, pale “grayish sea-green, sparingly marked 
with ... purplish gray ... and dark brown.” (DressEr.) Hab. 
Northern portions of eastern hemisphere; accidental in eastern 
North America (Nova Scotia). 
257. T. ochropus (Linn.). Green Sandpiper, 
a?. Bill much shorter than middle toe, with claw. (Subgenus Rhyacophilus Kaur.) 
Under wing-coverts white, the exterior ones spotted with dusky; wing 
4.75-4.90, culmen 1.10-1.17, tarsus 1.40-1.46, middle toe 1.00-1.05. Hab. 
Eastern hemisphere ; casual in Aleutian Islands. 
—. T. glareola (LinN.). Wood Sandpiper.’ 


1 Helodromas Kaur, Naturl. Syst. 1829, 144. Type, Tringa ochropus LINN. 
2 Tringa glareola Linn., 8. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 149. Totanus glareola Temm., Man. d’Orn. 1815, 421. 


SYMPHEMIA. 167 


Genus SYMPHEMIA Rarinesque. (Page 148, pl. L., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Largest of the family (except species of the genera Numenius and Limosa), the 
wing measuring 8.00 or more; quills blackish, with nearly the basal half white, 
producing a very conspicuous patch on the spread wing. Summer adult: Above 
brownish gray, irregularly varied with dusky; lower parts white, tinged with 
grayish on fore-neck and buff along sides, the former, with chest, streaked or 
spotted with dusky, the latter barred with the same. Winter plumage: Above plain 
ash-gray ; beneath immaculate white, the fore-neck shaded with grayish. Young: 
Above brownish gray, the feathers margined with buff or pale ochraceous; sides 
much tinged with the same, and finely mottled transversely with grayish. 
Downy young: Above dull grayish white or pale brownish gray, tinged here and 
there with pale brown, coarsely and irregularly marbled with dusky; fore-part 
and sides of forehead plain dull whitish ; sides of head, with entire lower parts, dull 
white, the lores crossed, from eye nearly to bill, by a very distinct line of dusky ; 
behind the eye two dusky lines, a shorter and broader one running from eye into 
the dusky mottling of occiput, a longer and narrower one commencing immediately 
beneath, and running back into dusky mottling on nape. Length about 15.00- 
17.00, wing 7.50-9.00, culmen 1.90-2.60, tarsus 1.95-2.85, middle toe 1.35-1.40. Eggs 
2.13 X 1.53, pale buffy, varying from a brownish to a grayish olive shade, spotted 
with various shades of brown (usually rich madder-brown or vandyke), and pur- 
plish gray. Hab. Temperate North America; south, in winter, to West Indies, 
Brazil, etc.; accidental in Europe............ 258. S. semipalmata (GmEL.). Willet. 
(18.) 

Genus HETERACTITIS Sresnecer. (Page 148, pl. XLV., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaractrers.—Upper parts uniform, or nearly uniform, grayish ; lower 
parts white, more or less extensively barred with dusky in summer, washed with 
gray across chest and sides in winter, the young with gray of sides, etc., faintly 
mottled with whitish. 


a’. Nasal groove (measured from loral feathers) two-thirds as long as the exposed 
culmen ; upper tail-coverts uniform gray, or with merely a narrow edging 
of whitish. 

Summer adult: Above uniform plumbeous-gray; lower parts white, 
shaded across chest and along sides with plumbeous, the fore-neck 
streaked, and other parts (including belly and lower tail-coverts) barred, 
with dusky. Winter plumage: Similar, but without any bars on lower 
parts. Young: Similar to winter plumage, but scapulars, tertials, and 
upper tail-coverts indistinctly spotted along edges with white, and 
plumbeous of sides, ete., faintly mottled with the same. Length 10.50- 
11.30, wing 6.50-7.30, culmen 1.50-1.60, tarsus 1.25-1.35, middle toe 1.00- 


168 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


1.05. Hab, Pacific coast of America, from the Galapagos and Lower 
California to Aleutian Islands and Norton Sound, Alaska, and Com- 
mander Islands, Kamtschatka; also, the more eastern Pacific islands 
(Pomotu group, Marquesas, Tahiti, Tongatabu, Palmyra, Samoa, Upolu, 
BY}L, CC cerns tert aceecente 259. H. incanus (GmeL.). Wandering Tatler. 
a?. Nasal groove (measured from frontal feathers) only about one-half as long as 
the exposed culmen; upper tail-coverts distinctly barred with white. 

Summer adult: Belly and under tail-coverts immaculate white, the dark 
bars of other lower parts narrower than in H. incanus ; otherwise simi- 
lar to that species, but gray of a browner shade; size smaller. Hab. 
Shores and islands of the western Pacific, from Australia, Borneo, ete., 

to Kamtschatka (mainland). 
H. brevipes (VIEILL.). Polynesian Tatler. 


Genus PAVONCELLA Leacu. (Page 148, pl. XLIX., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Above varied with black, buff, and gray, the scapulars and tertials obliquely 
barred ; beneath white, varied on chest and throat; inner webs of primaries finely 
mottled toward base; three outermost tail-feathers plain, the rest barred ; sides of 
rump white. Adult male: Colors varying with the individual, scarcely two being 
alike; the “cape” usually glossy black, ochraceous, or whitish, the “ruff” usually 
chestnut, glossy black, buff, whitish, or ochraceous, these colors either plain, 
streaked, or barred, according to the individual. Adult female: No “ruff” or 
“cape,” and head completely feathered; plumage barred with blackish, buff, white, 
and rusty, the belly and lower tail-coverts usually immaculate white. Young: 
Back and scapulars brownish black, the feathers bordered with buff or ochraceous ; 
top of head ochraceous streaked with black; lower parts plain buffy anteriorly, 
whitish posteriorly. Length 10.00-12.50, wing 6.40, tail 2.60, culmen 1.25, tarsus 
1.75, middle toe, with claw, 1.40. Eggs 1.71 x 1.20, light olive or olive-buff, spotted 
with vandyke-brown or bistre. Hab. More northern portions of eastern hemisphere ; 
occasional in eastern United States (Maine, Massachusetts, Long Island, Ohio, 
GONE eae nace eee mies kone ejabmcataWenieae sua Mente erat dee ysrb ues 260. P. pugnax (Linn.). Ruff. 


Genus BARTRAMIA Lesson. (Page 148, pl. LI, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Adult: Above light brownish, the feathers more ochraceous toward edges, 
spotted and barred with blackish; crown blackish, divided by a median line of 
- buff; rest of head and neck ochraceous or buffy, streaked with dusky, except chin 
and throat, which are plain whitish; tail-feathers (except middle pair) light buff, 
broadly tipped with white, marked near ends with a broad black spot, and, anterior 


1 Totanus brevipes ViEtLu., Nouv. Dict. N. H. vi. 1817, 410. Heteractitis brevipes Strsn., Orn. Expl. 
Kamt. 1885, 137. 


TRYNGITES. 169 


to this, with a few irregular narrow dusky bars. Inner web of outer quill marked 
with broad bars of white, on other quills broken up into a confused mottling; axil- 
lars white regularly barred with clear slate-color ; belly and lower tail-coverts plain 
dull whitish or very pale buff (buff and ochraceous tints much deeper in winter). 
Young : Similar to adult, but buffy tints deeper, dusky streaks on fore-neck and chest 
much less distinct, and the back plain dusky, with distinct buff margins to the 
feathers. Downy young: Above coarsely and irregularly mottled with blackish on 
a grayish white ground tinged with light rusty; lower parts buffy white, with 
several blackish spots on flanks, one beneath eye, a smaller one on lores, and a 
larger, nearly perpendicular one behind ears. Length 11.00-12.75, wing 6.50-7.00, 
culmen 1.10-1.15, tarsus 1.90-2.05, middle toe .90-1.05. Hggs 1.79 « 1.30, ovate or 
short-ovate, creamy buff or dull buffy white, speckled and spotted, chiefly round 
larger end, with dark brown and purplish gray. Hab. Eastern and central North 
America in general, west to edge of the Great Basin, north to the Yukon Valley and 
Nova Scotia; south, in winter, to Brazil and Peru; occasional in Europe, and 
accidental in Australia...... 261. B. longicauda (Brcust.). Bartramian Sandpiper. 


Genus TRYNGITES Casanis. (Page 148, pl. LII., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Upper parts dull grayish buff or brownish, varied with blackish ; lower parts 
buff, streaked or speckled on chest with dusky; axillars white; under primary 
coverts and inner webs of quills beautifully mottled or speckled with dusky on a 
whitish ground. Adult: Feathers of back, etc., blackish centrally, and without 
whitish borders. Young: Feathers of back, etc., distinctly bordered with whitish, 
the black and brown less sharply contrasted ; mottling on inner webs of quills, and 
under primary coverts, much more minute and delicate than in adult. Length 
7.00-8.90, wing 5.10-5.50, culmen .75-.80, tarsus 1.15-1.30, middle toe .75-.85. Eggs 
1.53 X 1.04, buffy grayish white, varying to pale olive-buff, boldly spotted, longitu- 
dinally (and somewhat spirally) with dark vandyke- or madder-brown and purplish 
gray. Hab. North America in general, especially the interior, breeding far north- 
ward ; south, in winter, to Uruguay and Peru; occasional in Europe. 

262. T. subruficollis (Virru.). Buff-breasted Sandpiper. 


Genus ACTITIS Bor. (Page 148, pl. LIL, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common CuaAracters.—Above plain grayish brown, with a faint greenish or 
bronzy lustre, in summer adults or young slightly relieved by more or less of dusky 
streaking or barring, or both; outer tail-feathers barred with white, the rest (ex- 
cept middle pair) tipped with the same; secondaries broadly tipped with white, 
and with more than their basal half (abruptly) white; inner webs of second to 
tenth quills (inclusive) with a longitudinal white patch, increasing in depth toward 
the tenth, on which it touches the shaft; superciliary stripe (sometimes not very 
distinct) and lower parts chiefly pure white. 

22 


170 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


a’. Summer adult with lower parts marked everywhere with roundish spots of 
blackish. Winter adult: Above plain grayish olive, with a faint bronze gloss, 
with no markings except dusky shaft-streaks, except on wing-coverts, which 
are more or less barred with dusky; lower parts immaculate white, faintly 
shaded across chest with brownish gray, most distinct laterally. Young: 
Similar to winter plumage, but wing-coverts, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts 
more or less barred with pale dull buff and dusky. Downy young: Above 
yellowish gray, with a narrow black stripe down back, continued anteriorly 
to the bill; a narrow black line on each side of head, through eye; lower 
parts dull white. Length about 7.00-8.00, wing 4.05-4.60, culmen .90-1.05, 
tarsus .90-1.05. Hggs 2-5, 1.25 x .90, short-ovate, buffy, more or less thickly 
speckled and spotted with dark brown and black. Hab. Whole of North 
America; south, in winter, through West Indies, Middle America, and northern 
South America to Brazil: accidental or occasional in Europe. 

263. A. macularia (Linn.). Spotted Sandpiper. 

a’, Summer adult with lower parts plain white, except chest, which is pale brownish 
gray, streaked with darker. 

Other plumages very similar to corresponding stages of A. macularia ; 
length about 6.50-7.50, wing 3.80-4.40, culmen 1.00-1.05, tarsus .95-1.05. 
Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere, east to Commander 
Islands, Kamtschatka. 

A. hypoleucos (Linn.). Common Sandpiper (of Europe). 


Genus NUMENIUS Brisson. (Page 149, pl. XLIX., fig. 2.) 


Species. 
a. Feathers of thighs without lengthened bristly points. 
6. Rump not white. 

c’. Secondaries and quills rusty cinnamon, the outer webs of latter dusky ; 
axillars deep cinnamon, without distinct bars; lower parts pale cin- 
namon. 

Above pale cinnamon, tinged here and there with grayish, varied, 
transversely, with blackish, the top of head narrowly streaked 
with dusky, but without median light stripe; secondaries and 
quills cinnamon-rufous, the outer webs of the latter dusky. 
Downy young: Buffy yellow, deeper above, tinged with sulphur- 
yellow beneath ; upper parts coarsely and irregularly marbled 
with black ; bill straight, about 1.40 long. Length about 20.00- 
26.00, wing 10.00-11.00, culmen 2.30 (young of year)-8.50, tar- 
sus 3.00-3.50. Eggs 2-4, 2.59 x 1.81, light grayish buff or pale 
buffy brown, spotted, blotched, or speckled with umber-brown. 
Hab. Whole of temperate North America, migrating south to 
Guatemala, Cuba, and Jamaica. 

264. N. longirostris Wits. Long-billed Curlew. 


1 Tringa hypoleucos Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i, 1758, 149. Actitis hypoleucos Bots, Isis, 1822, 560. 


NUMENIUS. nik 


c. Secondaries and quills mainly or entirely dusky brownish ; axillars pale 
dull cinnamon or buffy, distinctly barred with dusky ; lower parts 
-pale dull buffy. 

d', Crown with two broad lateral stripes of brownish dusky, enclosing a 
narrower median stripe of buffy ; breast, etc., narrowly streaked 
with dusky; inner webs of quills spotted with buff toward 
edges; length 16.50-18.00, wing 9.00-10.25, culmen 3.00-4.90, 
tarsus 2.25-2.30, middle toe 1.35-1.40. Eggs 2.27 « 1.57, pale 
olive, spotted with dull brown. Hab. Whole of North 
America; south, in winter, through West Indies, Middle 
America, and greater part of South America; breeding far 
northward.... 265. N. hudsonicus Laru. Hudsonian Curlew. 

d@. Crown narrowly streaked with dusky, and without lighter median 
stripe; breast, etc., with V-shaped marks of dusky ; inner webs 
of quills entirely dusky; length 12.60-14.50, wing 8.00-8.50, 
culmen 2.25-2.50, tarsus 1.70-1.80, middle toe 1.00. Hggs 2.04 
< 1.43, pale olive-greenish, olive, or olive-brownish, distinctly 
spotted, chiefly on larger end, with deep or dark brown. Hab. 
Northern and eastern North America, breeding far northward ; 
migrating south, in winter, through Middle America to southern 
extremity of South America. 

266. N. borealis (Forst.). Eskimo Curlew. 
b?, Rump plain white. 

Similar to JV. hudsonicus, but plumage in general rather grayer, the 
rump white, and the axillars white, barred with grayish brown; 
length about 17.00, wing 9.30-10.50, culmen 3.00-3.60, tarsus 2.30- 
2.50, middle toe 140. Hggs 2.39 & 1.66, light olive-brownish or 
buffy olive, spotted with bistre and vandyke-brown. Hab. Northern 
portions of eastern hemisphere; occasional in Greenland. 

(19.) 267. N. phezopus (Liyn.). Whimbrel. 
a’, Feathers of thighs terminated by long, bristle-like points. 

Upper tail-coverts and tail ochraceous, the latter crossed by regular narrow 
bands of dusky brown; top of head plain dark brown, divided medially 
by a stripe of buff; axillars pale cinnamon or pinkish buff, widely barred 
with dark brown; upper parts in general sooty brownish, coarsely and 
irregularly varied with buffy; lower parts dull buffy, the cheeks, neck, 
and chest streaked with brown, the sides irregularly barred with the 
same; length about 17.25, wing 9.50-10.40, culmen 2.70-3.70, tarsus 
2.00—2.40, middle toe 1.35-1.50. Hab. Islands of Pacific Ocean and coast 
Ole Alaska. .csccese .. 268. N. tahitiensis (GMEL.). Bristle-thighed Curlew. 


172 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Famiry CHARADRIIDAZ.—TueE PLovers. (Page 143.) 


Genera. 


(Nest on ground in meadow or near water, the nest itself often a mere depres- 
sion in ground. Hggs 2-4, more or less pyriform-ovate, light olive or buffy, more 
or less spotted or speckled with brown or blackish.) 


a’. Wing more than 8.00; plumage of upper parts partly metallic ; head crested. 
Vanellus. (Page 172.) 
a. Wing less than 8.00; plumage without metallic tints; head not crested. 
b'. Plumage of upper parts much speckled or spotted; lower parts uniform 
black medially in summer dress...............0 Charadrius. (Page 172.) 
6°. Plumage of upper parts plain; lower parts always white medially. 
fEgialitis. (Page 174.) 


Genus VANELLUS Brisson. (Page 172, pl. LV., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Summer adult: Fore-part and top of head, chin, throat, and breast, uniform 
blue-black ; side of head and neck white, becoming grayish on hind-neck ; upper 
parts chiefly metallic bottle-green, bluish and coppery purple, the first predomi- 
nating ; upper tail-coverts rufous; basal half and tip of tail white, the rest dull black; 
belly, etc., white, becoming pale rufous on lower tail-coverts. Winter plumage : Simi- 
lar to summer plumage, but anterior part of lores, together with chin and throat, 
white, the white of side of neck, ete., tinged with buff. Downy young: Top and sides 
of head and entire upper parts dull light brownish gray, mottled with black, the 
shoulders tinged with light rusty and the rump with large spots of deep black ; 
hind-neck, chin, throat, and entire lower parts except chest, white, the first tinged 
with light ashy; chest dusky grayish. Length about 13.00, wing 8.50-9.00, culmen 
1.00, tarsus 2.00, middle toe 1.00-1.10. Eggs 1.85 x 1.83, varying from dull light 
grayish buff to deep olive-buff, spotted with brownish black. Hab. Northern por- 
tions of eastern hemisphere; occasional in Greenland; accidental in Alaska and on 
bon oelislamdar..2: jn saceeer ss ocesaest neslninceeecwacaaee: 269. V. vanellus (Linn.). Lapwing. 


Genus CHARADRIUS Linnaus. (Page 172, pl. LIV., figs. 1, 2.) 


Species. 

Common CHaractTEers.—Summer adults with most of lower parts and sides of 
head (up to and including lores and ear-coverts) uniform black ; forehead, sides of 
. crown, and sides of neck and chest, adjoining the black, plain white; upper parts 
speckled or spotted with blackish and whitish or yellowish. Winter adults without 
any black on lower parts, which are whitish, the chest, sides of neck and head, etc., 
streaked with brownish gray; the upper parts spotted with grayish and dusky 
(sometimes mixed with yellowish). Young similar to winter adult, but above 
speckled with yellowish. 


CHARADRIUS. 173 


a A very small rudimentary noind toe; axillars sooty blackish. (Subgenus Squata- 
rola CUVIER.) 

Summer adult : Lower parts, except sides of chest, thighs, anal region, and 
lower tail-coverts (which are white), and sides of head up to and in- 
cluding lores and ear-coverts, uniform black; upper parts irregularly 
spotted with dusky and whitish, except on forehead and thence back to 
sides of breast, which are immaculate white. Winter adult: Black of 
lower parts replaced by plain white, the fore-neck and chest, however, 
streaked and somewhat spotted with dusky; upper parts with white 
spotting replaced by grayish. Young: Similar to winter adult, but 
upper parts speckled with pale yellowish. Downy young: Above olive- 
yellowish, marbled with blackish, the hind-neck white; a blackish line 
along sides of crown, another from bill to eye (across lores), and a less 
distinct, somewhat curved, streak beneath eye; lower parts white. 
Length 10.50-12.00, wing 7.50, culmen 1.10, tarsus 1.95, middle toe 1.15. 
Eggs 2.04 1.43, light buffy olive, spotted and speckled with dark brown 
and brownish black, or deep black. Hab. Northern portions of northern 
hemisphere, breeding far northward ; nearly cosmopolitan during migra- 
LO MSeaeeh aces hiowcatceee 270. C. squatarola (Linn.). Black-bellied Plover. 

a*, No hind toe; axillars grayish or white. (Subgenus Charadrius.) 
6. Axillars and under wing-coverts white. 

Summer adult: Above dusky, speckled with bright ochre-yellow ; sides 
of head (up to and including lores and auriculars), chin, throat, and 
lower parts, uniform dull black, or dusky, that of the head and neck 
bordered behind by a broad pure white stripe, extending from fore- 
head to sides of chest. Winter adult: No black on lower parts, 
which are white on throat and belly, elsewhere light brownish 
gray, streaked on chest, etc., with darker ; upper parts less marked 
with yellow than in summer (?). Young: Similar to winter adult, 
but upper parts strongly marked and conspicuously speckled with 
yellowish, the chest, etc., strongly suffused with the same. Downy 
young: Bright “golden,” varied with black on the head and back, 
the hind-part of the head bright yellow; a spot under the eye and 
under surface of the body pure white. Length about 10.50, wing 
6.80-7.20, culmen .85-.90, tarsus 1.50-1.65, middle toe .95-1.00. Eggs 
2.07 x 1.40, dull light grayish buff, olive-buff, or brownish buff, 
spotted with brownish black. Hab. Northern Europe in summer, 
south into Africa in winter; breeding also in eastern Greenland. 

271. C. apricarius Linn. Golden Plover. 
6. Axillars and under wing-coverts smoky gray. (Otherwise, in all stages, 
much like C. apricarius.) 

c'. With longer wings, relatively shorter tarsi and toes, and less golden 
coloration, especially in immature and winter plumages; length 
9.50-10.80, wing 6.80-7.40 (7.09), culmen .80-1.00 (.92), tarsus 1.55- 
1.82 (1.70), middle toe .80-1.05 (.90). Eggs 1.90 < 1.30, pale buffy 


174 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


brown, light dull buffy, pale grayish buff, or olive-buff, spotted, 
chiefly round larger end, with black, the larger of these spots often 
confiuent. Hab. Breeding in Arctic America, east of coast of 
Bering’s Sea and Straits, migrating south, in winter, throughout 
nearly the whole of America (except Pacific coast?), as far as 
Patagonia... 272. C.dominicus Miu. American Golden Plover. 
ce. With shorter wings, relatively longer tarsi and toes, and decidedly 
more golden coloration, especially in immature and winter plu- 
mages; length 7.80-10.00, wing 6.10-6.80 (6.40). culmen .85-1.00 
(.92), tarsus 1.55-1.85 (1.72), middle toe .85-.95 (.90). Eggs 2.02 x 
1.30, similar in coloration to those of C. dominicus. Hab. Breeding 
in northern Asia, and Alaskan coasts of Bering’s Sea and Straits; in 
winter, south through India, China, ete., to Australia and Polynesia. 
272a. C. dominicus fulvus (Gmet.). Pacific Golden Plover. 


Genus ASGIALITIS Bore. (Page 172, pl. LIL, figs. 3-5; pl. LIIL, figs. 1-3.) 
Species. 

a’. Tail at least half as long as the wing, extending half its length, or more, beyond 
tips of closed wings; graduated for more than length of inner toe, without 
claw; rump and upper tail-coverts ochraceous; chest crossed by two black 
bands. (Subgenus Oxyechus REICHENBACH. ) 

Adult: Upper parts generally, except rump and upper tail-coverts, grayish 
brown; forehead, stripe over ear-coverts, chin, throat, collar round hind- 
neck, and lower parts, white; fore-part of crown, stripe across lores, 
collar completely encircling lower part of neck, and broad band across 
breast, black; tail chiefly pale ochraceous, varied with white, dusky, 
and grayish; bill black; eyelids bright orange-red in life. Young: 
Similar to adult, but feathers of upper parts more or less distinctly mar- 
gined with pale rusty or ochraceous. Downy young: Top of head and 
upper parts generally grayish brown, the two areas encircled with black, 
and separated by a white collar across nape; lower parts white, inter- 
rupted by a black collar completely encircling the lower neck, and 
forming a broad band across chest ; a narrow line of black across lores ; 
sides and flanks light brownish buff; a broad bar of black along humeral 
region, and a narrow stripe of same along middle of rump; hand-wing, 
and hinder edge of arm-wing, white. Length 10.00-11.25, wing 6.20-6.75, 
tail 3.60-4.10, culmen .70-.90, tarsus 1.40-1.55. Hggs 1.47 x 1.04, pale 
dull buffy, thickly speckled and irregularly spotted with black. Hab. 
Whole of temperate North America, migrating in winter to West Indies, 
Middle America, and northern South America; Bermudas. 

273. A. vocifera (Linn.). Killdeer. 

a. Tail less than half as long as wing, reaching but little if any beyond tips of the 
latter when folded; even, or graduated for much less than length of middle 
toe, without claw; rump concolor with the back; chest crossed by only one 
band (black, grayish, or rufous), or none at all. 


ZGIALITIS. 175 


6. Culmen equal to middle toe, with claw. (Subgenus Ochthodromus REicuEN- 
BACH.) 

Adult male: Forehead, superciliary stripe, and lower parts white; 
upper parts brownish gray; fore-part of crown, streak across lores 
(sometimes wanting), and band across chest, black. Adult female : 
Similar to the male, but black replaced by brownish gray, usually 
more or less tinged with ochraceous or light rusty. Young : Similar 
to adult female, but feathers of upper parts margined terminally 
with paler. Downy young: Crown and occiput light grayish buff, 
irregularly marbled with black; back and rump similar but more 
grayish, the mottling coarser and less distinct ; arm-wing light buff, 
mottled with dusky; hand-wing entirely pure white; forehead, 
superciliary region, sides of head, collar round hind-neck, and lower 
parts white; a post-ocular black streak. Length about 7.50-7.90, 
wing 4.50, culmen .80, tarsus 1.25, middle toe .75. 

ce. Nape and sides of occiput only slightly tinged with ochraceous. 

Female with lores chiefly or entirely white, and band across chest 
usually grayish, tinged more or less with ochraceous. Eggs 1.38 
< 1.02, dull light buffy, very irregularly speckled and zigzagged 
with black or dark brown and purplish gray. Hab. Atlantic and 
Gulf coasts, north to Long Island (casually to Nova Scotia); 
both coasts of Mexico, north to Cape St. Lucas in winter. 

280. A. wilsonia (ORD). Wilson’s Plover. 
ce’, Nape and sides of occiput very deeply suffused with ochraceous 
or rusty. Female with lores chiefly or wholly brownish gray, and 
band across chest usually ochraceous or light rusty. Hab. West 

Indies and northern Atlantic coast of South America, to Bahia. 
A. wilsonia rufinucha R1ipaw. Rufous-naped Plover.! 

6. Culmen much shorter than middle toe, with claw. 
c'. Tarsus twice as long as bill, measured from anterior point of loral 
feathering; no band across chest. (Subgenus Podasocys Cours.) 

Summer adult (sexes alike): Upper parts light grayish brown, 
sometimes tinged with buff or ochraceous; lower parts dull 
white, more or less shaded with pale buffy grayish across 
chest (more or less suffused with buff or ochraceous in spring) ; 
forehead and superciliary stripe purer white; fore-part of 
crown, and streak across lores, black. Winter plumage: Similar 
to summer dress, but black markings of head wanting, and 
plumage more strongly tinged with buff. Young: Similar to 
winter plumage, but whole side of head and neck, and chest, 
deep creamy buff, and all the feathers of upper parts distinctly 
bordered with light buff. Downy young: Above brownish buff, 


1 Mgialitis wilsonius var. rufinuchus Ripew., Am. Nat. viii. Feb. 1874, 109. ? Charadrius crassirostris 
Sprx, Av. Bras. ii. 1825, 77, pl. 94. (Cf. Pewz., Orn. Bras. 1870, 297.) 
4 


176 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


mottled with black, this forming a distinct marbling on crown 
and occiput, where the ground-color is lighter and clearer buff; 
lower parts immaculate pale buff. Length 8.00-9.10, wing 
6.00, culmen .80-.90, tarsus 1.50-1.60, middle toe .70. Hggs 1.47 
< 1.11, varying from light olive to deep cream-color, rather 
sparsely and irregularly speckled and lined with dark brown, 
black, and purplish gray. Hab. Western North America, east 

to the Great Plains; accidental in Florida. 
281. AZ. montana (Towns.). Mountain Plover. 
c*. Tarsus less than twice as long as bill, measured from anterior point of 
loral feathering; chest with a black, grayish, or rusty band, some- 
times interrupted in the middle portion. (Subgenus gialitis 

Bote.) 
d'. Nape crossed by a more or less distinct white collar. 

e'. Bill decidedly shorter than middle toe, very stout (except in 
4. dubia), its basal half light-colored (orange or yellow in 
life), except in 4. dubia. 

f’. A distinct web between base of inner and middle toes. 

Above grayish brown; forehead, ring round hind- 

neck, and lower parts white. Summer adult: 
Lores, fore-part of crown, and broad band across 
chest black (usually duller in female). Winter 
plumage: Similar to summer dress, but black 
markings replaced by grayish brown. Young: 
Similar to winter plumage, but feathers of upper 
parts margined terminally with light buff. Downy 
young: Above pale grayish brown, mottled with 
black; frontal crescent, collar round hind-neck, 
and entire lower parts white. Length 6.50-7.50, 
wing 4.65-5.00, culmen .48-.55, tarsus .95—-1.05. 
Eggs 1.26.94, pale dull buffy or olive-buff, 
speckled or irregularly spotted, chiefly on or 
around larger end, with dark brown or black. 
Hab. Whole of North America, breeding far north- 
ward; south, in winter, throughout West Indies, 
Middle America, and northern South America, to 
Brazil, Peru, and Galapagos... 274. A£. semipal- 
mata Bonap. Semipalmated Plover. 
f?. No web between base of inner and middle toes. 
g. Upper parts deep grayish brown, as in . semipal- 
mata. 

h'. Bill stout, the basal half light-colored (yellow or 
orange in life); no whitish bar behind black 
patch on fore-part of crown. (Plumage very 
similar, at all stages, to that of AY. semipal- 


ZGIALITIS. 177 


mata, but adult with black or grayish brown 
band across chest much broader.) Downy 
young: “Forehead white; crown grayish 
brown, mottled with light stone-gray; from 
the base of the bill around the nape a black 
band passes, and is broadest on the nape; a 
broad collar round the neck and the under- 
parts pure white; back and upper parts gen- 
erally grayish stone-brown, finely mottled 
with dirty white and _ blackish brown.” 
(Dresser.) Length about 7.50, wing about 
5.00, culmen .50-.55, tarsus 1.00, middle toe 
.60-.65. Eggs 140 X 1.00, similar in colora- 
tion to those of 4. semipalmata. Hab. 
Northern portions of eastern hemisphere, 

and eastern portions of Arctic America. 
275. AE. hiaticula (Linn.). Ring Plover. 
#*, Bill slender, entirely black; a whitish bar im- 
‘mediately behind black patch on fore-part of 
crown. (Otherwise much like &. hiaticula, 
but much smaller.) Length about 6.00, wing 
4.35-4.70, culmen .50-.52, tarsus 1.00-1.05, 
middle toe .55-.60. Hab. Northern portions 
of eastern hemisphere, including western 
Africa; accidental in California (?) and 
TAS AUN 2 ces tvessarse 276. AZ. dubia (Scop.). 
Little Ring Plover. 

g’. Upper parts pale brownish gray. 

Summer adult: Forehead, lores, collar round 
hind-neck, and lower parts pure white; patch 
on fore-part of crown, and one across each 
side of chest (the two sometimes connected 
on middle of chest), black (duller or more 
grayish infemale). Winter plumage: Similar 
to summer adult, but black or dusky replaced 
by light brownish gray. Young: Similar to 
winter plumage, but feathers of upper parts 
distinctly bordered terminally with pale buff 
or whitish. Length 6.25-7.50, wing 4.50-4.80, 
culmen .45-.50, depth of bill at base .20-.22, 
tarsus .85-1.00, middle toe .55. 

hi. Black patches on sides of chest wholly sepa- 

rated or very imperfectly connected. Hgqs 
1.27 X .96, pale buffy rather sparingly 
speckled with black and purplish gray. 


23 


178 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Hab. Chiefly the Atlantic coast of the 
United States, north to southern Labra- 
dor; West Indies in winter. 

277. AE. meloda (OrD). Piping Plover. 
7. Black patches on sides of chest more or less 
completely coalesced. Hggs 1.27 x .93, 
colored as in 4. meloda. Hab. Mississippi 

Valley, and north to Lake Winnipeg. 
277a. AX. meloda circumcincta Rivew. 
Belted Piping Plover. 
é. Bill much longer than middle toe (without claw), very slender, 

wholly black. 

Summer adult: Above light brownish gray, the crown 
and occiput often varying to light buff; forehead, 
superciliary region, lores, and lower parts pure 
white; patch on fore-part of crown, ear-coverts, and 
transverse patch on each side of chest black, usually 
much duller, or dusky grayish, in female. Winter 
plumage: Similar to summer dress, but black mark- 
ings replaced by brownish gray. Young: Similar to 
winter plumage, but feathers of upper parts distinctly 
bordered terminally with whitish. Downy young: 
Above pale grayish buff, interrupted by a white collar 
across hind-neck, the whole colored portion mottled 
with black; forehead, hand-wing, and lower parts 
white; a dusky streak behind eye. Length 6.25-7.00, 
wing 4.20-4.30, culmen about .60, tarsus .90-1.05, 
middle toe .55-.60. Hggs 1.21 x .87, pale dull buffy, 
speckled with dark brown and black. Hab. Western 
North America, south to Mexico, and, in winter, to 
Chili; western Cuba? 

278. ZE. nivosa Cass. Snowy Plover. 
@. Hind-neck without trace of white or dusky collar. 
e'. Bill very slender, the culmen equal to or longer than middle 
toe (without claw). 

Above grayish brown, the feathers with paler margins, 
more or less tinged with rufous, especially on crown, 
ear-coverts, and sides of neck; forehead, cheeks, and 
lower parts pure white, interrupted by a black band 
across chest; anterior half of crown and a distinct 
loral stripe black. Young: Black of crown and lores 
absent or barely indicated, and black chest-band nar- 
rower or even interrupted in middle portion. Wing 
3.70-4.15, culmen .60, depth of bill through base 
.15-.17, tarsus 1.00-1.10, middle toe 50-.55. Hab. 


APHRIZID. 179 


Tropical America in general (except West Indies) 
north to southern Mexico. 
4E. collaris (VIEILL.). Azara’s Ring Plover.! 
é. Bill stout, the culmen decidedly shorter than middle toe 
(without claw). 

Summer adult: Above grayish brown, beneath white; 
hind-neck and broad band across chest clear cinnamon- 
rufous ; lores, orbital region, and ear-coverts black, the 
former bordered above by a white line, sometimes 
meeting on forehead. (female usually with rufous 
paler and less abruptly defined than in the male, and 
black markings of head less distinct.) Winter plumage : 
Somewhat similar to summer dress, but rufous entirely 
absent, the chest crossed by an indistinct grayish 
brown narrow band, becoming broader and deeper in 
color laterally ; black of ear-coverts, loral streak, ete., 
replaced by dull grayish brown; forehead white. 
Young: Much like winter dress, but plumage more 
or less suffused with buff, and feathers of upper parts 
distinctly bordered with buff or dull ochraceous. 
Length 6.25-7.00, wing about 5.15-5.40, culmen .62, 
tarsus 1.15, middle toe .73. Eggs 1.43 x 1.05, pale dull 
olive, varying to buffy olive, rather sparsely and 
irregularly speckled with dark brown and _ black. 
Hab. Northern Asia, south in winter to Malay Archi- 
pelago, Philippines, Australia, etc.; accidental on 
Choris Peninsula, Alaska. 

279. AZ. mongola (PALL.). Mongolian Plover. 


Famity APHRIZIDA~.—Tue Surr Birps anp TuRNSTONES. 
(Page 143.) 


Genera. 


a‘, Nasal groove more than half the length of the maxilla; tail emarginate; ter- 
minal portion of bill somewhat swollen, with the upper outline decidedly 
convex (as in the Plovers, Charadriid@).........0....0++- Aphriza. (Page 180.) 

a’, Nasal groove not more than half the length of the maxilla; tail slightly rounded ; 
terminal half of bill compressed and pointed, with the upper outline straight, 
or sometimes even slightly Concave.............sscscceees Arenaria. (Page 180.) 


1 Charadrius collaris Viettu., Enc. Méth. ii. 1823, 334. Mgialitis collaris Scr, & Say. P. Z. S. 1869, 
252. 


180 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus APHRIZA Avpuxzon. (Page 179, pl. LV., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Summer adult: Head, neck, back, and scapulars spotted and streaked with 
dusky and whitish, the scapulars with a few large, irregular spots of rufous; 
upper tail-coverts, basal half of tail, a broad band across ends of greater wing- 
coverts, tip of tail, and lower parts from breast backward, white, the sides and 
under tail-coverts spotted with dusky. Winter adult: Head, neck, breast, and 
most of upper parts plain dusky, or brownish slate; white areas as in summer. 
Young: Upper parts (except upper tail-coverts, etc.) brownish gray, the feathers 
narrowly bordered with whitish; throat, fore-neck, and breast white, streaked with 
dusky grayish; lower parts and upper tail-coverts white. Length about 10.00, 
wing 7.00, culmen .95-1.00, tarsus 1.20-1.25, middle toe .90-95. Hab. Pacific 
coast of America, from Alaska to Chili; Sandwich Islands? 

282. A. virgata (GMEL.). Surf Bird. 


Genus ARENARIA Brisson. (Page 179, pl. LV., fig. 3.) 


(Vest on or near sea-beach, consisting of little more than a mere depression in 
sand, gravel, or shingle. Eggs 2-4, more or less pyriform-ovate, light olive, speckled 
with brownish.) 


Species. 


Common CuaractEers.—Lower parts (except chest), upper part of rump, upper 
tail-coverts, and greater wing-coverts, white; rest of plumage chiefly dusky, the 
upper parts sometimes varied with white and rufous. 


a. Throat white. Adult: Upper parts varied, more or less, with rufous; head 
mostly white; chest uniform deep black. Young: Upper parts without 
rufous, but the feathers with ochraceous or buffy margins; head mostly 
dusky; chest mottled dusky. Downy young (about three days old, fide 
Collett): “ Blackish gray, slightly washed with yellowish, and here and there 
tipped with black; along the crown is a narrow black band reaching to the 
forehead, though not quite to the base of the bill; a similar stripe extends 
from the base of the upper mandible to the eye; and there is a black spot at 
the gape; sides of the throat gray; belly white; wing and scapulars colored 
like the back.” (Drezsser.) Length 9.00-9.90, wing 6.00, culmen .80-.90, 
tarsus 1.00. Eggs 1.58 x 1.13, light grayish olive, thickly sprinkled and 
speckled with vandyke-brown. Hab. Entirely cosmopolitan, but chiefly 
AION f“BEA-COASUS 0.2628 veoh! seins socue sme be 283. A. interpres (Linn.). Turnstone. 

zu, Throat dusky. Summer adult: Upper parts uniform bronzy brownish black ; 
head, neck, and chest similar, with white streaks on forehead and chest, and 
a large white spot on lores. Winter plumage: Similar to summer adult, but 
head, neck, and chest uniform brownish dusky. Young: Similar to winter 


HEMATOPUS. 181 


plumage, but head, etc., more grayish, and feathers of upper parts margined 
terminally with pale buffy or whitish. Length about 9.00, wing 5.80-6.10, 
culmen .85-1.00, tarsus 1.00-1.10. Eggs 1.62 « 1.12, similar in coloration to 
those of A. interpres. Hab. Pacific coast of North America, north to Aleu- 
tian Islands, south to Monterey, California; accidental in India. 

284. A. melanocephala (Via.). Black Turnstone. 


Famity HA}MATOPODIDAZ.—THE OysTER-CATCHERS. (Page 143.) 


Genera. 
(Characters same as those given for the Family).. Haematopus. (Page 181.) 
Genus HAZEMATOPUS Linnaus. (Page 181, pl. LI, fig. 2.) 


(Nest on or near sea-beach, consisting of a mere depression in sand, gravel, or 
shingle. Eggs 2-4, ovate, light olive or olive-buffy, speckled or spotted with dark 
brown, blackish, and purplish gray.) 


Species. 
Common CuHaracters.—Bill bright red in the adult (drying to dull reddish or 


yellowish); head, neck, and upper parts blackish (plumage entirely blackish in 
some species). 


a’. Plumage parti-colored or pied (white beneath). 
6’. Entire rump and lower back white. 

Adult: Head, neck, chest, and upper parts blackish; lower back, 
rump, upper tail-coverts, base of tail, greater wing-coverts, and 
lower parts white. Adult in winter: “Differs from summer plu- 
mage in having a white patch on throat, and the white spot under 
the eye is rather larger.” (DressER.) Young: Similar, but black 
portions more brown, the feathers of back and wings with rusty 
borders, bill more brownish, ete. Downy young: “Head, neck, and 
upper parts generally sooty grayish, the down tipped with rusty 
buff, and variegated, especially on the crown and back, with black ; 
under-parts below throat black.” (DReEssrr.) Length about 16.00, 
wing about 10.25, culmen 3.10, depth of bill at base .55, tarsus 2.00, 
middle toe 1.40. Eggs 2.23 x 1.54, deep dull buff, sharply spotted 
(sometimes lined also) with vandyke-brown, brownish black, and 
purplish gray. Hab. Sea-coasts of Europe, and of parts of Asia 
and Africa; occasional in Greenland. 

285. H. ostralegus Linn. Oyster-catcher. 
6*. Entire rump and lower back dusky. 
c’. Breast white, like belly, etc.; bill very stout, its greatest depth forward 
of nostril exceeding .45 of an inch; middle toe, with claw, more 
than 1.75. 


182 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


a’. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts (except greater) grayish brown, 
or brownish slate; upper tail-coverts entirely white in adult; 
under primary coverts almost wholly white. Adult: Head 
and neck plumbeous-black ; bill bright red (in life). Young: 
Head and neck dull blackish, the top of the former speckled 
with pale brown; feathers of upper parts bordered with dull 
buff; bill brownish. Downy young: Head and neck dull light 
grayish, finely mottled with darker, and with a narrow line of 
black behind eye ; rest of upper parts light fulvous-gray, finely 
mottled with darker, and relieved by two narrow stripes of 
black along the back; lower parts white. Length 17.00-21.00, 
wing 9.80-10.25, culmen 2.85-3.50, greatest depth of bill for- 
ward of nostril .48-.55, tarsus 2.05-2.55, middle toe (without 
claw) 1.20-1.55. Eggs 2-3, 2.21 « 1.58, light dull creamy buff, 
spotted with black, dark brown, and purplish gray. Hab. 
Coasts of America, from Nova Scotia and southern California 
to southern Brazil and Chili. 

286. H. palliatus Temm. American Oyster-catcher. 
ad’, Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts sooty black; shorter upper 
tail-coverts entirely black, the longer ones varied with black at 
ends; under primary coverts chiefly black; wing 10.00, culmen 
3.12-3.42, greatest depth of bill forward of nostril .50, tarsus 
2.12-2.20, middle toe, without claw, 1.65. Hab. Galapagos 
Islands. 
(20.) H. galapagensis Ripcw. Galapagos Oyster-catcher.} 
c?. Breast uniform black; bill very slender, its greatest depth forward of 
nostril not exceeding .40 of an inch; middle toe, with claw, much 
less than 1.75. 

Adult: Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts (except greater) sooty 
black, with faint greenish gloss; upper tail-coverts (except 
shorter median ones), entirely white; nearly all the under 
wing-coverts uniform black; wing 10.00-10.60, culmen 3.00- 
3.05, greatest depth of bill forward of nostril .58-.40, tarsus 
1.75-1.95, middle toe 1.20-1.30. Hab. Tierra del Fuego. 

H. leucopodus Garnot. White-footed Oyster-catcher.? 
a’. Plumage entirely blackish. 

Adult: Uniform brownish black, or dark sooty brown, the head and neck 
plumbeous-black. Young: General color more brownish, many of the 
feathers (especially wing-coverts and scapulars) having paler (dull buff 
or rusty) tips. 

6. Length 17.00-17.50, wing 9.60-10.75, culmen 2.50-2.95, greatest depth of bill 
forward of nostril 45-52, tarsus 1.85-2.25, middle toe 1.30-1.65. Eggs 
2.18 x 1.52, light olive-buff or buffy olive, speckled or sparsely spotted 


‘1 Hematopus galapagensis Rinew., Auk, iii. July, 1886, 331. 
2 Hematopus leucopodus GARNot, Ann. des Sc. Nat. vii., 1826, 47. 


JACANA. 183 


with brownish black and purplish gray. Hab. Pacific coast of North 
America, from Lower California north to the Aleutian Islands and 
across to the Kurils.... 287. H. bachmani Aup. Black Oyster-catcher. 
6. Length 18.00-20.00, wing 10.25-10.80, culmen 2.82-3.00, greatest depth of 
bill anterior to nostril .60, tarsus 2.10—2.20, middle toe 1.70-1.75. Hab. 


Coast of Chili. 
H. ater VIEILL. Chilian Black Oyster-catcher! 


Famiry JACANIDAL.—THE Jacanas. (Page 143.) 


Genera. 
(Characters same as those given for the Family)....... Jacana. (Page 183.) 
Genus JACANA Brisson. (Page 183, pl. LVI, fig. 6.) 


Species. 


Adult: Head, neck, chest, and upper back uniform greenish black; quills and 
secondaries pale yellowish green, bordered at tips with dusky; rest of plumage 
uniform rich purplish chestnut. Young: Top of head grayish brown, bordered 
along each side by a broad superciliary stripe of buffy white; a dusky streak be- 
hind eye extending to hind-neck, which is also dusky or dull brownish; rest of 
head and neck, with whole lower parts, except sides, buffy white; upper parts 
grayish brown, the feathers more or less distinctly tipped with rusty buff (obsolete 
in older specimens), the quills pale greenish, as in adult. Length about 8.50, wing 
4.50-5.40, culmen 1.15-1.40, tarsus 1.90-2.35, middle toe 1.85-2.25. Hggs 1.22 x .94, 
olive-tawny or tawny olive, marked all over with confused “ pen-lines” of black, and 
occasional “blots” of same. Hab. Whole of Middle America, from northern Mexico 
(including the lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas) to Colombia; Cuba; Haiti. 

288. J. spinosa (Linn.). Mexican Jacana. 


} Hematopus ater VIEILL., Gal. Qis. ii. 1825, 88, pl. 220. 


184 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Orver GALLIN AL.—Tue Gaturmaceous Birps. 


(Page 2.) 
Families. 
a’. Hind-toe small, short (much less than half as long as lateral toes), and inserted 
above the level of the anterior toes. (Suborder Phasiani.) 

6. 'Tarsi without spurs; head entirely feathered (except sometimes over eyes), 
PW IVGE LE Il Oy Rag? Ul hite(0 RonaaseMeERanersnees GREcEnincogcoovcne Tetraonidz. (Page 184.) 

6’. Tarsi with spurs; head naked, or else tail long and vaulted. 
Phasianide. (Page 205.) 
a’, Hind-toe well developed, lengthened (decidedly more than half as long as the 
lateral toes), and inserted on a level with the anterior toes. (Suborder 
MBC TL LOPES) Sc cienaedsiedeis ase qnenagonne ag stanalscne ohaccccenes eee Cracide. (Page 207.) 


Famity TETRAONIDAL.—TuHE Grouse, PARTRIDGES, AND QUAILS. 


Genera. Caeu 


a’. Tarsi and nasal fosse entirely naked; sides of toes not pectinated; smaller 
(wing less than 6.00). (Subfamily Perdicine.) 
b’. Cutting-edge of lower mandible without serrations; upper part of tarsus 
feathered below the joint ; first quill longer than seventh. 
c. Tail very short, composed of 12 soft feathers entirely concealed by the 
coverts; first quill longest, or at least longer than third; small 
Cwing not over 4.50) .<:ccc.c.cctsavccrnsssesamee Coturnix. (Page 186.) 
ce’. Tail more than one-third as long as wing, extending considerably be- 
yond coverts, and composed of 18 firm, broad feathers; first quill 
shorter than sixth; rather large (wing over 6.00). Perdix} 
b*. Cutting-edge of lower mandible, toward end, more or less serrated; upper 
part of tarsus not feathered below joint; first quill shorter than seventh. 
c’. Tail at least half as long as the wing, the feathers normal, and very 
distinct from the coverts; claws normal, the middle one much 
shorter than exposed culmen. 

d‘. Tail about as long as the wing; very large (wing more than 5.50, 
tarsus about 2.00); plumage very plain, the head without a 
GIStiNCE Crest: ., dccasasscchasskoasdeevlettcasteeacconssenettees Dendrortyx? 
ad. Tail decidedly shorter than wing; medium to very small (wing 
not more than 5.50, tarsus much less than 2.00); plumage 

much varied, the head more or less conspicuously crested. 


1 Perdix Briss., Orn. i. 1760, 219. Type, Tetrao perdix Linn. 

This genus includes the Partridge of Europe (P. perdix),a handsome game bird, about as much larger 
than the American “ Bob Whites” as the latter are larger than the Quail of Europe (Coturnix coturniz). 

2 Dendrortyx GouLD, Mon. Odont. 1850, 20. Type, Ortyx macroura JARD. & SELBY. 


TETRAONIDZ. 185 


e’. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing; bill small and 
weak, its depth at base less than length of middle claw. 
Callipepla. (Page 191.) 
e. Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing; bill stouter, its 
depth at base decidedly greater than length of middle 
claw. 
jf}. Head with a conspicuous crest of long narrow feathers 
exceeding tarsus in length; plumage of upper parts 
plain olive ; wing more than 5.00. 
Oreortyx. (Page 190.) 
f?. Head not conspicuously crested, or else with longest 
feathers much shorter than tarsus; plumage of upper 
parts much varied with spots, bars, and other mark- 
ings; wing less than 5.00. 
g'. Head not distinctly crested... Colinus. (Page 186.) 
g. Head distinctly: crested... 00.02.0856 Hupsychortyx.! 
ce. Tail much less than half as long as wing, the feathers soft, narrow at 
tips, and hardly distinguishable from the coverts; claws very large, 
broad, and blunt, the middle one nearly as long as the exposed culmen. 
Head with a full soft crest of blended feathers; sexes exceed- 
ingly Gilterent in. COLOFS....<essdesmerenes Cyrtonyx. (Page 193.) 
a’, At least upper half of tarsus feathered (usually feathered to toes); nasal fossx 
densely feathered ; sides of toes pectinated in winter (the points deciduous in 
summer); larger (wing more than 6.00). (Subfamily Tetraonine.) 
b'. Legs feathered down to base of toes. 
c’. Tail longer than wings, graduated, the feathers narrow and pointed ; 
wine more than: 10:00 \. ccc. <cescencsess Centrocercus. (Page 204.) 
e. Tail shorter than wings, not graduated (or else extremely short, with 
middle pair of feathers longer than rest), the feathers broad and 
rounded, or nearly truncated, at tips; wing less than 10.00. 
ad‘. Tail about half as long as wing, graduated or much rounded. 
e’. Tail graduated, with middle pair of feathers projecting much 
beyond the rest; no tufts or other elongated feathers on 
NECK vars specesadessncasacrsiasacgudaas Pediocetes. (Page 203.) 
é?. Tail rounded, middle pair of feathers not projecting beyond 
rest; sides of neck with a conspicuous tuft of straight, 
rather stiff feathers, and beneath these an inflatable air-sac. 
Tympanuchus. (Page 202.) 
d*, Tail more than half as long as wing, rounded or nearly even; no 
tufts, ruffs, or other conspicuous feathers on neck. 
ec’. Toes feathered; tail less than two-thirds as long as wing; 
plumage becoming chiefly or entirely pure white in 
SMITE) onc cadesapboceconeua dar SeCuCee BECO: Lagopus. (Page 198.) 


1 Eupsychortyx Goutp, Mon. Odont. 1850, 15. Type, Tetrao eristatus LINN. 
24 


186 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


e. Toes entirely naked; tail two-thirds to four-fifths as long as 

(21.) wing; plumage never white. Dendragapus. (Page 194.) 
6%. Lower portion of tarsus completely naked; tail nearly as long as wing, 
fan-shaped; sides of neck with a broad tuft or ruff of soft, broad-webbed 

LO ALMOTS rececaricceelesmapdacese ses en soa so.cties eis ost dsisnitacinnt ~» Bonasa. (Page 197.) 


Genus COTURNIX Bonnarerre.’ (Page 184.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Above light brown, the back, scapulars, ramp, and upper tail-cov- 
erts broadly and sharply streaked with buff, each buff streak being bordered along 
each side by a narrow blackish streak ; in addition to these markings the feathers 
have narrow bars of blackish and pale buffy brown, the scapulars with irregular 
spots of the former; wing-coverts barred with dusky and buffy, and marked with 
narrow mesial streaks of buffy or whitish; quills dull grayish brown, spotted or 
irregularly barred on outer webs with ochraceous-buff; a distinct superciliary 
stripe of buffy or dull whitish; under-part and sides of head and neck whitish or 
buffy, the middle of the throat with more or less of a brownish or dusky longitu- 
dinal patch, connecting below with a dusky or brownish stripe extending obliquely 
upward to ear-coverts; below and behind these brownish markings, and usually 
separated from them by a whitish or buffy space, another, usually interrupted line 
of dusky or brownish spots, these sometimes blended into a continuous stripe ; chest 
and breast light cinnamon-brownish, with paler shaft-streaks, the lateral portions 
more broadly streaked, the lighter streaks bordered along each side by blackish ; 
rest of lower parts buffy, the sides and flanks streaked with dusky. Adult female: 
Similar to the male, but throat without dusky markings, and chest and breast 
buffy, spotted, longitudinally, with blackish. Downy young (partially feathered) : 
“Centre of crown dark brown, with a central buff stripe; sides of the erown warm 
reddish buff; upper parts generally blackish brown, barred with warm buff, and 
marked with long buffy white stripes; chin, throat, and sides of head buffy white ; 
rest of the under-parts buffy white, closely spotted with blackish brown.” 
(Dresser.) Length about 7.00, wing 4.10-4.30, culmen .25-.30, tarsus 1.00-1.15. 
Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere in general; introduced into (and 
partially naturalized in?) various portions of eastern United States. 

C. coturnix (Linn.). European Quail. 


Genus COLINUS Lesson. (Page 185, pl. LVLI., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common CHARActErRs.—Upper parts mottled grayish, tinged more or less with 
rusty and more or less vermiculated with dusky and whitish; quills plain grayish, 
and tail chiefly bluish gray; lower parts usually whitish, varied with black and 


1 Coturniz BONNATERRE, Tabl. Encyl. et Méth. i. 1790, 217. Type, Tetrao coturnix LINN. 
2 Tetrao coturnix Linn., S. N. ed. 10,1. 1758, 161. Coturnix coturnix Licut., Nom. Mus. Berol. 1854, 84. 


COLINUS. : 187 


rusty, the sides and flanks striped with rufous. (Adult males of some species with 
lower parts chiefly uniform cinnamon-rufous.) Adult males with head black, or 
striped with black and white, or brown and white. Adult females with head striped 
with brown and ochraceous or buff, the chin and throat entirely of the latter color. 
Nest of dried grasses, etc. (Sometimes arched over on top), embedded in ground or 
placed on ground, in meadows, grain-fields, etc. Hggs numerous (12-upward of 
20), pyriform-ovate, white, usually more or less stained (adventitiously ?) with light 
brown. 


a. Adult males with feathers of sides and flanks rufous edged with white and with 
black line between white and rufous, or else entirely rufous. Adult females 
(except in C. virginianus cubanensis) with feathers of sides and flanks rufous 
edged with white, the two colors separated by a blackish line. 

b'. Adult males with lower parts always whitish, varied with black and rusty 
as above described. 

Adult males: Broad superciliary stripe, and broad patch covering chin, 
throat, and malar region, white; rest of head black, sometimes, 
especially in winter plumage, mixed with or overlaid by brown ;} 
sides of neck spotted with white and black, the spots of triangular 
form. Adult females similar to males, but throat-patch and super- 
ciliary stripe buff or ochraceous, and the darker stripes of head 
chiefly brown or rusty. Young: Top of head and ear-coverts dusky 
slate, or duJl grayish; rest of head dull soiled whitish; chest and 
breast dull grayish brown or brownish gray, streaked with whitish ; 
belly plain white; back rusty brownish, more or less streaked with 
whitish and spotted with blackish. Downy young: Head dingy buff, 
paler, or nearly white, on throat, with a blackish line behind eye 
and a small spot of same above corner of mouth ; a patch of chestnut 
on occiput, gradually narrowing anteriorly to a line along middle of 
forehead ; upper parts nearly uniform chestnut; lower parts pale 
grayish buff, deepening into dull brownish on sides. 

c’. Feathers of flanks with the black markings narrow. only occasionally, or 
not at all, interrupting the white edgings ; black markings on breast 
and belly narrow, always much narrower than the white inter- 
spaces; chest usually chiefly, or entirely, light cinnamon. 

ad. Upper parts with much of rusty, usually with conspicuous large 

black blotches on scapulars, tertials, and lower back, and with- 
out very distinct light bars. Adult male usually without a well- 
defined band of uniform pale cinnamon across the chest, imme- 
diately beneath the black collar. 
el. Larger, with colors averaging lighter, especially on lower 
parts, where black markings are narrow and usually de- 


1 Partially melanistic examples sometimes occur in which the throat is partly or even wholly black. 
The Ortyx castaneus of GouLD was probably based on a specimen of this character. 


188 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


cidedly V-shaped. Length 9.50-10.75, wing 4.30-4.70 (aver- 
age about 4.55), tail 2.40-2.90 (2.70), culmen 55-.65 (.59), 
depth of bill at base .33-.40 (.35), tarsus 1.20-1.50 (1.38), 
middle toe 1.10-1.22 (1.18). _Hggs 1.18.94. Hab. 
Eastern United States, west to eastern Minnesota, Ne- 
braska, Kansas, Indian Territory, and Texas, south to 
Georgia, Alabama, and other Gulf States. 

289. C. virginianus (Linn.). Bob White. 

é. Smaller, with colors averaging darker, especially on lower 

parts, where black markings are broader and usually more 
transverse. Wing 4.10-4.50 (average about 4.28), tail 2.60- 
2.90 (2.76), culmen .57-.62 (.60), depth of bill at base .36- 
42 (.38), tarsus 1.13-1.28 (1.19), middle toe 1.03-1.17 (1.09). 
Eggs 1.18 X .94. Hab. Florida and Cuba. 
289a. C. virginianus floridanus (CovEs.) 
Florida Bob White. 
d*?, Upper parts with little rusty (except anteriorly), an olive-grayish 
tint prevailing, the scapulars, tertials, and lower back usually 
without conspicuous black blotches, and the general surface 
usually distinctly barred with lighter; black markings of lower 
parts usually broad and nearly transverse, as in C. virginianus 
floridanus. Adult male usually with a very distinct band of 
uniform pale cinnamon across chest, immediately beneath the 
black collar. 
Wing 4.20-4.65 (4.39), tail 2.20-2.70 (2.44), culmen .50-.60 
(.59), depth of bill at base .30-.40 (.36), tarsus 1.15-1.35 
(1.27), middle toe .95-1.15 (1.07). Eggs 1.18 & .94. Hab. 
Texas and northeastern Mexico, north to western Kansas. 
289). C. virginianus texanus (Lawr.). 
Texan Bob White. 
c. Feathers of flanks with black markings heavy, broken into irregular 
figures, often enclosing a white spot—the edge never continuously 
white; black markings on breast and belly very irregular or much 
broken, with frequently a longitudinal tendency; chest usually 
chiefly or entirely black, or striped with black and rufous, in the 
male, coarsely spotted with black, dull white, and rusty in the 
female. 

Wing 4.00-4.15 (4.07), tail 1.91-2.20 (2.07), culmen .58-.63 (.60), 
depth of bill at base .30-.35 (.32), tarsus 1.12-1.17 (1.14), middle 
toe 0.98-1.08 (1.04). Hab. Cuba. 

C. virginianus cubanensis (GoULD). Cuban Bob White.' 
b?. Adult males with lower parts chiefly uniform cinnamon-rufous or cinnamon- 
color. 


1 Ortyx cubanensis GouLD, Mon. Odont. 1850, pl. 2. 


COLINUS. 189 


ce}. Adult males with throat-patch and broad superciliary stripe always 
white. 

ad. Very similar in color to C. virginianus texanus, but darker, the 
female hardly distinguishable from the same sex of that species, 
the male, however, very differently colored beneath, the lower 
parts being uniform cinnamon or cinnamon-rufous; wing 4.10- 
4.50 (4.39), tail 2.50-3.00 (2.83), culmen .55-.60 (.58), tarsus 
1.06-1.40 (1.23), middle toe 1.05-1.23 (1.12). Hab. South- 
western Mexico, from San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, and Guada- 
lajara to Mazatlan, 

C. graysoni (Lawr.). Grayson’s Bob White. 

@. Similar to C. graysoni, but still darker in color, with the black 
across fore-neck spread downward over the chest, and the size 
decidedly smaller; wing about 3.80-4.00, tail 2.05, culmen .60, 
tarsus 1.10, middle toe 1.05. Hab. Southeastern Mexico (Vera 
Cruz). 

C. pectoralis (GouLD). Black-breasted Bob White." 
ce, Adult males with whole under side of head black, the white superciliary 
stripe usually much reduced in width or sometimes obsolete. 

d'. Smaller and darker. Adult male with black of throat extended 
over the breast (as in C. pectoralis), and feathers of breast, etc., 
sometimes margined with black; wing 4.00-4.20, tail 2.25-2.60, 
exposed culmen .50-.55, tarsus 1.10, middle toe .95-1.05. Hab. 
Southern Mexico (Tabasco and Tehuantepec). 

C. coyolcos (MULL.). Coyolcos Bob White.’? 

ad. Larger and much lighter colored. Adult male with black of throat 

not extended over chest, which is entirely uniform cinnamon or 

cinnamon-rufous, like other lower parts. Female hardly dis- 

tinguishable from that of C. virginianus texanus, but usually 

with a more decided pale cinnamon band or patch across 

upper part of chest and the belly more distinctly and heavily 

barred. Wing 4.40-4.70 (4.49), tail 2.70-3.00 (2.81), culmen 

.52-.65 (.60), depth of bill at base .32-.40 (.35), tarsus 1.12-1.30 

(1.18), middle toe 1.00-1.10 (1.06). Hab. Sonora and southern 

Arizona......... 291. C. ridgwayi Brewsr. Masked Bob White. 

a’. Adult male with feathers of sides and flanks white centrally, with broad rufous 

margins. Adult female with feathers of sides and flanks clear umber-brown 

centrally, this enclosed within a broad U-shaped mark of black, the edges 
broadly white. 

Adult male: Sides of forehead, superciliary stripe, lores, cheeks, and whole 

chin and throat, uniform black ; broad stripe along each side of crown and 


1 Ortyx pectoralis Gouxp, P. Z. S. 1842, 182; Mon. Odont. 1850, pl. 5. 

2 Tetrao coyoleos (err. typ.) MiLier (Pu. St.), Nat. Syst. Suppl. 1776, 129. Tetrao coyolcos GMEL., S. N. 
i. 1788, 763. Ortyx coyolcos Gout, Mon. Odont. 1850, pl. 6. Colinus coyolcos Brewst., Auk, ii. Apr. 1885, 
200 (in text). 


190 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


occiput, another from beneath eye across ear-coverts, and ground-color 
of chest, dull white; middle of crown and occiput rusty brownish, mixed 
with dusky ; feathers of hind-neck and upper back rufous, each marked 
with a central oval spot of rusty white; feathers of breast and belly 
white centrally, broadly bordered with black. Adult female: Very simi- 
lar to same sex of C. virginianus cubanensis, but smaller, the sides and 
flanks less barred with black, more white on breast, and ground-color of 
upper parts clearer grayish. Wing 4.00-4.20, tail 2.25-2.60, culmen .60, 
tarsus 1.12-1.20, middle toe 1.05-1.10. Hab. Yucatan. 

C. nigrogularis (GouLD). Yucatan Bob White. 


Genus OREORTYX Barrp. (Page 185, pl. LVI, fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Upper parts plain brown or olive, the inner webs of the tertials 
broadly edged with buffy or ochraceous, producing, when wings are closed, a dis- 
tinct stripe on each side of rump; breast and part of head plumbeous ; crest black ; 
entire throat uniform rich chestnut, growing blackish along upper posterior border, 
and sending a blackish branch up to the eye; chin, anterior portion of malar region, 
lower portion of lores, and distinct line bordering the throat-patch from the pos- 
terior angle of the eye downward, white; flanks rich chestnut, broadly barred with 
black and white; thighs rufous, and under tail-coverts black. Adult female : Hardly 
distinguishable in color from the male, but crest usually smaller. Young: Head, 
neck, and back grayish brown, speckled with white; breast more decidedly gray, 
with larger, more triangular, white spots; throat and cheeks mixed whitish and 
dusky ; crest-feathers blackish, their tips speckled or zigzagged with pale fulvous ; 
scapulars, wing-coverts, tertials, and tail-feathers pale brownish, finely vermiculated 
with dusky, the first more or less blotched with black, and the tertials edged with 
the same, with a subedging of pale fulvous; belly whitish; flanks washed with 
chestnut; a dusky patch on ear-coverts, with a whitish line just above. Downy 
young: Head and neck light brownish buff, deeper on lores, forehead, and a very 
broad superciliary stripe, the space enclosed between the two latter, of opposite 
sides, and also a broad stripe down middle of back and rump, dark chestnut, bor- 
dered along each side by blackish; a broad pale buffy or dull whitish stripe along 
each side of rump, throwing off, at about midway of its length, a lateral branch 
obliquely across the flanks, this last also bifurcating at about the middle and throw- 
ing off posteriorly a broad stripe parallel with that of the rump, the space between 
the two, and also that bordering the outer side of anterior half of rump-stripe and 
anterior edge of main flank-stripe, brownish black, or dark seal-brown ; on side of 
head, behind eye, a broad V-shaped mark of brownish black, having its apex at the 
posterior corner of the eye; breast and belly dull grayish white. Length about 
10.50-11.50, wing 5.25-5.40, tarsus 1.18-1.40. ggs 1.36 x 1.02, cream-color, or 
creamy buff, varying as to depth of color. 


1 Ortyx nigrogularis GouLp, P. Z. 8. 1842, 181; Mon. Odont. 1850, pl. 4. 


CALLIPEPLA. 19n 


a‘, Above deep olive-brown or umber, this color usually continued uninterruptedly 
over hind-neck to the crest; inner edges of tertials deep buff or ochraceous ; 
forehead entirely ashy. Hab. Pacific coast district, from San Francisco 
NOE tO: Oregon...) 2.00605 . 292. O. pictus (DovueL.). Mountain Partridge. 

a’, Above grayish olive, the hind-neck usually partly or wholly p:umbeous, like the 
breast; inner edges of tertials light buff or buffy whitish; forehead distinctly 
paler (often whitish) anteriorly. Hab. Sierra Nevada (both sides) from 
eastern Oregon southward; southern coast district of California?; Lower 

(22;)) California ?....... .. 292a. O. pictus plumiferus (GouLD). Plumed Partridge. 


Genus CALLIPEPLA Waatrr. (Page 185, pl. LVL, figs. 4, 5.) 


Species. 


a‘. Tail three-fourths as long as wing, or longer; flanks striped ; tail-feathers plain 
bluish gray ; tertials and scapulars without black spots; inner webs of ter- 
tials edged with buffy or whitish, producing a conspicuous stripe along each 
side of rump when wings are closed; wing 4.50, or more. 

6’. Crest short, blended with, or not separated distinctly from, general feather- 
ing of the crown; sexes essentially alike in plumage. (Subgenus 
Callipepla.) 

Adult; Tip of crest white; rest of head plain light brownish or gray- 
ish, paler and more buffy on throat; hind-neck, upper back, and 
anterior lower parts bluish gray, each feather sharply bordered 
with black, producing a scaled appearance ; scapulars and wings 
pale brownish; flanks streaked with white; other lower parts 
buffy, the belly sometimes with a patch of chestnut-brownish. 
Young: Upper parts brownish gray, becoming more decidedly 
brown on scapulars and wing-coverts, the feathers marked with a 
mesial streak of white, and (except on hind-neck) spotted with 
blackish ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ash-gray, some- 
times more or less distinctly spotted with white; lower parts dull 
whitish, the breast brownish gray, marked with wedge-shaped streaks 
or spots of white, often mixed with dusky spots. Length about 9.50- 
12.00, wing 4.50-5.00, tail about 4.10-4.50, tarsus about 1.30. Hygs 
1.28  .98, white, buffy white, or pale buffy, usually more or less dis- 
tinctly sprinkled or speckled with brown. 

c. Scapulars and wings pale grayish brown, or brownish gray; belly 
pale buffy or whitish, usually without trace of chestnut or brown 
patch, in either sex. Hab. Northwestern Mexico and contiguous 
border of United States, from western Texas to southern Arizona. 

293. C. squamata (Vic.). Scaled Partridge. 

ce. Scapulars and wings deep grayish brown (sometimes hair-brown) ; 
posterior lower parts deeper buffy (sometimes decidedly ochra- 
ceous), the belly with an extensive patch of rusty chestnut 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


in the male (sometimes indicated in the female also). Hab. 

Eastern Mexico (south to San Luis Potosi) and lower Rio 

Grande Valley of Texas. 

293a. C. squamata castanogastris Brewst. 

Chestnut-bellied Scaled Partridge. 

6%. Crest lengthened, very distinct from general feathering of crown, very nar- 

row at the base, all the feathers enclosed between the more or less 

appressed webs of the anterior plume; sexes very different in plumage. 
(Subgenus Lophortyx BONAPARTE.) 

c. Crest black; throat uniform black in adult males, and tertials without 

chestnut. 

d'. Flanks olive-brown or grayish, streaked with white. Adult male: 
Belly with black scale-like markings, and a central patch of 
chestnut; forehead buffy whitish, with black shaft-streaks; oc- 
ciput olive, or smoky brown. Adult female: Head without 
black or white markings, the prevailing color plain smoky 
grayish or brownish; belly without chestnut patch, and black 
scale-like markings less distinct. Young: Above finely mottled 
brownish, marked with whitish mesial streaks, widening at tip, 
and bordered along each edge with blackish; throat plain dull 
whitish ; belly dull white, faintly barred with grayish; chest 
dull grayish, with triangular whitish spots. Downy young: 
Dingy whitish, the upper parts tinged with pale rusty, and 
irregularly mottled, longitudinally, with deeper brownish; a 
broad stripe of deep brown from occiput down nape ; ear-coverts 
with an indistinct dusky spot; lower parts plain dull whitish. 
Length about 9.50, wing 4.35-4.70, tail 4.10-4.70, tarsus 1.20- 
1.25. Eggs 1.26 x .98, white, buffy white, or pale buff, more or 
less distinctly sprinkled, speckled, spotted, or blotched with 
some shade of umber-brown. 

e’. Upper parts deep smoky brown, the inner edges of tertials 
deep buffy or ochraceous; flanks deep olivaceous or smoky 
brown. Hab. Coast valleys of California and Oregon. 

294. C. californica (SHaw). California Partridge. 

e. Upper parts grayish brown, with inner edges of tertials 
buffy or whitish ; flanks olive-grayish, or grayish brown. 
Hab. Interior districts of California and western Oregon, 
south to Cape St. Lucas. 

294a. C. californica vallicola Ripew. 

Valley Partridge. 

ad’. Flanks rich chestnut, streaked with white. Adult male: Belly 
without scale-like markings, and with a central patch of black ; 
forehead dusky ; occiput rufous. Adult female: Similar to that 

of C. californica vallicola, but flanks chestnut, and belly without 
scale-like markings. Young: Above grayish brown, minutely 


CYRTONYX. 193 


mottled, the feathers with white shaft-streaks, widening at end, 
and with a dusky spot on each side; belly dull white, without 
trace of markings; chest brownish gray, the feathers tipped 
and streaked with whitish. Length about 9.50-10.00, wing 
4.45-4.70, tail 4.10-4.70, tarsus 1.20-1.25. Hggs 1.24 « .94, sim- 
ilar to those of C. californica, but usually with deeper ground- 
color and larger and more distinct spots. Hab. Northwestern 
Mexico and contiguous portions of United States, from Arizona 

to western Texas, north to southern Utah. 
295. C. gambeli (Nurr.). Gambel’s Partridge. 
#, Crest buffy or ochraceous; throat white, spotted with black, and ter- 

tials blotched with chestnut, in adult male. 

Adult male: Sides of head streaked with black and white; hind- 
neck broadly streaked or striped with bluish gray and rusty ; 
upper parts mainly grayish brown, the tertials and longer 
scapulars chestnut, broadly edged on both webs with white; 
breast and belly bluish gray, the latter marked with roundish 
spots of white; flanks mainly deep cinnamon-rufous, the 
feathers edged, or spotted along edges, with white; wing 4.25- 
4.50, tail 3.50-3.60, tarsus 1.25. Hab. Western Mexico (vicinity 
of Mazatlan). 

(23.) C. elegans (Less.), Elegant Partridge.! 
a’. Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing; flanks broadly and sharply banded 
with black and white; tail-feathers brownish, barred with dusky and 
whitish ; scapulars and tertials spotted with black, the inner webs of the 
latter without light edging; wing less than 4.00; sexes alike in plumage; 
crest narrow, distinct from feathers of crown, but with webs not appressed. 
(Subgenus Philortyx Gouup.’) 
6. Cheeks, chin, and throat white; bill black; wing 3.80-3.90, tail 2.40-2.60, 
tarsus 1.10-1.12. Hab. Southwestern Mexico (Plains of Colima, etc.). 
C. fasciata (GOULD). Banded Partridge.’ 
6’, Cheeks, chin, and throat black; bill brownish; wing 3.80, tail 2.00, tarsus 
1.00. Hab. Southeastern Mexico (Pueblo). 
C. personata Ripaw. Black-faced Partridge.‘ 


Genus CYRTONYX Govutp. (Page 185, pl. LVI., fig. 2.) 
Species. 


Common Cyaracters.— Adult males: Sides of head marked with bold black and 
white stripes, the chin and throat, and narrow collar across fore-neck (ascending to 
beneath crest), intense velvety black; longer feathers of crest uniform brownish; 


1 Ortyx elegans Less., Cent. Zool, 1832, pl. 61. Callipepla elegans Gout, Mon. Odont. 1850, pl. 18. 
? Philortyx Goutp, Mon. Odont. 1850, 17. Type, Ortyx fasciatus GouLp. 
3 Ortyx fasciatus Goutp, P. Z. S. 1843, 133. 
4 Philortyx personatus Ripew., Auk, iii., July, 1886, 333. 
25 


194 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


upper parts brownish, more or less barred and spotted with black, and conspicu- 
ously streaked with whitish, buff, or rufous; outer webs of quills spotted with 
white; anal region, thighs, and lower tail-coverts uniform velvety black. 


a. Adult male without rufous or chestnut on flanks. 


Adult male: Crest plain brownish, spotted with black anteriorly ; sides of 


head chiefly pure white, relieved by a stripe (widening posteriorly) of 
dark plumbeous extending from corner of mouth backward to beneath 
ears, throwing off a branch (darker in color) on each side of forehead, 
and a postocular black stripe or elongated patch ; scapulars, etc., marked 
with broad medial streaks of buffy or whitish; entire sides and flanks 
dark plumbeous, marked with numerous round spots of pure white ; 
belly and middle line of breast dark chestnut. Adult female: Prevailing 
color light pinkish cinnamon, the upper parts streaked and barred much 
as in the male; head without white or black stripes; sides with a few 
irregular streaks or bars of black. Young: Similar to adult female, but 
lower parts dull whitish, many of the feathers, especially on breast and 
sides, with transverse spots of blackish, on both webs. Downy young : 
Head pale brown, becoming gradually whitish on throat, the occiput 
with a broad patch of chestnut; a blackish streak behind eye; upper 
parts rusty brownish, indistinctly spotted with dusky, the rump bor- 
dered along each side by a whitish stripe; lower parts nearly uniform 
dull white. Length about 8.75, wing 4.90-5.30, tarsus 1.05-1.10, middle 
toe .85-.90. Eggs 1.26 x .94, plain white. Hab. Western and central 
Mexico, from Mazatlan and Valley of Mexico north to western Texas, 
New Mexico, and Arizona. 

296. C. montezume (Via.). Massena Partridge. 


a. Adult males with flanks varied with rufous or chestnut. 


Bb. Adult male with flanks rich chestnut, slightly varied with black and 


plumbeous. Hab. Guatemala and southern Mexico. 
C. ocellatus GouLp. Ocellated Partridge.} 


b%, Adult male with flanks plumbeous, barred and spotted with chestnut. Hab. 


“¢ Mexico.” 
C. sallei VerR. Salle’s Partridge.’ 


Genus DENDRAGAPUS Euuor. (Page 186, pl. LVIL,, figs. 1, 2.) 
(Nest on ground in woods. Eggs about 8-15, buffy or pale brownish, sprinkled, 


speckled, or, more rarely, spotted with dark brown.) 


1 Ortyx ocellatus Goutp, P. Z. S. 1836, 75 (Guatemala). Cyrtonyx ocellatus Goutp, Mon. Odont. 1850, 
pl. 8. 

Cyrtonyx sumichrasti Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 1877, 51 (Tehuantepec). 

Ons.—There are differences observable between two males from Guatemala on the’ one hand, and one from 


Tehuantepec (the type of C. sumichrasti) on the other. If these should prove constant the latter bird would 
require recognition as a geographical race (C. ocellatus sumichrastt). 


2 Cyrtonyx sallei VERREAUX, Arcana Nature, i. 1860, pl. 4. 


DENDRAGAPUS. 195 


Species. 


a}, Tail of 20 feathers; sides of neck in male with a distinct inflatable air-sac ; wing 
of male more than 7.00. (Subgenus Dendragapus.) 

Adult male: Above dusky grayish or dull blackish, usually more or less 
mottled, especially on wings (sometimes distinctly and coarsely mottled 
over whole surface) ; tail black, with or without gray terminal band ; 
lower parts chiefly plain slate-gray, more or less varied with white on 
flanks, etc.; length about 20.00-23.00, wing 9.40-10.00, tail 8.00, weight 
about 23 to 34 lbs. Adult female: Similar to the male, but decidedly 
smaller and colors much less uniform, the upper parts more or less dis- 
tinctly spotted and barred with buffy or brownish, the chest and anterior 
part of sides similarly marked; length about 17.50-19.00, wing about 
8.70, tail 6.00. Young: Above yellowish brown, the feathers with con- 
spicuous shaft-streaks and terminal triangular spots of white, and rather 
large transverse roundish spots of black; secondaries with broken or 
mottled bands of dusky and white; lower parts dull whitish, the chest 
and sides spotted with black; head buffy whitish, spotted with black on 
crown, and marked along side of head by a dusky stripe. Downy young: 
Above mixed pale chestnut-brown and brownish white, mottled with 
blackish, this forming six rather irregular and indistinct stripes down 
rump, and an indefinite number of more confused stripes on top of head, 
where, however, the mottlings are sometimes broken into irregular 
spots ; on side of head behind eye several irregular spots of black ; lower 
parts plain dull white. gqgs buff or cream-color, more or less distinctly 
sprinkled or speckled (more rarely spotted) with umber-brown. 

6. Tail tipped with a distinct ash-gray band. 
ce. Lighter colored, with broader tail-band (.50-.80 wide on outermost 
feather), distinct whitish space on side of neck, and throat mostly 
white. Adult male: Above dark slaty, everywhere finely mottled 
with gray and light brownish, the hinder scapulars usually with 
distinct shaft-streaks and terminal spots of white; tail-band 1.00- 
1.50 wide on middle feathers, .50-.80 wide on outermost. Eggs 1.99 
x 1.38. Hab. Rocky Mountains, west to the Wahsatch, south to 
New Mexico and Arizona (White and San Francisco Mountains), 
north to South Pass........ 297. D. obscurus (Say). Dusky Grouse. 
e*. Darker colored, with narrower tail-band (not more than .40 wide on 
outermost feather), no distinct whitish space on side of neck, and 
throat dusky, bordered with white, in adult male. Adult male: 
Above sooty blackish, sometimes nearly uniform, but usually more 
or less mottled with brownish, especially on wings; scapulars usu- 
ally without distinct white streaks or spots; tail-band less than 1.00 
(usually about .60) wide on middle feathers. Adult female much 
darker than in D. obscurus, the upper parts sometimes deeply washed 
with dark rusty. Young: Similar to corresponding stage of D. ob- 


196 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


scurus, but darker colored and more rusty. Eggs 1.91 1.36. Hab. 
Mountains near Pacific coast, from California to Sitka. 
297a. D. obscurus fuliginosus Ripaw. Sooty Grouse. 


6°. Tail without a distinct terminal band of gray. In other respects similar to 


D. obscurus, but tail-feathers broader, more truncated at tip, the tail more 
even. Hggs 1.84 < 1.30. Hab. Northern Rocky Mountains, from Mon- 
tana northward. 

297b. D. obscurus richardsonii (Sas.). Richardson’s Grouse. 


a’, Tail of 16 feathers; no obvious air-sac on side of neck; wing less than 8.00. 


(24.) 


(Subgenus Canachites STEIN.) 
Adult males: Above transversely varied with black and grayish; beneath 


black, with a white border to the throat, and broad white tips to many of 
the feathers, the sides and flanks with wedge-shaped streaks of white ; tail 
black, with or without rufous tip. Adult female: Above barred with black, 
gray, and ochraceous, or buffy, the first predominating ; beneath whitish 
(more buffy or ochraceous anteriorly), distinctly and broadly barred with 
black; flanks and scapulars usually streaked medially with white. Downy 
young : Pale buff-yellow, the top of head, back, and wings pale rusty, or 
fulvous; stripe on side of head (from bill to end of ear-coverts), two 
spots on crown, and transverse spots on back and wings black. Length 
14.70-16.20, wing about 6.50-7.35, tail 5.00-5.75. Eggs buffy or pale 
brownish, more or less speckled or spotted with deep brown. 


b'. Adult male with tail tipped with ochraceous-rufous, the upper tail- 


coverts without white tips. Adult female with tail-feathers broadly 
ochraceous or ochraceous-rufous at tips. Downy young: Occiput, 
back, and rump uniform bright rusty, the first completely encircled 
with black, and the last sometimes marked with two stripes of the 
same; rest of plumage, including forehead, fore-part of crown, and 
broad superciliary stripe, brownish buff, tinged with lemon-yellow 
on lower parts; two black spots on middle line of forehead, and a 
black line on side of head, sometimes interrupted in front of eye. 
(To be immediately distinguished from young of the Ptarmigans by 
naked toes.) Eggs 1.71 1.24. Hab. Northern North America, 
east of Rocky Mountains, from northern portions of New England, 
New York, Michigan, and Minnesota to Alaska (reaching coast at 
Kadiak, St. Michael’s, ete.). 

298. D. canadensis (Linn.). Canada Grouse. 


b?. Adult male with tail black to extreme tip (or else tip narrowly mar- 


gined with pure white), the upper tail-coverts broadly tipped with 
pure white. Adult female with tail-feathers narrowly white at tips. 
Eggs 1.65 % 1.22. Hab. Northern Rocky Mountains (chiefly north 
of the United States), and west to the coast ranges. 

299. D. franklinii (Doua..). Franklin’s Grouse. 


BONASA. 197 


Genus BONASA Srepuens. (Page 186, pl. LVIII., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Above varied with black and different shades of brown or gray, 
the scapulars and wing-coverts with mesial streaks of buff or whitish, the rump and 
upper tail-coverts with cordate or oval spots of pale grayish or dull buffy ; tail gray 
or rusty, with several narrow, irregular bands of a paler shade, each immediately 
preceded by a narrower zigzag blackish bar, and crossed near end by a broad sub- 
terminal band of black or dark brown, succeeded by a narrower terminal band of 
mottled light grayish, and preceded by a similar band; neck-tufts varying from 
deep black to light rufous, the feathers with glossy terminal margins; throat buffy 
or ochraceous, sometimes varied with dusky; rest of lower parts mixed white and 
buffy (the latter chiefly beneath the surface), marked with broad bars of brown, 
broadest and darkest on flanks; lower tail-coverts buffy, broadly tipped with white. 
Adult female: Essentially similar to the male in plumage, but usually smaller, and 
with the neck-tufts less developed. Young: Scapulars, wing-coverts, and feathers 
of back pale brownish, marked with large black spots and a broad median stripe of 
buff; secondaries, including tertials, finely mottled pale brown, rather indistinctly 
barred, at rather wide intervals, with paler buffy brownish, each bar of this color 
immediately preceded by a narrower one of dusky, the outer webs of the tertials 
spotted along the edge with black; quills dull grayish, irregularly, somewhat ser- 
rately, edged with dull buffy ; head buffy (chin and throat almost white), spotted 
on top with black, the ear-coverts dusky, streaked with pale buffy or dull whitish ; 
chest ochraceous-buff, gradually fading into white on breast and other lower parts, 
all the feathers of chest and breast spotted on edges with blackish, producing a 
coarsely and irregularly striped appearance; sides and flanks marked with larger 
spots of black; tail-feathers mottled grayish, more or less tinged with rusty, and 
crossed by several broad blackish bars separated by narrower grayish ones. Downy 
young: Above chestnut-buff, deepening into pale chestnut on occiput, fore-part of 
wings, lower back, and rump; rest of plumage very pale buff, deeper on sides of 
head, which are marked with a conspicuous black stripe commencing at posterior 
corner of eye and extending across ear-coverts. Length 15.50-19.00, wing 7.00-7.50, 
tail 5.50-7.00. Nest on ground in woods. Eggs 6-10 or more, buffy, usually plain, 
but sometimes slightly speckled with brown. 


a’. Paler, with brown markings on lower parts rather indistinct (except on flanks), 
and more or less concealed on breast and belly by broad whitish tips to the 
feathers, these brown markings usually without distinct darker edges; bars 
on flanks usually clear hair-brown. 

b'. Upper parts mostly or entirely rusty, the tail usually rusty ochraceous. 
Eggs 1.51 1.18. Hab. Eastern United States, west to edge of Great 
Plains (?), north to Massachusetts (lowlands), south to Georgia (up- 
lands), Tennessee, Arkansas, ete. 


300. B. umbellus (linn.). Ruffed Grouse. 


198 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


b’. Upper parts mostly or entirely grayish, the tail always gray. Eygs 1.59 x 
1.18. Hab. Rocky Mountains and northward to Alaska (Yukon Valley), 
east to Manitoba. 

3006. B. umbellus umbelloides (Dovuct.). Gray Ruffed Grouse. 

Darker, with brown markings on lower parts very conspicuous, everywhere ex- 

posed, and bordered by very distinct dusky bars; bars on flanks very dark 
brown, or brownish black. 

6’. Upper parts with more or less of gray, often mostly grayish, the tail usually 
gray (sometimes tinged with ochraceous). Hab. Eastern Oregon and 
Washington Territory, east to Moose Factory, Nova Scotia, Maine, ete., 
southward on mountains of New England, New York, ete. 

300a. B. umbellus togata (Linn.). Canadian Ruffed Grouse. 

6’. Upper parts dark rusty, with little if any admixture of gray, the tail usu- 
ally deep rusty (very rarely grayish). Hggs 1.61 x 1.20. Hab. North- 
west coast, from northern California to British Columbia. 

300c. B. umbellus sabini (Dovat.). Oregon Ruffed Grouse. 


ae 


Genus LAGOPUS Brisson. (Page 185, pl. LVIIL., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common Craracters.— Winter plumage pure white, the tail black in most 
species, and sometimes the lores black also. Summer plumage with upper parts 
(except part of wings) and chest varied with brown, buffy, or grayish and black. 
Nest on ground in open situations, Eggs about 10-16, more or less heavily spotted 
or marbled with dark brown or black on a buffy or light rusty ground. 


a’. Tail black. 

6. Bill stout (depth at base .40 or more) ; Jength 14.00-17.00, wing about 7.00- 
7.50, bill, from nostril, .40-.42, depth at base, .40-.45; winter plumage 
never with black on head. 

c’. Shafts of secondaries white. 

Male in spring: Head and neck rich chestnut, usually becoming 
darker below (sometimes quite blackish); rest of plumage 
white, the back, scapulars, and rump interspersed with feathers 
of deep brown or rusty, barred with dusky. Male in summer: 
Head, neck, and lower parts (except middle of belly, anal 
region, and legs) deep cinnamon-rufous, uniform on throat, 
fore-neck, and chest, barred with black on sides, flanks, and 
under tail-coverts, tinged with slaty on upper belly; quills and 
outermost wing-coverts white; rest of upper parts (continu- 
ously) irregularly barred with tawny brown and black, most 
of the feathers indistinctly tipped with whitish. Female in 
summer: Above coarsely and irregularly barred and spotted 
with black and ochraceous or buffy (the former rather predomi- 
nating), many of the feathers margined terminally with white ; 


LAGOPUS. 199 


quills, secondaries, and outermost wing-coverts white; lower 
parts varying from ochraceous to buffy whitish, coarsely and 
irregularly barred with black. Young: Above coarsely and 
irregularly varied with black and ochraceous-buff, the latter 
mostly on or near margins of feathers; chest, breast, and sides 
ochraceous-buff, coarsely barred with black ; other lower parts 
dull white. Downy young: General color olive-buff, tinged with 
sulphur-yellow on lower parts, and with rusty on chest and 
upper parts; crown chestnut, bordered all round by a black 
line, which is continued from occiput down hind-neck in a 
broad stripe; two more or less distinct blackish stripes on 
rump, and other upper parts irregularly varied, more or less, 
with black; a black streak on side of head (most distinct and 
continuous behind eye). Eggs 1.69 & 1.22, ground-color varying 
from pale buffy to deep brown, more or less speckled, sprinkled, 
spotted, or marbled with rich brown or black. Hab. Northern 
portions of northern hemisphere; south, in winter, in America, 
to Sitka, northern New York (accidental), ete. 
301. L. lagopus (Liny.). Willow Ptarmigan. 
c’?. Shafts of secondaries black, and quills (sometimes u few of the wing- 
coverts also) more or less blotched or mottled with dusky. (Sum- 
mer plumages and young unknown.) Hab. Newfoundland. 
301a. L. lagopus alleni Stesn. Allen’s Ptarmigan. 
6. Bill small and slender (depth at base less than .40); length 13.00-14.75, 
wing about 7.00-7.50, bill from nostril about .35, depth at base about 
.27-.35; winter plumage with lores deep black in male (sometimes in 
female also). 
cl. Summer males with upper parts coarsely vermiculated, the back and 
scapulars with large black blotches (occupying central portions of 
feathers). 
d‘. Ground-color of upper parts in summer males grayish brown. 

é. Summer male: Above grayish brown coarsely vermiculated 
with black, the vermiculations having a general tendency 
to form irregular zigzag bars ; scapulars and interscapulars 
largely black centrally, producing large blotches or irregu- 
lar spots; outermost wing-coverts, quills, and secondaries 
(except tertials) white; top of head blackish, the feathers 
tipped with light brownish; lores black; rest of head 
mixed dusky and white, the latter predominating on 
cheeks, chin, and throat; chest and upper breast regularly 
barred with blackish and light umber-brown ; sides simi- 
larly marked, but bars finer and more confused; rest of 
lower parts white, the lower tail-coverts with concealed 
portion dusky, or sooty slate. Summer female: Bright 
ochraceous, irregularly spotted and barred above with 


c 


200 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


black, beneath more regularly and distantly barred with 
the same; quills, secondaries, and bend of wing white. 
Fall plumage: Ground-color of upper parts pale brownish, 
mixed with grayish, very minutely freckled and more 
coarsely vermiculated with dusky, the latter having a ten- 
dency to form irregular spots and coarser bars on back and 
scapulars ; outermost wing-coverts, quills, and secondaries 
white; head and neck more fulvous and more distinctly 
barred with dusky; chest, upper breast, sides, and flanks 
colored and marked much like upper parts, but vermicula- 
tions more regular (forming distinct bars anteriorly), and 
black spots wholly wanting. Eggs 1.65 x 1.18, not with 
certainty distinguishable from) those of ZL. lagopus, but 
usually less heavily spotted, or less densely speckled, the 
general aspect averaging lighter in color. Hab. Arctic 
America in general, except northern extremity of penin- 
sula of Labrador and region thence northward, Greenland, 
and the Aleutian Islands; southeastward to Gulf of St. 
Lawrence (Anticosti). 

302. L. rupestris (GmMEL.). Rock Ptarmigan. 


&. Summer male: Similar to corresponding stage of L. rupestris, 


but less regularly and coarsely barred above. Summer fe- 
male: Above chiefly black, this varied irregularly with 
pale grayish buff, mostly in form of borders to the feathers 
and spots along their edges, or, occasionally, imperfect 
bars, these latter most distinct on wings, where the two 
colors are in about equal proportion; lower parts light 
grayish butt, everywhere coarsely barred with black. 
Young: Above light brown, irregularly barred and 
coarsely blotched with black, this prevailing on back, 
scapulars, and tertials; chest, breast, sides, and flanks 
with ground-color more buffy, this more regularly and 
coarsely barred with black; rest of lower parts dull white. 
Downy young: Similar to same stage of Z. lagopus, and 
perhaps not always distinguishable with certainty, but 
usually darker, with less of rusty tinge above, chestnut of 
crown darker, sides of head more strongly tinged with 
olive-grayish, black markings behind eye broader, and 
usually a black streak or spot under eye, which is appar- 
ently wanting in J). lagopus. Eggs 1.65 < 1.18, similar in 
color to those of ZL. rupestris. Hab. Greenland, islands 
on western side of Cumberland Gulf, and northern ex- 
tremity of Labrador (Ungava)........... 302a. L. rupestris 

reinhardti (Bren). Greenland Ptarmigan. 


d@, Ground-color of upper parts in summer male dark brownish gray. 


LAGOPUS. 201 


~_ 


Summer male: Above dark brownish gray, vermiculated and 
coarsely spotted with black, many of the feathers tipped 
with white; chest, upper breast, and sides similar, but 
without the black central blotches to the feathers; head 
and neck more coarsely barred with black, grayish white, 
and pale grayish buff, the lores entirely black; throat, 
wings (except tertials, etc.), belly, and lower breast white ; 
under tail-coverts dusky grayish, tipped with white. Suwm- 
mer female: More coarsely barred with black and grayish 
white, mixed with buff, the light bars on chest and under 
tail-coverts more ochraceous. Hab. Newfoundland. 

303. L. welchi Brewst. Welch’s Ptarmigan. 
ce. Summer males with upper parts very finely and densely vermiculated, 
the back and scapulars usually without black spots or blotches 
(never with these very conspicuous ”). 
ad. Summer male: Ground-color of upper parts deep umber-brown ; 
chest barred with bright tawny brown and black, the lower 
portion frequently interspersed with uniform blackish feathers. 
Summer female: Not obviously different from the same sex of 
L. rupestris. Hab. Island of Unalashka, Aleutian chain. 
302). L. rupestris nelsoni Steyn. Nelson’s Ptarmigan. 

@. Summer male: Ground-color of upper parts pale raw-umber brown, 

mixed with pale grayish; chest and neck barred with pale 
brownish ochre and black, the lower portion of the former 
without admixture of dusky feathers. Summer female: 
Ground-color of upper parts ochraceous, mixed with pale 
grayish buff, narrowly and irregularly barred with black 
(but with very little of black spotting), many of the feathers 
tipped with white; sides and flanks similar, but more regularly 
barred, and without traces of spots; chest and neck coarsely 
barred with ochraceous and black. Hab. Island of Atkha, 
Aleutian chain......... 302c. L. rupestris atkhensis (TURNER). 

Turner’s Ptarmigan. 

a, Tail white. 

Summer male: Above pale fulvous or dull grayish buff, coarsely ver- 
miculated, barred, and irregularly spotted with black ; chest, upper 
breast, sides, and flanks very heavily spotted (transversely) and 
barred with black on a whitish ground, usually more or less mixed 
with feathers having a pale fulvous ground and more narrowly 
barred with black. Summer female: Similar to male, but usually 
more buffy(?). Fall male: Ground-color of upper parts pale fulvous 
or tawny, mixed with grayish, finely freckled, vermiculated, and 
irregularly barred with black, occasional feathers showing large 
irrecular spots of the latter color; middle tail-feathers partly or 
entirely fulvous, finely freckled and vermiculated with dusky ; 

26 


202 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


head and neck more coarsely and regularly barred ; chest, breast, 
sides, and flanks nearly like upper parts. all female: Similar to 
male, but more ochraceous, with heavier black markings (?). 
Young: Above light brownish gray, or grayish brown, densely 
vermiculated with black, and with scattered irregular large spots 
of the same; two outer quills partly white, four innermost ones 
entirely white, the rest dull grayish ; tail-feathers mottled brownish, 
like back ; anterior and lateral lower parts dull buffy, irregularl¢ 
barred, vermiculated, and spotted with black; rest of lower parts 
plain dull grayish buffy white. Length 12.00-13.00, wing 6.50-6.70. 
Eggs 1.68 % 1.15, cream-color or buff, speckled with dark brown and 
black. Hab. Alpine summits of Rocky Mountains, south to New 
Mexico, north into British America (as far as Fort Halkett, Liard’s 
River), west to higher ranges of Oregon, Washington Territory, 
and British Columbia. 

304. L. leucurus Swans. White-tailed Ptarmigan. 


Genus TYMPANUCHUS Gtocer. (Page 185, pl. LIX., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common CHARACTERS.—Above brownish, barred (sometimes spotted also) with 
dusky and buff; beneath white broadly barred or banded with brown; quills 
brownish gray, their outer webs spotted with buff or whitish; chin, throat, and 
cheeks buff, the last marked with a cluster of brown or dusky spots; a dark brown 
stripe on side of head, from corner of mouth beneath eye and across upper part of 
ear-coverts ; above this a buff stripe, interrupted above the eye. Adult male: Sides 
of neck with an erectile tuft of rather stiff elongated feathers, the longest of which 
are 2.50 or more in length ; tail-feathers without bars or other markings, except the 
narrow whitish tip. Adult female: Neck-tufts rudimentary, the longest feathers 
not more (usually much less) than 2.00 in length; tail-feathers with numerous 
distinct bars of light brown or buffy. Mest on ground in meadows or other open 
situations. Hggs 8-12, or more, light drab, olive, or dull buffy, usually plain, but 
sometimes slightly speckled with darker. 


a’. Darker bars of back and rump single, very broad, solid black; brown bars on 
sides and flanks .30 or more wide, unicolored; wing more than 8.50 in 
adult male, usually much more than 8.00 in adult female. 

b. Scapulars without conspicuous whitish terminal spots; neck-tufts of male 
composed of more than ten parallel-edged feathers, with obtusely 
rounded or, sometimes, nearly truncated tips. Young: Above, includ- 
ing tail, light brownish, the feathers with conspicuous mesial streaks 
of white and large blotches of black; outer webs of quills spotted with 
whitish; top of head rusty brownish, with a median black patch or 
stripe ; a dusky patch on ear-coverts ; lower parts buffy whitish, with 
rather irregular broad bars of grayish brown, these breaking up ante- 


PEDIOCETES. 203 


-~ 


riorly into spots; chest tinged with brownish. Downy young: Bright 

buff-yellow, tinged with lemon-yellow, washed on chest and sides with 

pale rusty; a narrow streak behind eye, several irregular spots on crown 

and occiput, stripe across shoulder, and longitudinal blotches down back 

and rump, black. Male: Length about 18.00-19.00, wing 8.60-9.40 

(9.04), tail 4.00-4.30 (4.16). Female : Length about 17.50, wing 8.60-8.75 

(8.65), tail 3.60-4.00 (8.80). Eggs 1.69 x 1.28. Hab. Prairies of Mis- 

sissippi Valley, south to Louisiana and Texas, west to middle Kansas, 

Nebraska, and Dakota, north to Wisconsin, east to Indiana and Kentucky. 

(25.) 305. T. americanus (Rercu.). Prairie Hen. 

6. Scapulars with large and very conspicuous terminal spots of buffy whitish ; 

neck-tufts of adult male composed of not more than ten lanceolate, 

pointed feathers. Male: Wing 8.60, tail 4.00. Hemale: Wing 8.00, tail 

3.90. Hab. Island of Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts. (Formerly, 

also Long Island, New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania, Virginia, etc., but 

now apparently extinct except on Martha’s Vineyard, and there in 

danger of extermination.)....... ... 306. T. cupido (Linn.). Heath Hen: 

a. Darker bars of back and rump treble, consisting of a perfectly continuous brown 

bar enclosed between two narrower black bars; darker bars of sides and flanks 

.25, or less, wide, bicolored, the broader light brown bar being enclosed be- 

tween two narrower dusky ones; wing less than 8.50 in adult male, usually 

much less than 8.00 in adult female. 

Neck-tufts of adult male with feathers broad and rounded at tips, as in 

T. americanus. Male: Wing 8.20-8.30, tail 4.00-4.20. Female: Wing 

8.00-8.20, tail 3.50-4.00. Hab. Eastern border of Great Plains, from 

Nebraska (?), southwestern Kansas, southwestern Missouri (?), and 
western part of Indian Territory to western Texas. 

307. T. pallidicinctus Ripaw. Lesser Prairie Hen. 


Genus PEDIOCZETES Bairp. (Page 185, pl. LIX., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Adult male: Above varied with irregular spotting and 
barring of black and brownish; wing-coverts with large roundish white spots, and 
scapulars streaked medially with same; outer webs of quills spotted with white ; 
beneath white, varied with mostly V-shaped marks of dusky, chiefly on anterior 
and lateral portions. Adult female: Similar to male, but somewhat smaller, and 
with middle tail-feathers shorter. Young: Above brownish, spotted and barred 
with black and conspicuously streaked with white; outer webs of quills spotted 
with white; lower parts dull whitish, the chest, breast, sides, and flanks spotted 
with dusky. Downy young: Bright buffy yellow, the upper parts tinged with light 
rusty and coarsely marbled with black; a small black spot on middle of crown, 
and several larger black markings on occiput and hind-neck, but fore-part of head, 
all round, immaculate. Length 15.00-19.00, wing 8.50—-9.00, tail 4.00-5.50. Nest 


204 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


on ground in open situations. Eggs about 6-12, or more, varying from olive-buffy 
to deep brown, often plain, but usually more or less speckled with dark brown. 


a’. Very dark-colored, with black or dusky largely predominating on upper parts, the 
white scapular streaks and wing-spots showing in strong relief; feathering on 
legs deep brownish gray. Eggs 1.75 x 1.26. Hab. Interior of British America, 
north to Fort Simpson, Fort Resolution, and Great Slave Lake, south to 
Moose Factory, Temiscamingue, Lake Winnipeg, and northern shore of Lake 
SUPOFLOE:c.neresssesdscsce 308. P. phasianellus (Linn.). Sharp-tailed Grouse. 

a’. Lighter colored, the general color of upper parts buffy grayish or light brownish 
of various shades, always predominating over black markings, the white 
markings on scapulars and wings not conspicuously contrasted with the 
general color; feathering of feet pale brownish gray. 

b'. Ground-color above buffy grayish or pale grayish clay-color, with little if 
any rusty tinge. Eggs 1.69 x 1.26. Hab. Northwestern United States, 
south to northern California, Nevada, and Utah, east to western edge 
of Great Plains in Montana, north, chiefly west of Rocky Mountains (?) to 
Fort. Yukon, Alaska:2.:.... 308d. P. phasianellus columbianus (ORD). 

Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse. 

b?. Ground-color above more rusty or ochraceous. Hggs 1.67 1.24. Hab. 
Great Plains of United States, north to Manitoba (?), east to Wisconsin 
and northern Illinois, west to eastern Colorado, south to eastern New 
MORICO Wis ooceicss crews essemesendes 308). P. phasianellus campestris Ripew. 

Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse. 


Genus CENTROCERCUS Swainson. (Page 185, pl. LX., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Above mixed grayish and buffy, very irregularly varied with 
black, the tertials bordered terminally with white, and some of the feathers (especi- 
ally wing-coverts) having mesial streaks of thé same; quills brownish gray, some- 
times mottled along edges with paler; cheeks, chin, and throat spotted black and 
white, the former usually predominating (sometimes uniform on first)—this blackish 
area bordered behind by a more or less distinct white crescent, the extremities of 
which reach upward to the eyes; fore-neck black, the feathers sometimes bordered 
or edged with grayish white; below this (on chest) dull grayish or whitish, the 
feathers with very stiff, wiry black shafts; belly uniform black, the surrounding 
portions chiefly white; lower tail-coverts black, broadly tipped with white; length 
about 26.00-30.00, wing 12.00-13.00, tail 11.00-13.00, weight 43 to 8 lbs. Adult fe- 
‘ male: Similar to male, but much smaller, the chin and throat entirely white, black 
patch on fore-neck replaced by speckled grayish, etc.; length 21.50-23.00, wing 
about 10.50-11.00, tail 8.00-9.00. Young: Somewhat like adult female, but much 
browner above, black abdominal area indistinct, and markings of lower parts gen- 
erally less distinctly defined. Downy young: Above brownish gray, coarsely and 
irregularly marbled with black, these markings most conspicuous on head. Vest on 


PHASIANUS. 205 


ground. /£ggs 6-17, 2.16 x 1.50, varying from pale olive-buff to light olive-greenish, 
speckled, sprinkled, or spotted with deep brown. Hab. Artemisia or “sage-brush” 
plains of the Rocky Mountain plateau, north into British America, south to New 
Mexico, Utah, and Nevada.......... 309. C. urophasianus (Bonap.). Sage Grouse. 


Famity PHASIANIDAL.—THE PuHeEasants, TurKEys, ETc. (Page 184.) 


Genera. 


a. Head feathered, except sometimes on sides (around eyes); tail lengthened, 
graduated, and vaulted, the feathers usually tapering to a point; plumage 
of sexes entirely different, the female much smaller than the male, and with- 

(26.) out brilliant coloring. (Subfamily Phasianine.)... Phasianus. (Page 205.) 

a’, Head naked, the skin wrinkled and warted, the forehead with more or less con- 
spicuous extensile appendage (smaller in females); tail moderately length- 
ened, rounded, not vaulted, the feathers broad and nearly truncated at tips; 
plumage of sexes essentially alike, but females duller in color than males. 
Sulbtamnll yeN clea grin.) .c.i.csdscetacase¥esseaceceasaasic’ Meleagris. (Page 206.) 


Genus PHASIANUS Linnaus.' (Page 205.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Form elegant, carriage graceful, and plumage hand- 
some (that of the male exquisite). Adult males: Adorned with rich metallic colors, 
variegated by handsome markings or pencillings. Adult females: Brownish, more 
or less mottled, spotted, and otherwise varied with dusky, the lower parts, however, 
chiefly plain buffy brownish. 


a'. Adult males with neck metallic greenish or bluish; sides of occiput with a more 
or less conspicuous tuft of elongated feathers. Adult females with all the 
tail-feathers barred, for their whole length, with blackish and whitish on a 
mottled brownish ground. 

6. Adult males with breast (sometimes sides and flanks also) rich coppery chest- 
nut, with metallic purple and coppery reflections. 

c’. Adult male without white on neck; length about 22 feet, wing 9.50-10.50 
inches, tail 17.50-20.00. Adult female: Length about 20.00-24.00, 
wing 8.50, tail 11.00-12.00. Young male: Similar to adult female. 
Downy young: “Sides of head, throat, and under parts, yellowish 
white; forehead dull rusty yellowish, with a dark brown central 
stripe, which broadens towards the nape; behind the ear is a black 
spot; upper parts generally yellowish, variegated with rusty red 
and brown, and with blackish brown stripes.” (Dresser.) Hab. 


3 Phasianus Lrxn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 158. Type, P. colchicus Linn. 


206 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Europe in general, except colder portions; introduced into (and 
naturalized in?) eastern United States. (Introduced into Europe 
from western Asia.) 
P. colchicus Linn. Pheasant.! 
ce’, Adult male with white collar round neck, much narrower (sometimes 
interrupted) before and behind; otherwise closely resembling P. 
colchicus. Hab. China. (Introduced into and partially naturalized 
in western Oregon ?) 
P. torquatus GMEL. Ring-necked Pheasant.? 
b?. Adult male with breast, sides, and flanks rich dark green. 
Length about 24.00-27.00, wing 9.60, tail 16.00. Adult female very similar 
to same sex of P. colchicus and P. torquatus, but tail more numerously 
barred and with more reddish or purplish ground-color; length about 
20.00, wing 8.25, tail 10.50. Hab. Japan; introduced into and naturalized 
in western Oregon. 
P. versicolor VIEILL. Green Pheasant.3 
a. Adult male with neck rich chestnut, with coppery red and purplish reflections ; 
sides of occiput without tufts. Adult female with tail (except four middle 
feathers) uniform chestnut, tipped with white, this immediately preceded by 

a subterminal black bar. 

Adult male: General color chestnut and rufous, glossed with coppery red 
and purplish, the rump broadly streaked with white; tail light rufous, 
crossed at wide intervals by broad bands of deep chestnut, each of these 
preceded by a black bar, this again by mottled whitish; length about 
36.00, wing 9.00, tail 28.00. Female: Length about 18.00-20.00, wing 
8.25, tail 8.50. Hab. Japan ; introduced into and naturalized in western 
Oregon. 

(27.) P. semmerringii TEMM. Copper Pheasant.! 


Genus MELEAGRIS Linnavs. (Page 205, pl. LXI, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common CHARACTERS.—Quills slaty, barred with white; secondaries similar, 
but with more white; tail brown or gray, barred with black; plumage in general 
more or less brilliantly metallic. Mest on ground in woods. Hggs 10-18, or more, 
light buffy, thickly (but sometimes indistinctly) speckled or sprinkled with brown. 


a’. Tail and its coverts tipped with chestnut, rusty, or whitish; ground-color of 
tail brown; feathers of lower back, rump, and lower parts metallic, tipped 
narrowly with velvety black; greater wing-coverts dull copper-color, tipped 
with velvety black. Adult males with a conspicuous beard-like tuft of stiff 


1 Phasianus colchicus Linn., S. N. ed. 10, 1758, 158. 

2 Phasianus torquatus GmEL., S. N.i. 1788, 742. 

3 Phasianus versicolor VIEILL., Gal. Ois. ii. 1834, 23, pl. 205. 

+ Phasianus semmerringii TremM., Pl. Col. vy. 1838, 82 livr. pls. 487, 488. 


CRACIDZE. 207 


coarse black bristles depending from centre of chest, and with leg-spur 
shorter than hind-toe, conical, and blunt. Adult male: Length about 48.00- 
50.00, wing 21.00, tail 18.50, weight 16-40 pounds. Adult female considerably 
smaller (average weight about 12 pounds), the colors duller. 
b'. Tail tipped with deep rusty, its coverts and feathers of lower rump tipped 
with rich dark chestnut. Eggs 2.42 x 1.83. Hab. Eastern United 
States, north to southern Canada, south to Florida and eastern Texas, 
west to edge of Great Plains. 
(28.) 310. M. gallopavo (Linn.). Wild Turkey. 
b?. Tail, tail-coverts, and feathers of lower rump tipped with buffy whitish. 
Eggs 2.71 x 1.92. Hab. Table-lands of Mexico, and north to southern 
border of United States (western Texas to Arizona); south to Vera 
Cruz (temperate region). 
(29.) 310a. M. gallopavo mexicana (GouLD). Mexican Turkey. 
a. Tail and its coverts tipped with intensely brilliant metallic copper-bronze ; 
ground-color of tail ash-gray ; feathers of lower back and rump rich steel- 
blue, those of lower parts bronzy black—all tipped with intensely rich metallic 
golden and coppery bronze; greater wing-coverts brilliantly metallic copper- 
bronze, without black tips. Adult male without beard-like tuft on chest, and 
with leg-spur longer (in older birds much longer) than hind-toe, thorn-shaped 
and very sharp. Size considerably less than in the more northern species. 
Hab. Yucatan and adjacent portions of Honduras (and Guatemala ?). 
M. ocellata TemMM. Ocellated Turkey.! 


Famity CRACIDAZ.—Tue Curassows anp Guans, (Page 184.) 


Genera. 


a. Cere wholly naked, the nostrils exposed; tarsi entirely naked. (Subfamily 
Cracine.) 

6. Bill very stout, its depth through base equal to or greater than chord of 
culmen, the top of the cere elevated, distinctly arched; feathers of crest 
recurved at tips; throat mostly feathered. (Very large: length 23 to 3 
TOOLS ere nee ene sete des eete sie etalactstceicinen eos se orem iasblsinast nass)aslacdvena se snesaeiias Crax.? 

6. Bill much weaker, its depth through base less than chord of culmen, the top 
of cere not distinctly elevated nor arched; feathers of crest (if any) not 
recurved at tip; throat naked, except a median narrow strip. 

c. Larger (length about 23 to 3 feet) ; throat with a more or less distinct 
median “ dewlap.” 

d'. Sexes alike in color, brownish above, striped with whitish be- 

MOA b Wyse necisie jatelssias < temeoine asiciaeSasasecisseenastvesesmncnaesmicee Penelope’ 


1 Meleagris ocellata TemM., Pl. Col. livr. 19, 1838, pl. 112. 
2 Crax Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 157. Type, C. rubra Linn., = C. globicera Linn. et Avcr. 
3 Penelope Merrem, Aves Icon. et Descr. ii. 1786, 40. Type, Meleagris cristata LINN. 


208 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


d*?. Sexes unlike in color; male uniform black, female black, vermicu- 

lated or irregularly barred with rufous................ Penelopina, 

c. Smaller (length less than 2 feet); throat without median “ dewlap” ; plu- 

mage plain, the tail with whitish or rufous tip. Ortalis. (Page 208.) 

a’. Cere densely covered with erect velvet-like feathers, concealing the nostrils; 
upper part of tarsi feathered in front and on sides. (Subfamily Oreophasine.) 

Male with a tubercular vertical horn on top of head................ Oreophasis? 


Genus ORTALIS Mernem. (Page 208, pl. LXI., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters (of Mexican and Central American species).—Above plain 
olive-brownish or olive-grayish, the tail darker and with a distinct greenish or 
bluish gloss; anterior lower parts colored like upper surface, the rest of lower parts 
different (chestnut-rufous, light brownish, or dull whitish). 


a’. Head with a conspicuous crest, the anterior feathers of which incline forward, 
over base of bill; posterior lower parts and tips of tail-feathers chestnut- 
rufous; length about 2 feet (or more), wing 9.50-10.50, tail 11.00-12.00. 
Hab. Western Mexico, north to Sonora. 

O. wagleri GRAY. Wagler’s Chachalaca.’ 

a, Head not conspicuously crested, all the feathers reclining backward ; posterior 
lower parts and tips of tail-feathers pale brownish, light ochraceous, or 
whitish. 

bY. Quills olive, or olive-grayish. 

c'. Wing not more than 8.50; feathers of neck blended; under tail-coverts 
isabella-color, or buffy brownish; tip of tail varying from isabella- 
color to white. 

ad’. Belly dull light brownish or else pure white. 
e. Tip of tail white. 
f. Belly pure white; length about 16.50, wing 7.30, tail 8.00. 
Hab. West coast of Guatemala and Nicaragua. 
O. leucogastra (GOULD). White-bellied Chachalaca.‘ 
f?. Belly dull fulvous-brown, or isabella-color. Adult: Above 
plain grayish olive, faintly glossed with bronzy green- 
ish, more dull slaty on head and neck; tail dusky bronzy 
greenish, changing to dull bluish, broadly tipped with 
white, except middle feathers; middle line of throat 
blackish ; lower parts generally dull brownish, some- 
what paler on middle of belly, but deepening into more 
decided, or more fulvous, brownish on flanks and under 


a 


1 Penelopina Reicu., Tauben. 1862, 152. Type, Penelope nigra Fras. 

2 Oreophasis Gray, Gen. B. iii. 1844, 485. Type, O. derbianus Gray. 

3 Ortalida wagleri Gray, List Gallin. Brit. Mus. 1867, 11. 

4 Penelope leucogaster GouLp, P. Z, 8. 1843, 105. Ortalida leucogastra GRAY, List Gallin. Brit. Mus. 
1867, 13. 


ORTALIS. 209 


tail-coverts; length 19.75-24.00, wing 7.50-8.50, tail 
9.00-10.50. Nest in trees or bushes, usually 4-10 feet 
from ground, carelessly constructed of sticks, grasses, 
leaves, ete. Hggs 3-4, 2.30 x 1.63, creamy white, with 
very hard, distinctly granulated shells. Hab. North- 
eastern Mexico, from Vera Cruz north to lower Rio 
Grande Valley (both sides). 
311. O. vetula maccalli (Baird). Chachalaca.' 
e*. Tip of tail dull buffy brown, or isabella-color; colors generally 
darker than in maccalli, and size decidedly less (length 
about 21.00, wing 7.70, tail 9.00). Hab. Guatemala and 
southern Mexico (Isthmus of Tehuantepec). 
O. vetula plumbeiceps Gray. Guatemalan Chachalaca.? 
a’. Belly dull whitish. 
Tip of tail brownish white; otherwise like maccalli, but 
smaller (size of plumbeiceps). Hab. Yucatan. 
O. vetula pallidiventris Ripaw. (subsp. nov.). 
Yucatan Chachalaca. 
c. Wing 9.00, or more; feathers of neck distinctly lanceolate; under tail- 
coverts deep ochraceous, tip of tail pale ochraceous. 
O. poliocephala WacL. Gray-necked Chachalaca.% 
b?. Quills chestnut, 
Otherwise very similar to O. plumbeiceps, but much browner above. 
O. cinereiceps GRAY. Costa Rican Chachalaca. 


2It is possible that this may be the true O. vetula of WAGLER (Penelope vetula WAGL., Isis, 1830, 1112), 
which seems to agree exactly in color with O. maccalli ; but the size is much smaller, the length being given 
as 18 inches, the tail 9.70. The locality is given as simply “ Mexico,” and it may be that a fourth local race, to 
which Wagler’s name is strictly applicable, may exist in some portion of Mexico specimens from which have 
not come under my observation. 

2 Ortalida plumbeiceps GRAY, List Gallin. Brit. Mus. 1867, 11. 

3 Penelope poliocephala WAGL., Isis, 1830, 1112. Ortalida poliocephala WaGu., Isis, 1832, 1227. 

4 Ortalida cinereiceps GRAY, List Gallin. Brit. Mus. 1867, 12. 


27 


210 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Orver COLUMB/.—Tue Piceons. bee 2.) 


Families. 
(Characters same as those given for the Order).. Columbidz. (Page 210.) 
Famity COLUMBID.—THuE Piceons or Doves. (Page 210.) 


(Nest a flat frail platform of sticks, straws, etc., usually in trees. Hggs 2, plain 
white or buffy white.) 
Genera. 


a. Tarsus shorter than lateral toes. (Subfamily Columbine.) 
b. Tail much shorter than wing, slightly rounded, the feathers broad and 


rounded, or nearly truncated, at tipS...........00 Columba. (Page 211.) 
b?. Tail nearly as long as wing, graduated, the feathers narrow and pointed at 
«fH BRE RAB AG Hen oUcussboc acburTasudodasc a scodedjancéeans: Ectopistes. (Page 212.) 


a’. Tarsus longer than lateral toes. (Subfamily Zenaidine.) 
b'. Front of tarsus covered by transverse scutelle. 
cl. Wing more than 5.00. 
d@'. Terminal portion of outer quill abruptly narrowed. 
Leptotiia. (Page 214.) 
d. Terminal portion of outer quill not narrowed. 
e, Outer webs of only second and third quills very slightly sinu- 
ated (sinuation scarcely perceptible). 
fi. Tail-feathers 12; tail rounded, less than three-fourths as 
long as wing, the feathers broad and rounded at tips. 
g. Culmen longer than lateral toes, without claws; tail 
nearly three-fourths as long as wing; a white 
patch covering larger wing-coverts. 
Melopelia. (Page 214.) 
g?. Culmen shorter than lateral toes, without claws; tail 
barely more than two-thirds as long as wing; no 
white patch on wing-coverts. 
Zenaida. (Page 213.) 
f?. Tail-feathers 14; tail graduated, usually more than three- 
fourths (always more than two-thirds) as long as 
wing, the feathers more or less narrowed at tips. 
Zenaidura. (Page 212.) 
e?. Outer webs of second to fifth quills, inclusive, distinctly sinu- 
ated ; tail less than two-thirds as long as wing. 
Geotrygon. (Page 216.) 


COLUMBA. 211 


-~ 


¢. Wing less than 4.00. 

d'. Tail as long as or longer than wing, lateral feathers graduated and 
NATFOWOG AD CLPS:-..5.54s0s0deseee sarees Scardafella. (Page 215.) 
d?. Tail much shorter than wing, rounded, the feathers broad at ends. 
Columbigallina. (Page 214.) 

b?. Front of tarsus covered with hexagonal scutelle. 
Otherwise like Geotrygon, but tarsi decidedly longer than middle toe, 
Swale ll 2h Weare sneeccesss seca boscesceisssssescses: Starnoenas. (Page 217.) 


Genus COLUMBA Linnaus. (Page 210, pl. LXIL, figs. 1, 2.) 
Species. 


a’. Terminal third of tail abruptly lighter in color than the basal portion, the two 
shades (of grayish) separated by a blackish band ; lower tail-coverts white. 

Above plumbeous, browner on back, more bluish on rump, the wing- 

coverts paler and narrowly edged with white; quills dusky. Adult 

male: A narrow half-collar of white across upper portion of hind-neck, 

the rest of the hind-neck dull metallic bronzy green; head, fore-neck, 

and lower parts more or less purplish, or glaucous-vinaceous, or violet, 

becoming more pinkish on belly and plumbeous on sides ; bill yellow (in 

life) with black tip. Adult female: Similar to the male, but usually 

much duller in color, the white nuchal bar indistinct or even obsolete, 

the breast grayer, belly whitish, hind neck less metallic, and size rather 

less. Young: Somewhat like adult female, but feathers of upper 

parts narrowly and rather indistinctly margined with paler; head and 

neck dull plumbeous (in male) or light grayish brown (in female), with 

indistinct paler tips to feathers; no trace of white bar on nape, and 

lower parts dull grayish, tinged with brown on breast. Length 15.00- 

16.00, wing 8.00-8.80, tail 6.00-6.50. Hab. Western United States, from 

Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, and south through Mexico to 

(30.) highlands of Guatemala...... 312. C. fasciata Say. Band-tailed Pigeon. 
a. Tail of a uniform shade throughout; lower tail-coverts slate-gray. 

b'. Neck same color all round, and entirely destitute of metallic gloss. Adult 
male: Head, neck, and breast purplish chocolate, or vinaceous-chestnut, 
the lesser and upper middle wing-coverts similar, but brighter, or less 
vinaceous; back, scapulars, and tertials grayish brown or olivaceous ; 
rest of plumage dark plumbeous or slaty, clearest on rump and flanks, 
paler on under wing-coverts, darker on tail. Adult female: Similar, but 
rather smaller and color duller. Length 13.75-14.60, wing about 7.50- 
7.80, tail 5.40-5.50. Eggs 147 x 1.06. Hab. Mexico and Central Amer- 
ica, south to Costa Rica, north to southern Texas and Lower California. 

313. C. flavirostris Wact. Red-billed Pigeon. 

b?. Hind-neck ornamented by a “cape” of metallic brassy or bronzy green or 
purplish, each feather distinctly bordered with velvety black. Adult 
(sexes alike): Entire top of head white or pale grayish buffy; upper 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


bo 
bo 


part of hind-neck dark maroon; rest of plumage uniform dark plumbe- 
ous; length 12.00-14.25, wing 7.00-7.80, tail 5.50-5.80. Hggs 1.46 x 1.04. 
Hab. Greater Antilles, Bahamas, and Florida Keys; also, Santa Cruz, 
St. Bartholomew, and coast of Honduras. 

314. C. leucocephala Linn. White-crowned Pigeon. 


Genus ECTOPISTES Swainson. (Page 210, pl. LXIII, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Tail shading from dusky on middle feathers, through gradually lighter shades 
of gray, to white on outer webs of lateral pair, the inner web of each feather 
(except middle pair) with a transverse blackish spot preceded by one of rufous. 
Adult male: Head, neck, rump, and under wing-coverts uniform plumbeous; other 
upper parts grayish brown, or drab, the outermost scapulars, innermost wing- 
coverts, and tertials spotted with black; nape and sides of neck glossed with 
changeable metallic reddish purple ; chest and breast deep vinaceous-rufous, pass- 
ing gradually into soft pinkish vinaceous on sides; belly and under tail-coverts 
white. Adult female: Similar to the male, but head brownish gray, gradually 
paler toward throat; chest and breast grayish brown, or drab, gradually changing 
to pale brownish gray on sides; metallic gloss on neck less distinct; size some- 
what less. Young: Somewhat like adult female, but wing-coverts and scapulars, 
also feathers of head, neck, and chest narrowly tipped with whitish, producing a 
mottled appearance; rusty margins to quills more distinct, and bordering their 
tips. Length 15.00-17.25, wing 8.00-8.50, tail 8.20-8.75, the female somewhat 
smaller. ggs 148 1.04. Hab. Deciduous forest-region of eastern North 
America, west, casually, to Washington Territory and Nevada; Cuba. 

315. E. migratorius (Linn.). Passenger Pigeon. 


Genus ZENAIDURA Bonaparte. (Page 210, pl. LXIII., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters (of North and Middle American species).—Tail-feathers 
(except middle pair) grayish, paler at tips, and crossed by an irregular subterminal 
band of dusky ; upper parts plain brownish, the tertials, with adjacent wing-cov- 
erts or scapulars, or both, marked with a few roundish, oval, or oblong spots of 
black ; axillars and under wing-coverts bluish gray, or plumbeous. 


a’. Secondaries not tipped with white. 

b. Lower tail-coverts light creamy buff. Adult male: Occiput light bluish gray, 
with a glaucous “bloom”; rest of head and neck vinaceous-cinnamon, 
paler on throat and forehead, the chin whitish ; sides of neck glossed 
with changeable metallic purple; a spot of blue-black beneath ears; 
chest and breast delicate vinaceous, changing to creamy buff posteriorly, 
paler on lower tail-coverts. Adult female: Similar to the male, but head 
light drab, paler on throat, and whitish on chin, the occiput scarcely 
if at all bluish; breast light drab, or grayish olive-brown, changing to 


ZENAIDA. P13 


pale buffy on posterior lower parts; metallic gloss on neck less distinct, 
the black ear-spot smaller and duller. Young: Much duller in color 
than adult female, with the tints more brownish; feathers of upper 
parts, head, neck, and chest, with distinct paler tips or terminal margins; 
no metallic gloss on neck, or distinct black spot beneath ears. Length 
11.00-13.00, wing 5.70-6.10, tail 5.70-6.50, culmen .50-.55. Vest vari- 
ously situated; Lggs 1.10 x .82. Hab. Whole of temperate North Amer- 
ica, north to Canada, southern Maine, etc., south to Panama and West 
G16 9.255634 ecseoett eosen sceese 316. Z. macroura (Linn.). Mourning Dove. 
6?. Lower tail-coverts cinnamon-color. Young (adult unknown): Much darker 
in color than Z. macroura, the entire lower parts, including under tail- 
coverts, uniform deep rusty cinnamon. Wing about 6.00, tail 4.80-5.00, 

culmen .80. Hab. Socorro Island, western Mexico. 
Z. graysoni Lawr. Socorro Dove.! 

a. Outer webs of secondaries broadly tipped with white. 
Adult male (female and young unknown): Entire lower parts uniform deep 
vinaceous, somewhat paler on lower tail-coverts. (Plumage exactly that 
of paler-colored specimens of Zenaida amabilis.) Wing 6.00, tail 4.80. 
Hab. Yucatan (Merida). 


Z. yucatanensis LAawr. Yucatan Dove.? 


Genus ZENAIDA Bonaparte. (Page 210, pl. LXIII., fig. 3.) 
Species. 


Common CHaArRAcTERS.—Above olive-brown or russet, the tertials and adjacent 
wing-coverts or scapulars spotted with black ; head, neck, and breast cinnamon-color, 
relieved by a spot or streak of blue-black beneath ear-coverts and reflections of 
changeable metallic purple on sides of neck; tail-feathers (except middle pair) 
plumbeous or slaty, broadly tipped with a lighter shade of the same, and crossed by 
a subterminal band of black ; outer webs of secondaries broadly tipped with white. 


a’. Under tail-coverts deep cinnamon; head and neck purplish cinnamon or deep 

vinaceous; length 10.00-11.50, wing 6.00-6.25, tail 4.00-4.40. Eggs 1.22 x 

92. Hab. Florida Keys, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Santa Cruz, 

Sombrero, and coast of Yucatan.. 317. Z. zenaida (Bonap.). Zenaida Dove. 

a’. Under tail-coverts whitish, usually slightly tinged with vinaceous or grayish; 

head and neck (especially the latter) cinnamon-rufous; a little larger than 

Z. zenaida. Hab. Lesser Antilles (St. Bartholomew, St. Vincent, Barbuda, 
Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique. Grenada, St. Eustatius, ete.). 

Z. castanea (WAGL.). Antillean Dove.! 


1 Zenaidura graysoni LAwr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1871, 17. 

2 Zenaidura yucatanensis LAwr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1869, 208. (Perhaps a hybrid between Z, macroura 
and Zenaida amabilis.) 

3 Columba castanea WaGt., Syst. Av. 1827, 289, Columba, Sp. 77. (Z. martinicana Br. et Aver., but not 
Columba martinica Linn.) 


214 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus LEPTOTILA Swains. (Page 210, pl. LXII., fig. 3.) 
Species. 


Adult male: Above plain olive-brownish, the occiput, hind-neck, and sides of 
neck glossed with metallic reddish purple; top of head bluish gray, fading into 
creamy white on forehead; rest of head and neck, with lower parts, pale vinaceous, 
or vinaceous-white, deeper on chest and upper part of breast, the chin, belly, and 
under tail-coverts pure white, the sides tinged with grayish brown or olive; axillars 
and under wing-coverts chestnut-rufous; middle tail-feathers like back, the rest 
slaty black, broadly tipped with white. Adult female: Similar to the male, but 
colors duller, with vinaceous tints less pronounced, and metallic gloss on hind-neck 
less distinct. Length about 11.50-12.50, wings 6.00-6.50, tail 4.25-4.50. Vest in 
vines or bushes. Hggs 1.17 x .87, dull buffy white. Hab. Mexico and Guatemala, 
north to lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas. 

318. L. fulviventris brachyptera (SALVAD.). White-fronted Dove. 


Genus MELOPELIA Bonaparte. (Page 210, pl. LXIV., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Two middle tail-feathers grayish brown, the rest plumbeous or slaty, with the 
terminal fourth white (tinged with gray toward middle feathers), the plumbeous or 
slate of basal portion darker next to the lighter terminal portion; secondaries 
broadly edged terminally with white; larger wing-coverts white, producing a large 
white longitudinal patch on wing. Adult male: Above grayish brown or drab, 
grayer on wings, more plumbeous on rump; head, neck, and chest light brownish 
gray, more or less tinged with pale vinaceous, the occiput and hind-neck inclining 
to glaucous lilaceous; sides of neck glossed with metallic golden green changing to 
purple; a spot of blue-black immediately beneath ear-coverts; other lower parts 
light pearl-gray, becoming whitish on lower tail-coverts. Adult female: Similar to 
the male, but colors duller, with little if any lilaceous or vinaceous tinge to chest, 
etc. Young: Similar to adult female, but colors still duller, the feathers of upper 
parts with paler terminal margins, and the chest with a faint rusty tinge. Length 
11.00-12.25, wing 6.30-6.80, tail 4.80-5.25. est in bushes or low trees. Eggs 1.20 
X .90, very light creamy buff or buffy white. Hab. Mexico and Central America, 
south to Costa Rica, north to southern border of United States (Texas to Arizona 
and Lower California) ; Cuba; Jamaica. 

319. M. leucoptera (Linn.). White-winged Dove. 


Genus COLUMBIGALLINA Borg. (Page 211, pl. LXII., fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Adult males with top of head bluish gray, or tinged with 
this color; rest of upper parts plain grayish brown or chestnut, the uppermost wing- 
coverts (sometimes scapulars also) more or less marked with steel-blue or black ; 


COLUMBIGALLINA. 215 


inner webs of quills rufous; tail (except middle feathers) blackish ; lower parts 
chiefly vinaceous. Adult females much duller, the lower parts dull light vinaceous- 
grayish, or light brownish. 


a. Axillars and under wing-coverts chestnut-rufous. 
Adult male: Head, neck, and lower parts pinkish vinaceous, the feathers 
(31.) of the breast dusky grayish brown centrally, and those of head and neck 
margined with a darker shade of the ground-color; occiput and nape 
bluish gray, or glaucous; upper parts in general plain grayish brown, 
the innermost wing-coverts (which are often vinaceous, like lower 
parts) marked with small spots of dark metallic violet. Adult female : 
Similar to male, but colors much duller, the vinaceous replaced by light 
brownish gray (sometimes slightly vinaceous). Young: Somewhat like 
adult female, but still duller, or more grayish, the feathers, especially of 
upper parts, narrowly margined terminally with whitish. Length 6.00- 
7.00, wing 3.10-3.60, tail 2.60-2.80, exposed culmen, .41-.48, tarsus .60-.66. 
Eggs .85 < .65. Hab. Southern Atlantic and Gulf States, from Florida 
to South Carolina (casually to District of Columbia), and Louisiana. 
320. C. passerina terrestris CHapmM. Ground Dove. 
a, Axillars and most of under wing-coverts black. 

Adult male: Above vinaceous-chestnut, becoming bluish gray on top of 
head, and light vinaceous on forehead ; lower parts plain deep vinaceous, 
paler on chin. Adult female: Above dull brownish, sometimes tinged 
with rusty ; lower parts plain grayish brown, or brownish gray. Wing 
about 3.50-3.70. Hab. Middle America and northern South America, 
north to Orizaba and Colima, Mexico. 

C. rufipennis (Bonap.). Rufous Ground Dove.! 


Genus SCARDAFELLA Bonaparte. (Page 211, pl. LXIL, fig. 5.) 


Species. 


ComMON CHARACTERS.—Grayish brown above, each feather with a terminal 
border or crescentic bar of dusky ; inner web of quills, except terminal portion, 
rufous; under wing-coverts partly black ; lower parts pale grayish vinaceous, pass- 
ing into white or buff posteriorly, marked like upper parts; lateral tail-feathers 
with terminal half white, the rest black. 


a’. Larger wing-coverts, belly, and lower tail-coverts white; breast distinctly sqva- 
mated with dusky; wing about 4.00, tail 4.00. Hab. South America (Brazil, 
Venezuela, eastern Ecuador, etc.). 

S. squamosa (TEMM.). Scaled Dove.’ 


1 Talpacotia rufipennis Bonap., Consp. ii. 1854, 79. 
2 Columba squamosa TeM., Pig. et Gal. i. 1811, pl. 59. Scardafella squamosa Bonap., Consp. ii. 1854, 85. 


916 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


a’, Larger wing-coverts pale brownish gray, like rest of coverts; belly and lower 
tail-coverts buff; breast very indistinctly squamated; wing 3.75 or less, tail 
more than 4.00. 

Adult: Lower parts pale grayish vinaceous anteriorly (nearly white on 
chin), passing into buff on belly, flanks, and lower tail-coverts; chin, 
throat, and upper part of chest immaculate, but feathers of other por- 
tions tipped with blackish, these bars broadest on flanks; upper parts, 
including all the wing-coverts, grayish brown, each feather tipped with 
a crescentic bar of blackish. Young: Similar to adult, but less pinkish 
beneath, and grayish brown of upper parts somewhat mottled by occa- 
sional whitish tips to feathers. Length about 8.00, wing 3.70-3.75, tail 
4.00-4.40. Eggs .83 x .65. Hab. Mexico and Guatemala, north to 
southern border of United States (southern Texas to southern Arizona.) 

321. S. inca (Less.). Inca Dove. 


Grnus GEOTRYGON Gossz. (Page 210, pl. LXIV., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common CHARACTERS.—Upper parts mainly uniform chestnut, the back (some- 
times other portions also) with more or less of metallic gloss; lower parts plain 
dull whitish, ochraceous or buffy, deepening into brownish or vinaceous on chest. 


a’. Quills rufous, on both webs, in adult (partly rufous in young); feathers of neck 
blended. 
b'. Belly and under tail-coverts whitish, or very pale buffy; back brilliantly 
metallic. 

Adult: Forehead and lores dull chestnut; rest of upper head with 
hind-neck dull metallic bronzy green, changing to purplish; back 
brilliantly metallic reddish purple; rest of upper parts mainly dull 
chestnut, more or less glossed with metallic purple, especially on 
rump and lesser wing-coverts; a broad whitish malar stripe, extend- 
ing back to occiput, across ear-coverts ; beneath this a narrower and 
less distinct stripe of brown or chestnut; anterior lower parts pale 
vinaceous, becoming whitish on chin and throat; posterior lower 
parts dull white, or very pale buffy ; length 10.60-11.75, wing 6.00- 
6.50, tail 4.20-5.75. Hab. Haiti, Cuba, Bahamas, and Florida Keys. 

322. G. chrysia Bonap.! Key West Quail-dove. 
b?. Belly and under tail-coverts deep ochraceous; back not brilliantly metallic. 

Adult: Above deep purplish chestnut, with metallic reflections (of 
purplish red) only in certain Jights ; chin and throat buffy whitish ; 
bordered along each side by a dark purplish chestnut stripe, with a 
buffy malar stripe above it—neither very sharply defined ; fore-neck 
and chest vinaceous or vinaceous-brown; rest of lower parts deep 


1 Geotrygon chrysia Bonar., Consp. ii. 1854, 72. 


STARNCENAS. Pa Ue¢ 


ochraceous-buff or ochraceous. Young: Above deep sepia-brown 
(with an olive cast in some lights), the wing-coverts sometimes 
mixed with rusty; forehead, chest, etc., dull cinnamon-brown ; rest 
of under parts brownish buffy ; quills mainly dusky, but inner webs 
broadly edged with rufous, especially toward base. Wing 5.30-6.00, 
tail 3.10-3.60. Hab. Tropical America in general (including West 
Indies), north to Cuba and eastern Mexico (Mirador); accidental at 
Key West, Florida. 
[322.1.] G. montana (Linn.). Ruddy Quail-dove.' 
a, Quills entirely dusky, on both webs; feathers of neck very distinctly outlined. 

Adult : Top of head slaty or plumbeous, becoming paler (sometimes whitish 
or pale vinaceous) on forehead ; hind-neck dull greenish bronze; rest of 
upper parts nearly uniform dark chestnut, slightly glossed with violet- 
purple on back; chin and throat pale buffy or buffy whitish ; chest vary- 
ing from dull brownish to buffy vinaceous or even grayish brown; rest 
of lower parts buffy, deeper on sides and flanks; length (skin) about 9.50- 
11.00, wing 5.80-6.20, tail 3.50-4.40. Hab. Guatemala and southern 

Mexico, north to Mirador. 
G. albifacies Sct. Mexican Quail-dove.’ 


Genus STARNCENAS Bonaparte. (Page 211, pl. LXIV., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Adult: General color plain olive-brown above and dull rusty beneath, the 
breast sometimes with a glaucous-purplish tinge; top of head dull cobalt-blue, bor- 
dered below by black; a wide white stripe running from chin beneath eye to 
occiput; throat and chest black, bordered below by a semicircular line of pure 
white, the feathers of the upper and lateral portions of the black area tipped with 
blue; length 10.75-12.50, wing 5.40-5.70, tail 4.00-4.25. Hab. Cuba and Florida 
LCS Se eee 323. S. cyanocephala (Linn.). Blue-headed Quail-dove. 


1 Columba montana Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 163. Geotrygon montana Bonap., Consp. ii. 1854, 72. 
2 Geotrygon albifacies Scu., P. Z.S., 1858, 98. 


218 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Orver RAPTORES.—Birps or Prey. (Page 2) 


Families. 


a, Head entirely naked, or else only partially covered with down (in young) ; nos- 
trils longitudinal; a distinct web between inner and middle toes, at base; 
hind-toe short, elevated, the feet wholly unfit for grasping. (Suborder Sar- 
COTRIUDUUUU) ada tics se nee ssoesh octsaseadech «eernaaeaeemeee Cathartide. (Page 218.) 

a’, Head entirely feathered or only partially naked; nostrils vertical or roundish ; 
no web between inner and middle toes; hind-toe well developed, with large, 
sharp claw, inserted at the same level with anterior toes, the feet specially 
adapted for grasping. 

b'. Eyes lateral, not surrounded by disks of radiating feathers; cere exposed ; 
outer toe not reversible (except in Pandion). (Suborder Faleones.) 
Falconidz. (Page 222.) 
b*. Eyes directed forward, surrounded by disks of radiating feathers ; cere con- 
cealed by loral and frontal bristle-like feathers; outer toe reversible. 
(Suborder Striges.) 

c’. Inner toe as long as middle toe; inner edge of middle claw pectinated ; 
feathers on hinder part of tarsus recurved, or pointed upward; first 
quill longer than third, none of the quills with inner webs sinuated 
OVIEMIAL MINA Leds jcscceacmeseakes nesses taenade Strigidz. (Page 255.) 

c’. Inner toe decidedly shorter than middle toe; inner edge of middle claw 
not pectinated; feathers on hinder part of tarsus (if present) pointed 
downward; first quill shorter than third, and at least one (one to 
six) quill with inner web sinuated or emarginated. 

Bubonide. (Page 255.) 


Famity CATHARTIDA.—Tue American Vuttures. (Page 218.) 


Genera. 


a’. Cere decidedly shorter than the upper mandible; bill very strong, with all its 
outlines decidedly convex. Adult males with a fleshy “comb” or lobe sur- 
mounting the top of the cere. 

b.. Plumage of adult commencing on the neck with a very distinct collar of 
white cottony down; primaries decidedly longer than secondaries ; 
throat with a median “dewlap”; “comb” of adult male extending from 
near anterior border of cere to middle of the crown; sexes very different, 
the female lacking entirely the “comb” or other fleshy appendages to 
the head; very large (wing 30.00, or more)...............+. Sarcorhamphus.* 


1 Sarcorhamphus DuméR1L, Zool. Anal. 1806, 32. Type, by elimination, Vultur gryphus Linn. 


GYPAGUS. 219 


b. Plumage commencing on neck with broad, normally developed feathers ; 
primaries not longer than secondaries; throat without any “dewlap” ; 
“comb” of adult male attached only to middle of cere, above nostril; 
sexes alike; size medium (wing less than 25.00). 

Gypagus. (Page 219.) 
a’. Cere decidedly longer than upper mandible; bill comparatively weak. Adult 
males without fleshy “comb” or lobe surmounting cere. 

b'. Entire neck bare of feathers; plumage commencing abruptly with lanceo- 
late or penicillate feathers, these continued over breast and belly; head 
much elongated, the upper outline of the cere elevated posteriorly above 
the level of the flattened forehead; very large (wing 30.00, or more). 

Nostril very small, occupying not more than the basal third of the 
nasal fosse, its anterior end acute; bill small, the mandibles de- 
cidedly broader than deep, the lower as deep as the upper; skin of 
head and neck smooth; tail even... Pseudogryphus. (Page 220.) 

b?. Head only, or with only upper part of neck, naked; plumage commencing 
gradually on upper part or middle of neck with broad, normal feathers, 
those of the breast and belly broad and blended; forehead elevated 
above the upper outline of cere; bill stronger, with hook of upper man- 
dible well developed; much smaller (wing less than 25.00). 

cl. Nostrils very large and broad, occupying the whole of the nasal fossa, 
both ends broadly rounded; wing lengthened, the quills reaching to 
or beyond tip of the much rounded tail... Cathartes. (Page 220.) 
e. Nostrils small and narrow, occupying only the posterior half of the 
nasal fosse, the anterior end pointed; wing short, rounded, the 
quills scarcely reaching to the middle of the even or slightly emar- 
ANA LCOMbAIS ezine. cuinisclade po bteasetows crs kdvosenes Catharista. (Page 221.) 


Genus GYPAGUS VieiLuor. (Page 219, pl. LXIV., fig. 5.) 


Species. 


Adult: Upper neck (“ruff”) plumbeous, the feathers white at base; tertials, 
secondaries, quills, greater and primary coverts, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, 
black, the secondaries grayish exteriorly and edged with white; rest of plumage 
deep vinaceous-buff or pinkish cream-color above, white beneath ; naked skin of head 
and upper neck very brilliantly colored in life with yellow, orange, red, blue, ete. ; 
iris white; bill dull red in dried skins, said to be orange and black in life. Young: 
Entirely plain blackish brown, the bill and naked skin of head dusky. Length 
27.00-34.00, wing 19.00-20.00, tail 9.50-10.00, culmen 1.30-1.40, tarsus 3.60-3.65, 
middle toe 3.00-3.30. Egqs 3.70 2.65, plain white. Hab. Whole of tropical America, 


except West Indies, north to southern Arizona ? 
G. papa (LINN.). King Vulture.! 


| } Vultur papa Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 86. Gypagus papa Viet., Nouv. Dict. xxxvi. 1819, 456. 


220 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus PSEUDOGRYPHUS Rineway. (Page 219, pl. LXIV., fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Adult: Dull black, the outer webs of greater wing-coverts and secondaries 
hoary grayish, the former tipped and the latter edged with white; axillars and 
under wing-coverts pure white; bill whitish or pale yellowish, and naked skin of 
head and neck yellowish or orange in life. Young: Similar to adult, but feathers 
of upper parts more distinctly bordered with brownish (producing a squamate ap- 
pearance), the outer webs of greater wing-coverts and secondaries dusky, and with- 
out any white on axillars or under wing-coverts; bill and naked skin of head and 
neck dusky, the latter more or less covered with soft sooty grayish down. Downy 
young: Dull white, the naked skin of head and neck dull yellow. Length 44.00- 
55.00 inches, extent 83 to nearly 11 feet, weight 20 to 25 pounds, wing 30.00-35.00 
inches, tail 15.00-18.00, culmen 1.50, tarsus 4.40-5.00, middle toe 4.00-4.50. Nest a 
cavity or recess among rocks or a hollow in stump, log, or tree-trunk. Eggs 1-2, 
4.46 x 2.48, elongate-ovate, plain pale dull grayish green or dull greenish white. 
Hab. Pacific coast of United States, north to the Columbia; southern Utah? (Now 
much reduced in numbers, and extinct in many localities where formerly abun- 
GAMES) serelcavetesciss aawisastdeeeeees 324. P. californianus (Suaw). California Vulture. 


Genus CATHARTES Ituicer. (Page 219, pl. LX., fig. 2; pl. LXIV., figs. 6, 8.) 


Species. 


Common CuHaracters.—General color black, uniform on lower parts (sometimes 
on upper parts also); bill white, and naked skin of head reddish or yellowish in 
adult, both dusky in young. 


a. Upper portion of neck, all round, naked; wing 20.00, or more. 

b.. Plumage of upper parts grayish brown, the feathers glossy blackish cen- 
trally, the secondaries edged with grayish or whitish; naked skin of 
head (in adult) livid crimson in life. 

Adult : Neck and lower parts uniform dull black; upper parts black- 
ish, with a greenish and violet gloss, the feathers of the back, the 
scapulars, and wing-coverts with margins broadly (but not abruptly) 
light grayish brown; edge of secondaries light grayish brown, vary- 
ing to light ashy; shafts of quills and tail-feathers pale brown, vary- 
ing to yellowish white ; bill chalk-white ; iris grayish brown; naked 
skin of head and upper neck (in life) dull livid crimson, brightening 
to lake-red on cere, the lores and top of head sometimes with whitish 
wart-like papille. Young: Similar to adult, but bill blackish, and 
naked skin of head and neck livid dusky, and the brownish margins 
to wing-coverts, ete., less distinct. Downy young: Covered with 
pure white cottony down, the head, however, naked, and sallow 
dusky. Length 26.00-32.00, extent about 6 feet, wing 20.00-23.00 


CATHARISTA. 221 


inches, tail 11.00-12.00, culmen 1.00, tarsus 2.25-2.30, middle toe 

2.50. West a cavity among rocks or in hollow of a log, stump, 

or tree-trunk, without additional material. Hggs 2, 2.83 x 1.93, 

ovate or broadly elliptical ovate, white, buffy white, or greenish 

white, more or less spotted or blotched with rich brown (madder or 

burnt-umber) and purplish gray. Hab. Nearly the whole of temper- 

ate and tropical America, including West Indies; south to Falkland 

Islands and Patagonia, north, more or less regularly, to southern 

New England, New York, the Saskatchewan, and British Columbia. 

325. C. aura (Linn.). Turkey Vulture. 

6%. Plumage of upper parts entirely uniform dull black; naked skin of head 

and upper neck of adult yellow in life. 

Wing 20.00, tail 12.00, culmen .82, tarsus 2.50, middle toe 2.40. Hab. 
Amazonian region of South America (Guiana to eastern Peru). 

C. pernigra (SHARPE). Amazonian Turkey Vulture.! 

a, Upper part of hind-neck feathered quite to the occiput ; wing less than 20.00. 

Adult: Entirely uniform black (as in ©. pernigra), the shafts of the quills 

white; “bill and cere reddish white; crown and lower side of head pale 

violet or sky-blue ; side of head, neck, and throat beautiful gray-orange;” 

iris red; bill white. Immature: “Iris blackish gray; head in very 

young birds reddish gray, whitish on crown and over the eye; neck 

bluish, subsequent to which the head becomes reddish violet, with a 

whitish blue patch on the occipital region.” (GurNEY.) Downy young: 

“The down is light rufous; the bill, the lower part of the face, and the 

cheeks, are black; the rest of the head light rufous washed with brown; 

the iris chocolate ; the feet flesh-color, with blackish scales.”? Length 

about 22.00-25.00, wing 18.00-18.50, tail 8.50-9.00, culmen .80-.90, tar- 

sus 2.10-2.40, middle toe 2.15-2.25. Hab. Hastern tropical America 

(except West Indies), from Brazil to eastern Mexico (Vera Cruz); 


southern Texas ? 
C. burrovianus Cass. Burroughs’s Turkey Vulture.3 


Genus CATHARISTA ViriLior. (Page 219, pl. LXIV., fig. 7.) 


Species. 


Adult: Entire plumage uniform dull black, the quills grayish basally (hoary 
whitish on under surface), their shafts pure white; bill dusky with yellowish or 
whitish tip; naked skin of head and fore-neck dusky. Young: Not obviously 


1 Q@nops pernigra Suarre, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. 1874, 26. Cathartes pernigra Rivew., Bull. Nutt. Orn. 
Club, v. 1880, 83. 

2 Professor A. Dugés, of Guanajuato, Mexico, in letter. I refer somewhat doubtfully the bird which he de- 
scribes to C. burrovianus, for the reason that it certainly is not C. aura nor Catharista atrata, and no other 
species besides these and C. burrovianus is known to inhabit Mexico. Drawings sent by Professor Dugés, rep- 
resenting both the bird under consideration and the corresponding stage of Catharista atrata, show conclusively 
that it is a true Cathartes. 

3 Cathartes burrovianus Cass., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii. 1845, 212. 


222 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


different from the adult (?). Length 23.00-27.00; extent about 54.00; wing 16.50- 
17.50, tail 7.50-8.50, culmen .90-.95, tarsus 3.00, middle toe 2.90. West a hollow in 
stump, log, or tree-trunk, or secluded spot among undergrowth of woods. Hggs 
1-2, 3.01 & 2.05, ovate or broadly elliptical-ovate, similar in coloration to those of 
Cathartes aura, but usually more sparsely marked. Hab. Whole of tropical and 
warm-temperate America, south to Argentine Republic and Chili, north regularly 
to North Carolina and lower Mississippi Valley, irregularly or casually to Maine, 
New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Dakota, etc. (Apparently wanting in western 
Mexico "and! Caltornia) ic. <.000scscscecesese 326. C. atrata (Barrr.). Black Vulture. 


Famity FALCONID.—Vuttures, Fatcons, Hawks, EAGLEs, ETC. 
(Page 218.) 


Genera. 


a’. Outer toe not reversible ; claws graduated in size from the largest (that of hind- 
toe) to the smallest (that of outer toe), broader and (except in Hlanus) 
grooved on under side. 

b'. Nostril not circular, nor linear and oblique, with the upper end the posterior 
one, nor with central bony tubercle. (Subfamily Accipitrine.) 
C) Lail deeply forced scence sdeecs sce euecaes vatyaneaenee Elanoides. (Page 224.) 
ce. Tail not deeply forked. 
d'. Wing not more than 18.00. 
e. Tarsi naked in front. 
fi. Front of tarsi covered with minute roundish scales; claws 
not grooved beneath............... Elanus. (Page 224.) 
f?. Front of tarsus covered with large transverse scutelle ; 
claws grooved beneath. 
g'. Cutting-edge of upper mandible notched. 
Ictinia. (Page 225.) 
g. Cutting-edge of upper mandible not notched. 
h'. Tip of upper mandible produced into a conspicu- 
ous lengthened hook. 
Rostrhamus. (Page 225.) 
h?. Tip of upper mandible not produced into a con- 
spicuous lengthened hook. 
@. Face encircled by a “ruff” of short, stiffened, 
compact feathers, as in the Owls. 
Circus. (Page 226.) 
# Face not encircled by a ruff. 
j'. Tail decidedly more than two-thirds as 
long as wing. 
k', Depth of bill at base not decidedly 
less than chord of culmen; mid- 
dle toe equal to or longer than 


FALCONID, 223 


~ 


naked portion of tarsus in front; 
lores densely feathered. 
Accipiter. (Page 227.) 
2, Depth of bill at base decidedly less 
than chord of culmen; middle 
toe much shorter than naked 
portion of tarsus in front; lores 
nearly naked. 
Parabuteo. (Page 228.) 
7. Tail not more than two-thirds as long as 
wing. 
kt, Primaries exceeding secondaries by 
less than length of naked portion 
of tarsus in front. 
Urubitinga. (Page 238.) 
i, Primaries exceeding secondaries by 
much more than length of naked 
portion of tarsus in front. 
U. Wing less than four times as 
long as tarsus. 
Asturina. (Page 239.) 
?, Wing more than four times as 
long as tarsus. 
Buteo. (Page 229.) 
é. Tarsi densely feathered in front and on sides, down to base of 
LOCSisdeaves beds odode ctsinsseserleweedoeise Archibuteo. (Page 240.) 
#&. Wing more than 18.00. 
e. Tarsus densely feathered, all round, down to base of toes. 
Aquila. (Page 241.) 
é. Tarsus naked, all round, for lower third, or more. 

f!. Wing much rounded (fifth to seventh quills longest, the 
first shortest), the secondaries very large and broad, 
reaching nearly or quite to tips of quills; tail nearly 
as long as wing; occiput conspicuously crested ; feet 
enormously developed...... Thrasaétus. (Page 242.) 

f?, Wing pointed (third to fifth quill longest, the first longer 
than ninth), the secondaries only moderately devel- 
oped, their ends falling far short of tips of quills; tail 
less than two-thirds as long as wing; occiput not 
crested; feet moderately developed. 

g'. Tail rounded, consisting of 12 feathers. 
Halizétus. (Page 242.) 
g. Tail graduated, or wedge-shaped, consisting of 14 
feathers.........ss0.e Thalassoaétus. (Page 243.) 
6. Nostril small, circular, with a conspicuous central bony tubercle, or else 


294 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


narrow, obliquely vertical, with the upper end the posterior one. (Sub- 
family Falconine.) 
ce. Nostril circular; cutting-edge of upper mandible with a strong tooth- 
like projection, separated from the strongly hooked tip by a distinct 
AOE Weanengeesmsee eee seta cae e sce sidisssseacest sammaeert Falco. (Page 244.) 
c. Nostril linear, obliquely vertical, the upper end posterior to the lower; 
cutting-edge of upper mandible without distinct tooth or notch. 
Polyborus. (Page 253.) 
a’, Outer toe reversible; claws ali of the same length, narrower and rounded on 
AINGOTASIMe Pras openness icon deccoue yoetsaetsespesetereeee wena ene Pandion. (Page 254.) 


Genus ELANOIDES Vimitior. (Page 222, pl. LXV., fig. 1.) 
Species. 


Head, neck, entire lower parts (including under wing-coverts and basal half of 
secondaries, underneath), and band across rump, pure white; back, wings, and tail 
plain polished blackish ; tertials white, with blackish tips. Adult: White of head 
and neck immaculate ; back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts with a soft velvety 
gloss of dark bronzy purplish, the other black portions with a glaucous or chalky 
cast. Young: Head and neck narrowly streaked with dusky; the black of back, 
etc., less glossy, more brownish, and with greenish instead of bronzy purple reflec- 
tions; quills, tail-feathers, and primary coverts narrowly bordered at tips with 
white. Length 19.50-25.50, wing 15.40-17.70, outer tail-feathers 12.50-14.50, cul- 
men 0.70-0.80, tarsus 1.00-1.30, middle toe 1.00-1.20. Nest in tops of tall trees, 
usually near water-courses. Hggs 1-4, 1.85 x 1.46, white or buffy white boldly 
spotted or blotched, chiefly round larger end, with hazel-brown, chestnut, or rich 
madder-brown. Hab. Tropical and warm-temperate portions of continental 
America, north in the interior regularly to Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, etc., along 
Atlantic coast casually to Pennsylvania and southern New England; accidental in 
GIANG 5.075 caswelecse es bemeeiaceeees 327. E. forficatus (Linn.). Swallow-tailed Kite. 


Genus ELANUS Saviany. (Page 222, pl. LXV., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Adult: Above plain pale bluish-gray, becoming gradually white on head and 
tail, with a large patch of uniform deep black covering lesser wing-covert region ; 
lower parts entirely pure white; a black spot in front of and partly surrounding 
eye. Young: Somewhat like adult, but tinged with rusty, and with indistinct 
dusky streaks, on upper parts, the wing-feathers narrowly tipped with white; tail 
“ with an indistinct subterminal band of dusky; breast stained, or indistinctly 
blotched or streaked, with yellowish rusty. Length 15.15-16.75, wing 11.50-13.30, 
tail 5.90-7.40, culmen .65-.80, tarsus 1.20-1.50. Nest on trees, near water. Hgqs 
3-5, 1.65 1.32, handsomely marbled or clouded with various shades of rich mad- 
der-brown on a paler (sometimes whitish) ground. Hab. Tropical and subtropical 


ICTINIA. 2925 


America (except West Indies), north to South Carolina, southern Illinois (casual ?), 
and-central California.............0+ 328. E. leucurus (VIEILL.). White-tailed Kite. 


Genus ICTINIA ViertLor. (Page 222, pl. LXV., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Common CuHaracters.—Adults: Uniform plumbeous, becoming lighter (whitish) 
on head and darker (blackish) on quills and tail; inner webs of quills partly rufous. 
Young: Lower parts whitish, striped with brown; upper parts varied with whitish 
and brown; tail crossed by several narrow whitish bands. 


a, Adult: Wings lighter than tail, the secondaries hoary whitish; inner webs of 
quills with indistinct spots of rufous, and outer webs with very indistinct 
stripe of the same; tail without white markings. Young: Head, neck, and 
lower parts white, sometimes tinged with buff (especially on thighs), longi- 
tudinally spotted or striped with brown; upper parts blackish brown, the 
feathers margined terminally with whitish, and with concealed spots of the 
same; tail blackish, crossed by several (about three exposed) narrow bands 
of dusky grayish, this changing to white on inner webs; under wing-coverts 
buffy, spotted with rusty. Length 13.00-15.50, wing 10.60-12.30, tail 6.00- 
7.00. Nest in tops of trees, usually near rivers. Hggs 2-3, 1.61 x 1.34, white 
usually sparsely and very faintly marked (adventitiously stained ?) with pale 
brownish. Hab. More southern United States, east of Rocky Mountains, 
north regularly to Georgia, southern Illinois, Kansas, etc., casually, or irregu- 
larly, to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Iowa; south, through eastern Mexico, 
to Guatemala............. 329. I. mississippiensis (Wi1s.). Mississippi Kite. 

a’, Adult: Wing concolor with the tail, the secondaries black; inner webs of pri- 
maries almost wholly rufous, the outer webs with only a trace of this color; 
tail with about three narrow bands of white, across inner webs. Young: 
Above blackish, the feathers bordered terminally with white; head, neck, 
and lower parts whitish, striped with blackish. Wing 10.50-12.20, tail 5.60- 
6.80. Hab. Tropical America (except West Indies), north to southern 
Mexico, south to Paraguay. 

I. plumbea (GMEL.). Plumbeous Kite.! 


Genus ROSTRHAMUS Lgsson. (Page 222, pl. LXV., fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Adult : Uniform slate-color, becoming nearly black on quills and tail, the wing- 
coverts inclining to brownish gray, the head and neck with more or less of a glau- 
cous or chalky cast, the former nearly black anteriorly ; tail-coverts and base of tai! 
white ; tip of tail light grayish brown; bill black; cere and feet rich orange or 
orange-red, and iris crimson, in life. Young: Tail much as in adult. Upper parts 


1 Falco plumbeus GMEL., S. N. i. 1788, 283. Jetinia plumbea Vieiuu., Nouv. Dict. 1816, 24, 
29 


226 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


blackish brown, each feather tipped or bordered terminally with rusty or ochra- 
ceous; head and neck streaked with the same; superciliary stripe and lower parts 
ochraceous (varying to buffy whitish), spotted or striped with dusky. Length 
16.00-18.00, extent 44.00-46.00, wing 12.90-14.25, tail 7.20-8.50, culmen 1.00-1.10. 
Vest built on top of bushes or tall rank grasses in open marshes. Eggs usually 2, 
1.75 < 1.46, blotched, marbled, and stained with various shades of brown on a paler 
(sometimes bluish white) ground-color. Hab. Whole of tropical America, except 
part of West Indies; south to Argentine Republic and Ecuador, north to Florida 
and Atlantic coast of Mexico......... 330. R. sociabilis (VIEILL.). Everglade Kite. 


Genus CIRCUS Lackpkpr. (Page 222, pl. LXVIL,, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Head, neck, chest, and upper parts uniform light bluish gray, the 
occiput darker and streaked with whitish, tinged with rusty ; longer quills blackish 
toward tips; upper tail-coverts plain white; tail bluish gray, mottled with white 
toward base, narrowly tipped with white, crossed near end by a broad blackish 
band, and, anterior to this, by five to seven narrower and less distinct dusky 
bands; the inner webs whitish, with the bands more distinct, and sometimes tinged 
with rusty ; under surface of wing (except terminal third, or more, of quills), and 
lower parts from breast backward, white, the larger under wing-coverts and lower 
parts with more or less numerous transverse (usually cordate) spots of rusty or 
brown. Adult female: Above dusky brown, the head and neck streaked, the lesser 
wing-coverts spotted, and feathers of rump edged, with rusty; upper tail-coverts 
plain white; tail brown, paler at tip, and crossed by six or seven very regular and 
distinct bands of blackish ; the brownish spaces becoming gradually paler and more 
rusty to outer feathers, which are more ochraceous; sides of head light dull buffy, 
with a dusky stripe behind eye; feathers of “ facial disk” buff, each with a median 
streak of dark brown; chin, throat, and lower parts generally, dull buffy whitish, 
varying to deeper dull buffy, striped (except on chin and throat) with brown, the 
stripes becoming gradually much narrower posteriorly. Young: Above blackish 
brown, the head and neck streaked and lesser wing-coverts spotted with deep 
rusty; upper tail-coverts white, tinged more or less with ochraceous; tail crossed 
by four broad bands of black, the interspaces being dark brown on middle feathers, 
changing gradually to ochraceous on outer feathers; ear-coverts uniform rich dark 
brown; feathers of “facial disk” dark brown, broadly edged with rufous; lower 
parts rich rusty ochraceous, growing gradually paler posteriorly, the breast and 
sides narrowly and (usually) indistinctly streaked with darker, but elsewhere im- 
maculate. Downy young: Entirely pale cinnamon-buffy, tinged with grayish on 
back, and becoming almost white on lower parts. Length 19.50-24.00, wing 12.90- 
16.00, tail 8.80-10.50, tarsus 2.85-3.25, middle toe 1.20-1.55. Nest on ground, in 
meadows, usually near ponds or marshes. Aggs 3-8, 1.81 x 1.41, white, or bluish 
white, usually plain, but often more or less spotted or blotched with pale brown. 
Hab. Whole of North America; south, in winter, to Panama, Bahamas, and Cuba. 

331. C. hudsonius (Linn.). Marsh Hawk. 


ACCIPITER. 997 


Genus ACCIPITER Brisson. (Page 223, pl. LXVI,, figs. 1-3.) 
Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Adults uniform bluish gray above, the top of the head 
darker, feathers of occiput pure white beneath surface; tail crossed by several bands 
of blackish and narrowly tipped with white; lower parts white, the breast, sides, 
and flanks barred with grayish, dusky, or rufous. Young: Dusky brown above, 
more or less spotted with lighter, the feathers bordered with rusty; tail grayish 
brown, banded with blackish, and narrowly tipped with white; lower parts white 
or buffy, striped with brown or dusky. 


a’. Bare portion of tarsus in front longer than middle toe; wing less than 12.00. 
(Subgenus Accipiter.) 

6’. Tail even or slightly emarginate ; wing not more than 8.80; top of head in 
adult not conspicuously different in color from back. Adult male: Above 
bluish gray, the top of the head darker but not inclining to black; sides 
of head light rusty, streaked with darker; breast, sides, etc., mixed 
vinaceous-rufous and white, in transverse spots and bars, the first with- 
out ashy tinge laterally ; length 10.00-11.50, wing 6.10-7.10, tail 5.80-6.10, 
tarsus 1.90-2.05. Adult female: Similar in color to the male, but upper 
parts less bluish, white of lower parts less pure and rufous spotting of a 
less vinaceous tint; length 12.50-14.00, wing 7.80-8.80, tail 6.60-8.20, 
tarsus 2.00-2.25. Young: Dusky brown above, the feathers bordered 
with rusty and more or less mixed with white spotting (mostly con- 
cealed); lower parts white, often tinged with buff, striped with clear 
brown or dusky, the sides, flanks, and thighs transversely spotted with 
same. Vest very variable in situation and character, but usually in 
trees—often in hollows among rocks or in trees. Eggs 2-5, 1.46 x 1.20, 
white, greenish white, or bluish white, usually very heavily blotched 
with brown. Hab. Whole of North America; south, in winter, to 
Guatemala ecw. osecseesets 332. A. velox (Wits.). Sharp-shinned Hawk. 

6, Tail decidedly rounded ; wing not less than 8.85; top of head in adult black, 
in marked contrast with bluish gray of back. Adult male: Similar in 
plumage to corresponding stage of A. velox, but top of head blackish, 
sides of head more or less washed with bluish gray, and sides of breast 
tinged with the same; length 14.00-17.00, wing 8.85-9.40, tail 7.80-8.30, 
tarsus 2.30-2.60. Adult female: Colors duller than in male, the upper 
parts less bluish, the hind-neck and sides of head washed with dull 
rusty, top of head duller, more brownish, black, and sides of breast 
without ashy tinge; length 18.00-20.00, wing 10.10—-11.00, tail 9.00-10.50, 
tarsus 2.60-2.85. Young: Similar to corresponding stage of A. velox, 
but rather less broadly striped beneath, with much less of transverse 
spotting on flanks, ete. Downy young: Uniform white. Nest usually in 
high trees (often a deserted crow’s nest). Eggs 1.93 X 1.52, usually plain 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


bo 
bo 
co 


bluish white, rarely faintly spotted with pale brownish. Hab. Whole 
of temperate North America, including greater part of Mexico. 
333. A. cooperi (Bonap.). Cooper’s Hawk. 
a*. Bare portion of tarsus in front shorter than middle toe; wing more than 12.00. 
(Subgenus Astur LAcEPEDE.) 

6. Adult: Above, including whole back, clear bluish gray, or plumbeous, with 
blackish shaft-streaks ; top of head deep black, the feathers pure white 
beneath surface ; tail bluish gray, crossed by about four dusky bands, 
these sometimes nearly obsolete on upper surface; lower parts white, 
the breast, belly, sides, and flanks thickly zigzagged or irregularly 
barred with slaty grayish, the feathers, especially on breast, often with 
dusky mesial streaks. Young : Above dusky grayish brown, more or less 
spotted with pale buff or whitish, the feathers margined with buff, those 
of head and neck edged or streaked with same; tail light grayish brown, 
narrowly tipped with white, and crossed by four distinct bands of dusky, 
with a fifth, less strongly marked, concealed by upper coverts; lower 
parts whitish, or pale buff, with distinct narrow stripes of blackish, these 
more tear-shaped on belly, broader and more spot-like on sides and 
flanks. Male: Length about 22.00, wing 12.00-13.25, tail 9.50-10.50, 
tarsus 2.70-3.05. Female: Length about 24.50, wing 13.50-14.25, tail 
11.50-12.75, tarsus 2.70-3.05. Nest in trees. Hggs 2-5, 2.32 x 1.79, 
white, or glaucous-white, sometimes very faintly marked with pale 
brownish. Hab. Northern and eastern North America, breeding chiefly 
north of the United States, except in higher mountains; west to and 
including Rocky Mountains, where breeding as far south as Colorado. 

334. A. atricapillus (Wits.). American Goshawk. 

b?. Adult: Above dark plumbeous, the back inclining to sooty blackish ; other- 
wise like A. atricapillus, but markings on lower parts much heavier, and 
darker in tint. Young : Above brownish black, this color predomi- 
nating largely over the lighter markings; stripes on lower parts much 
broader than in A. atricapillus, and deep black, the thighs with large, 
often cordate, spots of the same. Hggs 2.36 X 1.79. Hab, Pacific coast, 
north to Sitka, and breeding southward to at least 39° in Sierra Nevada. 

334a. A. atricapillus striatulus Ripcw. Western Goshawk. 


Genus PARABUTEO Riveway. (Page 223, pl. LXVL., fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Common CHARACTERS.—Wing 11.65-14.60, tail 9.00-11.00, culmen 0.82-1.10, 
tarsus 2.78-3.75, middle toe 1.52-2.00. Adult: Prevailing color dark chocolate- 
brown, or sooty, sometimes uniform, sometimes varied by whitish or ochraceous 
spotting; lesser wing-coverts, and tibie, deep rufous ; tail-coverts white; tail black, 
with white base and tip. Young: Plumage greatly variegated. Above dusky 
brown, the feathers edged with rusty, head and neck streaked with ochraceous; 
lower parts pale ochraceous, or buffy whitish, the breast and belly with longitudinal 


BUTEO. 229 


ovoid spots of blackish; tibia with transverse bars of dark rusty; lower tail- 
coverts with black shaft-streaks; lesser wing-covert region merely washed with 
rufous; tail grayish brown, whitish at tip, and crossed by numerous (about 19) 
narrow bands of dusky. 


a’, Adult never with the darker portions of the plumage uniform, but more or less 


broken, especially on lower parts, with whitish and buffy spotting and streak- 
ing; tibie barred with ochraceous; wing 11.65-14.60, tail 9.00-10.50, culmen 
.82-1.02, tarsus 2.78-3.40, middle toe 1.52-2.00. Hab. South America, as far 
as Chili and the Argentine Republic. 


P. unicinctus (TEMM.). One-banded Hawk.! 


a’. Adult with the darker portions of the plumage perfectly uniform ; prevailing 


color uniform dark sooty brown; lesser wing-coverts, under wing-coverts, 
and thighs plain rich chestnut-rufous ; middle wing-coverts dusky medially, 
rufous on edges; tail black, the base and a broad band at tip, white; tail- 
coverts white, the upper sometimes with blackish shaft-streaks. Immature : 
Similar to adult, but the blackish above broken by ochraceous edgings, the 
head and neck thickly streaked with the same; lower parts ochraceous, striped 
or longitudinally spotted with dusky ; thighs narrowly barred with rusty and 
dark brown; tail as in adult, but white band at tip narrower and less sharply 
defined, and inner webs of feathers more or less distinctly barred with dusky, 
grayish brown, and white? Downy young: Above pale chestnut-buffy, paler 
(almost dull whitish) across hind-neck; lower parts entirely dull whitish, 
tinged, more or less, with dull brownish buff. Male: Length 17.50-21.00, 
wing 12.35-13.75, tail 9.80-10.20, culmen .90-.95, tarsus 3.15-3.20, middle toe 
1.65-1.70. Female: Length 21.00-24.00, wing 14.25-14.50, tail 10.80-11.00, 
culmen 1.08-1.10, tarsus 3.40-3.75, middle toe 1.90-2.00. Mest on bushes or 
low trees. Hggs 2-4, 2.13 x 1.65, white, glaucous-white or buffy white, usu- 
ally more or less marked with light brownish. Hab. Middle America, north 
to southern border of United States (Louisiana to Lower California). 

335. P. unicinctus harrisi (Avp.). Harris’s Hawk. 


Grnus BUTEO Cuvier. (Page 223, pl. LXVIIL, figs. 2-5; pl. LXXIL, fig. 8.) 


Species. 


a. Tail more than half as long as wing; tarsus much less than half as long as tail ; 


primaries exceeding secondaries by much less than length of tail. 
b'. Four outer primaries with inner webs distinctly emarginated. 
cl. Outer webs of primaries without white, buffy, or ochraceous spots. 


1 Faleo unicinctus Texm., Pl. Col. i. 1824, pl. 313. Parabuteo wnicinctus Ripew. in B. B. & R. Hist. N. 
Am. B. iii. 1874, 249. 
2 In this stage much resembling the adult of P. unicinctus. 


230 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


d', Middle toe decidedly longer than bare portion of tarsus in front; 
length of cere on top less than depth of bill at anterior edge 
of cere. 

e'. Outer webs of quills (in adult) plain hoary grayish, paler, 
more ashy, at tips; naked portion of tarsus, in front, more 
than 2.00. 

Adult: Head, neck, and lower parts white, the first 
streaked with dusky, these streaks more crowded 
across cheeks, where forming a rather distinct “mus- 
tache”; throat very narrowly streaked, the sides, 
flanks, and lower part of belly (sparsely), more broadly 
streaked with dusky, and sides of breast with broader, 
somewhat wedge-shaped, markings of the same; thighs 
tinged with buffy or ochraceous; under wing-coverts 
white, with a large dusky patch covering anterior 
portion of lesser covert region; upper parts in general 
dark slaty brownish, tinged here and there ashy and 
somewhat broken by irregular admixture of whitish, 
especially on scapulars and larger wing-coverts ; rump 
blackish ; upper tail-coverts white, tinged with rufous, 
and crossed by irregular, distant bars of dusky; tail 
mostly light rufous, but this much broken by irregu- 
lar longitudinal washes and “daubs” of ashy, and 
darker longitudinal mottlings or interrupted streaks, 
on both webs; crossed near end by an irregular but 
distinct band of blackish, the tip white, and the basal 
portion whitish; length about 21.50, wing 15.75, tail 
9.10, culmen 1.05, tarsus 3.25, middle toe 1.70. Hab. 
California (Santa Clara); only one example known. 

—. B. cooperi Cass. Cooper’s Henhawk. 

e?. Outer webs of quills grayish brown, marked with quadrate 
dusky spots, producing bands; bare portion of tarsus in 
front less than 2.00. 

ji. Middle toe usually more than 1.60 (minimum 1.50, maxi- 
mum 1.95); tail of adult usually with much of rufous, 
with or without darker bands; young with tail grayish 
brown, crossed by nine or ten distinct narrow bands 
of dusky. 

g:. Head and neck uniform dark sooty brown or blackish, 
or else streaked with white (very rarely, if ever, 
streaked with buffy or ochraceous). Adult: Tail 
confusedly or irregularly mottled with grayish, 
rusty, white, and dusky, either color predominating 
(except the last) according to the individual, 


BUTEO. 231 


crossed near end by a more or less distinct subter- 
minal band, and tipped with whitish ; upper parts 
chiefly (sometimes entirely) dark sooty brown or 
blackish (varying to deep black); lower parts 
varying from entirely deep sooty brown or black 
to pure white, but, if the latter, always more or 
less streaked and spotted, especially across belly 
and on sides of breast, with dusky. Young: Tail 
banded with grayish brown and dusky, the two 
colors of about equal extent ; otherwise, much like 
adult. Male: Length 20.00-21.00, wing, 14.25- 
16.10, tail 8.80-10.00, culmen, .98-1.00, tarsus 
2.75-3.50, middle toe 1.50-1.70. Female: Length 
22.00-23.50, wing 15.75-16.50, tail 9.10-10.00, cul- 
men .98-1.10, tarsus 2.85-3.50, middle toe 1.60-1.80. 
Hab. Guif States and lower Mississippi Valley, 
north, casually, to Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, and 
Peunsylvania, east to Georgia. 
338. B. borealis harlani (AUvD.). 
Harlan’s Hawk. 
g’. Feathers of head and neck more or less distinctly 
edged with ochraceous or rusty. Adult: Tail 
rufous, paler at tip, usually crossed near end by 
a narrow band or bar of blackish (rarely with 
more or less distinct narrow bands, or indications 
of bands, anterior to the subterminal band); upper 
parts chiefly or entirely dusky grayish brown, 
sometimes irregularly broken by admixture of 
whitish and brownish gray; lower parts varying 
from entirely pure white (usually with dusky 
streaks across belly) to wholly sooty blackish, 
with or without rusty on breast. Young: Tail 
grayish brown, varying to dull ochraceous, crossed 
by nine or ten well-defined narrow bands of 
blackish ; otherwise much like adult, but usually 
with much less of tawny or ochraceous. Male: 
Length about 19.00-22.50, extent of wings 49.00- 
53.00, wing 13.50-16.50, tail 8.50-10.00, culmen 
.95-1.08, tarsus 2.40-3.20, middle toe 1.60-1.70, 
weight 2-3 pounds. Female: Length 23.00-25.00, 
extent 54.00-57.50, wing 15.25-17.75, tail 9.50- 
10.50, culmen 1.00-1.15, tarsus 3.15-3.40, middle 
toe 1.60-1.70, weight 3-4 pounds. Vest usually in 
tall trees. Eggs 2-4, 2.30, or more, <X 1,80, or 


232 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


more, dull white or bluish white, usually more or 
less spotted or blotched with brown. 
ht. Tail of adult always (?) with a subterminal | 
black bar, or else prevailing color of plumage 
white. 
“, Plumage never chiefly blackish. 

j’. Deeper colored, with dusky and grayish 
brown prevailing on upper parts, the 
lower parts more or less buffy, espe- 
cially posteriorly; adult with tail 
deep rusty rufous. Eggs 2.38 1.81. 
Hab. Eastern North America, west 
to border of Great Plains; occa- 
sional in eastern Mexico; Panama 
(casual?). 337. B. borealis (GMEL.). 

Red-tailed Hawk. 

7. Lighter colored, with much white on 
upper parts, tail pale rufous (usually 
without the dusky subterminal bar), 
the lower parts entirely pure white, 
or pale buffy only on thighs, ete., 
with little if any spotting across 
belly. Eggs 2.31 x 1.80. Hab. Great 
Plains, from Minnesota to Texas; 
east, irregularly or casually, to lowa 
and northern Illinois. 

337a. B. borealis kriderii Hoopss. 

Krider’s Hawk. 

2, Plumage often chiefly blackish, sometimes 

entirely sooty, except tail and its upper 
coverts. 

Adult: Varying, individually, from a 
light extreme which is scarcely dis- 
tinguishable from true B. borealis to 
a uniform dark sooty brown, through 
every conceivable intermediate plu- 
mage; some melanistic specimens 
have the whole chest and_ breast 
rusty or rufous (corresponding to the 
white area of very light-colored 
birds), but this is wholly obliterated 
in the complete melanism. Young: 
Darker throughout and more heavily 
spotted beneath than in true B. 


BUTEO. 233 


borealis, the plumage sometimes 
wholly dusky (except the tail), as in 
the adult. 

Tail of adult always with a black 
subterminal bar, and frequently 
with several, more or less com- 
plete, additional bars. Eggs 2.31 
x 1.80. Hab. Western North 
America, south into Mexico, east 
to Rocky Mountains (casually to 
T}linois). 

337). B. borealis calurus 
(Cass). Western Red-tail. 
#2, Tail of adult without any black bars; otherwise, 
much like B. borealis calurus. Hab. Cape St. 

Lucas. 
337c. B. borealis lucasanus Ripew. 
St. Lucas Red-tail. 
f?. Middle toe not more than 1.55; tail of adult (and young) 
grayish brown, sometimes slightly touched with rufous, 
crossed by an indefinite number (but varying from 
about 10 to 13) of narrow bands of dusky, which 
become gradually indistinct and finally obsolete toward 

base. 

Plumage exceedingly variable, but usually a mixture 
of sooty brown and whitish, in variable relative 
quantity ; sometimes entirely dusky (except tail) 
and rarely almost entirely white; length about 
20.00-23.00, wing 15.50-16.60, tail 8.80-10.00, cul- 
men .85-.95, tarsus 3.00-3.50, middle toe 1.40-1.55. 
Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere ; 
accidental in Michigan ? 

336. B. buteo (Linn.). European Buzzard. 
@, Middle toe not decidedly longer than bare portion of tarsus in front ; 
length of cere on top greater than depth of bill at anterior edge 

of cere. 

Plumage uniform black, or blackish brown, the feathers pure 
white at bases; tail grayish brown or grayish, more or less 
banded with black, the inner webs, however, chiefly white. 
Adult: Tail black, crossed by three broad zones, which are 
ash-gray on outer webs and pure white on inner. Young : 
Tail dark grayish brown (the inner webs partly, sometimes 
entirely, white), crossed by numerous narrow, oblique bands 
of black. Male: Length 18.50-19.60, extent 49.50, wing 


30 


234 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


15.00-15.60, tail 8.50-9.15, culmen .73-.88, tarsus 2.40-2.70, 
middle toe 1.60-1.65. Female: Length 20.85-21-50, extent 
53.10, wing 16.50-17.40, tail 9.00-10.75, culmen .90-1.00, 
tarsus 2.70-2.80, middle toe 1.80-1.85. Hggs 2-4, 2.19x 
1.72, dull white, usually spotted or speckled, chiefly on 
larger end, with umber brown. Hab. Middle America, 
north to southern California, Arizona, Texas, etc., south to 
northern South America. 

340. B. abbreviatus Cas. Zone-tailed Hawk. 


c. Outer webs of primaries distinctly spotted with white, buffy, or ochra- 
ceous. 
Tail narrowly banded with white, buffy, or ochraceous, lesser wing- 


coverts more or less rusty. Adult: Head, neck, and lower parts 
more or less rusty, or cinnamon, the first two streaked with 
dusky, the posterior lower parts more or less barred or trans- 
versely spotted with whitish; quills and tail black, the former 
spotted on outer webs with white, the latter crossed by about 
six narrow bands of and tipped with the same. Young: Head, 
neck, and lower parts buffy or dull whitish, streaked and striped 
or longitudinally spotted with dark brownish; quills and tail 
dusky, the former extensively spotted on basal portion of outer 
webs with buffy or ochraceous, the latter crossed by numer- 
ous narrow bands of dull buffy or pale grayish brown (the 
more anterior ones more ochraceous). Downy young: Uniform 
dull grayish white. est in large or tall trees. Eggs 2-4, 
white, glaucous-white, buffy white, or pale brownish, variously 
marked (spotted, blotched, or stained) with various shades of 
brown. 


d'. Adult with head and neck distinctly rusty. 
e. Adult: Rufous or rusty of anterior lower parts (chest and 


breast) usually distinctly barred or transversely spotted 
with white. Young: Lower parts usually with whitish 
predominating, and basal half of outer webs of quills ex- 
tensively ochraceous, buffy, or whitish. Male: Length 
17.50-19.50, wing 11.25-13.50, tail 8.00-9.70, culmen .75-.90, 
tarsus 2.70-3.25, middle toe 1.30-1.50. Female: Length 
19.00-22 00, wing 13.35-14.25, tail 9.00-10.00, culmen .80- 
.90, tarsus 3.10-3.20, middle toe 1.35-1.50. Hggs 2.13 x 
1.69. Hab. Eastern North America, north to Nova Scotia 
and Canada, west to edge of Great Plains. 

339. B. lineatus (GmEL.). Red-shouldered Hawk. 


é*. Adult: Rufous or rusty of anterior lower parts (chest and 


breast) usually (always?) unbroken. Young: Lower parts 
with deep brownish or dusky prevailing; buffy or ochra- 


BUTEO. 235 


ceous spots on outer webs of quills much reduced in extent. 
Male: Wing 12.00-12.50, tail 8.00-9.00, culmen .78, tarsus 
2.90, middle toe 1.40-1.52. Female: Wing 13.00, tail 9.50, 
culmen .90, tarsus 3.00-3.12, middle toe 1.50. Hggs 2.19 x 
1.71. Hab. Pacific coast of United States (and south into 
Mexico ?). 
339). B. lineatus elegans (Cass.). Red-breasted Hawk. 
d@?. Adult with head and neck grayish, with little if any rufous tinge. 

Adult: Head and neck brownish gray, the feathers with dusky 
shaft-streaks; those of occiput white, with dusky tips; back 
and scapulars dull ash-gray, the feathers with large terminal 
or subterminal spots of dusky (occupying most of exposed por- 
tion of each feather); lower parts (including breast) barred 
with white and pale ochrey rufous. Young: Similar to corre- 
sponding stage of B. lineatus, but smaller and darker in color. 
Wing 10.90-12.75, tail 7.70-8.50, culmen .80-.90, tarsus 2.90- 

3.20, middle toe, 1.25-1.45. Hab. Florida. 
339a. B. lineatus alleni Ripew. 
Florida Red-shouldered Hawk. 

b?. Only three outer quills with inner webs distinctly emarginated. 

ce, Wing more than 13.50. Tail grayish brown, or brownish gray, some- 
times with a hoary tinge, crossed by an indefinite number (about 9 
or 10) of narrow dusky bands, which toward base of tail become 
gradually indistinct and finally obsolete. Adult male, normal plumage: 
Above nearly uniform grayish brown; forehead, chin, and throat 
white, usually abruptly defined and forming a distinct patch; chest 
and upper part of breast usually plain rufous or cinnamon (rarely 
mixed or broken with whitish); rest of lower parts buffy whitish, 
sometimes immaculate, but usually more or less barred or spotted 
with brownish; length 19.50-20.00, extent 48.00-50.50, weight 13-24 
pounds, wing 14.40-16.00, tail 8.00-9.00, culmen .80-.90, tarsus 2.30- 
2.75, middle toe 1.40-1.60. Adult female, normal plumage: Similar to 
the male, but chest-patch grayish brown instead of rufous, or cinna- 
mon; length 21.00-22.00, extent 50.50-56.00, weight 23-33 pounds, 
wing 14.75-17.25, tail 9.00-10.00, culmen .80-.95, tarsus 2.50-2.90, 
middle toe 1.50-1.65. Melanistic phase, both sexes: Whole plumage 
uniform sooty brown, the under tail-coverts sometimes spotted or 
barred with rusty or whitish. (Norz.—In different individuals may 
be seen every possible intermediate condition of plumage between 
this complete melanism and the light-colored normal plumage de- 
scribed above.) Young: Tail as in adult; above blackish brown 
varied with buffy or ochraceous ; head, neck, and lower parts creamy 
buff (deeper in younger, paler in older individuals), the lower parts 
usually more or less spotted with blackish, the head and neck 


236 


—_ 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


streaked with same. Vest on bushes or low trees, sometimes among 
rocks. Eggs 2-4, 2.23 x 1.73, white, dull glaucous white, or buffy 
white, usually more or less spotted with brown. Hab. Western 
North America, north to Alaska and western side of Hudson Bay, 
east to Wisconsin, Illinois, and Arkansas (casually to Massachusetts), 
and south through Middle America and greater part of South 

America to Argentine Republic. 
242. B. swainsoni Bonar. Swainson’s Hawk. 

c?. Wing less than 13.50. 
d'. Middle toe longer than bare portion of tarsus in front. (Subgenus 
Buteola BONAPARTE.) 

Adult: Above sooty blackish or blackish brown, the feathers 
of occiput pure white beneath surface, and the frontlet 
usually more or less conspicuously whitish; tail slaty 
grayish, varying to grayish brown, very narrowly tipped 
with white, and broadly banded with black, the black bands 
sometimes wider than the grayish interspaces, the latter 
5-7 in number. Young with tail more narrowly banded, 
the grayish brown bands usually broadest, and 8-9 in 
number. 

e’. Lower parts black, or dark sooty brown, like the upper; young 
with feathers much spotted, beneath surface with white, 
the lower parts sometimes slightly varied with white and 
ochraceous, the under wing-coverts sometimes spotted with 
same. Male: Wing 11.20-11.70, tail 7.00-7.30, culmen 
.70-.75, tarsus 2.05-2.25, middle toe 1.35-1.40. Female: 
Wing 11.90-13.10, tail 7.50-8.00, culmen .78-.85, tarsus 
2.50-2.65, middle toe 1.50-1.60. Hab. Tropical America 
in general, except West Indies, north to northern Mexico 
and Florida. 

—. B. fuliginosus Scr. Little Black Hawk.’ 

e?. Lower parts white. Adult male: Forehead, anterior portion 
of lores, fore-part of malar region, and lower parts gen- 
erally, immaculate pure white; sides of chest with a patch 
of rufous or cinnamon, the feathers with dusky shaft- 
streaks; wing 10.50-12.00, tail 6.00-7.00, culmen .68-.75, 
tarsus 2.05—2.30, middle toe 1.35-1.40. Adult female: Simi- 
lar to the male, but sides of chest grayish brown instead 
of rusty. Wing 12.70, tail 7.20, tarsus 2.30, middle toe 
1.55. Young: Above dull brownish, the scapulars, wing- 
coverts, etc., usually margined with buffy or light fulvous, 
the top and sides of head and neck streaked with same; 


1 Buteo fuliginosus Sc. P. Z. S. 1858, 356. (Said to be the black phase of B. brachyurus VIEILL.) 


BUTEO. 237 


lower parts white, sometimes streaked with brownish, the 
sides of chest without brown or rusty patch. Hab. Tropical 
America in general (except West Indies), north to eastern 
Mexico and Florida. 
344. B. brachyurus VIEILu. Short-tailed Hawk. 
d’, Middle toe shorter than naked portion of tarsus in front. (Sub- 
genus Buteo, part.) 

Only three outer quills with inner webs emarginated. Adult: 
Tail blackish, crossed by 2-4 broad bands of light brownish 
gray or brownish white, and narrowly tipped with whitish ; 
upper parts nearly uniform dusky brownish, darker on 
back; beneath brownish (varying to dull rufous or rusty) 
anteriorly, usually more or less broken by white transverse 
spotting ; posterior lower parts white, barred or transversely 
spotted with dull rufous. Young: Tail grayish brown, 
crossed by 5-7 narrow bands of dusky, and tipped with 
whitish; sides of head and entire lower parts dull white, 
or buffy, marked longitudinally with blackish or dusky, on 
breast, sides, ete., the cheeks with a rather distinct ‘“ mus- 
‘ tache” of dusky streaks. Male: Length about 13.25-15.00, 
wing 9.85—10.70, tail 6.50-7.00, culmen .70, tarsus 2.15-2.80, 
middle toe 1.20-1.38. Female: Length about 16.00-18.00, 
wing 11.00-11.40, tail 7.00-8.00, culmen .70-.80, tarsus 
2.20-2.70. West in trees (often a deserted crow’s nest). 
Eggs 2-4, 1.93 x 1.56, buffy whitish, variously spotted and 
blotched with brown. Hab. Eastern North America, north 
to New Brunswick and the Saskatchewan, west to edge 
of Great Plains, south (in winter only?) through Middle 

America and West Indies to northern South America. 
343. B. latissimus (Wits.) Broad-winged Hawk. 
a’. Tail less than half as long as wing; tarsus about half as long as tail; primaries 
exceeding secondaries by nearly the length of the tail. (Subgenus Tachy- 

triorchis Kaup.*) 

Only three outer quills with inner webs distinctly emarginated. Adult 
male: Above (except rump) plain bluish gray (varying to slaty or even 
dusky), the anterior lesser wing-coverts rufous, the longer scapulars 
much tinged with the same; tail white, crossed near end by a broad 
band of black, anterior to which are numerous narrow bars or lines of 
slate-gray or plumbeous, or dusky; rump and lower parts pure white, 
the throat sometimes dusky or grayish; flanks, rump, and under wing- 
coverts usually faintly barred with ashy, dusky, or rufous. Adult female: 
Similar to adult male, but rufous patch on lesser wing-coverts more 


1 Tachytriorchis Kaur, Class. Sdug. u. Vog. 1844, 123. Type, Kaleo pterocles TemM.,— F. albicaudatus 
VIEILL, 


238 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


extended, and colors generally darker. Young: Tail hoary grayish, 
growing gradually darker terminally, passing narrowly into dull whitish 
or rusty at tip, and crossed by numerous narrow and very indistinct bars 
of darker, these becoming gradually obsolete toward base of tail; gen- 
eral color of plumage brownish black, the lower parts more or less varied 
with whitish, buffy, or ochraceous. Downy young: Upper half of head 
dark sooty brown, becoming nearly black around eyes; hind-neck, upper 
back, and wings lighter sooty brown, fading gradually into dull brownish 
buff on posterior upper parts and buffy whitish on lower parts. Male: 
Wing 14.50-16.75, tail 7.50-9.00, tarsus 3.30-3.60, middle toe 1.55-1.80. 
Female: Wing 17.00-17.75, tail 8.25-10.30, culmen .95-1.05, tarsus 3.30- 
3.70, middle toe 1.60-1.80. Nest on low trees or bushes (usually a 
yucea). Hggs 2-4, 2.36 x 1.87, white, more or less blotched with reddish 
brown. Hab. Whole of Middle America, north to southern Texas. 

341. B. albicaudatus sennetti ALLEN. Sennett’s White tailed Hawk. 


Genus URUBITINGA Lesson. (Page 223, pl. LXX., fig. 2.) 
Species. 

Common CHaARAcTERS.—Adults, uniform plumbeous-black, the upper tail-cov- 
erts, band across tip of tail, and other white bands on tail, pure white. Young: 
Above varied with blackish brown and ochraceous, the former prevailing; lower 
parts ochraceous or pale buffy, striped with dusky, the thighs barred with the 
same; tail crossed by numerous narrow bands of blackish and light grayish, mixed 
with white. 


a’. Tarsus 4.30 or more; upper tail-coverts in adult plain white. 

b'. Tail, of adult, with only two to three white bands, the broadest one more 
than 2.50 (2.60-4.50) wide; thighs often without white bars, these when 
present never (?) conspicuous; under wing-coverts destitute of white 
markings, or else merely speckled with white; wing 16.50-18.00, tail 
11.75-12.00, culmen 1.30, tarsus 4.90-5.00, middle toe 1.90-2.10. Hab. 
Tropical America, north to Costa Rica (and Nicaragua ?), south to Chili, 
Paraguay, and the Argentine Republic. 

U. urubitinga (GMEL.). Brazilian Urubitinga.! 

b?. Tail, of adult, with three to four (usually three) white bands, the broadest 
one not more (usually much less) than 2.00 (1.20-2.00) wide; thighs 
always marked (usually conspicuously barred) with white; under wing- 
coverts always (?) barred or speckled with white; wing 15.15-16.50, tail 
10.50-11.50, culmen 1.10-1.35, tarsus 4.30-4.85, middle toe 1.60-1.90. 
Hab. Guatemala and southern Mexico, north to Vera Cruz, Tehuante- 
pec, and Mazatlan. U. ridgwayi GurRNEY. Mexican Urubitinga.? 


1 Faleo urubitinga GmEu., S. N. i. 1788, 265. Falco zonurus Suaw, Gen. Zool. vii. 1809, 62. Urubitinga 
zonura Scu., Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1858, 262. 

2 Urubitinga zonura B. ? Rivew., Bull. U.S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. ii. No. 2, 1876, 169. Urubitinga 
ridgwayt GURNEY, List Diurn. B. Prey, 1884, 77, 148. 


ASTURINA. 939 


a’. Tarsus 3.50 or less; upper tail-coverts in adult black barred or tipped with white. 
Adult: Uniform black, with a chalky or glaucous cast in certain lights; 
upper tail-coverts narrowly tipped with white; tail black, the tip and 
base white, and crossed at about the middle by a broad band of white of 
variable width. Young: Above brownish black, varied by ochraceous or 
rusty edgings and spots; head, neck, and lower parts pale ochraceous, 
striped with brownish black ; thighs barred with the same; tail crossed 
by about seven narrow oblique bands of black and whitish, of variable 
relative width. Downy young : “ Covered with dense woolly down, nearly 
white on head and breast, passing into grayish posteriorly upon the head, 
throat, sides of breast, tibia, and back.’ (Mrarns.) Male: Length 
about 21.50, wing 13.15-14.90, tail 7.90-9.75, culmen 1.00-1.05, tarsus 
3.20-3.40, middle toe 1.60-1.70. Female: Length 20.00-22.50, wing 
14.25-16.00, tail 9.25-11.00, culmen 1.05-1.10, tarsus 3.00-3.50, middle 
toe 1.65-1.80. Nest in large trees. Hygs 2-3, 2.32 < 1.88, plain white. 

Hab. Tropical America in general, north to southern Arizona. 
345. U. anthracina (Licut.). Mexican Black Hawk. 


Genus ASTURINA Viznitior. (Page 223, pl. LXVIII., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


a, Adult with upper parts very indistinctly barred, or almost uniform. Young, 
with thighs distinctly barred with dusky, and lighter tail-bands grayish 
brown. 

Adult: Above deep ash-gray, the top of head and hind-neck with fine 
blackish shaft-streaks, the wing-coverts with indistinct paler bars; upper 
tail-coverts plain white; tail black, tipped with grayish or white, and 
crossed by two to three narrow bands of white, the anterior one nar- 
rower and more or less interrupted; quills black, margined at tips with 
whitish ; lower parts white, everywhere, except on lower tail-coverts, 
very regularly barred with deep cinereous, these bars narrower, and the 
white interspaces correspondingly wider, on flanks and abdomen. Young: 
Above dark brown, the head and neck streaked, the middle wing-coverts 
and greater portion of outer webs of scapulars irregularly spotted, with 
ochraceous or buffy (usually of a pinkish cast); upper-tail-coverts white, 
marked near tips with one or two small spots of dusky; tail grayish 
brown, tipped with paler (the extreme tip usually whitish), and crossed 
by six or seven narrow bands of black, these becoming gradually, but 
decidedly, smaller toward the base; lower parts white, more or less 
tinged (especially on sides and under wing-coverts) with pinkish buff, 
the breast, belly, and sides with large tear-shaped or wedge-shaped 
stripes or longitudinal spots of blackish, the thighs narrowly barred 
with the same. Length about 16.00-18.00, wing 9.50~11.70, tail 6.70- 
8.20, culmen .75-1.00, tarsus 2.50-2.85, middle toe 1.35-1.75. Nest in 
trees. Eggs 2-3, 2.00 x 1.61, white, usually very faintly and sparsely 


240 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


(adventitiously ?) stained with pale brownish. Hab. Middle America, 
south to Panama, north to southern border of United States, straggling 

as far as southern Illinois. 
346. A. plagiata ScHLEG. Mexican Goshawk. 
a’. Adult with upper parts (including head and neck) very distinctly barred with 
grayish white. Young with thighs plain white or buffy, and lighter 

tail-bands whitish. 

A. nitida (LarH.). South American Goshawk.! 


Genus ARCHIBUTEO Brenm. (Page 223, pl. LXIX., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


a’. Bitl small and weak, the width of gape (from corner to corner of mouth) only 
1.35-1.45. 

Adult, normal phase: Head and neck whitish, streaked with dusky; rest 
of upper parts irregularly varied with white, grayish, and dusky (the 
lighter tints predominating), usually mixed, more or less, with rusty or 
ochraceous; rump with dusky prevailing; upper tail-coverts and basal 
portion of tail (more or less extensively—sometimes for more than half 
its length) white; terminal portion of tail crossed by a broad subter- 
minal band of grayish or dusky, and, anterior to this, usually by several 
narrower, irregular, or sometimes broken bands; quills dusky grayish, 
more or less distinctly banded with darker, their inner webs, however, 
immaculate anterior to their emargination; lower parts chiefly whitish, 
but this spotted or otherwise varied, chiefly on breast, by dusky, the 
thighs sometimes tinged with ochraceous or rusty. Young, normal 
phase: Very much like adult, but terminal or subterminal portion of 
tail plain grayish brown, the basal portion plain whitish; lower parts 
whitish or buffy, crossed over belly, flanks, and anal region by a very 
broad belt or transverse area of uniform deep brownish or dusky. 
Downy young: Plain grayish white. Male: Length about 19.50-22.00, 
wing 15.75-16.80, tail 9.00-10.00. Female: Length about 21.50-23.50, 
wing 16.15-18.00, tail 9.00-11.00. 

6. Averaging lighter in color, with less (often with none) of ochraceous 
or rusty; rarely melanistic. Hab. Northern portions of eastern 
hemisphere. 

A. lagopus (BRUNN.), Rough-legged Hawk.’ 

b. Averaging darker in color, with more of ochraceous or rusty ; fre- 
quently melanistic, some specimens being entirely deep black, with 
the exception of forehead, inner webs of quills (anterior to emar- 
ginations), and more or less distinct, usually broken, narrow bands 
across basal portion of tail, which are whitish. (Norr.—This 


1 Falco nitidus Latu., Index Orn. i. 1790, 40. Asturina nitida Bonap., Consp. i. 1850, 30. 
2 So far as evidence to date tends to show, the typical form of this species, if a distinctively American race 
be recognized, must be expunged from the list of North American birds. 


AQUILA. 241 


= 


condition affects both old and young, and is connected with the 

normal plumage by a series of specimens possessing, in every pos- 

sible degree, intermediate characters.) Vest variously situated. 

Eggs 2-3, 2.22 < 1.77, white, buffy white, or pale buffy, usually 

more or less marked (sprinkled, spotted, or blotched) with brown. 

Hab. Whole of North America, breeding chiefly north of United 

States cei snarwgacnt ses 347a. A. lagopus sancti-johannis (GMEL.). 

American Rough-legged Hawk. 

a, Bill much larger and stronger, and broader at base, the width of gape (measured 

from corner to corner of mouth) 1.70-1.99. 

Adult, normal phase: Upper parts generally and thighs ferruginous, the 
former streaked, the latter barred, with dusky; secondaries and quills 
plumbeous, the latter with a hoary cast; tail white, washed with pale 
ash-gray, more or less stained, usually longitudinally, chiefly along edges 
of feathers, with light rusty, and sometimes crossed near tip by an in- 
distinct subterminal bar or narrow band of dusky; lower parts (except 
thighs) pure white, sometimes slightly streaked with dusky. Young: 
Above grayish brown, the feathers edged with rusty or ochraceous; 
thighs white, more or less spotted with dark brownish or dusky; tail 
with basal third (approximately) white (inner webs wholly white), the 
rest brownish gray, usually with several, more or less distinct, darker 
narrow bands. Melanistic phase (adult): General color deep chocolate- 
brown, more or less varied above by rusty spotting and edgings; lower 
parts mixed rusty and chocolate, either tint prevailing; tail as in nor- 
mal phase. Male: Length about 22.50, wing 15.90-17.00, tail 9.50-10.50. 
Female: Length about 24.00, wing 17.00-18.80, tail 10.50-11.00. est 
usually in trees. Eggs 2-3, 2.50 x 1.93, white, or buffy white, usually 
more or less spotted, blotched, or clouded with brown or grayish purple 
(or both). Hab. Western United States, east to across Great Plains 
(occasionally to Illinois), north to the Saskatchewan, south into Mexico. 

348. A. ferrugineus (Licut.). Ferruginous Rough-leg. 


Genus AQUILA Brisson. (Page 223, pl. LXIX., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Adult: Nearly uniform dark -brown, the lanceolate feathers of hind-neck and 
feathers of tarsus of a paler or more tawny hue; quills black; tail blackish, more 
or less clouded, or very irregularly banded, with grayish. Young: Similar to 
adult, but basal half to two-thirds of the tail plain white, the feathers of breast, 
etc., white beneath surface, and feathers of tarsi paler (sometimes nearly white). 
Male: Length about 30.00-35.00, extent about 64-7 feet; wing 23.00-24.70, tail 
14.00-15.00, culmen 1.50-1.62, tarsus 3.65-3.80, middle toe 2.40-2.80. Female: 
Length about 35.00-40.00, extent about 7-74 feet, wing 25.00-27.00, tail 15.00-16.09, 
culmen 1.68-1.85, tarsus 4.15-4.25, middle toe 2.55-2.80. Nest usually on cliffs, but 
sometimes on trees. Kggs 2-3, 2.95 x 2.28, oval or rounded-ovate, whitish, usually 

31 


42 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


speckled, spotted, blotched, or clouded with brown and purplish gray (rarely im- 
maculate). Hab. Northern portions of northern hemisphere, chiefly in mountain- 
OUS TECIONS...:sssavesoesesasesespennesesse ces 349. A. chrysaétos (Linn.). Golden Eagle. 


Genus THRASAETUS Gray. (Page 223, pl. LXX., fig. 1.) 
Species. 

Adult: Prevailing color of upper parts, with chest, black, the upper parts 
usually more or less mottled or marbled with gray; head and neck grayish, 
darker on the crest, paler on throat; tail broadly banded with btack and mottled 
ashy, the bands of the latter color about four in number; lower parts, posterior to 
chest, pure white, the thighs, and sometimes other portions, narrowly barred with 
black. Young: Above light ash-gray, marbled with black, this forming about five 
broken bands on middle tail-feathers, but confused on other rectrices; quills mottled 
with dusky; head, neck, and entire lower parts white, the longer crest-feathers 
and the chest tinged with ash-gray. Male: Wing about 21.00, tail 16.00, culmen 
1.80, tarsus 4.50, middle toe 2.85, hind claw 2.25. Female: Length about 40.00, 
extent about 7 feet, wing 24.50, tail 18.50, culmen 2.20, tarsus 5.00, middle toe 3.80, 
hind claw 3.00. Hab. Tropical America in general, south to Bolivia and Paraguay, 
north to Mexico, or, rarely, even to the mouth of the Rio Grande (and in Louisiana’). 

350. T. harpyia (Linn.). Harpy Eagle. 


Genus HALIAZEETUS Savieny. (Page 223, pl. LXXLI, fig. 1.) 
Species. 

Common CHARACTERS.—Adults uniform dusky brown (the feathers with paler 
margins), the tail white; head and neck also white, or else much lighter colored 
than body; bill, cere, and feet deep yellow; iris pale yellow (except sometimes in 
HT. albicilla). Young: Prevailing color dusky, mixed more or less with brown and 
whitish, according to age; bill and cere black ; iris deep brown. 


a’, Adult with head and neck light grayish brown, or brownish gray, and tail-coverts 
dusky, Young with plumage largely light cinnamon-brown or isabella-color. 
Adult: Head and neck light grayish brown, grayish fulvous, or brownish 
gray, not abruptly lighter than the body ; tail white; rest of plumage 
dusky grayish brown (margins of feathers paler), the quills nearly black. 
Young: Prevailing color above light umber-brown, cinnamon-brown, or 
isabella-color, each feather with a median streak and terminal spot of 
blackish brown; breast broadly striped with brownish black on a 
brownish white and isabella-colored ground; rest of lower parts nearly 
plain dull isabella-brown, each feather with a median streak and ter- 
minal spot of blackish, the thighs darker and more uniform. Downy 
young: “Covered all over with dull sooty down, with long tufts of 
whitish down shooting through ... here and there.” (DRESSER.) 
Male: Gength 31.00-34.00, wing 23.00-26.00, tail 11.50-12.00, culmen 
2.05-2.20, tarsus 3.30-3.80, middle toe 2.50-2.85. Female: Length 35.00- 
40.00, wing 27.80-28.00, tail 14.00-16.00, culmen 2.20-2.45, tarsus 3.50- 


THALASSOAETUS. 243 


3.65, middle toe 2.95-3.50. Nest on cliffs near sea-shore. Eggs 2-3, 3.07 
X 2.32, plain dead white. Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemi- 
sphere, and southeastern Greenland. 
351. H. albicilla (Linn.). Gray Sea Eagle. 
a. Adult with head and neck pure white, in abrupt contrast with color of body; 
tail-coverts also white. Young with plumage blackish, grayish brown, and 
white, without cinnamon-brown or isabella-color. Adult: Head, neck, tail- 
coverts, and tail entirely white; rest of plumage dusky grayish brown, varying 
to brownish black (the margins of the feathers usually paler). Immature (sec- 
ond or third year): Head and neck blackish, the lanceolate feathers of hind- 
neck tipped with pale brownish, all the feathers pure white beneath surface ; 
upper parts mixed grayish brown and blackish, usually with more or less 
admixture of whitish ; tail blackish, the inner webs of feathers more or less 
blotched or “spattered” with whitish ; lower parts mixed white and dusky, 
either color predominating, according to the individual. Young, first year : 
Whole plumage nearly uniform black, the feathers of lower parts, however, 
with their bases white, this more or less concealed in places, producing a 
somewhat spotted or blotched appearance. Downy young: Uniform sooty 
gray. Nest on tall trees, usually near lakes or rivers, sometimes on cliffs. 
Male: Length 30.00-35.00, extent about 7 feet, wing 20.00-25.90, tail 11.00- 
15.25, culmen 1.85-2.25, tarsus 2.65-3.40, middle toe 2.35-2.90, hind claw 
1.68-1.90. Female: Length 34.00-43.00, extent about 7 to 8 feet, wing 
23.50-28.00, tail 12.50-16.00, culmen 1.90-2.35, tarsus 3.25-3.70, middle toe 
2.55-3.10, hind claw 1.60-2.00. Nest usually on large trees. Hggs 2-3, 2.90 
X 2.27, plain white. Hab. Whole of North America, and across Aleutian 
chain to Commander Islands, Kamtschatka. 
352. H. leucocephalus (Linn.). Bald Eagle. 


Genus THALASSOAETUS Kavp: (Page 228, pl. LXXI,, fig. 2.) 


Species. 

Adult : General color dark grayish brown, the forehead, lesser and middle wing- 
coverts, thighs, rump, tail-coverts, and tail, pure white; lanceolate feathers of hind- 
neck pale grayish brown, with lighter edges; bill, cere, and feet intense yellow in 
life; iris pale yellow. Young: Entirely dusky brownish, or with more or less ad- 
mixture of white, according to age, on those portions which are white in adult; 
bill more or less obscured with dusky. Male: Length 37.60-38.00, extent 87.50, 
wing 23.25, tail 13.60 (graduated for 4.10), culmen 2.45. Female: Length about 
41.00, extent 93.00, wing 24.00-26.00, tail 14.25, culmen 2.60-2.75, hind claw 1.95. 
Downy young: Uniform smoky brownish gray. Hab. Sea-coasts and larger rivers 
of Kamtschatka and borders of Okhotsk Sea, south, in winter, to Japan; occasional 
or accidental in Aleutian Islands? 

T. pelagicus (PALL.). Kamtschatkan Sea Eagle? 


1 Thalassoaétus Kaup, Class. Stiug. Vog. 1844, 123. Type, Aquila pelagica PAu. 
2 Aquila pelagica PALL., Zoog. Rosso-As. i. 1826, 348, pl. 1. Thalassoaétus pelagicus Kaur, Mus. Senck. 
lil. 1846, 261. 


244 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus FALCO Linnavus. (Page 224, pl. LX XII, figs. 1-5; pl. LXXIIL, figs. 1-3.) 


Species. 


a’. Only one quill (the outermost) with inner web emarginated near tip; first quill 
longer than fourth. 
6’. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe (without claw) ; first quill shorter 
than third. 
c’. Tarsus densely feathered in front and on sides for the upper two- 
thirds, the edges of the feathering meeting on the posterior side. 
yest usually on cliffs. Eggs 2-4, about 2.30 x 1.75, varying from 
pale cinnamon or tawny to buffy, more or less distinctly sprinkled, 
speckled, or marbled with deeper cinnamon-brown—sometimes 
almost uniformly cinnamon-color. (Subgenus Hierofalco Cuvier.) 
ad‘. Lower tail-coverts immaculate white, the thighs also usually im- 
maculate; prevailing color of whole plumage white. Adult: 
Top of head and hind-neck usually narrowly streaked with 
dusky, but often immaculate; rest of upper parts more or less 
barred, or transversely spotted, with slate-dusky ; lower parts 
usually immaculate, or without well-defined markings. Young: 
Upper parts with longitudinal spots or stripes of dusky (this 
less slaty than in adult); lower parts usually distinctly striped. 
Male: Length about 21.00-22.50, wing 14.00-14.75 (14.49), tail 
8.50-9.50 (8.94), culmen .90-.98 (.92), tarsus 2.30-2.50 (2.43), 
middle toe 1.95-2.05 (1.98). Female: Length about 23.00-24.00, 
wing 15.50-16.50 (16.00), tail 9.00-10.00 (9.49), culmen .95-1.08 
(1.03), tarsus 2.30-2.50 (2.47), middle toe 2.05-2.15 (2.09). Eggs 
2.26 * 1.27. Hab. Circumpolar regions, breeding in Greenland, 
northeastern (and other?) portions of Arctic America, Com- 
mander Islands, ete. 
353. F. islandus Brinn. White Gyrfalcon. 
ad. Lower tail-coverts always more or less marked with dusky ; upper 
parts with little if any white, except, sometimes, on top of head 
and hind-neck. Adult with upper parts banded with dusky 
and bluish gray (sometimes uniform dusky anteriorly), the 
flanks and thighs barred, banded, or transversely spotted with 
dusky. Young without transverse bars on upper parts (ex- 
cept sometimes on tail), and lower parts with all the markings 
longitudinal. 

é. Lighter colored: Top of head much streaked with white, often 
with white prevailing, the lighter tail-bands usually whitish 
and nearly as broad as the darker interspaces. Adult, with 
anterior upper parts everywhere more or less distinctly 
barred with very pale grayish, grayish white, or buffy 
whitish, these lighter bars sometimes nearly equal in 


FALCO. 245 


width to the darker ones; darker and lighter bands on tail 
usually very sharply contrasted, the former often slate- 
gray, the latter pale ash-gray or dull whitish ; flanks and 
thighs never very heavily banded or spotted with slaty, 
but always more or less marked with this color. Young: 
Dark stripes of lower parts usually decidedly narrower than 
white interspaces; upper parts in general usually much 
spotted with whitish or light buffy, in addition to the 
lighter margins (often conspicuous) to the feathers; outer 
webs of quills more or less distinctly spotted with whitish 
toward base. Male: Length about 20.00-21.00, wing 
13.40-15.00 (14.10), tail 8.00-9.30 (8.51), culmen .88-.98 
(.90), tarsus 2.10-2.65 (2.40), middle toe 1.80-2.20 (1.96). 
Female: Length about 22.00-24.50, wing 15.25-16.50 
(15.76), tail 9.10-10.50 (9.72), culmen .95-1.10 (1.01), tar- 
sus 2.30-2.60 (2.46), middle toe 1.98-2.15 (2.08). Eggs 
2.37 1.72. Hab. Extreme northern portions of Europe 
(except Scandinavia), Asia, and North America, including 
Iceland and southern Greenland; south, in winter, to 
northern border of United States. 
354. F. rusticolus (Liny.). Gray Gyrfalcon. 
é. Darker colored: Top of head usually with dusky prevailing, 
often uniform dusky, lighter tail-bands bluish gray, and 
usually narrower than dusky interspaces. Adult with an- 
terior upper parts (back, scapulars, and wing-coverts) 
rather indistinctly barred with bluish gray, often nearly 
plain dusky ; flanks heavily banded or spotted with dusky, 
and thighs heavily barred with slaty (the white ground- 
color tinged with bluish gray posteriorly). Young : Dark 
stripes of lower parts usually about equal in width to 
white interspaces, sometimes much broader (under parts 
sometimes plain dusky); upper surface of tail never (?) 
continuously banded with whitish, sometimes almost plain, 
or, if barred at all, the bars interrupted, much narrower 
than the dark interspaces, and never (?) approaching white 
in color; upper parts usually plain grayish brown, the 
feathers more or less distinctly margined with paler, but 
usually with little if any whitish spotting. 
fi. Lower parts with white prevailing, or at least equal in 
extent to the dusky. Male: Wing 13.35-14.25 (13.54), 
tail 8.00-9.00 (8.49), culmen .86-.93 (.90), tarsus 2.30- 
2.50 (2.35), middle toe 1.90-2.00 (1.96). Female: Wing 
15.25-16.00 (15.52), tail 9.00-10.50 (9.82), culmen 1.00— 
1.10 (1.03), tarsus 2.25-2.65 (2.48), middle toe 2.05-2.15 
(2.10). Hyggs 2.34 1.77. Hab. Northern Europe and 


246 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Arctic America, from northern Labrador and coasts 

of Hudson’s Bay to Alaska........ 354a. F. rusticolus 

gyrfalco (Linn.). Gyrfalcon. 

jf’. Lower parts with dusky prevailing, sometimes entirely 

dusky, except on lower tail-coverts, which are always 

(2?) spotted with white. Male: Wing 14.00-14.60 

(14.20), tail 8.20-9.40 (8.64), culmen .86-.95 (.88), 

tarsus 2.38-2.45 (2.41), middle toe 1.90-2.00 (1.91). 

Female: Wing 14.75-16.25 (15.89), tail 9.60-10.00 

(9.85), culmen .98-1.05 (1.02), tarsus 2.55-2.70 (2.62), 

middle toe 2.05-2.15 (2.11). Hggs 2.26 1.77. Hab. 

Coast of Labrador; south, in winter, to Maine, Canada, 

and New Yorls.t7ec3-c.c 354). F. rusticolus obsoletus 

(GMEL.). Black Gyrfalcon. 

ce. Tarsus feathered for not more than upper half, the posterior side 
almost wholly naked. (Subgenus Gennaia Kavp.') 

Top of head grayish brown, streaked with dusky ; outer web of 
tail-feathers without distinct lighter spots (usually quite plain), 
and outer webs of quills without trace of spots; secondaries 
with lighter spots on outer webs; under parts and nuchal collar 
white, the flanks heavily spotted or blotched with dusky, the 
under tail-coverts sparsely spotted with same. Adult male: 
Above pale grayish brown (usually tinged more or less with 
rusty), indistinctly but broadly barred with pale clay-color or 
dull grayish buffy anteriorly und pale bluish gray posteriorly. 
Adult (2) female: Above grayish brown, without distinct or 
well-defined lighter bars, but feathers margined with pale 
rusty brown or dull whitish, both the ground-color and these 
edgings paler on posterior portions; tail tipped with buffy 
whitish, the feathers edged with a paler tint of the ground- 
color. Young (both sexes): Above grayish brown, the feathers 
distinctly margined with light rusty ; lower parts pale buffy or 
buffy whitish, with broader dusky streaks, the dusky flank- 
patch larger and more uniform than in the adult, and the ax- 
illars unbroken dusky. Young in first summer: Similar to the 
preceding stage, but ground-color above darker, with rusty 
margins to feathers more distinct, the ground-color of the lower 
parts light ochraceous or creamy buff. Male: Length about 
17.00-18.00 (weight about 13 pounds), wing 11.60-12.50, tail 
6.40-7.50, culmen .70-.75, tarsus 1.85-2.15, middle toe 1.60- 
2.00. Female: Length about 18.50-20.00 (weight sometimes 43 
pounds), wing 13.25-14.30, tail 8.00-9.00, culmen .85-.90, tarsus 
2.05—2.40, middle toe 1.85-2.15. West usually on cliffs. Hggs 2-5, 


1 Gennaia Kavp, Isis, 1847, 69. Type, Falco jugger GRAY. 


FALCO. 247 


2.08 X 1.63, creamy white, vinaceous-white, or pale vinaceous- 
buffy, sprinkled, speckled, or irregularly spotted with madder- 
brown. Hab. Western United States, east to eastern border 
of Great Plains (occasionally to Illinois), south into Mexico. 
355. F. mexicanus Scuiec. Prairie Falcon. 
b? Tarsus not decidedly longer than middle toe (without claw), often shorter; 
first quill longer than third. 

c’. First and second quills equal and longest; second with inner web 
slightly sinuated near tip; adult and young very different in color, 
the latter with stripes instead of bars beneath, and without bars on 
upper parts. Vest on cliffs or in hollows of giant trees. Eggs 3-5, 
2.20, or less, X 1.70, or less, varying in color from buffy to deep cin- 
namon- and hazel-brown, usually more or less broken into spotting 
or blotching, but sometimes nearly plain; spots varying from hazel- 
to rich madder-brown. (Subgenus Rhynchodon Nirzscu.) 

d', Adult with top of head sooty black, or deep black, appreciably or 
decidedly darker than back; chest creamy buff, buffy white, or 
pure white, often immaculate, never very heavily spotted with 
blackish. Young with lower parts ochraceous or buffy striped 
with dusky, the feathers of upper parts bordered with buffy, 
ochraceous, or rusty. Male: Length 15.50-18.00, wing 11.30- 
13.00, tail 6.00-7.50, culmen .75-.80, tarsus 1.60-1.90, middle toe 
1.78-2.05. Female: Length about 18.00-20.00, wing 13.00-14.75, 
tail 6.90-9.00, culmen .85-1.00, tarsus 1.95-2.20, middle toe 1.95- 
2.30. 

e. Adult with chest usually distinctly streaked with, or marked 
with tear-shaped spots of, blackish. Young paler, with 
ground-color of lower parts pale buffy or buffy whitish. 
Hab. Europe and portions of Asia. 

F. peregrinus Tunst. Peregrine Falcon.! 

e. Adult with chest usually immaculate. Young more deeply 
colored, with ground-color of lower parts frequently deep 
ochraceous. Eggs 2.06 1.61. Hab. Whole of America, 
south as far, at least, as Chili; eastern Asia? 

356. F. peregrinus anatum (Bonap.). Duck Hawk. 

@. Adult with top of head dark slaty, or plumbeous-slate, uniform 
with back; chest heavily spotted with blackish, and dusky 
bars of remaining under parts very broad. Young with lower 
parts sooty black, streaked with pale buffy or buffy white, the 
feathers of upper parts without rusty margins. Male: Wing 
12.90-13.00 (12.95), tail 6.60-6.90 (6.75), culmen .80-.88 (.84), 
tarsus 1.88-2.00 (1.94), middle toe 1.88-1.95 (1.91). Female: 
Wing 14.50-14.75 (14.66), tail 7.70-8.00 (7.84), culmen .95-1.00 
(.96), tarsus 2.00-2.25 (2.16), middle toe 2.05-2.21 (2.13). Hab. 


1 Faleo peregrinus Tunst., Orn. Brit. i771, 1. 


248 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Aleutian Islands, west to Commander Islands, and south along 

Pacific coast to Oregon. 
356a. F. peregrinus pealei Ripaw. Peale’s Falcon. 
ce. Second quill longest, but first longer than third; second with inner 
web not appreciably sinuated near tip; adult and young not very 
different in plumage, the latter not distinctly striped beneath; size 
small (wing not exceeding 12.00—usually much less). (Subgenus 

prs! saa Ripew.') 

, Wing 9.50, or more; under tail-coverts ochraceous, or white and 
rufous, with large transverse spots of black; upper tail-coverts 
barred with white or pale ashy. Adult: Above plumbeous 
black, distinctly bordered with bluish plumbeous; throat and 
chest immaculate white centrally and anteriorly, rufous later- 
ally and posteriorly ; thighs plain rufous. Young: Above uni- 
form dull black, the feathers sometimes slightly margined with 
rusty ; throat and chest varying from white to ochraceous or 
rufous, this always deepest laterally and posteriorly; thighs 
sometimes thickly spotted transversely with blackish. Male: 
Length about 12.50, wing 9.50-9.90, tail 5.40-5.50, culmen .72, 
tarsus 1.40-1.55, middle toe 1.75. Female: Length about 15.00, 
wing 10.90-12.00, tail 6.00-6.25, culmen .90, tarsus 1.50-1.60, 
middle toe 1.85-2.10. Hab. Tropical America in general (ex- 
cept West Indies), north to southern Mexico. 

F. deiroleucus TEMM. Temminck’s Falcon.? 
@. Wing not more than 9.00; under tail-coverts deep rufous, usually 
immaculate, but sometimes slightly barred with white and 
dusky ; upper tail-coverts indistinctly barred with plumbeous. 
Adult: Above plumbeous-black, the feathers with bluish 
plumbeous tips and edges, and, on rump, etc., more or less 
distinctly barred with same; throat and chest buffy whitish, 
becoming deeper buffy or ochraceous posteriorly. Young: 
Similar to adult, but upper parts without plumbeous bars or 
tips, and sometimes having a slight brownish cast, the feathers 
usually with indistinct rusty margins; throat and chest deep 
ochraceous, the latter usually with a few dusky streaks. Male: 
Length about 9.50-10.00, wing 7.20-8.80, tail 5.00-5.50, culmen 
58, tarsus 1.25-1.50, middle toe 1.15-130. Female: Length 
about 11.00, wing 8.50--9.00, tail 5.00-5.50, culmen .58, tarsus 
1.48-1.55, middle toe 1.30-1.40. Hab. Tropical America in 
general (except West Indies), north to northern Mexico (Nuevo 
Leon and Mazatlan). 
F. albigularis Daup. White-throated Falcon.3 


1 New subgenus; type, Falco albigularis Daun. 
2 Falco deiroleucus TemM., Pl. Col. i. 1825, pl. 348. 
3 Falco albigularis Daup., Traité, ii. 1800, 131. 


FALCO. 249 


a. Two outer quills with inner webs emarginated near tip ; first quill shorter than 
fourth. 
b'. Tarsus not decidedly longer than middle toe; basal sezment of toes covered 
with small hexagonal or roundish scales. 

Adult males: Bluish gray above, with blackish shaft-streaks; hind- 
neck spotted or mixed with whitish and buffy or ochraceous; quills 
dusky ; tail crossed by a greater or less number of blackish bands, 
and tipped with whitish; lower parts whitish, buffy, or light rusty, 
striped with brownish or dusky. Adult females: Brownish above, 
the tail usually with a greater or less number of lighter (usually 
narrow) bands; top of head streaked with blackish, and feathers of 
back and rump with shaft-streaks of the same; lower parts much as 
in the male, but without rusty tinge. Young (both sexes): Much like 
adult female, but darker, or else much tinged above with ochraceous 
orrusty. (Subgenus salon Kavp.) 

ce’. Middle tail-feathers of adult male crossed by about six imperfect, mostly 
concealed, blackish bands, besides the broad and continuous subter- 
minal one; that of adult female and young crossed by about eight 
light bands, including terminal band. Adult male with closed tail 
showing one black band, this a broad subterminal one; inner web 
of longest quill with about ten white spots; hind-neck, breast, and 
sides more deeply rusty than thighs; dark markings on breast 
linear, and streaks on cheeks crowded into a distinct “mustache” ; 
length about 11.00, wing 7.60-8.00, tail 5.10-5.30, culmen .45-.50, 
tarsus 1.35-1.45, middle toe 1.15. Adult female: Tail with about 
eight narrow pale bands (more on lateral feathers), the first two 
or three concealed, however, by upper coverts; upper parts usually 
much spotted with a lighter tint than ground-color; length about 
12.00-14.00, wing 8.60-9.00, tail 6.00-6.30, culmen .52-.55, tarsus 
1.45-1.47, middle toe 1.20-1.25. Young: Similar to adult female, 
but more or less tinged with rusty, the lighter spots on upper parts 
more distinct. Hab. Europe, etc.; accidental in Greenland. 
358.1. F. zsalon Tunst. Merlin.’ 
ce’. Middle tail-feathers of adult male crossed by not more than four black- 
ish bands besides the broad subterminal one, that of female and 
young never with more than six light bands, including terminal one. 
Adult males with closed tail showing more than one black band; 
inner web of longest quill with less than ten white spots; hind-neck, 
breast, and sides less tinged with rusty than thighs; markings on 
breast broad, stripe-like, and streaks on cheeks not crowded into a 
distinct “mustache.” 

da‘. Middle tail-feathers with not more (altogether) than four blackish 

ji or five lighter bands; outer webs of quills mostly destitute of 


1 Falco csalon Tunsr., Orn. Brit. 1771, 1. 


32 


250 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


distinct grayish, buffy, or ochraceous spots, and general color 
of plumage darker. 

e’. Inner webs of quills distinctly barred or transversely spotted 
with whitish ; tail-bands distinct, in both sexes, at all stages. 
Adult female and young with whitish or buffy prevailing on 
lower parts. Male: Length about 10.00-11.00, wing 7.40- 
7.80 (7.65), tail 4.65-5.20 (4.87), culmen .48-.50, tarsus 1.30- 
1.40, middle toe 1.15-1.25. Female: Length about 12.50- 
13.25, wing 8.35-8.60 (8.50), tail 5.30-5.50 (5.38), culmen 
.5d—.60, tarsus 1.55-1.60, middle toe 1.35. West very va- 
riously situated (in cavity of cliff or in hollow of tree, 
on branches of trees, etc.). Hggs 2-4, 1.59 x 1.24, usually 
more or less spotted or blotched with deep rusty brown, 
hazel-brown, or cinnamon, on a paler (sometimes buffy 
whitish) ground-color. Hab. Whole of North America, 
breeding chiefly north of United States; south, in win- 
ter, to West Indies, Middle America, and northern South 
America....... 357. F. columbarius Linn. Pigeon Hawk. 

é’. Inner webs of quills not distinctly barred or spotted, and tail- 
bands, except whitish tip, indistinct, or obsolete. Adult 
female and young : Above plain blackish brown ; lower parts 
very heavily marked with dusky. (Adult male unknown.) 
Male: Wing 7.35-7.70, tail 5.25-5.60, culmen .48-.50, tarsus 
1.30-1.45, middle toe 1.20. Female: Wing 8.25-8.50, tail 
5.70-5.80, culmen .55-.69, tarsus 1.50-1.60, middle toe 1.35- 
1.40. Hab. Northwest coast, from northern California Gn 
winter) to Sitka. 

357a. F. columbarius suckleyi Rincw. Black Merlin. 

a’. Middle tail-feathers crossed by (altogether) five darker and six 
lighter bands ; outer webs of quills distinctly spotted with light 
grayish in adult male, and buffy or ochraceous in adult female 
and young, and general plumage paler. Adult male: Above 
pale bluish gray (top of head usually more or less tinged with 
light rusty or ochraceous) ; tail crossed, on middle feathers, by 
five blackish and six light bluish gray (or five bluish gray and 
one white—terminal) bands, the lighter ones often clouded or 
mixed with white; outer webs of quills distinctly spotted with 
light grayish ; wing 7.70-8.05 (7.94), tail 4.90-5.30 (5.11), culmen 
.50-.60, tarsus 1.42-1.55, middle toe 1.20-1.30. Adult female: 
Above rather light earthy brown, more or less distinctly barred 
or transversely spotted with a lighter shade; tail crossed, on 
middle feather, by six very distinct and entirely continuous 
narrow bands of buffy whitish; secondaries distinctly banded 
with ochraceous, and outer webs of quills distinctly spotted 
with a lighter tint of the same; length about 12.00-13.50, wing 


FALCO. 251 


8.80-9.10 (8.95), tail 5.70-6.30 (5.92), culmen .55-.60, tarsus 
1.30-1.40, middle toe 1.15-1.25. Young (both sexes): Similar to 
adult female, but more decidedly buffy below, and upper parts 
more or less tinged with rusty. gg (single specimen) 1.52 x 
22, buffy white, handsomely marbled and irregularly spotted 
with madder-brown. Hab. Interior of North America, breed- 
ing from Rocky Mountains of Colorado (?) northward, and 
straggling west to Pacific coast; south, in winter, to Texas and 
Arizona (probably into Mexico). 
358. F. richardsonii Ripew. Richardson’s Merlin. 
b?, Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe; basal phulane of toes with trans- 
verse scutelle. 

ce’. Bill robust, the length of the cere on top equal to about one-third 
the culmen; transverse scutelle on basal phalanx of toes large 
and almost uninterrupted; second and third quills longest, first 
equal to or shorter than fourth; sexes essentially alike in color, 
and young not very different from adults ; size medium (wing more 

than 9.00). (Subgenus Rhynchofalco Ripew.) 

Adult: Above plain bluish gray or plumbeous, the secondaries 
broadly tipped with whitish; tail darker towards end, tipped 
with white, and crossed by about eight narrow bands of the 
same; a broad stripe behind eye, middle of ear-coverts, with 
entire chin, throat, and chest, immaculate white, the postocular 
stripe queue to orange-rufous on occiput, where the two of 
opposite sides are confluent; sides and flanks slaty blackish, 
narrowly barred with white; thighs and lower tail-coverts 
light rufous, or rusty ochraceous. Young: Similar to adult, 
but colors duller, the gray above less bluish, rufous or ochra- 
ceous of thighs, etc., paler, the chest more or less buffy and 
striped with dusky. Male: Length about 15.00, wing 9.20- 
10.70, tail 6.30-8.00, culmen .60-.68, tarsus 1.70-1.85, middle 
toe 1.35-1.50. Female: Length about 17.00-18.00, wing 11.00- 
11.60, tail 7.80-8.80, culmen .71-.80, tarsus 1.80-2.00, middle toe 
1.55-1.70. Nest on low trees or bushes Gaaale yuccas or 
cacti). Hggs 2-4(?), 1.77 x 1.38, dull white or buffy white, 
thickly speckled and irregularly spotted with vandyke-brown. 
Hab. Tropical America in general (except West Indies), north 
to southern Texas and New Mexico. 

359. F. fusco-coerulescens ViriLu. Aplomado Falcon. 

ce, Bill small, the length of the cere on top less than one-fourth the chord 
of the culmen; transverse scutelle interrupted at extreme lower 

part of tarsus and extreme base of toes; tarsus much longer than 
middle toe (without claw) ; sexes very different in color, and young 

of both sexes (in American species) essentially like adults. Vest in 


7 


holes, usually in dead trees. ggs 2-5, 1.45, or less, x 1.16, or less, 


(32.) 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


varying from pure white, with few markings (very rarely quite im- 
maculate), to deep cinnamon-buff (usually an intermediate shade) 
more or less sprinkled, speckled, spotted, or blotched with rusty 
brown or cinnamon. (Subgenus 7innunculus VIEILL.) 

Adult males with tail chestnut-rufous, crossed by a broad subter- 
minal black band (sometimes with more or less distinct nar- 
rower bands anterior to this, especially on lateral feathers), and 
tipped with whitish or rufous; wing-coverts grayish blue, or 
plumbeous, usually more or less spotted with black; sides of 
head with one or two (usually two) black obliquely vertical 
stripes, the enclosed space whitish ; lower parts varying from 
pure white (the throat and under tail-coverts always white), 
through shades of buff and ochraceous, to deep rufous, with 
or without black spots. Young males similar to adults, but 
feathers of upper surface more or less distinctly margined 
with whitish, the colors generally more suffused. Adult fe- 
males: Tail rusty, crossed by numerous narrow bands or bars 
of dusky ; wing-coverts also ferruginous, barred with dusky, 
like back and scapulars; head marked asin male. Young fe- 
male: Similar to adult, but colors softer, deeper, and more 
blended. 

d'. Back always entirely rufous or rusty, with or without black bars 
or spots; breast, etc., varying from white to deep ochraceous 
with or without dusky markings; forehead and ear-coverts 
distinctly whitish. 

e’. Inner webs of quills barred entirely across with white and 
dusky ; “mustache” across cheeks always conspicuous; no 
distinct white superciliary stripe. 

Top of head varying from bluish gray to dark slate, the 
crown with or without a rufous patch. Male: Length 
about 8.75-10.60, wing 6.55-8.05 (7.16), tail 4.20-5.45 
(4.73), culmen .50, tarsus 1.25-1.55, middle toe .95. 
Female: Length 9.50-12.00, wing 6.90-8.15 (7.57), tail 
4.50-5.60 (5.14), culmen .50-.55, tarsus 1.40-1.45, 
middle toe .90-1.00. Hggs 1.37 x 1.14. Hab. Whole 
of temperate North America, and south (in winter 
only?) through Middle America to northern South 
America. 

360. F. sparverius Linn. American Sparrow Hawk. 

e. Inner webs of quills white, merely serrated along the shaft 
with dusky; “mustache” across cheeks indistinct or quite 
obsolete; a conspicuous white superciliary stripe. 

Otherwise like F. sparverius, but scapulars and wing- 
coverts usually with fewer black markings, and lower 
parts usually immaculate white in male, stained or 


POLYBORUS. 253 


tinged with orange-rufous or salmon-color. Male: 
Wing 6.80-7.30, tail 4.90-5.20, culmen .46-.51, tarsus 
1.30-1.45, middle toe .90. Female: Wing 7.00-7.60, 
tail 4.70-5.60, culmen .50-.52, tarsus 1.40, middle toe 
91. Hab. Cuba. 
361. F. sparverioides Vic. Cuban Sparrow Hawk.’ 
(Light phase.) 

ad’. Back rufous only in the female and young male, plumbeous or 
dark bluish gray in adult male; breast, etc., deep rusty or 

rufous; forehead and ear-coverts dusky. 

Adult male: Above, except tail, entirely dark plumbeous, or 
slate-gray, or else chiefly of this color; a blackish collar 
across hind-neck; breast and sides deep rufous, sometimes 
inclining to chestnut; throat grayish white, or light gray- 
ish ; inner webs of quills grayish, transversely clouded or 
mottled with dusky. Young male: Similar to adult, but 
back and scapulars mixed with more or less of rufous, 
rusty of breast paler, etc. Adult female: Lower parts 
deep rusty ; inner webs of quills rusty, marked with about 
twelve transverse bars or narrow spots of dusky. Male: 
Wing 6.90-7.10, tail 4.80-5.10, culmen .50, tarsus 1.45-1.48, 
middle toe .90. Female: Wing 7.00-7.50, tail 5.00-5.15, 
culmen .50, tarsus 1.35-1.40, middle toe .88-—90. Hab. 
Cuba and Haiti; accidental or casual in southern Florida. 


361. F. sparverioides Vic. Cuban Sparrow Hawk. 
(Dark phase.) 


Genus POLYBORUS Virlttor. (Page 224, pl. LXVIL,, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Tail dull white, or pale isabella-color, narrowly barred 
with grayish or dusky, and crossed at end by a broad band of dark brown or black- 
ish, Adult: Whole top of head, together with greater portion of body and wings, 
blackish, or dark brown; cheeks, neck, chest, and tail-coverts dull white or pale 
isabella-color; nape, back, and breast (sometimes wing-coverts and belly also) 
barred with whitish (or pale isabella-color) and dusky. Young: Plumage striped 
with dull brownish and dull whitish or dull buffy, the pileum plain dull brownish ; 
tail as in adult. 


a’. Rump and upper tail-coverts, in adult, white (with or without bars); tail 
white, the narrow bars grayish, the terminal dark band 2.00, or more, 
wide. 

b'. Scapulars, breast, belly, and middle wing-coverts barred with blackish and 
whitish in adult, striped in young; tail-coverts barred ; wing 16.00-17.70, 


1 Falco dominicensis GMEL., Haitien Sparrow Hawk, of first edition, 


254 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


tail 10.00-11.00, culmen 1.20-1.41, tarsus 3.70-4.70. Hab. South America, 
except northern portions. P. tharus (MoL.). Caracara.! 
6. Scapulars, sides, belly, and middle wing-coverts plain black in adult, plain 
dull brownish in young; tail-coverts plain white. Adult: Upper half 
of head, scapulars, wings, lower back, rump, belly, sides, flanks, and anal 
region plain dull black, or brownish black ; upper back and breast black, 
barred with white; lower portion of head, neck (all round), chest, and 
tail-coverts soiled white, the chest transversely spotted with black ; basal 
two-thirds (or more) of tail white, crossed by about 13-14 narrow bars 
of dusky, these growing less distinct basally ; terminal zone of tail uni- 
form black. Young: Black of adult replaced by dull brownish, darkest 
on top of head; white and dusky areas gradually blended, those portions 
which are barred in the adult being striped with the two colors; tail as 
in adult. Length 20.50-25.00, wing 14.60-16.50, tail 8.80-10.00, culmen 
1.20-1.48, tarsus 3.20-3.75. Nest on trees, bushes, or cliffs. Hggs 2-4, 
2.36 X 1.85; ground-color cinnamon, pale umber, brownish white, or 
walnut-brown, variously marked (usually blotched or stained) with 
deeper brown (burnt-umber, chestnut, or claret-brown). Hab. Middle 
America and northern South America, south to Guiana and Ecuador, 
north to southern border of United States (Florida to Lower California). 
362. P. cheriway (Jacq.). Audubon’s Caracara. 
a’. Rump and upper tail-coverts dull brownish buff, or light isabella-color, broadly 
barred with dull brown; tail brownish buff, or pale isabella-color, with broad 
bars of grayish brown bordered by narrower zigzag bars or lines of dusky, 
the terminal dark band less than 2.00 wide. 

Adult: Upper half of head, lesser wing-coverts, secondaries, primary cov- 
erts, terminal portion of primaries, under side of wing (including axillars), 
and terminal zone of tail, plain blackish brown; ear-coverts, cheeks, and 
throat plain dirty whitish or pale brownish buffy; rest of plumage 
barred with dusky brownish and dull brownish buff or dirty brownish 
white. Young: Quills, tail, tail-coverts, head, and lesser wing-coverts 
much as in adult; rest of plumage more or less distinctly striped with 
dull brown and dirty brownish white or dull buffy, the former prevail- 
ing, and sometimes nearly uniform, on upper parts. Downy young: 
Light brownish buff, with a brown patch covering arm-wing and scapu- 
lar region, and another covering top of head. Wing 15.00-16.40, tail 
10.50-11.65, culmen 1.25-1.35, tarsus 3.50-3.75. Hab. Guadalupe Island, 
Lower California.......... 363. P. lutosus Ripaw. Guadalupe Caracara. 


Grnus PANDION Savieny. (Page 224, pl. LXX., fig. 3.) 


Species. 
Adult male: Above plain dusky grayish brown, the tail more grayish, narrowly 
tipped with white, and crossed by about six or seven narrow bands of dusky ; head, 


1 Falco tharus Mou., Sp. Chil. 1782, 264, 343. Polyborus tharus SrRIcKL., Orn, Syn. 1855, 19. 


STRIX. 259 


neck, and entire lower parts pure white, the chest sometimes slightly blotched or 
spotted with brown, but usually immaculate; sides of head with a dusky stripe 
from lores across ear-coverts, and top of head usually more or less marked with 
dusky. Adult female: Similar to the male, but chest much more heavily spotted or 
blotched with brown (never immaculate). Young: Above blackish brown, each 
feather distinctly bordered terminally with white or buffy; otherwise like adult, 
the sexes differing in same manner. Downy young: Dull sooty grayish or dusky 
above, more or less mixed or tinged with rusty or fulvous, relieved by a broad 
whitish stripe down middle of back and rump; a dusky stripe on sides of head, and 
three others on top of head, separated by whitish stripes; hinder portion of wing 
whitish, anterior portion dusky; lower parts dull whitish, the chest brownish or 
dusky. Length 20.75-25.00, extent about 65.00, wing 17.00-21.00, tail 7.00-10.00, 
culmen 1.20-1.45, tarsus 1.95-2.40. Vest on trees near water, very bulky, composed 
of large sticks, ete. Hygs 2-4, 2.44 < 1.81, the ground-color varying from buffy 
white through various shades of buff to pale cinnamon, boldly spotted or blotched 
with rich chestnut or madder-brown and purplish gray. Hab. Temperate and 
tropical America in general, north to Hudson’s Bay and Alaska. 

364. P, haliaétus carolinensis (GMEL.). American Osprey. 


Famiry STRIGIDAL.—Tue Barn Owts. (Page 218.) 


Genera. 


(Characters same as those given for the Family).......... Strix. (Page 255.) 


Genus STRIX Linnazus. (Page 255, pl. LXXIV., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Ground-color of upper parts ochraceous-yellow, this overlaid, more or less con- 
tinuously, by a grayish superficial tint, finely mottled and speckled with dusky and 
white; quills and tail-feathers with more or less distinct, distant, dusky bands, of 
variable number; lower parts varying from plain snowy white to bright tawny, 
speckled with dusky; face varying from pure white to tawny; length 14.75-18.00, 
wing 12.50-14.00, tail 5.50-7.50, culmen .90-1.00, tarsus 2.25-3.00, middle toe 1.25, 
or more. Nest in hollow trees, in towers, belfries, ete. Hggs 5-11, 1.67 x 1.27, 
ovate, plain white. Hab. United States generally (rarer northward) and Mexico. 

365. S. pratincola Bonap. American Barn Owl. 


Famity BUBONIDAZ.—Tue Hornep Owts, Etc. (Page 218.) 


(499s invariably plain white, usually oval, or broadly oval, sometimes nearly 
spherical.) 
Genera. 
a’, Wing more than 10.00. 
6’. Length of cere along top equal to or exceeding chord of culmen, the upper 
outline decidedly arched toward base. 


256 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Ear-opening immense, extending almost the entire height of the skull, 


the two ears conspicuously asymmetrical......... Asio. (Page 257.) 
b?. Length of cere along top less than chord of culmen, the upper outline not 
arched. 


¢. Ear-opening very large, with a distinct anterior operculum or “ flap,” 
the two ears conspicuously asymmetrical. (No ear-tufts.) 

d@', Smaller (wing 12.00-15.00, tail less than 10.00); bill larger, more 
exposed; at least the terminal scutella of each toe exposed ; 
eyes larger, with irides dark brown or nearly black ; feet larger, 
and facial disk relatively smaller........ Syrnium. (Page 258.) 

@. Larger (wing 16.00-18.00, tail 12.00 or more) ; bill relatively much 
smaller, and nearly hidden by feathers; toes entirely covered 
with feathers ; eyes relatively much smaller, with irides yellow ; 
feet relatively much smaller, and facial disk much broader. 

Scotiaptex. (Page 259.) 
¢. EHar-opening small, without anterior operculum, or “ flap,” the two ears 
not distinctly asymmetrical. 

d. Har-tufts very conspicuous; tail reaching beyond tip of longest 
lower coverts ; two or three outer quills with inner webs emar- 
ginated; toes covered with short but dense feathers, the claws 
wholly exposed ; bill exposed...............0+. Bubo. (Page 262.) 

d@. Kar-tufts rudimentary; tail not reaching beyond tips of longest 
lower coverts; four outer quills with inner webs emarginated ; 
toes covered with long hair-like feathers, partly or wholly con- 
cealing the claws; bill nearly concealed by the loral feathers. 
(Very large; wing 15.50 to 19.00.)........ Nyctea. (Page 264.) 

a’, Wing less than 10.00. 
b}. Tarsus less than twice as long as middle toe, and much less than half as long 


as tail. 
c. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing, graduated. (No ear-tufts; 
wing About: 9:00.) -< sem: seuereesrcmansnesenmese sehosa Surnia. (Page 264.) 


ce. Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing, even, or slightly rounded. 
d', Ear-opening very large (nearly equal to height of skull), with ante- 
rior operculum or flap, the two ears conspicuously asymmetrical. 


(No ear-tufts; wing 5.25-7.40.)........... Nyctala. (Page 260.) 
d. Ear-opening small, without anterior operculum, the two ears sym- 
metrical. 


e'. Nostril large, oval, opening in anterior edge of cere; ear-tufts 
conspicuous ; small (wing 5.40-7.80). 

Megascops. (Page 260.) 

e. Nostril small, circular, opening near the middle of the inflated 
cere; no ear-tufts; very small (wing 3.50-4.40). 

f). Tarsus not longer than middle toe, densely feathered ; tail 

more than half as long as wing, rounded. 
Glaucidium. (Page 266.) 


ASIO. 257 


f?. Tarsus longer than middle toe, scantily haired; tail less 
than half as long as wing, even. 
Micropallas. (Page 266.) 
b?. Tarsus more than twice as long as middle toe, and about half as long as tail. 
(QV eG 1D FDU) ieeaarmaecietsne= sc ene toasee uastsiccueewas Speotyto. (Page 265.) 


Genus ASIO Brisson. (Page 256, pl. LXXIV., figs. 2, 3.) 


Species. 


a’. Ear-tufts very conspicuous; upper parts finely mottled or vermiculated with 
dusky, buffy, and grayish white, the first predominating; lower parts buffy, 
overlaid, more or less continuously, with whitish, and marked with ragged, 
or “herring-bone,” stripes of dusky. (Subgenus As‘o.) 

}, Ends of all the quills normal; toes feathered ; face ochraceous. 
ce’. Dusky of upper parts disposed in broad stripes, contrasting more or less 
conspicuously with the paler ground-color; lower parts ochraceous, 
conspicuously striped, but not distinctly barred, with dusky. (Size 
of A. wilsonianus.) Hab. Northern parts of eastern hemisphere. 
A. otus (Linn.). Long-eared Owl.! 
ce’. Dusky of upper parts in form of confused mottling, not contrasting con- 
spicuously with the paler ground-color; lower parts whitish (ochra- 
ceous beneath surface), marked with irregular dusky bars which are 
much broader than the mesial streaks with which they are conflu- 
ent; length 13.00-16.00, wing 11.50-12.00, tail 6.00-6.20, culmen .65, 
tarsus 1.20-1.25. Vest, usually the deserted one of a crow, heron, 
magpie, or other bird of similar size. Eggs 3-7, 1.57 x 1.27, ovate 
or ovoid. Hab. Whole of temperate North America, south to table- 
lands of Mexico. 
366. A. wilsonianus (Less.). American Long-eared Owl. 
b?. Ends of longer quills narrow, that of the first almost falcate; toes naked ; 
face dusky or with dull grayish prevailing. 
Above dusky, slightly broken by sparse mottling of yellowish white ; 
lower parts grayish white, coarsely barred and irregularly striped 
with dusky; wing about 13.00, tail 6.80, culmen .90, tarsus 1.55. 
Hab. Eastern tropical America, north to eastern Mexico and Cuba. 
A. stygius WaaL. Stygian Owl.’ 

a’, Ear-tufts rudimentary ; color (above and below) ochraceous or buffy whitish, 

striped, but not barred, with dark brown. (Subgenus Brachyotus GouLp.) 
Adult : Ground-color varying (individually) from bright tawny ochraceous 
to buffy white, this relieved by conspicuous stripes of dark brown, those 
of the lower parts growing gradually narrower posteriorly, and dis- 


appearing altogether on legs and lower tail-coverts; wings irregularly 


1 Strix otus Linn., 8. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 92. Asio otus Less., Man. d’Orn. i. 1828, 116. 
2 Nyctalops stygius WaGL., Isis, 1832, 1221. Asio stygius SrRicku., Orn. Syn. i. 1855, 207. 
33 


258 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


varied with dusky and ochraceous, the quills with large (often partially 
confluent) spots of the latter; tail ochraceous or buffy, paler on outer 
feathers, and crossed with about five dusky bands; face blackish around 
eyes, the eyebrows whitish. Young: Above dark sepia-brown, the 
feathers broadly tipped with ochraceous-buff; face uniform brownish 
black; lower parts wholly plain pale dull buffy, tinged with smoky 
grayish anteriorly. Length 13.80-16.75, wing 11.80-13.00, tail 5.80- 
6.10, culmen .60-.65, tarsus about 1.75. Nest on ground, in open situa- 
tions, usually among bushes or tall grasses. Eggs 3-7, 1.53 x 1.22. Hab. 
Entire western hemisphere, except Galapagos and part of West Indies; 
also, nearly throughout eastern hemisphere, excepting Australia, ete. 
367. A. accipitrinus (PALL.). Short-eared Owl. 


Genus SYRNIUM Savieny. (Page 256, pl. LXXVIL,, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common CHARACTERS.—Above deep umber- or sepia-brown, barred or spotted 
with buffy or whitish ; face dull grayish or dingy grayish white, usually with nar- 
row darker concentric rings; quills spotted with pale brown and whitish, and tail 
crossed by about six to eight narrow bands of the same; lower parts whitish (buffy 
or ochraceous beneath surface), barred and striped, or spotted, with brown; iris 
brownish black; bill yellowish. 


a’. Head, neck, and breast broadly barred with deep brown and whitish, or buffy ; 
sides, flanks, and other posterior lower parts striped with deep brown. 
b. Top of toes feathered, except on terminal portion. 

c. Face without darker concentric rings; colors deep sepia-brown and 
grayish white, the latter with little or none of ochraceous on lower 
parts, where the stripes are very dark, almost blackish, brown; 
wing 14.80, tail 9.00, culmen .95. Hab. Eastern Mexico (Mirador, 


etc.). 
S. nebulosum sartorii Ripaw. Mirador Barred Owl.! 


ce. Face with more or less distinct darker concentric rings; colors deep 
umber-brown and buffy whitish (deeper buff, or ochraceous, beneath 
surface). Young: Head, neck, and entire lower parts broadly 
barred with rather light umber-brown and pale buffy and whitish, 
the brown and lighter bars about equal in width; back, scapulars, 
and wing-coverts similarly marked, but the bars broader, the brown 
ones of a deeper tint, and the terminal portion of each feather 
broadly white, producing a spotted appearance; quills, secondaries, 
and tail-feathers (when grown out) as in adult. Length 19.75—-24.00, 
wing about 13.00-14.00, tail about 9.00. Nest in trees (usually in 
hollows). Eggs 2-3, 1.94 1.67. Hab. Eastern North America, 


1 Syrnium nebulosum, var. sartortii, Ripew., in Hist. N. Am. B. iii. 1874, 29. (This is possibly a distinct 
species from S. nebulosum.) 


SCOTIAPTEX. 259 


north to more southern British Provinces; south to Georgia and 
northern Texas........... 368. S. nebulosum (Forst.). Barred Owl. 
6%. Top of toes naked, except a small pointed strip on outer side of basal joint 
of middle toe. 

Plumage essentially as in S. nebulosum, but averaging slightly darker. 

Hab. Gulf States, from Florida (and lower Georgia?) to Texas. 
368a. S. nebulosum alleni Ripaw. Florida Barred Owl. 
a?, Head and neck deep brown, marked with roundish white spots; whole of lower 

parts barred and transversely spotted with brown. 

Length about 19.00, wing 12.00-13.50, tail 8.50-9.00, culmen .90. Egg 2.05 
< 1.80. Hab. Highlands of Mexico, north to New Mexico, Arizona, 
California, and Lower California. 

369. S. occidentale Xantus. Spotted Owl. 


Genus SCOTIAPTEX Swainson.’ (Page 256, pl. LXXVIL., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Dusky grayish brown and grayish white, the former 
prevailing above, the latter predominating beneath; the upper surface varied by 
irregular markings having a transverse tendency, the lower parts with the dark 
markings in the form of ragged longitudinal stripes, giving way to transverse bars 
on the flanks; face grayish white, with narrow concentric rings of dusky; bill pale 
yellow; iris yellow; toes very densely clothed with hair-like feathers; length 
25.00-30.00, extent 54.00-60.00, wing about 16.00-18.00, tail 11.00-12.50, culmen 
1.00. 


a. Plumage with dark sooty tints predominating, the inner webs of primaries with- 

out a distinct whitish patch on basal portion. Nest usually in trees. Egqs 

2-3, 2.16 & 1.73. Hab. Northern North America, breeding far northward ; 
south, in winter, to northern border of United States. 

370. S. cinerea (GMEL.). Great Gray Owl. 

a’, Plumage with light mottled brownish gray and grayish white prevailing, the 

inner webs of quills with distinct whitish patch on basal portion. Downy 

young: “Upper parts very much darker than in the adult, dull (almost 

sooty) chocolate-brown; the head covered with close dark feathers very 

slightly tipped with whitish brown; upper parts very little marked with 

white; facial disk scarcely defined ; under parts sooty brown closely barred 

with dull white; wings and tail much darker than in the adult, the outer 

primaries only indistinctly barred with dull grayish brown.” (DREssER.) 


1 Scotiaptex Swatns., Classif. B. ii. 1837, 217. Type, Strix cinerea GMEL. 

Nore.—The substitution of Ulula Cuv. for Scotiaptex Swarns. as the name for this genus was an error. 
Strix uralensis PALL., the type of Ulula, I am now convinced, from recent very careful examination and com- 
parison with both S. cinera and Strix stridula Linn. (the latter being the type of the genus Syrnium SAvien.), 
is much more nearly related, structurally and otherwise, to the latter,—so much so, in fact, that U/ula can rank 
at most only as a subgenus of Syrnium. 


260 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Hab. Northern portions of Europe and Asia, straggling to western Alaska 
(shores of Norton Sound). 
370a. S. cinerea lapponica (Rerz.). Lapp Owl. 


Genus NYCTALA Breum. (Page 256, pl. LXXV., fig. 1.) 
Species. 


Common CyHaracters.— Adults: Above brown, more or less spotted with 
white; beneath white, broadly striped with brown. Young: Above plain brown, 
the wings and tail as in adults; face plain dusky, the “eyebrows” white, in con- 
spicuous contrast; lower parts plain brownish anteriorly, plain ochraceous pos- 
teriorly. 


a. Wing 6.50, or more, tail more than 4.00. 
b'. Smaller and paler; legs whitish, usually without spots; lower tail-coverts 
with narrow brown mesial streaks or shaft-streaks; wing 6.50-6.90 
(6.74), tail 4.20-4.40 (4.27). Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemi- 
sphere. : 
N. tengmalmi (GMEL.). Tengmalm’s Owl.) 
b. Larger and darker; legs and feet usually buffy, more or less (sometimes 
thickly) spotted with brown; lower tail-coverts with broad mesial 
stripes of brown; length 9.00-12.00, wing 6.60-7.40 (7.12), tail 4.10-4.70 
(4.42). Nest in trees. Eggs 2-4, 1.25 1.07. Hab. Northern North 
America; south, in winter, to northern border of United States. 
371. N. tengmalmi richardsoni (Bonap.). Richardson’s Owl. 
a, Wing less than 6.00, tail less than 3.50. Plumage much as in WV. richardsoni, but 
with less white on top of head and hind-neck, stripes on lower parts more 
reddish, and feet always (?) plain whitish or buffy; length 7.25-8.50, wing 
5.25-5.90 (5.58), tail 2.80-3.25 (3.02). Vest in holes in trees or in deserted 
nests of other birds. Ayggs 3-5, 118 x .98. Hab. Northern United States 
and British Provinces, rarely south of 40° in eastern portions, but in moun- 
tainous western districts south to southern Mexico. 
372. N. acadica (GMeEL.). Saw-whet Owl. 


Grnus MEGASCOPS Kavp. (Page 256, pl. LXXV., fig. 2.) 


Species. 

Common CHARACTERS.—Outer webs of outermost scapulars mostly whitish, 
buffy, or pale rusty, with blackish terminal border, producing a more or less con- 
spicuous light-colored stripe along each side of back ; feathers of plumage in general 
with blackish shaft-streaks, or broader mesial streaks, the latter, especially on lower 
parts, usually throwing off narrow transverse bars; outer webs of quills with con- 
spicuous, large, more or less quadrate whitish or buffy spots, and tail more or less 
distinctly (never sharply) banded with a paler tint than the ground-color; ground- 


1 Stria tengmalmi GMEL., S. N. i, 1788, 291. Nyctala tengmalmi Bonap., Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 7. 


MEGASCOPS. 261 


color of upper surface in general usually more or less broken by lighter and darker 
vermiculations. Young, with whole plumage, excepting remiges and tail-feathers, 
simply barred or narrowly banded with dull grayish or whitish, the longitudinal 
and other markings being wholly absent. Nestling: Entirely white. Vest in holes 
in trees. Eggs 2-6. 


a’. Toes more or less distinctly feathered or bristled on upper side. 

b. Dichromatic; the plumage presenting two totally distinct pbases, one gray- 
ish, the other bright rufous, which have no relation to sex, age, or season. 
(Eastern races.) 

c. Larger, the wing averaging more than 6.00. 
Length 7.50-10.00, wing 6.00-7.10 (6.43), tail 3.05-3.50 (3.26). 
Eggs 1.39 X 1.18. Hab. Eastern United States and British Prov- 
inces, except lower portions of South Atlantic (and Gulf?) States, 
west to Great Plains........ 373. M. asio (Linn.). Screech Owl. 
ce’. Smaller, the wing averaging less than 6.00. 

d'. Much darker than M. asio, with markings on lower parts more 
numerous and more extended. Gray phase, deep grayish 
brown, varying to decided umber-brown, above; legs usually 
deep brownish, thickly barred with darker. Rufous phase, 
more richly colored than corresponding plumage of MW. asio, the 
legs usually bright rusty. Wing 5.60-6.40 (5.98), tail 2.65-3.20 
(3.00). Eggs 1.28 1.11. Hab. Lower South Carolina and 
Georgia, and whole of Florida. 

373a. M. asio floridanus (Ripew.). Florida Screech Owl. 

d’. Slightly darker than M. as/o, with light mottlings on upper parts 
(in both phases) much coarser and more conspicuous. Rufous 
phase with rufous predominating on lower parts. Length 6.50- 
9.00, wing 5.60-6.30 (5.96), tail 3.10-3.40 (3.28). Hggs 1.31 x 1.14. 
Hab. Southern Texas and eastern Mexico, south to Guatemala. 

373b. M. asio trichopsis (Wact.). Texan Screech Owl. 

b?. Monochromatic; the plumage presenting in all individuals essentially the 
same character, corresponding to the grayish phase of the eastern races. 
(Western races.) 

c’. Smaller, the wing averaging less than 6.75. 
d‘. Plumage nearly pure ash-gray above, the usually broad blackish 
(33.) mesial streaks in conspicuous contrast ; blackish bars on lower 
parts very numerous, narrow; black border to face without 
admixture of brown, and black spots on breast usually without 
distinct brown exterior suffusion ; length about 6.50-8.00, wing 
6.10-7.00 (6.41), tail 3.10-3.70 (3.44). Eggs 1.34 1.16. Hab. 
Northwestern Mexico and contiguous border of United States, in 
Arizona and New Mexico, north to Colorado (Colorado Springs). 
373f. M. asio cineraceus (Ripew.). Mexican Screech Owl.) 


1 Cf, The Auk, xii. Oct. 1895, 390. 


bo 
o> 
bo 


(34.) 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


ad’. Plumage grayish brown, or decidedly brownish gray, above, the 

blackish mesial streaks usually narrower and less conspicuously 

contrasted ; bars on lower parts coarser and less crowded ; black 

border to face usually with distinct admixture of brown, and 

black spots on breast with distinct brown exterior suffusion ; 

length about 8.50-10.00, wing 6.30-7.20 (6.60), tail 3.30-3.90 
(3.58). Hggs 138 X 1.18. Hab. California. 

373c. M. asio bendirei (Brewst.). California Screech Owl. 


c. Larger, the wing averaging more than 6.75. 


d'. The grayer specimens hardly distinguishable in plumage from I. 
asio bendirei, but size decidedly greater; plumage varying to 
deep umber-brownish (especially in specimens from Pacific 
coast district); wing 6.92-7.80 (7.25), tail 3.65-4.60 (4.26). 
Eggs 1501.27. Hab. Northwest coast, from Oregon to 
Sitka, and east to northern Montana (Hellgate). 
373d. M. asio kennicottii (ELuior). Kennicott’s Screech Owl. 

d’, Very light-colored, pure white largely predominating on lower 
parts, the upper parts varying from pale buffy grayish to pale 
dull grayish cinnamon, with the white spots on outer webs of 
exterior scapulars and quills larger than in other forms, the 
latter sometimes more or less confluent; wing 6.70-7.50 
(6.91), tail 3.30-4.00 (3.66). Hab. Higher Rocky Mountains, 
from Colorado to eastern Montana (Fort Custer).. 373e. M. asio 

maxwelliz (Ripew.). Rocky Mountain Screech Owl. 


a’, Toes entirely naked, to extreme base. 


(35-) 


Adult: Above finely mottled grayish, relieved by irregular blackish mesial 


streaks ; outer webs of outermost scapulars bright ochraceous or orange- 
rufous (white beneath surface) ; outer webs of lower middle wing-coverts 
white, forming conspicuous spots; lower parts whitish, marked with 
very distinct broad mesial streaks and narrower bars or transverse lines 
of blackish ; face and throat—sometimes whole upper parts—sometimes 
more or less tinged or washed with orange-rufous. Young: Above 
mottled transversely with grayish and whitish, but without any longi- 
tudinal markings; lower parts similarly but more coarsely and regularly 
barred. Wing 5.10-5.60, tail 2.60-3.00. Eggs about 1.13 x .98. Hab. 
Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico, and northward to Colorado and 
northern California (Fort Crook). 

374. M. flammeolus (Kaup). Flammulated Screech Owl. 


Genus BUBO Dumériw. (Page 256, pl. LXXVI., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Plumage irregularly varied with buffy, tawny, or whitish 
(or all together), and dusky, in variable relative extent. est in trees (often a 
deserted hawk’s or crow’s nest). ggs 2-3. 


BUBO. 263 


a’. Lower parts barred with dusky, but without stripes; anterior upper parts des- 
titute of stripes; iris bright yellow. (Subgenus Budo.) 

Adult: Above vermiculated with blackish on a dull grayish or grayish 
brown ground-color (sometimes almost white), the outer webs of quills 
marked with quadrate spots of lighter and darker, and tail crossed by 
about seven narrow bands of mottled dusky ; eyebrows and lores whitish; 
part of throat and middle of chest white; rest of lower parts more or 
less ochraceous or tawny (tips or exposed portion of feathers usually 
whitish), the sides, flanks, ete., distinctly and regularly barred with 
dusky. Young: Quills and tail-feathers as in adult; rest of plumage 
dull buffy or ochraceous, everywhere barred with dusky. Male: Length 
18.00-23.00, extent about 49.00-52.00, wing about 14.50-15.25, tail 8.25, 
weight about 34 pounds. Female: Length 22.00-25.00, extent about 
57.00, wing 16.00, tail 9.00. 

6. Darker colored, with dusky markings more extensive or more numerous (or 
both), the plumage usually with much mixture of tawny or ochraceous. 
cl. Moderately dark-colored, the face usually more or less rusty, and the 
plumage usually with an excess of ochraceous or tawny rufous. 
Eggs 2.20 < 1.83. Hab. Eastern North America, south through 

eastern Mexico to Costa Rica. 
375. B. virginianus (GMEL.). Great Horned Owl. 

c. Extremely dark-colored, the face usually sooty brownish, mixed with 

grayish white, the plumage usually without excess of ochraceous 

or tawny—sometimes with none. gg (single) 2.24 1.90. Hab. 
Northwest coast, from Oregon north to Alaska; Labrador. 

375c. B. virginianus saturatus Ripew. Dusky Horned Owl. 

b. Lighter colored, with the light grayish and buffy tints of the ground-color 

largely prevailing over the darker markings, the lower parts purer white. 

c'. General aspect of plumage above grayish, with more or less of buffy 

admixture; dark markings of lower parts distinct. Hggs 2.18 x 1.85. 
Hab. Western United States (except northwest coast), eastward across 
Great Plains (straggling to northern Illinois, Wisconsin, and western 
Canada), north to Manitoba, south over table-lands of Mexico. 
375a. B. virginianus subarcticus (Hoy). Western Horned Owl. 

c’?, General aspect of plumage above white, through fading of the ground- 

color and restriction of dark markings; beneath pure white, with 
dark markings, usually much restricted. Eggs 2.19 1.91. Hab. 
Arctic America, chiefly in the interior; south, in winter, to northern 

Rocky Mountains and Great Plains (Dakota, Montana, etc.). 
375b. B. virginianus arcticus (Swains.). Arctic Horned Owl. 
a*. Lower parts striped with black, but without bars; anterior upper parts also 
striped with black (the ground-color, both above and below, ochraceous) ; iris 

deep brown. (Subgenus Rhinoptynx Kaup.") 


1 Rhinoptynx Kaur, Contr. Orn. 1852, 114. Type, Strix mexicana GMEL. 


264 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Wing 11.20-12.00, tail 6.00-6.50. Hab. Tropical America in general (except 
West Indies), north to Mexico. 
B. mexicanus (GMEL.). Striped Horned Owl.! 


Genus NYCTEA SrepuHens. (Page 256, pl. LXXVI., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Plumage pure white, sometimes almost immaculate, but usually 
marked more or less with transverse spots or bars of clear slaty brown on top of 
head, back, and scapulars, the quills and tail-feathers with dusky spots near ends ; 
lower parts usually marked more or less on belly, sides, and flanks with narrow 
bars of clear slaty brown, but these markings sometimes altogether wanting; 
length about 20.00-23.00, wing 15.50-17.30, tail 9.00-9.70, culmen 1.00. Adult fe- 
male: Much darker colored than the male, only the face, fore-neck, middle of 
breast, and feet being immaculate, other portions being heavily barred with dusky, 
the top of head and hind-neck spotted with the same; length 23.00-27.00, wing 
17.30-18.70, tail 9.70-10.30, culmen 1.10. Downy young: Uniform dusky brown, or 
deep sooty grayish, paler on legs and feet. Nest on ground. Eggs 3-10, 2.24 x 
1.77. Hab. Extreme northern portions of northern hemisphere in summer, mi- 
grating southward in winter (in North America almost across the United States, 
and even reaching, accidentally, the Bermudas). 

376. N. nyctea (Linn.). Snowy Owl. 


Genus SURNIA Dvumériu. (Page 256, pl. LX XIII, fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Adult: Top of head and hind-neck spotted with white 
and blackish, or dark brown, in varying relative proportion; a patch of uniform 
blackish or dark brown on each side of hind-neck, and another across hinder por- 
tion of ear-coverts; rest of upper parts brown, the scapulars heavily spotted or 
blotched, wings more or less spotted, upper tail-coverts broadly and distinctly 
barred, and tail narrowly and indistinctly barred, with white; face and lower 
parts white, the lower breast, belly, sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts very regu- 
larly barred with brown. Young: Upper parts dark sepia-brown, the feathers 
of top of head and hind-neck tipped with dull grayish buff, which constitutes the 
prevailing color; feathers of back, and scapulars, indistinctly tipped with dull gray- 
ish buff; lores and ear-coverts plain brownish black, rest of face dull whitish ; lower 
parts dull whitish, deeply shaded across chest with dark sooty brownish, other 
portions being broadly but rather indistinctly barred with brown, these markings 
narrower and more confused anteriorly, and on legs. Length about 14.75-17.50, 
wing about 9.00, tail 6.80-7.00. 


1 Strix mexicana GMEL., S. N. i. 1788, 288. Bubo mexicanus Rivew., in Hist. N. Am. B. iii. 1874, 61. 


SPEOTYTO. 265 


a’. Light-colored, with white largely prevailing on top of head, hind-neck, and 
scapular region; dark markings of head usually dark brown, much reduced 
in size; bars on lower parts narrow, rather light brown. Hab. Northern 
portions of eastern hemisphere, from Norway to Kamtschatka and more 
northern Asiatic shores of Bering’s Sea (Plover Bay) ; accidental in western 
mlapica (St, MACHAClS) (iceccccscesscasceases 377. S. ulula (Linn.). Hawk Owl. 

a?. Dark-colored, with black or brownish black prevailing on top of head and hind- 
neck, and deep brown on scapular region—the brown of back, etc., usually 
much darker than in S. ulula; dark patches on sides of head, etc., more ex- 
tensive, and deep black or brownish black ; bars of lower parts much broader, 
and (usually) darker. Vest on pine or spruce trees. ggs 2-7, 1.55 x 1.24. 
Hab. Northern North America; south, in winter, to northern border of 
United States; British Islands? 

377a. S. ulula caparoch (MU.u.). American Hawk Owl. 


Genus SPEOTYTO Guocer. (Page 257, pl. LXXVIL,, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common CHARACTERS.—Adults: Above brownish, spotted, barred, and some- 
times otherwise varied with white or buffy; lower parts white or buffy, broadly 
barred, or transversely spotted, with brown; eyebrows, chin, and space on middle 
of chest plain white; a collar of mixed brown and buffy across throat; legs plain 
white or buffy. Young: Above plain brown, except wings and tail, which are 
marked as in adults; upper tail-coverts, and large space on wing-covert area, with 
lower parts, plain buff; anterior lesser wing-coverts darker brown than back; upper 
throat, and broad space across chest, plain white. Vest at extremity of hole or 
burrow in ground. ggs 3-11. 


a’. Lower parts with ground-color distinctly buffy or much tinged with buff, the 
lower tail-coverts never (?) spotted; upper parts earthy brown, with buffy 
spotting and barring; length 9.00-11.00, wing 5.80-7.20 (6.69), tail 3.15- 
3.50 (3.34), culmen .55-.60 (.58), tarsus 1.70-1.92 (1.80). Eggs 1.22 x 1.00. 
Hab. Western North America, north to or beyond northern boundary of 
United States, east to Great Plains, south to Guatemala; accidental in New 
York (city) and Massachusetts. 

378. S. cunicularia hypogza (Bonar.). Burrowing Owl. 

«, Lower parts nearly pure white, with little if any buff tinge, except on thighs 
and lining of wings; upper parts clear sepia-brown, with nearly pure white 
spotting and barring; wing 6.30-6.70 (6.47), tail 3.00-3.50 (3.15), culmen 
.58-.68 (.61), tarsus 1.65-1.80 (1.75). Eggs 1.24 « 1.04. Hab. Florida and 
adjacent Bahama Islands (New Providence). 

378a. S. cunicularia floridana Ripveaw. Florida Burrowing Owl. 
34 


266 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus GLAUCIDIUM Boiz. (Page 257, pl. LXXV.,, fig. 3.) 
Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Upper parts grayish, brownish, or rufous, the wings 
and scapulars more or less spotted with whitish, the tail barred with white or 
rufous, the top of the head (in adults) streaked or speckled with whitish (plain in 
young); lower parts whitish, striped with blackish, brown, or rufous; eyebrows 
whitish ; face encircled by a dusky border. 


a’. Sides of breast and fore-part of sides brownish, more or less distinctly spotted 
with paler (spots sometimes indistinct, or partly concealed); tail-bands 
always white, the interspaces blackish ; top of head speckled or dotted with 
whitish in adult, plain plumbeous or slaty in young; lower parts striped 
with blackish ; color of back varying from slaty grayish to deep umber- or 
sepia-brown; length 6.50-7.50, wing 3.40-4.00, tail 2.40-2.80. Hgg (single 
specimen, identification somewhat doubtful) 1.17 x .88. Hab. Western 
North America, north to British Columbia, east to Colorado and New Mexico, 
and south through highlands of Mexico to Guatemala. 

(36.) 379. G. gnoma WacL. Pygmy Owl. 

a’, Sides of breast and fore-part of sides plain brown or rufous, without trace of 
lighter markings; tail-bands varying from white to rufous, the interspaces 
varying from grayish brown to blackish or dark rusty ; top of head narrowly 
streaked with whitish or pale rusty in adult, plain in young; lower parts 
striped with brown or rufous; color of back, ete., varying from grayish 
brown to bright rufous; length 6.50-7.00, wing 3.50-4.60, tail 2.20-3.50. Hab. 
Whole of tropical America (except West Indies), north to southwestern bor- 
der of United States (southern Texas to Arizona). 

380. G. phalzenoides (Daup.). Ferruginous Pygmy Owl. 


Genus MICROPALLAS Couzs. (Page 257, pl. LXXYV., fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Above grayish or brownish, finely mottled with darker, 
and indistinctly speckled with pale rusty ; an interrupted whitish collar across hind- 
neck ; outer webs of outermost scapulars white; wings spotted with whitish and 
pale rusty; tail brownish, crossed by 5-6 narrow, usually interrupted, bands of pale 
brownish or rusty ; eyebrows, lores, and “ cravat” under chin white; lower parts 
white, marked with ragged, rather longitudinal, blotches of pale brownish or rusty, 
finely mottled with darker. 

a’. Prevailing tint grayish, or grayish brown; bands on tail narrower, always (?) 
interrupted on middle feathers; length 5.50-6.25, wing 4.00-4.40, tail 1.90- 
2.30. Nest in hole of giant cactus. Eggs 2-5, 1.06 x .90. Hab. Southwestern 


MICRATHENE. 267 


United States (southern Arizona and southeastern California) and Lower 
California, south to southern Mexico (Puebla and Guanajuato). 
381. M. whitneyi (Cooper). Elf Owl. 
a. Prevailing tint deep brownish, the spots and bands more decidedly rusty ; bands 
on tail broader, not interrupted on middle feathers; wing 4.05-4.25, tail 
1.90-2.20. Hab. Socorro Island, western Mexico. 
M. graysoni Ripew. Socorro Elf Owl.} 


1 Micrathene graysoni Ripew., Auk, iii, July. 1886, 333. 


268 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Orpver PSITTACI.—Tue Parrots, Macaws, 


PAROQUETS, ETC. (Page 2.) 
Families. 


(Characters same as those given for the Order)... Psittacidz. (Page 268.) 
Famity PSITTACIDAE. (Page 268.) 


North and Middle American Genera. 


a. Tail graduated, the feathers narrowed toward tips. 
b'. Cheeks naked; tail longer than wing, graduated for more than half its 
(37.) length; very large (wing more than 12.00)..0... 2.5.01 ccscscocseocnevese Ara." 
b*. Cheeks densely feathered ; tail shorter than wing, graduated for less than 
half its length; small or medium (wing not more than 12.00). 

cl. Wing more than 3.50; upper mandible very little if any broader than 

high at base. 

d'. Second or third quill longest. 

e’. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing; wing more than 

5.00. 

f. Bill very large, much compressed, the tip of lower man- 
dible much produced, truncated, and flattened; gonys 
flattened; tail graduated for only about one-third its 
length; cere densely feathered, concealing the nostrils ; 
wing 8.00, or more...... Rhynchopsitta. (Page 269.) 

f?. Bill smaller, less compressed, with tip of lower mandible 
less produced, and gonys rounded; tail graduated for 
much more than one-third its total length; cere naked 
in some species, densely feathered in others; wing less 
than 8.00 in all North American species. 

Conurus. (Page 269.) 
e. Tail less than two-thirds as long as the wing; wing less than 
5.00. 
ere MakedcOn: TOP. .2..seccccoceseeese sees aecaeaenie Brotogeris.? 
d’. First quill longest. 
Tail (in northern species) less than two-thirds as long as 


1 Ara Brisson, Orn. iv. 1760, 184. Type, A. brasiliensis Briss.,— A. chloroptera GRAY. For synopsis of 
Mexican species, see Appendix. 

2 Brotogeris Via., Zool. Jour. ii. 1825, 400. Type, Psittacus pyrrhopterus LINN. 

One Mexican and Central American species, B. tovi (Lryn.); color uniform green, paler below, upper wing- 
coverts olive-brownish, and spot on chin orange; length about 6.50 inches. 


RHYNCHOPSITTA 269 


~ 


wing; wing (in northern species) less than 5.00; top of 
Coredeatheredi: cc sscuc.e care seocceeenseneeente dees sues Myiopsitta. 
c. Wing not more than 3.50; upper mandible very much broader than 
high at base; tail scarcely more than half as long as wing; cere 
LEATHETEO ON COPi...cscsecocnseosees cee sccuins os Bete seceee seco stsetes Psittacula? 
. Tail slightly rounded, the feathers broad at se 
Third or fourth quill longest; cere always naked, with nostrils exposed. 


(38.) Amazona.* 


Genus RHYNCHOPSITTA Bonaparte. (Page 268, pl. LX XVIII, fig. 2.) 
Species. 


Adult: Forehead, fore-part and sides of crown, lores, and anterior lesser wing- 
coverts, poppy-red; under primary coverts lemon-yellow ; under surface of quills, 
secondaries, and tail olivaceous dusky; rest of plumage uniform grass-green, rather 
paler and duller on lower parts, but much brighter on sides of head; bill entirely 
blackish. Younger: Similar to adult, but bill whitish, with a triangular dusky 
space on each side (extending upward from cutting-edge about half-way to culmen 
and anteriorly as far as the notch); red of forehead not extending over eye; red 
on thighs and along edge of wing interrupted and very inconspicuous. (Young in 
jirst plumage probably without any red, the plumage entirely green, except on under 
surface of wing and tail, and bill probably entirely whitish.) Length 16.00-16.75, 
wing 8.50-10.50, tail 6.30-7.00, graduated for 2.25-2.35, culmen 1.45-1.55, height of 
bill at base 1.65-1.75. Hab. Northern and central Mexico (pine region) ; south- 
western Texas and southern New Mexico. 

—. R. pachyrhyncha (Swains.). Thick-billed Parrot. 


Genus CONURUS Kua... (Page 268, pl. LXXVIL,, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common CuHaractErRs (of North American and Mexican species).—Prevailing 
color uniform green; adults with or without yellow or orange on head. 


. Cere and nostrils entirely concealed by dense feathering ; culmen rounded. 
Adult: Head and upper neck pure gamboge-yellow, the forehead, lores, and 
cheeks deep orange or orange-red; upper parts rich parrot-green, the 
tertials, tips of greater wing-coverts, and basal portion of outer webs 


1 Myiopsitta Bonar., Rey. et Mag. Zool. 1854, 150. Type, Psittacus murinus GMEL. 

One Mexican and Central American species, M. lineola (Cass.) ; color uniform green, lighter beneath, more 
or less distinctly barred above and along sides with blackish; length about 6.00 inches. 

2 Psittacula Briss., Orn. iv. 1760, 382. Type, P. brasiliensis Briss., = Psittacus passerinus LINN. 

One species found in western Mexico as far north as Mazatlan (P. eyanopyga Sovuanck) is uniform green, 
lighter beneath, the male with rump and some of the under wing-coverts fine light blue; length about 4.50 
inches, 

3 Amazona Less., Traité, 1831, 189. Type, Psittacus pulverulentus GMEL. For synopsis of Mexican species, 
see Appendix. 

4 Dr. R. W. SHUFELDT, U.S.A., in epist. 


270 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


of quills yellowish green or greenish yellow; rest of quills dark bluish ; 
lower parts clear light yellowish green; edge of wing and thighs tinged 
with orange. Jmmature: Similar to adult, but head and neck entirely 
green, except forehead and lores, which are dull orange-red. Young 
(jirst plumage): Similar to preceding, but with little if any orange on 
forehead or lores. Length 11.35-14.00, wing 7.00-7.60, tail 6.40-7.10. 
Nest in hole of large tree (usually cypress or sycamore). Hggs 1.37 
1.06, ovate, short ovate, or rounded ovate, pure white. Hab. Formerly, 
entire Mississippi Valley, Gulf States, and southern Atlantic States, north 
(casually ?) to Michigan, Maryland, or even to Albany, New York, regu- 
larly to Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Nebraska, etc., west to eastern Colorado 
and Texas; now nearly exterminated, and existing only in compara- 
tively restricted and isolated localities in lower Mississippi Valley and 
Gulf States....2c...s 382. C. carolinensis (Linn.). Carolina Paroquet. 


a*. Cere partly naked, the nostrils exposed ; culmen flattened. 


b'. Wing 6.50, or more; quills and secondaries green. (Color uniform grass- 
green, including quills, paler on lower parts; under surface of quills and 
tail-feathers yellowish olive.) 

cl. Rather smaller, with weaker bill, relatively larger feet, and more yel- 
lowish green lower parts; wing 6.70-7.00 (6.87), tail 5.40-6.30 (5.96), 
culmen 1.00-1.10 (1.03), depth of upper mandible at base .50-.60 
(.55), width .55-.65 (.60), tarsus .66-.75 (.71), middle toe .85-1.00 (.91). 
Hab. Northern Mexico (Chihuahua) to Nicaragua. 

C. holochlorus Sct. Green Parakeet.! 

c*. Rather larger, with stouter bill, relatively weaker feet, and more deeply 
green lower parts ; wing 6.50-6.70 (6.59), tail 6.10-6.50 (6.29), culmen 
1.00-1.12 (1.07), depth of upper mandible at base .57-.61 (.59), width 
.61-.65 (.63), tarsus .70-.72 (.70), middle toe .85-.89 (.86). Hab. 
Socorro Island, western Mexico. 

C. holochlorus brevipes BAIRD. Socorro Parakeet.? 

B. Wing 5.50, or less; quills and secondaries partly blue. 

c'. Bill horn-colored, the ends of both mandibles whitish ; throat and chest 
dull olive or olive-brownish ; belly dull yellowish olive or olive-yel- 
lowish, in contrast with bright green of sides and flanks; top of 
head entirely green; wing 5.00-5.40, tail 4.60-5.10. Hab. Southern 
Mexico, and south to Nicaragua.  C. aztec Sovuanc&. Aztec Parakeet. 

ce*. Bill buffy whitish (sides of lower mandible horn-colored in young) ; 
throat and chest yellowish olive; belly clear yellowish green, like 
sides and flanks; top of head dull verditer-blue, the forehead buffy 
orange in adult; wing 5.10-5.50, tail 4.20-4.80. Hab. Southern 
Mexico, from Orizaba and Mazatlan south to Costa Rica. 

C. petzii (WaAGL.). Petz’s Parakeet.! 


1 Conurus holochlorus Scu., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1859, 224. 

2 Conurus holochlorus var. brevipes Barry, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1871, 14. 

3 Conurus aztec Souanck, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1857, 97. 

4 Sittace petzii Wacu., Mon. Psitt. 1832, 650. Conurus petzii Gray, Gen. B. ii, 1845, 413, sp. 13. 


CUCULID. EAT 


Orver COCCYGES.—Tue Cucxoos, etc. 


Page 3. 
Families. ae 

. Toes 2 before, 2 behind. 

b'. Bill as long as head, compressed, with cutting-edges smooth; nostrils ex- 
posed; no distinct rictal bristles; tarsus nearly or quite as long as longest 
anterior toe (sometimes longer), naked for greater part of its length; 
anterior toes separated to extreme base; plumage without bright or 
metallic colors. (Suborder Cuculi.)............ ... Cuculide. (Page 271.) 

6%. Bill much shorter than head, thick and broad at base, with cutting-edges 
serrated ; nostrils concealed by antrorse bristles; gape with strong bris- 
tles; tarsus much shorter than longest anterior toe, chiefly or entirely 
feathered ; anterior toes united for basal half; plumage with bright or 
metallic colors (except in young). (Suborder Trogones.) 

Trogonidz. (Page 275.) 


a’. Toes 3 before, 1 behind. (Suborder Alcyones.) 


b'. Bill not longer than head, the culmen gently but decidedly curved, the cut- 
ting-edges serrated; tail (in typical genus) much longer than wing, with 
middle pair of feathers much longer than the rest, and usually with the 
webs interrupted near end; tarsus longer than middle toe. 

Momotide. (Page 277.) 

6%. Bill longer than head, with straight outlines, the cutting-edges smooth (in 
all American species); tail much shorter than wing, with middle feathers 
(in American species) not longer than the rest; tarsus only about half as 
Lome) asmmiddlebOe'... 25.422. caceeceesatsecocrecct asa Alcedinidz. (Page 278.) 


Famity CUCULIDZE.—THE Cuckoos, Ants, ETc. (Page 271.) 


Genera. 


@. Tail-feathers 8; bill nearly as deep as long, the culmen elevated into a much 


compressed convex crest; plumage (in typical genus) uniform blackish. 
(Subfamily Crotophag¢ne.) 222. seccotccsesesesace se ..... Crotophaga. (Page 272.) 


a’. Tail-feathers 10; bill less than half as deep as long, the culmen not elevated nor 


compressed ; plumage more or less varied. (Subfamily Cuculine.) 

b. Bill longer than head, straight to near the rather abruptly decurved tip; 
loral feathers stiff, bristly, and plumage generally coarse or harsh ; tarsus 
much longer than outer anterior toe, with claw; very large (wing more 
than 6.00, tail 12.00 or more), and plumage much striped. 

Geococcyx. (Page 272.) 

b?, Bill not longer than head, the culmen gently curved for the greater part of 
its length; loral feathers and general plumage soft and blended; tarsus 


bo 
~I 
bo 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


shorter than outer anterior toe, with claw; small (wing less than 
6.00, tail less than 8.00), and plumage without stripes. 
(39.) Coccyzus. (Page 273.) 


Genus CROTOPHAGA Linnavs. (Page 271, pl. LXXIX., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Plumage entirely dull black, the feathers of head, neck, 
and body edged or bordered with dull metallic bluish, greenish, or bronzy ; wings 
and tail faintly glossed with metallic bluish or violet. Young, uniform dull sooty 
black. Vest usually on trees (sometimes in reedy marshes), composed of sticks, 
etc., lined usually with leaves. Eggs 5-8—sometimes numerous (evidently de- 
posited by several birds)—dull glaucous-blue, but this usually covered by a super- 
ficial white chalky crust. 


a’. Upper mandible smooth, or with a few transverse wrinkles; length 12.00-15.00, 
wing 5.50-6.00, tail 7.50-8.30. Eggs 1.36 1.02. Hab. West Indies and 
eastern South America; rare or casual in southern Florida and Louisiana, 
and accidental near Philadelphia....................0.s00 383. C. ani Linn. Ani. 

a. Upper mandible with several distinct longitudinal grooves, parallel with the 
culmen ; length 12.00-14.50, wing 5.50-6.50, tail 7.30-8.30. Hggs 1.23 x .94. 
Hab. Middle America (both sides) from lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas 
and Lower California to Peru. 

384. C. sulcirostris Swarns. Groove-billed Ani. 


Genus GEOCOCCYX Waceter. (Page 271, pl. LXXIX., fig. 2.) 
Species. 


Common CHARACTERS.—Plumage conspicuously striped with dull whitish or 
buffy and bronzed brown, the latter glossed with green; naked skin before and 
behind eye brightly colored (blue, white, and red, or orange) in life. 


a’. Wing more than 6.00, tail more than 11.00; throat and chest light brownish, 
streaked with dusky ; above glossy blue-black anteriorly and metallic green- 
ish brown posteriorly, the feathers broadly edged with whitish ; lower parts 
whitish, the chest and fore-neck tinged with pale brownish or dull ochraceous, 
and streaked with blackish ; tail-feathers (except two middle pairs) broadly 
tipped with white, the outer webs glossy blue-black, the inner webs greenish ; 
length 20.00-24.00, wing 6.50-7.00, tail 11.50-12.00. est in bushes or low 
trees, rudely constructed of sticks, grasses, etc. Hggs 2-12, 1.54 & 1.18, ovate, 
white, or buffy white. Hab. Northern Mexico and contiguous portions of 
United States, north to western Indian Territory and Kansas, southern 
Colorado, and California; Lower California. 

385. G. californianus (Less.). Road-runner. 


COCCYZUS. 273 


a’. Wing less than 6.00, tail less than 11.00; throat and chest plain buff or buffy 
whitish; above metallic bronzy brown, becoming blue-black anteriorly, 
each feather broadly edged with whitish; beneath buffy whitish or buff, 
including throat, fore-neck, and chest, the sides of the latter streaked with 
black; two middle tail-feathers bronzy brown, the rest metallic greenish, 
broadly tipped with white; wing about 5.50, tail about 10.30. Hab. Guate- 
mala and southern Mexico, north to Yucatan, Vera Cruz, and Mazatlan. 

G. affnis HArTL. Mexican Road-runnez.! 


Genus COCCYZUS Virituor. (Page 272, pl. LXXX., fig. 1.) 
Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Above plain brownish gray or grayish brown, with 
more or less of a faint bronzy lustre, the color usually becoming more grayish on 
head, on side of which (over ear-coverts) is a darker stripe; lower parts plain 
whitish, buffy, or ochraceous; tail-feathers (except middle pair) more or less dis- 
tinctly tipped with whitish. Nest a slight flat structure of sticks, etc., usually on 
small trees or lower branches of larger trees. 


a’. Basal half, or more, of lower mandible yellow; adult with tail-feathers (except 
middle pair) black, broadly and abruptly tipped with white; young with tail- 
feathers grayish dusky, broadly, but not sharply, tipped with dull white. 

b'. Inner webs of quills chiefly rufous, the outer webs more or less tinged with 
same toward base ; lower parts white tinged with pale ashy on fore-neck, 
chest, and thighs. 

c’. Smaller, with proportionally smaller and weaker bill; length 11.00- 
12.70, wing 5.40-5.80 (5.61), tail 6.00-6.15 (6.07), exposed culmen 
.97-1.01 (.99), depth of bill at base .32-.34 (.33). Eggs 2-5, 1.19 x 
.90, dull pale glaucous-green or glaucous-white. Hab. Eastern North 
America, north to New Brunswick, Canada, etc., west to the Great 
Plains, south, in winter, to West Indies, eastern Mexico, and Costa 
ERICR i saeste ces ees 387. C. americanus (Liny.). Yellow-billed Cuckoo. 

c. Larger, with proportionally larger and stouter bill; length 12.30-13.50, 
wing 5.50-6.00 (5.84), tail 6.10-6.90 (6.59), culmen 1.02-1.08 (1.05), 
depth of bill through base .37-.40 (.39). Hab. Western United States, 
north to Oregon, east to western Texas and Colorado, south over 
table-lands of Mexico; Lower California. 

387a. C. americanus occidentalis Ripew. Californian Cuckoo.’ 

6, Quills without rufous on either web; lower parts buffy or ochraceous, paler 
anteriorly. 

c’. Larger, with lower parts much more deeply colored ; lower parts deep 


1 Geococcyx affinis HARTLAUB, Rey. Zool. 1844, 215. 
3 New subspecies. 


35 


274 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


ochraceous, often including even the throat; wing 4.95-6.05 (5.40), 
tail 6.45-7.95 (6.98), exposed culmen 1.00-1.22 (1.10), depth of bill 
near base .35-.47 (.40). Hab. West Indies in general (except Ba- 
hamas) and borders of Caribbean Sea, from Guiana to Honduras; 
Key West; coast of Louisiana. 
386. C. minor (GMEL.). Mangrove Cuckoo.’ 
ce’, Smaller and with lower parts much paler in color; posterior lower parts 
buff (sometimes quite pale, and never approaching the deep ochra- 
ceous tint of C. minor); anterior lower parts (chin, throat, and 
chest) pale ashy, or grayish white, paler anteriorly, the throat usu- 
ally more or less tinged with buff; length 11.75-12.25, wing 5.05- 
5.35 (5.23), tail 6.25-6.90 (6.65), exposed culmen 0.98-1.15 (1.06), 
depth of bill near base 0.33-0.40 (0.36). Hab. Bahamas and 
Florida Keys. 
[386a.] C. minor maynardi Ripaw. Maynard’s Cuckoo.’ 
a’. Bill without any yellow (basal portion of lower mandible leaden bluish in life) ; 
adult with tail-feathers (except middle pair) grayish brown (with bronzy 
green lustre on upper surface), narrowly tipped with white, this preceded 
by a less distinct subterminal bar of dusky; young with white tips to tail- 
feathers narrower and less distinct, the dusky subterminal bar obsolete. 
Adult: Above bronzy grayish brown, with an olivaceous cast, becoming 
grayish on forehead and lores; chin and throat pale buffy grayish (some- 
times more distinctly buffy); rest of lower parts white, faintly tinged on 
breast and sides with grayish; naked eyelids bright red in life. Young: 
Above dull brown, with a coppery bronze lustre, becoming more gray- 
ish or olivaceous on tail, but more rusty on wings, especially on quills; 
lower parts much as in adult; naked eyelids pale yellowish in life. 
Nestling: Feathers of upper parts tipped with whitish. Length about 
11.00-12.70, wing 5.12-5.65, tail 6.25-7.00. Eggs 2-7, 1.07 X .81, deep 
glaucous-green or verditer-blue. Hab. Eastern North America, north to 
Labrador and Manitoba, west to Rocky Mountains, south, in winter, to 
West Indies, Middle America, and northern South America. 
(40.) 388. C. erythrophthalmus (Wits.). Black-billed Cuckoo. 


1 Pure synonymes of this species are seniculus Laru., helviventris CaB., dominicus Sci. (nee Lryn,), and nesi- 
otes CAB. Coccyzus seniculus of AUDUBON also belongs here, the supposed Floridan specimen given him by Mr. 
Harris, and now before me, being this species and not the Bahama one (C. maynard?), which raises the suspicion 
that it, like the specimens of Lampornis “mango” (7.e., violicauda) obtained from the same source, probably 
came from Guiana. C. minor is divisible into several more or less strongly characterized local races, but I 
shall not attempt such subdivision here. 

2 Dedicated to Mr. C. J. Maynard, the accomplished author of the “ Naturalist’s Guide” and “ Birds of 
Eastern North America,” whose valuable descriptions of the birds of Florida—his special field of investigation— 
include an interesting account of the peculiar haunts of this species. 


TROGON. 


bo 
oT 
or 


Famity TROGONIDAL.—TueE Trocons. (Page 271.) 


Genera. 


a‘. Middle wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts normally developed, blended; head 
MOE CLESted MOM “HOLME! sc. dascccascssssedecsasteneciesesieeies Trogon. (Page 275.) 

a*?, Middle wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts unusually developed, more or less 
lanceolate or falcate, with very distinct outlines; head crested or “horned.” 

Ga itead with a bushy oricompressed Crest /c......56.dcccsceeecseeses Pharomachrus.: 

bp eelead with) Slender CArctuttsirn.ssacenecscctecccedesssteecs sess Gaisotusiesroses Huptilotis? 


Genus TROGON Linnaus. (Page 275, pl. LXXXL, fig. 1.) 
Species. 


Common CuHaracters.—Adult males: Back, scapulars, ramp, and middle tail- 
feathers metallic green, sometimes varied with blue or coppery, the middle tail- 
feathers tipped with opaque black; wing-coverts grayish, in some species finely 
undulated with white; breast, belly, and under tail-coverts fine red or yellow, bor- 
dered anteriorly by a white band across breast. Adult females similar to males, but 
metallic hues of back, ete., replaced by plain grayish or brownish. 


a‘. Under parts red; females and young brown above. 
b'. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers chiefly white, more or less barred with 
dusky or black, in both sexes. 

c', Adult male: Crown, occiput, hind-neck, back, secapulars, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts rich metallic bronzy green, varying to golden or coppery 
bronze (the rump and upper tail-coverts always more green than 
the back—sometimes pure green) ; middle tail-feathers deep metallic 
bronze, varying to rich copper-color, broadly tipped with black; 
wings (except primaries) delicately undulated with white and black, 
the two colors in nearly equal amount; quills dusky, with outer 
webs chiefly grayish white; forehead, lores, sides of head, chin, and 
throat, dull opaque black; chest metallic greenish or coppery bronze, 
like back; a pure white band across breast; behind this, all the 
lower parts pure scarlet-vermilion; exposed portion of outer tail- 
feathers white, with a broad terminal space immaculate, but rest, 
on both webs, irregularly and narrowly barred, or marked with 
zigzag lines, of blackish. Adult female: Metallic colors of male 
replaced by light grayish brown, becoming more rufescent (some- 
times cinnamon-rufous) on middle tail-feathers; forehead, sides 
of head, and throat, dull grayish; outer tail-feathers much more 


i Pharomachrus Dre LA Luave, Registro Trimestre, i. num. 1, 1832, 48. Type, P. mocinno De LA LEAVE. 
One Mexican species (P. mocinno), the magnificent Quetzal, or royal bird of the Aztecs. 
2 Fuptilotis Goutp, Mon. Trog, pt. i. 1858, pl. vi. Type, Zrogon neoxenus GouLD. 


bo 
[op 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


coarsely and regularly barred with black. Young male: Head, neck, 
and chest dull brownish gray, paler on chin, browner on chest and 
occiput, almost black on lores, beneath eyes, and terminal portion 
of ear-coverts; an orbital -ring (interrupted on middle portion of 
upper eyelid and anterior half of lower lid), and broad oblique bar 
across middle portion of ear-coverts, white; back and scapulars 
grayish brown, becoming more russet on lower back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts; middle, and many of lesser, wing-coverts buffy 
white, bordered with black, producing conspicuous large spots; 
greater wing-coverts and tertials pale grayish brown, finely sprinkled 
with dusky, and tipped with a large spot of buffy white ; lower parts 
grayish white, the breast and upper belly coarsely spotted or mottled 
with brownish gray; tail much as in adult female. Length about 
11.25-12.00, wing 5.10-5.50, tail 6.50-7.20. Hab. Central and northern 
Mexico, north to southern Texas (lower Rio Grande Valley) and 
southern Arizona. 
389. T. ambiguus GouLp. Coppery-tailed Trogon. 
ce, Adult male: Similar to same sex of T. ambiguus, but upper parts bronzy 
green, the middle tail-feathers golden green, wings rather more 
coarsely undulated, and outer tail-feathers more broadly and regu- 
larly barred with black. Adult female: With black bars on outer 
tail-feathers broader and less numerous (?). Length about 12.00, 
wing 5.00-5.30, tail 7. Hab. Guatemala, southern Mexico, and Sal- 
vador (Libertad). 
T. elegans GouLD. Elegant Trogon.! 
b?. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers uniform black, or black narrowly barred 
with white, in adult males, destitute of bars (except sometimes—in 7. 
puella—a terminal white and narrower subterminal black bar). 
cl. Adult male: Upper parts and chest pure metallic green, more bronzy 
on back; wings very minutely zigzagged and freckled with white, 
the markings hardly distinguishable at a little distance ; quills with- 
out whitish edgings; outer tail-feathers entirely black, except the 
very broad and abrupt white tip. Adult female: Outer web of outer 
tail-feathers broadly barred with black and white, the inner web 
chiefly uniform black, without any bars. Length about 12.00, wing 
5.50-6.00, tail 7.40-7.50. Hab. Guatemala to northern Mexico (Chi- 
hia ia) soe oe ese esis ee gasses o T. mexicanus SwaINs. Mexican Trogon, 
ce. Adult male: Upper parts and chest bronzy green, as in 7. mexicanus ; 
wings very distinctly undulated with white, the quills edged with 
the same; outer tail-feathers distinctly but narrowly barred across 
both webs with white, and rather narrowly tipped with the same. 
Adult female: Outer web of outer tail-feathers plain white, some- 


1 Trogon elegans Goutp, P. Z. S. 1834, 26. 
2 Trogon mexicanus SWAINS., Philos. Mag. n. s. i. 1827, 440. 


MOMOTUS. 277 


~ 


times minutely and indistinctly freckled with grayish; inner web 
chiefly plain dusky grayish, with white tip and dusky subterminal 
bar. Length about 10.50-11.50, wing 5.10-5.50, tail 5.50-6.50. Hab. 
Central America, south to Veragua, north to tierra caliente of eastern 
Mexico (Vera Cruz). 
T. puella GouLD. Xalapa Trogon. 
a. Under parts yellow; females slate-color or plumbeous above. 

b'. Outer web of outer tail-feathers uniform black, except broad and abrupt 
white tip. Adult male: Head, neck, and chest dull black; back, scapu- 
lars, and middle tail-feathers metallic green ; rump and upper tail-coverts 
metallic blue, sometimes inclining to violet. Adult female: Head, neck, 
chest, and entire upper parts uniform deep slate. Length about 11.00, 
wing 5.50-5.75, tail 5.80-6.00. Hab. Central America, north to Yucatan, 
south to Costa Rica. 

T. melanocephalus GouLp, Black-headed Trogon.? 

b?. Outer web of outer tail-feather white, except at base. Adult male: Head, 
neck, and chest slate-gray or plumbeous, glossed (except anteriorly) 
with metallic green; back and scapulars bright metallic green, tinged 
with golden ; rump and upper tail-coverts metallic greenish blue ; middle 
tail-feathers metallic green. Adult female: Head, neck, chest, and entire 
upper parts uniform slate-gray. Length about 10.00-12.00, wing 5.40- 
5.70, tail about 6.00. Hab. Southwestern Mexico, north to Mazatlan. 

T.citreolus GouLD. Citreoline Trogon. 


Famity MOMOTIDZE.—Tue Mormots. (Page 271.) 


Genera. 


(Characters same as those given for the Family)... Momotus. (Page 277.) 
Genus MOMOTUS Brisson.* (Page 277, pl. LX XXL, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common CHARACTERS.—General color plain greenish, tinged more or less with 
olive; rather lengthened and stiffened ear-coverts chiefly black, but partly blue; a 
narrow tuft of rather lengthened and somewhat stiffened black feathers (sometimes 
edged with blue) in middle of chest ; lengthened and (usually) spatulate middle 
tail-feathers verditer-blue toward ends, their tips black. 


a‘. Top of head bright blue or green, encircled with deep black; lores deep black ; 
lower parts, including flanks, anal region, and under tail-coverts, olive-green- 


1 Trogon puella Goutp, P. Z. S. 1845, 18. 

2 Trogon melanocephalus GouLD, Mon. Trog. 1838, pl. 12. 

3 Trogon citreolus GouLp, P. Z. 8. 1835, 30. 

4 Momotus Briss., Orn. iv. 1760, 465. Type, Ramphastos momota Linn. 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


bo 
aI 
ie) 


ish, sometimes tinged with russet; ear-coverts black, bordered above by a 
line of bright light greenish blue or bluish green (this sometimes almost 
obsolete). 

b. Whole top of head bright verditer-blue, varying to verdigris-green, duller 
centrally ; length about 14.20-15.00, wing 5.30-5.70, middle tail-feathers 
8.80-9.15, exposed culmen 1.40-1.55. Hab. EKastern Mexico, north to 
Rio Grande Valley (Nuevo Leon). 

M. ceruleiceps GouLD. Blue-crowned Motmot.! 

b?. Top of head deep black centrally, this entirely surrounded by bright verditer- 
blue, the latter bordered exteriorly, from eyes backward, by rich pur- 
plish ultramarine-blue; size about the same as in M. cwruleiceps. Hab. 
Central America, from Veragua to southern Mexico. 

M. lessonii Less. Lesson’s Motmot.? 

a’. Whole top of head and hind-neck uniform rufous; lores dull grayish, mixed 

with dusky; lower parts pale glaucous-green (sometimes tinged with buffy 

anteriorly), changing to dull whitish on flanks, anal region, and under tail- 

coverts ; a large spot of purplish smalt-blue underneath eye, on malar region, 

and ear-coverts usually largely ultramarine- or smalt-blue; length about 

12.00-13.00, wing 4.50-5.00, middle tail-feathers 6.50-7.50, exposed culmen 
1.40-1.60. Hab. Southwestern Mexico, north to Mazatlan. 

M. mexicanus Swarns. Rufous-crowned Motmot.® 


Famity ALCEDINIDAZ.— Tue KincrisHers. (Page 271.) 


Genera. 
(Characters same as those given for the Family)........ Ceryle. (Page 278.) 


Genus CERYLE Bore. (Page 278, pl. LXXX., figs. 2, 3.) 


(Nest at extremity of horizontal burrow in earth-banks. Eggs usually 6, ovate 
or oval, pure white, with smooth, somewhat glossy surface.) 


Species. 


a. Wing 6.00, or more; tarsus about as long as hind-toe, much shorter than inner 
anterior toe; plumage without metallic gloss. (Upper parts plumbeous-blue, 
or bluish plumbeous, more or less streaked with black, especially on top 
of head, the tail-feathers transversely spotted with white, these markings 
usually more or less hidden in closed tail; chin, throat, and collar round hind- 
neck pure white.) (Subgenus Streptoceryle Bonap.) 

b. Wing more than 7.00, culmen more than 3.00; belly, sides, and flanks uni- 


1 Momotus ceruleiceps Gout, P. Z. S. 1836, 18. 
2 Momotus lessonii Luss., Rev. Zool. June, 1842, 174 (Realejo, Nicaragua). 
3 Momotus mexicanus Swatns., Philos. Mag. n. s. i. 1827, 442. 


CERYLE. 279 


form rufous; outer webs of quills without white spotting at base. 
Adult male: Lower tail-coverts and anal region pure white, and rufous 
of belly covering breast, and reaching to white of throat. Adult female : 
Lower tail-coverts and anal region rufous; breast plumbeous-blue, usu- 
ally bordered behind by white. Length about 15.50-17.00, wing about 
7.50. Hab. Tropical America in general (except West Indies), north to 

southern Mexico, accidentally to southern Texas. 
[390.1.] C. torquata (Linn.). Great Rufous-bellied Kingfisher.’ 
6’. Wing less than 7.00, culmen less than 3.00; belly white ; outer webs of quills 
spotted with white toward base. Adult male: Above bluish plumbeous, 
the tail transversely spotted with white, and basal half of primaries 
coarsely spotted with same; a white spot on sides of forehead, above 
lores; lower parts pure white, interrupted by a broad band of bluish 
plumbeous across breast; white of throat encircling hind-neck. Adult 
female: Similar to the male, but sides and flanks, and a more or less 
strongly indicated (never complete?) band across belly, rufous. Young: 
Similar to adult, but the male with the breast-band and sides tinged with 
rusty. Length 11.00-14.50, wing 6.00-6.50, tail 3.80-4.30, culmen 2.00, 
ormore. Eggs 1.34 1.05. Hab. Whole of North America, and south 

to Panama and the West Indies. 
390. C. alcyon (Linn.). Belted Kingfisher. 
a’, Wing less than 4.00; tarsus longer than hind-toe, and almost as long as inner 
anterior toe; plumage metallic greenish above. (Subgenus Chloroceryle 
Kavp.) 

Adult female: Above dark metallic bottle-green, interrupted by a white 
collar across hind-neck, the secondaries, primaries, and tail spotted with 
white, in transverse series; lower parts pure white, interrupted by a 
band of dark metallic green across breast; sides spotted with dark 
greenish, these spots continued as an interrupted band across belly. 
Adult male: Similar to the female, but green band across breast replaced 
by one of deep rufous; no green spots across belly. Young male: Similar 
to adult female, but breast more or less tinged with rusty. Length 6.75- 
8.50, wing 3.40-3.50, tail 2.70-2.75, exposed culmen 1.65-1.85. Zgqgs 
.96 X .73. Hab. Middle America and northwestern South America, north 
to southwestern border of United States (southern Texas to Arizona), 
south to western Peru. 

391. C. americana septentrionalis Suarre. Texan Kingfisher. 


1 Alcedo torquata Linn., S. N. ed. 12, i. 1766, 180. Ceryle torquata Bonap., P. Z. S. 1837, 108. 
36 


280 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Orver PICI.—Tue Wooprecxers, WryYNECKS, ETC. 
(Page 3.) 


Families. 


(Characters same as those given for the Order).................. Picidze. (Page 280.) 


Famity PICIDAL.—Tue Wooppeckers. (Page 280.) 


Genera. 


a’. Outer hind-toe longer than outer anterior toe. 
b'. Two hind-toes. 
c’. Conspicuously crested, and size very large (wing 7.00, or more). 
Campephilus. (Page 281.) 
ce. Without crest, and size small (wing not more than 5.00). 
ad’. Nasal groove extending nearly to tip of bill; terminal half of bill 
not distinctly compressed. 
e. Tongue greatly extensile; plumage much varied with black 
(or brown) and white, the latter prevailing on lower parts. 
Dryobates. (Page 281.) 
e’. Tongue very slightly extensile; plumage uniform black, with 
white head and white spotting on basal portion of quills. 
Xenopicus. (Page 286.) 
ad. Nasal groove running out on cutting-edge of upper mandible, about 
half-way to tip; terminal portion of bill distinctly compressed. 


Tongue scarcely extensile......... Sphyrapicus. (Page 288.) 
v?, Only one hind-toe. 
Bill broad and much flattened............5.sc00000 Picoides. (Page 286.) 


a?, Outer hind-toe not longer than outer anterior toe. 
b'. Head conspicuously crested; large (wing not less than 7.25—usually 


MUCH AMOTES): Lrcsiastabeedsew arse siinidecceiiacceswionesnees Ceophlceus. (Page 289.) 
b’. Head not crested; small or medium (wing less than 7.25—usually much 
less). 


c. Upper mandible with a distinct lateral ridge and nasal groove, the tip 
more or less truncated; plumage of lower parts without spots, the 
under surface of quills and tail-feathers without yellow or red. 

Melanerpes. (Page 290.) 
ce’, Upper mandible without distinct lateral ridge or nasal groove, the tip 
scarcely or not at all truncated; plumage of lower parts spotted 
with black; under surface of quills and tail-feathers chiefly yellow 

or reddish, the shafts brighter yellow or red. 
Colaptes. (Page 295.) 


CAMPEPHILUS. 281 


Genus CAMPEPHILUS Gray. (Page 280, pl. LX XXII, fig. 1.) 


Species. 
Common Cuaracters (of North American species).—Bill ivory-yellow or 
whitish ; plumage mainly black, with a white scapular stripe and other markings, 
the occipital crest scarlet or glossy black. 


a’. Plumage glossy black, with scapulars, secondaries, ends of shorter primaries, 
and under wing-coverts pure white; crest of female entirely glossy blue- 
black. 

b'. A white stripe down each side of neck; nasal tufts white. 

ce’. White neck-stripe not extending to the bill; nasal tufts much larger; 
sixth primary not extensively, if at all, white terminally; length 
(fresh) 19.75-21.00, extent of wings 30.00-32.00, wing 9.00-10.00, 
tail 6.25-6.80, culmen 2.60-2.80. Eggs 1.37 xX .99. Hab. Formerly, 
southern Atlantic and Gulf States and lower Mississippi Valley, north 
to North Carolina, eastern Missouri, southern Lllinois and Indiana, 
and west to eastern Texas; now apparently confined to restricted 
localities in Gulf States (including Florida) and lower Mississippi 
Valley....... 392. C. principalis (Linn.). Ivory-billed Woodpecker. 
c?, White neck-stripe continued nearly to rictus; nasal tufts much smaller ; 
sixth primary extensively white at tip; wing 9.50-9.70, tail 6.50- 

7.00, exposed culmen 2.30-2.40. Hab. Cuba. 
C. principalis bairdi (Cass.). Cuban Ivory-billed Woodpecker.' 
b?. No white stripe on side of neck; nasal tufts black; length about 23.00- 
24.00, wing 11.70-13.20, tail 8.00-9.50, exposed culmen 2.70-3.60. Hab. 
Western Mexico, north, along Sierra Madre, nearly if not quite to 

United States boundary ; southeastern Arizona? 
C. imperialis (GouLD). Imperial Woodpecker.’ 

a, Plumage chiefly dull brownish black, the lower parts, except breast, barred with 
black and pale fulvous; crest of female bright red (whole head red in male). 

Length about 12.00-13.00, wing 7.50-8.00, tail 4.80-5 20, exposed culmen 
1.85-2.20. Hab. Southern Mexico, and south to Costa Rica. 
C. guatemalensis (HARTL.). Guatemalan Ivory-billed Woodpecker.’ 


Genus DRYOBATES Bore. (Page 280, pl. LX XXIII, figs. 1-2; pl. LXXXVI., 
fig. 1.) 
Species. 
Common CHARAcTERS.—Above black or brown, more or less spotted or 
otherwise varied with white; lateral tail-feathers white, with or without black 


1 Campephilus bairdi Cass., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 322. C. principalis, var. bairdi B. B. & R. 
Hist. N. Am. B. ii. 1874, 496. 

2 Picus imperialis Goutp, P. Z. S. ii. 1832, 140. Campephilus imperialis Barrp, B. N. Am. 1858, 83. 

3 Picus guatemalensis Harty., Rev. Zool. 1844, 214. Campephilus guatemalensis Scu., Cat. Am. B. 1862, 
331. 


282 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


bars; sides of head striped with black and white; lower parts whitish (some- 
times stained a light brownish or smoky tint), usually more or less varied with 
dusky. Adult male with more or less of red on head, usually on occiput. Adult 
female without any red on head. Young with crown more or less extensively 
red or yellow. 


a’. Back varied with white. 

6’. Back striped or marked longitudinally with white; lower parts without 
black markings, except sometimes on sides of breast or, more rarely, 
on flank. 

c'’. Lateral tail-feathers without black bars; culmen 1.00, or more; wing 
usually more than 4.00. 
d‘. Middle and greater wing-coverts and tertials conspicuously spotted 
with white. 

e'. Lores partly or entirely black, the white superciliary stripe 
being thus cut off from the white or pale brownish of the 
nasal tufts. 

jf’. Wing more than 5.00, culmen 1.40, or more. 
Length about 10.00-11.00, wing 5.02-5.40 (5.25), tail 
3.60-3.80 (3.70), culmen 1.40-1.62 (1.49). Hab. 
Northern North America, west to Alaska and 
British Columbia, south, in winter, to northern 
border of United States. 

393a. D. villosus leucomelas (Bopp.). 
Northern Hairy Woodpecker. 

J*®. Wing not more than 5.00; culmen not more than 1.35. 
g. Larger: Length about 8.50-9.00, wing 4.50-5.00 
(4.70), tail 3.10-3.60 (8.37), culmen 1.18-1.35 
(1.24). Eggs 93 .71. Hab. Eastern United 

States, except south Atlantic and Gulf States. 
393. D. villosus (Linn.). Hairy Woodpecker. 
g. Smaller: Length about 8.00-8.75, wing 4.40-4.80 
(4.51), tail 3.00-3.20 (3.04), culmen 1.12-1.24 (1.14). 
Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf States, north to 

Georgia and Tennessee, west to central Texas. 
393). D. villosus audubonii (Swarns.). 
Southern Hairy Woodpecker. 

e’. Lores chiefly or entirely white, thus connecting the white 
superciliary stripe with the white or light brownish of the 
nasal tufts. 

Length about 7.00-8.00, wing 3.95-4.35 (4.12), tail 2.85- 
3.10 (2.95), culmen 1.00-1.22 (1.10). Hab. Bahamas. 


D. villcsus maynardi Ripaw. Bahaman Hairy 
Woodpecker.! 


1 Picus insularis MayNary, The Nat. in Florida, i. No. 4, 1885; not of GouLn, 1862. 


DRYOBATES. 283 


d?, Wing-coverts and tertials plain black, or else with very little of 
white spotting. 
e. Larger, with color of lower parts varying from pure white to 
smoky grayish; length about 9.00-10.00, wing 4.70-5.30 
(5.00), tail 3.20-3.75 (8.43), culmen 1.12-1.40 (1.26). Eggs 
.96< .75. Hab. Western United States, east to Rocky 
Mountains, south to table-lands of Mexico. 
393c. D. villosus harrisii (AUD.). 
(41.) Harris’s Woodpecker. 
e, Smaller, with lower parts usually deep smoky brown (rarely 
smoky gray); length about 7.00-8.00, wing 3.80-4.90 
(4.24), tail 2.45-3.20 (2.75), culmen .95-1.18 (1.00). Hab. 
Central America, south to Veragaa, north to eastern 
Mexico (Puebla and Vera Cruz). 
D. villosus jardinii (MazH.). Jardine’s Woodpecker.! 
c. Lateral tail-feathers with a greater or less number of black bars; cul- 
men not more than .80; wing usually less than 4.00. 
d', Middle and greater wing-coverts conspicuously spotted with white ; 
length about 6.25-7.00, wing 3.40-4.05 (3.72), tail 2.25-2.90 
(2.51), culmen .68-.82 (.73). Eggs .76 X 59. Hab. Northern 
and eastern North America, and, sporadically, western North 
America (Colorado, California, etc.) also. 
394. D. pubescens (Linn.). Downy Woodpecker. 
d*, Middle and greater wing-coverts plain black, or else but slightly 
spotted with white; length about 6.25-7.00, wing 3.55-4.15 
(3.76), tail 2.30-2.70 (2.51), culmen .70-.80 (.75). Eggs .74 X 
56. Hab. Western United States, east to Rocky Mountains, 
north to British Columbia, south to New Mexico. 
394a. D. pubescens gairdnerii (AUD.). 
(42.) Gairdner’s Woodpecker. 
b?. Back barred with white; sides and flanks spotted or streaked (or both) 
with black. 
c. Ear-coverts entirely white; lores black; male with a narrow (usually 
concealed) streak of red along each side of occiput. 
Length about 7.50-8.50, wing 4.50-5.00, tail 3.20-3.50, exposed 
culmen .75-.85. Eggs .95 x .69. Hab. Southeastern United 
States, north regularly to North Carolina, Tennessee (irregu- 
larly to New Jersey), and northern Arkansas, west to Indian 
Territory and eastern Texas. 
395. D. borealis (VIEILL.). Red-cockaded Woodpecker. 
@. Ear-coverts black or brown, bordered above and below by a white 
stripe; lores whitish, dull grayish, or dusky; adult males with a 
patch of red extending entirely across the occiput. 


1 Picus jardinii Maun., Rey. Zool. 1848, 374, 


284 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


d@. Back barred with black and white; wings black, spotted and 
barred with white; middle line of breast unspotted. 

e’. Forehead smoky brownish, like nasal tufts (the ground-coior 
sometimes nearly hidden, however, by whitish spotting) ; 
crown often speckled, but not streaked, with white ; lateral 
tail-feathers with inner web (sometimes outer web also) 
barred for entire length, or at least for all of exposed por- 
tion; ground-color of lower parts usually smoky white, or 
pale smoky brownish. Adult male with whole crown red, 
or spotted with red (unless the red tips to feathers happen 
to be worn off), the red immediately preceded by a white 
speck or spot. 

Ff’. Outer tail-feathers barred regularly with black, on both 

webs, for whole length. 
g. Smaller (length about 6.00-6.75, wing less than 

3.90). 
ht. Wing 3.80-3.85 (3.82), tail 2.30-2.40 (2.33), ex- 
posed culmen .70-.79 (.74); black stripes on 
side of head narrower, the malar stripe usu- 
ally whitish anteriorly ; black bars on back 
usually appreciably narrower than the white 
ones; scarlet on head of male lighter. Hab. 
Southeastern Mexico (Vera Cruz, Puebla, 
etc.). 

D. scalaris (WAGL.). Ladder-backed 
Woodpecker.! 
WV’. Wing 3.30-3.55 (3.44), tail 2.10-2.20 (2.14), ex- 
posed culmen .60-.75 (.69); black stripes on 
sides of head broader, the malar stripe usu- 
ally dusky or blackish anteriorly ; black bars 
on back usually a little broader than the 
white ones; scarlet on head of male darker. 

Hab. Yucatan. 
D. scalaris parvus (CABoT). Cabot’s Ladder- 
backed Woodpecker.? 

g?. Larger (length 7.00-7.75, wing 3.90-4.25). 

Wing 3.90-4.25 (4.06), tail 2.45-2.75 (2.59), ex- 
posed culmen .83-.93 (.87); in coloration 
not constantly different from true scalaris, 
except that the black stripes on sides of 
head are usually broader, the lower one 
usually more extended toward sides of 
breast. Eggs .82 x .63. Hab. Table-lands 


1 Picus scalaris WAGL., Isis, 1829, 511. 
2 Picus parvus Cazort, Bost. Jour. N. H. v. 1849, 90. 


DRYOBATES. 285 


of Mexico, and southern border of United 
States, from Texas to Arizona. 
396. D. scalaris bairdi (Sct.). 
Texan Woodpecker.’ 
f?. Outer tail-feather barred with black only on terminal 
half or less, except sometimes on inner web. 
g. Primary coverts with at least one row of small white 
spots. 
ht. Larger, with slenderer bill and much broader 
black bars on back (bars about .15-.20 wide) ; 
length about 7.25—-7.75, wing 3.95-4.10 (4.02), 
tail 2.70-2.90 (2.81), exposed culmen 91-94 
(.93). Hab, Southern portion of Lower Cali- 
FOTIA... .---4++- 396a. D. scalaris lucasanus 
(Xantus). Saint Lucas Woodpecker. 
h?, Smaller, with stouter bill and much narrower 
black bars on back (bars only about .10 wide); 
length about 6.25-6.50, wing 3.70-3.75 (3.72), 
tail 2.20-2.40 (2.30), culmen .70-.80 (.75). Hab. 
Western Mexico (vicinity of Mazatlan). 
D. scalaris sinaloensis Ripaw. Mazatlan 
Woodpecker.” 
g?. Primary coverts plain dusky, without trace of white 
on outer webs; black bars on back broad, as in D. 
lucasanus ; length about 6.75-7.00, wing 3.80-3.95 
(3.88), tail 2.45-2.55 (2.50), exposed culmen .74-.88 
(.82). Hab. Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico. 
D. scalaris graysoni BAIRD. Grayson’s Woodpecker.’ 
@. Forehead deep black, abruptly defined against the white, smoky 
white, or dull buff of nasal tufts; crown often streaked, 
but not speckled, with white; lateral tail-feathers with not 
more than two distinct black bars, these near end (a third 
occasionally indicated) ; ground-color of lower parts nearly 
pure white ; adult male with whole crown black, or black 
streaked with white, the red being confined to occiput and 
nape. 

Length about 7.00, wing 3.90-4.20 (4.06), tail 2.60-3.05 
(2.78), exposed culmen 77-.82 (.80). Eggs .84 X .64. 
Hab. California. 

397. D. nuttallii (GAmB.). Nuttall’s Woodpecker. 
d@. Back and wings brown, the former barred or transversely spotted 
with white, and primaries spotted with same; whole breast 


1 Picus bairdi “ (ScLaTER)” Mauu., Mon. Pic. i. 1861, 118, pl. 27, figs. 7, 8. 
1 New subspecies. 
8 Picus scalaris var. graysoni Baird, Hist. N. Am. B. ii. 1874, 515 and 517 (in text). 


286 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


spotted or broadly streaked with dark brown. Hab. South- 

eastern Mexico (Jalapa, etc.). 
D. stricklandi (Mauu.). Strickland’s Woodpecker.! 
a. Back without any white. Upper parts plain brown or light sepia, the quills, 
also inner webs of secondaries, spotted with white; whole breast and sides 
spotted with dark brown, the flanks and under tail-coverts barred or trans- 
versely spotted with the same. Adult males with a rather narrow occipital 
band of red, as in D. villosus and D. pubescens; young males with nearly 

whole top of head red. 

b'. Larger: Length 7.40-8.40, wing 4.40-4.65 (4.49), tail 2.55-2.95 (2.81), exposed 
culmen .90-1.05 (.98). Hab. Southern Arizona and adjacent portion of 
northwestern Mexico. 

398. D. arizone (Hareirr). Arizona Woodpecker.’ 

b?. Smaller: Length 6.25, wing 4.10, tail 2.60, exposed culmen .78. Hab. South- 
western Mexico (Sierra Madre of Colima). 

D. arizone fraterculus Ripaw. Colima Woodpecker.’ 


Genus XENOPICUS Bairp. (Page 280, pl. LXXXIV., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Head, neck (except hinder part), upper part of chest, and basal 
portion of quills white; occiput with a transverse patch or broad band of bright 
red; rest of plumage uniform black. Adult female: Similar to the male, but with- 
out any red on head. Young male: Similar to adult, but black of a duller shade, 
and red of head consisting of a squarish patch on middle of crown, instead of a 
band across occiput. Length about 8.90-9.40, wing 5.00-5.10, tail 4.00-4.05. Hggs 
95 < .71. Hab. Mountains of Pacific coast, including Sierra Nevada (both slopes), 
from Washington Territory to southern California. 

399. X. albolarvatus (Cass.). White-headed Woodpecker. 


Genus PICOIDES Lacépkzpr. (Page 280, pl. LX XXII, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common CuHaAracters.—Above black (head glossed with bluish), the quills 
spotted with white (back also varied with white in some species); a broad white 
stripe on side of head beneath eye and ear-coverts, and beneath this a more or less 
distinct black stripe; lower parts white, the sides and flanks barred with black ; 
lateral tail-feathers white (without distinct bars in American species); adult male 
with yellow patch on crown. 


1 Picus (Leuconotopicus) stricklandi Maun., Rey. Zool. viii. 1845, 373. (Not Dryobates stricklandi of the 
A. 0. U. Check List, No. 398.) 

2 Picus arizone Harairt, Ibis, April, 1886, 115 (= No. 398, “ Dryobates stricklandi Maun.” of the A. 0.U. 
Check List, but not Picus stricklandi MAun.). 

3 New subspecies; type, No. 30105, 9 ad., U.S. Nat. Mus., Sierra Nevada of Colima, April, 1863, J. Xantus. 


PICOIDES. 237 


a’. No white on back nor on top of head. 

Length about 9.50-10.00, wing 4.85-5.25, tail 3.60, culmen 1.40-1.60. Eggs 
96 x .72. Hab. Northern North America, south to northern border of 
United States, and farther on high mountain ranges, especially westward, 
where breeding on Sierra Nevada south to at least 39°. 

400. P. arcticus (Swains.). Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker, 
a’. Back (especially along middle line) varied with white, and top of head also usu- 
ally more or less mixed with white. 

b'. Back with detached white bars, always less in width than the black inter- 
spaces; white postocular streak or stripe usually indistinct, black bars 
on sides usually broader, and adult female frequently with whole top of 
head solid black—never very conspicuously varied with white. 

Wing-coverts always uniform black; length about 9.00, wing 4.40- 
4.60 (4.37), tail 3.10-3.75 (3.34), culmen 1.10-1.25 (1.17). Eggs .92 
< .70. Hab. Northern North America east of Rocky Mountains; 
south, in winter, to northern border of United States. 

401. P. americanus Brenm. American Three-toed Woodpecker. 

6’. Back with more or less confluent white bars, always broader than black 
interspaces, or else longitudinally blotched or striped with white; white 
postocular streak usually broader and more conspicuous; black bars on 
sides usually narrower, and adult female usually with top of head much 
varied with white. 

c’. Back usually distinctly barred with black (rarely continuously white 
along middle line), secondaries more distinctly spotted with white 
(sometimes wing-coverts also spotted, more or less numerously, with 
white), white spots on quills larger, and female sometimes with 
white prevailing on top of head; length about 9.50, wing 4.50-4.70 
(4.58), tail 3.10-3.75 (3.41), culmen 1.10-1.25 (1.22). Hab. Alaska, 
north of the mountains, south to Nushagak. 

401la. P. americanus alascensis (Netson). Alaskan 
Three-toed Woodpecker. 

*, Back continuously white along the middle line, with few if any black 
bars, the markings being mostly longitudinal ; secondaries less dis- 
tinctly spotted with white, white spots on quills smaller, wing 
coverts never (?) spotted or speckled with white, and adult female 
never (?) with much white streaking on top of head; length about 
9.50, wing 4.65-5.00 (4.93), tail 3.20-3.65 (3.49), culmen 1.15-1.30 
(1.26), the bill more slender than in alascensis. Hab. Rocky Moun- 
tains, north to Fort Liard, Fort Simpson, Fort Kenai, and Kadiak, 
south to New Mexico......... 401). P. americanus dorsalis Bairp. 

Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker. 


2828 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus SPHYRAPICUS Bairp. (Page 280, pl. LX XXIII, fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Common CHaAraAcTERS.—Belly plain yellowish or white; upper parts black, more 
or less varied with white, the inner webs of middle pair of tail-feathers largely or 
chiefly white. 


a’, Rump mixed black and white; belly pale sulphur-yellow, or whitish ; sexes not 
very different in color. 

6’. Chest with a black patch, and sides of head with white stripes in adult. 
Adult male with crown, forehead, chin, and throat crimson-red. Adult 
female with chin and at least part of throat (entire throat in S. varius) 
white, the forehead and crown sometimes (in individuals of S. varius) 
glossy black. 

c’. Nape brownish white. Adult male with red of throat separated from 
the white stripe on cheeks by a distinct and continuous black malar 
stripe, connecting with the black patch on chest. Adult female with 
chin and throat entirely white, and red sometimes wanting on top 
of head. Young: Black, red, and white of head, neck, and chest 
nearly or quite wanting, the general color being a dull light 
mottled brownish tint, the pattern of the adult but faintly indi- 
cated. Length 7.75-8.75, wing (male) 4.80-5.00 (4.92), tail 2.90- 
3.20 (8.07), culmen 1.00-1.08 (1.04). Eggs 88 x .67. Hab. North- 
ern and eastern North America, breeding from northern United 
States northward; south, in winter, to West Indies, Mexico (both 
coasts), and Guatemala. 

402. S. varius (Linn.). Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. 
ce’. Nape more or less tinged with red (often with a distinct red band or 
transverse patch). Adult male with red of throat extending, in 
middle portion, quite to the white cheek-stripe, the black malar 
stripe being thereby obliterated, except at extremities. Adult 
female with lower part of throat (sometimes nearly whole throat) 
red. Length 8.00-8.75, wing (male) 4.92-5.10 (5.03), tail 3.10-3.40 
(3.26), culmen .95-1.02 (.99). Eggs .90 x .67. Hab. Rocky Moun- 
tain district of United States, west to eastern slope of Sierra Nevada 

and Cascade ranges, south into mountains of Mexico. 
402a. S. varius nuchalis Bairp. Red-naped Sapsucker. 

6°. Chest without black patch, and sides of head without white stripes. 

Adult (sexes alike): Head, neck, and chest uniform red, or with white 
markings and black chest-patch of S. varius and S. nuchalis showing 
indistinctly through the plumage. Young: Similar to same stage 
of S. varius and S. nuchalis, but darker, the head, etc., usually with 
a pronounced dull purplish red suffusion. Length about 8.50-9.25, 


CEOPHLEUS. 289 


wing (male) 4.70-5.05 (4.88), tail 3.10-3.50 (3.28), culmen 1.00-1.08 
(1.03). Eggs 92x .69. Hab. Pacific coast district, south to Fort 
Tejon, California, north to southern Alaska. 
403. S. ruber (GMEL.). Red-breasted Sapsucker. 
a. Rump plain white; belly bright sulphur-yellow or lemon-yellow (except in 
young); sexes extremely dissimilar in plumage. 

Adult male: General color glossy black (with blue gloss, except on wings 
and tail), relieved by two white stripes on side of head, a large white 
patch covering middle and greater wing-coverts, and small white spots 
on quills; throat with a median stripe of bright red. Young male: 
Similar to adult, but black duller and everywhere without gloss, belly 
whitish, or very faintly yellowish, and throat-stripe white. Adult 
female: Head nearly uniform light brown, the throat sometimes (but 
rarely) with a red stripe ; sides, flanks, and upper parts regularly barred 
with black and white; no white patch on wing-coverts; chest usually 
with more or less of a black patch. Young female: Similar to adult, but 
markings less sharply defined, colors duller, the belly whitish, and chest 
without black patch. Length 9.00-9.75, wing 5.25-5.50, tail 3.80-3.90, 
culmen 1.00-1.20. Eggs .95 x .68. Hab. Western United States, from 
(and including) Rocky Mountains to Pacific coast. 

404. S. thyroideus (Cass.). Williamson’s Sapsucker. 


Genus CEOPHLCEUS Cananis. (Page 280, pl. LXXXIV,, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common CuHaracters.—General color dull brownish black, or dark sooty slate, 
the under wing-coverts, throat, and one or more stripes on side of head (including 
one down side of neck) whitish; male with whole top of head, including occipi- 
tal crest, and a broad malar stripe, bright red; female with only the crest red, the 
forehead, crown, and malar stripe being brownish or dusky. 


a. No white scapular stripe; lower parts uniform dusky, the flanks usually indis- 
tinctly barred with whitish; wing 8.90, or more. 

Adult male: Uniform dull dusky slate, varying to sooty blackish, the chin 
and throat, two stripes on side of head, one on side of neck, under 
wing-coverts, and basal half of quills, white, more or less, especially on 
hidden portions, tinged with sulphur-yellow ; whole top of head, including 
occipital crest, and a broad malar stripe, bright red. Adult female: Sim- 
ilar to the male, but malar stripe, forehead, and crown brownish gray 
or grayish brown, Length about 15.15-19.00, extent of wings 25.00- 
29.25, wing 8.90-10.00, tail 6.60-7.40, culmen 2.10-2.65. Eggs 1.28 x .95. 
Hab. Whole of North America, in heavily-wooded districts. 

405. C. pileatus (Linn.). Pileated Woodpecker. 
a’, A white scapular stripe; lower parts, posterior to breast, barred with blackisb 
37 


290 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


and pale fulvous, or brownish white; wing less than 7.50. Hab. Central 
America and Mexico, north to Mirador and Mazatlan, south to Costa Rica. 
C. scapularis (Via.). Delattre’s Woodpecker.! 


Genus MELANERPES Swainson. (Page 280, pl. LXXXYV., figs. 1-3.) 


Species. 


a. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts plain glossy blackish (grayish, indistinctly 
barred with dusky in young of M. erythrocephalus). 

b. Lower parts, rump, and upper tail-coverts white; plumage of neck and 

lower parts soft, blended ; wing less than 6.00. (Subgenus Melanerpes.) 
e. Adult male: Whole head, neck, and chest uniform rich crimson, bordered 
below, against white of breast, by black (this sometimes concealed) ; 
wing-coverts, back, and scapulars glossy blue-black; lower back, 
rump, upper tail-coverts, lower parts, and whole exposed portion of 
secondaries uniform pure white, the belly usually tinged with orange 
or reddish. Adult female: Similar to the male, but with inner secon- 
daries more or less spotted, in transverse series, with black, and black 
collar between white of breast and crimson of chest more conspicu- 
ous. Young: Head, neck, and chest brownish gray, streaked with 
dusky ; secondaries crossed near ends by one or more black bands; 
wing-coverts, scapulars, and back dull grayish, barred with dusky. 
Length about 9.25-9.75, wing 5.30-5.70, tail 3.60-3.75. Eggs .99 X 
76. Hab. Kastern United States, west to Rocky Mountains (occa- 
sionally still farther westward) ; rare or casual east of Hudson River. 
406. M. erythrocephalus (Linn.). Red-headed Woodpecker. 
ce. Adult male: Upper parts in general, ear-coverts, and broad band across 
chest, glossy greenish blue-black; feathers round base of bil, 
including chin and upper part of throat, dull black; lower parts 
generally, rump, tail-coverts, patch on base of primaries, forehead, 
and thence to lower part of throat, white, the last more or less 
tinged with sulphur-yellow (sometimes brightly of this color) ; 
crown and occiput crimson-red. Adult female: Similar to the male, 
but fore-part of crown glossy blue-black. Young: Similar to adults, 
with same sexual difference in color of crown, but colors duller. 

d@. Width of white or yellow frontal patch and black crown-patch 
in female together decidedly greater than width (longitudi- 
nally) of red occipital patch ; white or yellow frontal band not 
less than .30 wide; wing averaging decidedly more than 5.50. 

e'. Greater part, or whole, of chest streaked with white; wing 
5.30-5.90 (5.54), tail 3.10-3.60 (3.42), culmen, 1.10-1.22 
(1.16). Hab. Central America and Southeastern Mexico, 


1 Picus scapularis Vic., Zool. Jour. iv. 1828-29, 354. 


MELANERPES. 291 


south to Costa Rica, north to Jalapa, Cordoba, Tehuante- 
pec, ete. 

M. formicivorus (Swains.). Striped-breasted Woodpecker.! 
e. Greater part of chest uniform glossy black, the white streaks 
being confined to posterior half, or less; length about 
8.50-9.50, wing 5.30-6.00 (5.61), tail 3.00-4.00 (3.64), cul- 
men 1.00-1.40 (1.16). Hggs 1.00 x .75. Hab. Central, 
northern, and western Mexico and contiguous border of 
United States, from western Texas to California, and north 
along Pacific coast to southern Oregon; south, through 
western Mexico, to Jalisco (Sierra Nevada of Colima?) ; 
northern Lower California............. 407. M. formicivorus 
(43.) bairdi Ripaw. Californian Woodpecker. 
d. Width of white or yellow frontal band and black crown band in 
female together decidedly less than width (longitudinally) of 
red occipital patch; white or yellow frontal band less than .30 

wide; wing averaging decidedly less than 5.50. 

Greater part of chest streaked with white; throat usually 
decidedly brighter sulphur-yellow than in other forms; 
length about 8.25-9.00, wing 5.20-5.55 (5.38), tail 3.30-3.50 
(3.37), culmen 1.15-1.25 (1.20). Hab. Southern portion of 
Lower California... 407a. M. formicivorus angustifrons 

Barrp. Narrow-fronted Woodpecker. 
b*. Lower parts chiefly pinkish red (in adult) or grayish (in young), ramp and 
upper tail-coverts glossy blackish ; plumage of lower parts harsh, hair- 

like; wing more than 6.00. (Subgenus Asyndesmus Couns.) 

Adult (sexes alike): Upper parts, lower tail-coverts, and thighs uni- 
form dark metallic greenish, or greenish black ; fore-part of head, 
including cheeks, dark crimson; chest and collar round hind-neck 
light hoary grayish; breast, belly, sides, and flanks pinkish red, 
lighter anteriorly. Young: No red on head, which is dull blackish 
above and on cheeks, and dusky grayish on throat; chest dirty 
light grayish ; sides dusky ; belly dull reddish. Length 10.50-11.50, 
wing 6.50-6.80, tail 4.40-4.70. Hgqgs 1.03 « .80. Hab. Western 
United States, east to Black Hills and Rocky Mountains. 

408. M. torquatus (WiLson). Lewis’s Woodpecker. 

a, Back, scapulars, and wings barred with white. (Subgenus Centurus SWAINSON.) 
b'. Sides distinctly barred with blackish ; lesser wing-coverts not varied with 
white. Hab. Central America, north to southern Mexico, south to 


Veragua. 
M. pucherani (MALH.). Pucheran’s Woodpecker.’ 


b?. Sides without bars; lesser wing-coverts varied with white. 


1 Picus formicivorus SwAtns., Philos. Mag. i. 1827, 459. Melanerpes Sormicivorus Bonar., P. Z. 8. 1837, 
109. 
2 Zebrapicus pucherani MAwu., Rev. Zool, 1849, 542; Mon. Pic. ii. 1862, 227, pl. 103, figs. 1, 2. 


292 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


ce’. A blackish patch above or surrounding eye, or else (in female of M. 
hypopolius) entire occiput and hind-neck smoky brownish gray. 
d'. Hind-neck red or yellow; middle of belly red or yellow. 
e. Middle of belly yellow. 

Adult male: Crown and occiput bright red, the hind-neck 
rich orange or yellow; orbits surrounded with black, 
broader above and behind the eye; rest of head smoky 
grayish, more or less tinged anteriorly with bright 
yellow. Adult female: Similar to the male, but red of 
crown and occiput replaced by grayish, sometimes mixed 
with black posteriorly. Wing 4.50-4.90, tail 3.10-3.60, 
culmen .95-1.10. Hab. Southern and western Mexico, 
from Puebla north to Mazatlan. 

M. elegans (SwAIns.). Elegant Woodpecker.! 

e. Middle of belly red. 
jf’. Larger (wing 5.50 or more); plumage much tinged or 
stained, above and below, with ochraceous-yellow. 

Hab. Cuba. 
M. superciliaris (TEMM.). Superciliary Woodpecker.’ 
jf’. Smaller (wing less than 5.50); plumage not distinctly 

stained with ochraceous-yellow. 

g. Darker, the forehead dull white or pale smoky gray- 
ish or brownish, the nasal tufts only partly red- 
dish or yellowish, the white bars of back, etc., 
stained with pale brownish. Hab. Abaco Island, 
Bahamas. 

M. blakei Ripcw. Blake’s Woodpecker.’ 

g. Paler, the forehead pure white, the nasal tufts wholly 
bright red, white bars of back, etc., very slightly 
if at all tinged with brownish, lower parts paler, 
ete. Hab. Watling Island, Bahamas. 

M.nyeanus Ripacw. Nye’s Woodpecker. 
d*, Hind-neck soft smoky brownish gray ; middle of belly whitish. 
Adult male with a patch of red on crown and a tinge of red 
on cheeks; adult female without red on crown, and with 
red on cheeks more distinct. Hab. Southern Mexico (Pu- 
ebla, etc.). 
M. hypopolius (WAGL.). Gray-breasted Woodpecker.§ 
c?. No black over or around eye. 
d'. Middle of belly red. 


1 Picus elegans SwAtns., Philos. Mag. i. 1827, 439. Centurus elegans Gray, Gen. B. ii. 1849, 442. 

2 Picus superciliaris TemM., Pl. Col. livr. 73, 1827, pl. 483. Centurus superciliaris Bonap., Consp. i. 1850, 
118. 

3 Centurus blakei Ripew., Auk, iii. July, 1886, 337. 

4 Centurus nyeanus Ripew., Auk, iii. July, 1886, 336. 

5 Picus hypopolius WaAGt., Isis, 1829, 514. Centurus hypopolius Licut., Nomencl. 1854, 76. 


MELANERPES. 293 


e’. Larger (wing 4.85 to more than 5.00); frontlet (nasal tufts) 
red. 
fi. Middle tail-feathers varied with white; red of crown in 
male confluent with that of nasal tufts; belly paler 
red, or pinkish red. Adult male: Whole top of head 
and hind-neck bright red. Adult female: Similar to 
male, but crownash-gray. Young: With colors much 
duller than in adult, and all the markings less sharply 
defined; the red of the head indistinct, that of the 
belly often replaced by dull buffy. Length (fresh) 
9.00-10.10, wing 4.85-5.50, tail 3.50-3.95, culmen 1.00- 
1.20. Eggs 99.73. Hab. Eastern United States, 
west to eastern base of Rocky Mountains, south to 
Florida and central Texas; rare or accidental east of 
Hudson River. 
409. M. carolinus (Linn.). Red-bellied Woodpecker. 
f*. Middle tail-feathers entirely uniform black; white bars 
of back, etc., very much narrower than black ones; 
red of crown in adult male separated from that of 
nasal tufts by a white band; middle of belly intense 
red. 
g. Rump and upper tail-coverts immaculate white; 
lower parts paler. Hab. Yucatan. 
M. dubius (CABoT). Uxmal Woodpecker.! 
g. Rump and upper tail-coverts more or less barred or 
otherwise marked with black; lower parts darker. 
Hab. Cozumel Island, Yucatan. 
M. leei Rripagw. Lee’s Woodpecker.? 
e. Smaller (wing less than 4.50); frontlet (nasal tufts) yellow. 
(Otherwise similar in color to M. dubius, but middle tail- 
feathers more or less varied with white toward base.) 
f*. Larger and lighter colored, with less white on middle 
tail-feathers ; wing 4.20-4.40. Hab. Yucatan. 
M. rubriventris (SwArINs.). Swainson’s Woodpecker.’ 
f?. Smaller and darker, with more white on middle tail- 
feathers; wing 3.80-3.95. Hab. Cozumel Island, 
Yucatan. 
M. pygmezus Ripew. Pygmy Woodpecker.‘ 
d’. Middle of belly yellow or (rarely) orange. 
e’. Hind-neck yellow, orange, or orange-red. 
f*. Bars on back, etc., narrow, the white ones decidedly nar- 


1 Picus dubius Casot, Jour. Boston Soc. v. 1845, 91. 

1 Centurus leet Ripew., Descr. N. Sp. B. Cozumel, Feb. 26, 1885, 2. 

3 Centurus rubriventris Swarns., Anim. in Menag. 1838, 354. 

4 Centurus rubriventris pygmeus Ripew., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. Oct. 17, 1885, 576. 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


rower than the black ones; breast, etc., deep smoky 
gray, or olive-gray ; adult male with red crown-patch 
usually confluent with orange or orange-red of nape; 
middle tail-feathers usually varied with white. Hab. 
Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, and southern Mexico, 
north to Jalapa and Mirador. 
M. santa-cruzi (Bonap.). Santa Cruz’s Woodpecker.! 
f*. Bars on back, ete., broader, the white ones equal to black 
ones in width; breast, etc., pale brownish gray or dull 
grayish white; adult male with red crown-patch usu- 
ally entirely surrounded by ash-gray-—rarely confluent 
with the orange, orange-red, or yellow of nape; middle 
tail-feather always (?) entirely black. 

Adult male: Crown with a bright red patch, usually 
surrounded by pale grayish (paler, sometimes 
nearly white, across forehead), but sometimes con- 
fluent posteriorly, along the median line, with the 
orange of the hind-neck; frontlet bright yellow. 
Adult female: Similar to the male, but crown en- 
tirely light grayish (paler anteriorly), the yellow 
of frontlet and belly and orange or yellow of hind- 
neck paler. Young: Much duller in colors than 
adult, the markings much less sharply defined, 
and the bright colors of head but faintly indi- 
cated; breast indistinctly streaked with dusky. 
Wing 5.20-5.65, tail 3.40-3.75, culmen 1.20-1.40. 
Eggs 1.02 X .77. Hab. Northeastern Mexico and 
southern Texas....... 410. M. aurifrons (Wadat.). 

Golden-fronted Woodpecker. 
é. Hind-neck soft light grayish brown, or smoky drab. 

Rump and upper tail-coverts regularly barred with black. 
Adult male: Head, neck, and most of lower parts uni- 
form soft smoky drab or light grayish brown, the 
middle of the crown with a crimson patch. Adult 
female: Similar to the male, but no red on crown. 
Young: Not essentially different from adult, but 
markings less sharply defined, and colors duller. 
Wing 5.00-5.30, tail 3.50-3.90, culmen .95-1.25. Lggs 
96 X .71. Hab. Southern Arizona, southeastern Cali- 
fornia, Lower California, and western Mexico, south 
to Mazatlan. 

411. M. uropygialis (Barrp). Gila Woodpecker. 


1 Venturus santa-cruzi Bonap., P. Z. 8. 1837, 116. 


COLAPTES. 295 


Grnus COLAPTES Swainson. (Page 280, pl. LXXXVI.,, fig. 2.) 


Species. 

Common Cuaracters.—Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts brownish, barred 
with black; rump and upper tail-coverts white, the latter broadly barred or 
otherwise marked with black; outer surface of quills and upper surface of tail- 
feathers black, the shafts of these feathers bright yellow or red; under surface 
of quills and tail-feathers paler yellow or reddish, the latter with a broad black 
terminal band; lower parts pale vinaceous, marked with small roundish or 
cordate spots of black, the chest with a large transverse, somewhat crescentic, 
patch of black. Adult males with a broad malar stripe, or ‘‘ mustache,” of black or 
red. 


a’. Shafts, etc., yellow. 
6. Occiput with ared patch; throat light pinkish cinnamon, or vinaceous ; top 
of head grayish; male with the “mustache” deep black. 

c. Rump immaculate white; length 12.00-12.75, wing 5.50-6.60 (6.15), 
tail 4.00-4.95 (4.45), exposed culmen 1.25-1.40 (1.33). Hggs 1.10 X 
85. Hab. Eastern North America, north to Hudson’s Bay and 

Alaska (Yukon Valley, to Sitka), west to Great Plains. 
412. C. auratus (Linn.). Flicker. 
ce, Rump thickly spotted with black; wing 5.35-5.75, tail 4.30-4.80. Hab. 

Cuba. 


C. chrysocaulosus GuNDL. Cuban Flicker.! 

b%. Occiput without any red; throat ash-gray; top of head cinnamon-brown ; 
“mustache” of male bright red; length 11.20-11.70, wing 5.35-6.15 
(5.75), tail 3.75-4.30 (4.05), exposed culmen 1.30-1.55 (1.38). Eggs 1.14 
x .85. Hab. Southeastern California, Lower California, southern Ari- 
zona, and Sonora........... 414. C. chrysoides (Matu.). Gilded Flicker. 

a’, Shafts, etc., red. 

6. Top of head dull brown, grayish brown, or brownish gray, becoming per- 
ceptibly grayer (or less distinctly brown) on hind-neck, more rusty or 
cinnamon-colored on forehead, lores, and superciliary region ; rump usu- 
ally immaculate white; back, ete., grayish brown, varying to a burnt- 
umber tint, narrowly barred with black, these bars always much nar- 
rower than the brown interspaces; “mustache” of male bright scarlet. 

cl, Exposed culmen usually much less than 1.60; wing averaging decidedly 
more than 6.25; crown grayish brown, or brownish gray, becoming 
browner anteriorly ; rump pure white, or slightly tinged with deli- 
cate pinkish; shafts pure orange-vermilion, or scarlet, the inner 
webs of quills and under surface of tail deep pinkish red, varying 

to orange-red. 
d', Lighter colored, with back grayish brown, lower parts pale vina- 


1 Colaptes chrysocaulosus GuNDu., Ann. Lye. N, Y. vi. 1858, 273. 


296 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


ceous, or vinaceous-white, throat ash-gray, and crown light 
erayish brown or brownish gray; length 12.75-14.00, wing 
6.45-7.15 (6.66), tail 4.40-5.20 (4.86), exposed culmen 1.34-1.53 
(1.46). Eggs 112.85. Hab. Whole of western United 
States and table-lands of Mexico, except northwest coast and 
Lower California; east to Rocky Mountains (occasionally 
across Great Plains to Kansas). 

413. C. cafer (GmEL.). Red-shafted Flicker. 


d’. Darker, with back deeper brown (sometimes of a warm burnt- 


umber tint), lower parts deeper vinaceous, throat deeper ash- 
gray (sometimes almost plumbeous), and top of head deeper 
brownish ; wing 6.35-7.00 (6.63), tail 4.70-5.20 (5.01), exposed 
culmen 1.35-1.60 (1.47). Hab. Northwest coast, north to 
Sitka, south to northern California (chiefly in coast district). 
413a. C. cafer saturatior Ripaw. Northwestern Flicker. 


c’. Exposed culmen not less than 1.60, the bill slenderer and more curved ; 
wing averaging less than 6.25; crown cinnamon-brown, becoming 
deep cinnamon anteriorly ; rump vinaceous-white; shafts red-lead 
color, the under surface of quills and tail a paler shade of the 


same. 
Wing 5.90-6.25 (6.05), tail 4.50-5.00 (4.72), exposed culmen 1.60- 


1.85 (1.70). Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 
415. C. rufipileus Ripncw. Guadalupe Flicker. 


b°. Entire top of head and hind-neck uniform deep cinnamon, strongly and very 
abruptly contrasted with ash-gray of ear-coverts, etc.; rump distinctly 
spotted with black; back, etc., light cinnamon-brown, broadly barred 
with black, these bars about the same width as the lighter interspaces ; 
“mustache” of male carmine-red; size about the same as in C. cafer. 
Hab. Guatemala. 


C. mexicanoides LArr. Guatemalan Flicker.? 


1Tt may hereafter prove expedient to separate the birds of the United States from those of Mexico as repre- 
senting a geographical race. Eight specimens from Mexico (Valley of Mexico, Mirador, Saltillo, Puebla, etc.) 
are much smaller than northern examples, and with a single exception (an example from Saltillo, Coahuila) 
have the black bars on the back, ete., much narrower. The extreme and average measurements of this series 
are as follows: wing 5.90-6.50 (6.13), tail 4.00-4.70 (4.41), exposed culmen 1.20-1.40 (1.30). If separated, the 
United States bird would have to be called C. cafer collaris (Vie.), the Colaptes collaris of Vieors (Zool. Jour. 
iv. 1829, 384; Zool. Beechey’s Voy. 1839, 24, pl. 9) having been based on specimens from Monterey, Cali- 


fornia. 


2 Colaptes mexicanoides LAFR., Rev. Zool. 1844, 42. 


CAPRIMULGIDZ.. 297 


Orver MACROCHIRES.—Tue Goatsucxers, 


SwIFTS, ETC. (Page 2.) 


Families. 


a‘, Secondaries more than six; bill short, very broad at base, the gape deeply cleft ; 
plumage not metallic. 

b'. Middle toe much longer than lateral toes, its claw with inner edge pecti- 
nated; gape more or less distinctly bristled; plumage much spotted, 
the feathers soft, with downy or moth-like surface. (Suborder Capri- 
PRILUGU Vee sis oaisiovs Ss's saeiinte'sleniseneciosigns coer ses do 4 Caprimulgidz. (Page 297.) 

b%. Middle toe not distinctly longer than lateral toes, its claw with edge not 
pectinated; gape without bristles; plumage plain and compact, the 
feathers with smooth surface. (Suborder Cypseli.) 

Micropodide. (Page 302.) 

a*, Secondaries only six; bill long as head, or longer, slender, the gape not deeply 
cleft; plumage more or less metallic. (Suborder Trochili.) 

Trochilidz. (Page 303.) 


Famity CAPRIMULGIDA.—Tue Goarsucxers. (Page 297.) 


(99s deposited on bare ground, dead leaves, gravel, or sand, 2, broadly ellip- 
tical-oval, plain or spotted.) 


Genera. 


a’. Gape without conspicuous bristles; tail emarginated. 
Chordeiles. (Page 300.) 

a’. Gape with conspicuous bristles; tail even or rounded. 
b'. Tarsus shorter than middle toe, and feathered in front almost to the toes; 
first quill longer than fourth .................. Antrostomus. (Page 298.) 
b?, Tarsus longer than middle toe, entirely naked in front; first quill shorter 

than fourth. 

et, Tail even, much shorter than wing, the latter less than 6.00; quills 
Wathoutywhite: patch: ss. .cs.cgoscsss sacle Phalznoptilus. (Page 299.) 
ce. Tail much rounded, nearly equal to or longer than wing, the latter 6.00 
or more; quills with a white patch... Nyctidromus. (Page 300.) 


298 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus ANTROSTOMUS Govtp. (Page 297, pl. LXXXVII, fig. 1; pl. 
LXXXVIILI., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common CHaracters.— Upper parts brownish and grayish, much mottled and 
otherwise varied with blackish ; outer webs of quills spotted with ochraceous, but 
(in North American species) without any white spot; lower parts pale fulvous or 
buffy, mottled or barred with dusky; throat with a white, ochraceous, or buffy 
transverse patch; tail of male with white on terminal portion of inner webs. 


a. Bristles of gape with lateral filaments. 

Adult male: Terminal third, or more, of three outer tail-feathers white, 
or buffy. Adult female: Outer tail-feathers without any white or buffy 
patch; length about 11.00-12.00, wing 8.70-8.90, tail 6.25-630. Eggs 
deposited on ground or dead leaves in woods, 1.41 X 1.01, pale pinkish 
buff, marbled with pale brown and lilac-gray. Hab. Southern Atlantic 
and Gulf States and lower Mississippi Valley, north to Virginia and 
southern Illinois..... 416. A. carolinensis (GMEL.). Chuck-will’s-widow. 

a. Bristles of gape without lateral filaments. 

b. Nostrils large, opening vertically from out a nearly circular tubular case ; 
rictal bristles very large and much lengthened, extending nearly half 
their length beyond tip of bill; top of head with ground-color distinctly 
brownish, the whole surface marked with broad, serrate-edged streaks 
of black; adult males with white tail-patches occupying less than ter- 
minal third of three or four outer feathers, and decreasing in extent 
from exterior feather. 

c’. Wing 7.00, or more; four outer tail-feathers tipped with white in male, 

three outer ones tipped with buff in female; length about 10.50- 
11.00, wing 7.00-7.25, tail 5.50-5.70, longer rictal bristles 1.80-2.00. 
Hab. Cuba. 


A. cubanensis Lawr. Cuban Whippoorwill.! 

ce’. Wing less than 7.00; three outer tail-feathers tipped with white in 

male, with buff in female; length about 10.00, wing 6.60-6.70, tail 

5.20-5.35, longer rictal bristles about 1.20-1.40. Hab. Eastern Mexico 
(Mirador, La Parada, ete.). 

A. salvini (HARTERT). Mexican Whippoorwill.? 

b?, Nostrils small, inconspicuous, not distinctly raised above general level of 

base of bill; rictal bristles much weaker, reaching less than half their 

length beyond tip of bill; top of head more or less distinctly grayish, 

narrowly streaked laterally, and very broadly streaked medially, with 

black; adult male with white tail-patch occupying more than terminal 


1 Antrostomus cubanensis LAwR., Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. May, 1860, 260. 
2 Caprimulgus salvini HARTERT, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvi. 1892, 568. 


PHALANOPTILUS. 299 


third of three outer tail-feathers, and increasing in extent from exterior 
feather. 

c. Smaller, with white tail-patch of male more extended, throat-bar 
chiefly or wholly white in adult male, the lores and auriculars less 
tawny. Young: Scapulars, wing-coverts, sides of neck, etc., bright 
ochraceous-buff, the first marked with large roundish spots of 
black; top of head finely mottled grayish, spotted, instead of 
marked longitudinally, with black, the spots larger in centre of 
crown ; lower parts almost plain light buffy ; otherwise, essentially 
like adult. Length about 9.50-10.00, wing 5.80-6.70, tail 5.10-6.50, 
longer rictal bristles about 1.40-1.70 (but much slenderer than in 
A. macromystax). Eggs deposited on ground or dead leaves in woods, 
1.15 x .84, creamy white or pure white, spotted or blotched with 
lilac-gray, or lilac-gray and pale brown. Hab. Eastern United 
States, north to British Provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, 
Manitoba, ete.), west to edge of Great Plains; south, in winter, 
through eastern Mexico to Guatemala. 

417. A. vociferus (Wits.). Whippoorwill. 

e. Larger, with white tail-patch of adult male less extended, throat-bar 
largely or entirely ochraceous in adult male, the lores and auriculars 
(whole plumage, in fact) more tawny; length 9.60-10.20, wing 6.27- 
6.65, tail 5.03-5.45, longer rictal bristles about 1.40-1.80. Hab. Table- 
lands of central Mexico, north to southern Arizona. 

417a. A. vociferus macromystax (WaGL.). 
Stephens’s Whippoorwill. 


Genus PHALAZNOPTILUS Rineway. (Page 297, pl. LXXXIX., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Top of head soft velvety grayish, barred with dusky; under tail- 
coverts plain buff; upper parts in general soft brownish gray, with a very velvety, 
moth-like surface, relieved by irregular spottings and zigzags of black, the outer 
webs of the quills spotted with deep buff, or ochraceous ; throat with a large trans- 
verse patch of white; other lower parts (except tail-coverts) barred with blackish 
and light buffy; tail-feathers (except middle pair) broadly tipped with white. 
Adult female: Similar to the male, but usually with white tips to tail-feathers nar- 
rower. Young: Much like adult, but colors above more silvery gray, mixed more 
or less with bright rusty or ochraceous, the black markings smaller and less dis- 
tinct, the white of throat and tail reduced in extent, and tinged with ochraceous 
or rusty. Length 7.25-8.50, wing 5.60-5.75, tail 3.70-3.90. Eggs deposited on 
ground in open places, .99 x .75, plain dead white, usually with a faint buffy or 
pinkish tinge. Hab. Western United States, east to across Great Plains, south to 
BO MPMETN WOR COrsscsas.cetes dec qcswesarccceceesatse verses 418. P. nuttalli (Aupb.). Poorwill. 
(44.) 


300 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus NYCTIDROMUS Goutp. (Page 297, pl. LXXXVIILI,, fig. 2.) 
Species. 


Adult male: Above finely mottled brownish gray or brownish, the crown with 
a central series of broad black streaks, the scapulars handsomely variegated with 
black and buff in large, somewhat V-shaped, markings; base of six outer primaries 
white, forming a large patch over both webs, the rest of the quills plain dusky ; 
outer tail-feathers nearly uniform blackish; next mostly white, with outer web 
chiefly dusky; third also mostly white, the outer web edged with dusky ; four 
middle tail-feathers without any white, their ground-color mottled brownish gray, 
relieved by irregular “ herring-bone” blotches of dusky along the shaft; lower parts 
buffy, regularly barred with dusky, the throat crossed by a distinct collar of pure 
white ; length 12.00-13.50, wing 6.75-7.50, tail 6.75-7.40. Adult female: Similar to 
the male, but smaller, more brownish, the colors duller and less handsomely con- 
trasted, the white of quills and tail-feathers more restricted, that of former occu- 
pying only four outer quills, of latter occupying only terminal portion (for .75- 
1.75) of the inner webs of second and third feathers, the blackish basal portion of 
which is broadly, though more or less irregularly, barred and mottled with ochra- 
ceous; length about 10.50-11.50, wing 6.00-6.30, tail 5.80-6.00. Young: Much 
paler than adult, the lower parts nearly immaculate pale dull buffy, the wing- 
coverts and tertials with this color prevailing; dark markings on top of head in 
form of somewhat triangular, drop-shaped, or diamond-shaped spots, each imme- 
diately surrounded by a paler tint than the general surface ; sexes distinguished as 
in adult stages. Hygs deposited on ground or dead leaves in woods or thickets, 
1.23 x .89, deep pinkish buff, or salmon-buff, sparsely speckled or spotted with rusty 
or cinnamon. Hab Southern Mexico and north to lower Rio Grande Valley in 
MOMAB2 isnt asececce se sanensseeeewanmeehoateeens 419. N. albicollis merrilli Senn. Parauque. 


Genus CHORDEILES Swainson. (Page 297, pl. LXXXVIL., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common CuHaractTEers.—Above mottled with blackish and grayish (sometimes 
varied, more or less, with ochraceous), the tail more or less distinctly banded with 
dusky ; quills chiefly plain dusky, several of the longer ones marked near the 
middle portion with a more or less extensive white or buffy spot; lower parts 
whitish or buffy, barred with dusky, the throat with a more or less conspicuous 
A-shaped white or buffy patch ; adult males with a broad bar of white across tail 
near tip (except on middle feathers). Young: Much more finely and profusely 
mottled than in adults, with less of dusky above and dusky bars on lower parts less 
distinct ; upper parts often more or less suffused or mixed (especially in C. texensis 
and C. virginianus henryi) with pale cinnamon or rusty buff. 


a, White or (rarely) buffy spot or patch on quills situated mainly or wholly 
anterior to tip of seventh quill, the space between this white patch and the 


CHORDEILES. 301 


primary coverts unspotted dusky; secondaries not distinctly, if at all, 
spotted with buffy or ochraceous; general color above very variable, but 
with dusky markings rarely distinctly longitudinal, or streak-like; first 
quill usually longest. 

b. Darker, with dusky markings predominating above. 

c. Larger: Wing 7.30-8.25 (7.79), tail 4.30-4.75 (4.52). Eggs deposited in 
open situations (fields, etc.), 1.18 x .86, pale olive-buff, buffy white, 
grayish white, etc., thickly speckled and dashed, in varying char- 
acter and quantity, with deep brown, olive, or even blackish, usually 
mixed with clouding or marbling of pale purplish gray. Hab. 
Eastern North America, north to Hudson’s Bay, west to edge of 
Great Plains (to Pacific coast along northern border of United 
States); south, in winter, to Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica (breeds ?), 
Middle America, and portions of eastern South America. 

420. C. virginianus (GmMEL.). Nighthawk. 
ce. Smaller: Wing 6.60-7.25, tail 3.85-4.30.. Eggs 1.13 x .80, the markings 
averaging bolder and darker than in C. virginianus. Hab. Southern 
Florida, Cuba, and Jamaica. 

(45.) 420b. C. virginianus minor (Cas.). Cuban Nighthawk. 
6%. Paler, with light grayish, buffy, or ochraceous markings predominating 
on upper parts; length 9.15-10.00, wing 7.65-8.50 (7.89), tail 4.25-4.95 
(4.59). Hggs 1.18 X .85, averaging paler than those of true C. virgini- 
anus. Hab. Western United States, east, occasionally, to western and 

northern Illinois, south to table-lands of Mexico. 
420a. C. virginianus henryi (Cass.). Western Nighthawk. 
a’, White (or buffy) spot or patch on quills situated usually mainly or wholly pos- 
terior to tip of seventh quill, the space between this patch and the primary 
coverts usually distinctly spotted with buff or ochraceous; secondaries con- 
spicuously spotted with ochraceous; general color above dull grayish, mot- 
tled and streaked with dusky ; first quill usually shorter than second; length 
about 8.00-9.00, wing 6.60-7.30 (7.11), tail 4.10-4.75 (4.37). Eggs 1.06 x 
.77, dull white, grayish white, etc., finely speckled with olive or vandyke- 
brown (averaging much paler in coloration than eggs of C. virginianus henry?). 
Hab. Southwestern border of United States (Texas to southern Utah and 

California), and south to Costa Rica. 

421. C. acutipennis texensis (Lawr.). Texan Nighthawk. 


1 Florida specimens are not quite typical, being larger than those from Cuba or Jamaica, and, asa rule, with 
less ochraceous in their plumage. Four Florida specimens (Miami, Marco, and Clearwater), compared with four 
from Jamaica and two from Cuba, measure as follows: 

Florida specimens : Wing 7.00-7.25 (7.15), tail 4.10-4.30 (4.13). 

Cuban specimens : Wing 6.75-7.00 (6.88), tail 4.00-4.30 (4,15). 

Jamaican specimens: Wing 6.60-7.00 (6.80), tail 3.85-4.00 (3.95). 


302 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Famity MICROPODID.—Tue Swirts. (Page 297.) 


Genera. 


a‘. Tarsi and part of toes feathered, the hind-toe directed either forward or laterally, 
not backward. (Subfamily Micropodine.)......... Aéronautes. (Page 303.) 
a’. Tarsi and toes naked, the hind-toe directed backward. (Subfamily Cheturine.) 
b'. Tail rounded, or even, the feathers usually with distinct spinous points; 
wie Medsathan 0-50)... .c.dccscusenscacciceceeemeeee creas Chetura. (Page 302.) 

6%. Tail slightly forked, or emarginate. 
c’. Tail-feathers without spinous points; wing less than 7.00; no white 


OCS Brena adores nooGanicnachoc- os sa soodaaccceedc Cypseloides. (Page 302.) 
c’. Tail-feathers with distinct, though small, spinous points; wing 8.00 or 
TMOLG $14) WTEC! COAT re caromcveduaccseesecuscuceetaeeeeeetete Hemiprocne. 


Genus CYPSELOIDES Srrevset. (Page 302, pl. LXXXIX., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Adult: Uniform dusky or blackish, becoming more sooty grayish on head and 
neck, the forehead more hoary. Young: Similar, but feathers bordered terminally 
with whitish. Length about 7.00-7.50, wing 6.50-7.50, tail 2.30-3.00. Hab. 
Western United States (north to Colorado, Nevada, and British Columbia), and 
south to Costa Rica; Jamaica, Haiti, and other West India islands. 

422. C. niger (GmMEL.). Black Swift. 


Genus CHAZ TURA SrTEpHENS. (Page 302, pl. LXXXIX., fig. 3.) 
Species. 


Common CHaAraActEers.—Plain dusky, or dark sooty grayish, above, the wings 
darker, the rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail usually paler; lower parts plain sooty 
grayish, darker posteriorly, paler (sometimes dull whitish or whitish gray) ante- 
riorly. Or else, uniform sooty, the throat not paler (C. brunneitorques, 2), or black- 
ish, with broad collar of rufous round neck (C. brunneitorques, % ). 


a’. Throat distinctly paler than other parts; male without rufous collar. 
b'. Wing 5.00, or more. 
Length about 4.75-5.50, wing 5.90-5.25, tail (including spines) 1.90- 
2.15. Nest a shallow halfsaucer-shaped structure of dried twigs, 
glued together with the bird’s saliva, and with the same adhesive sub- 
stance fastened to the inside of a hollow tree (with the entrance from 
above), a disused chimney, or similar place. Eggs 4-6, .79 X .52, ellip- 


1 Hemiproene Nirzscu, Pterylog. 1840, 123. Type, by elimination, Hirundo zonaris SHAw. 
This genus includes two Mexican species—the largest members of the family—either of which may possibly 
occur as a straggler within our southwestern border. 


MICROPUS. 303 


tical-ovate, plain pure white. Hab. Eastern North America, north 

to Labrador and to 50° in the interior, west to edge of Great 

Plains. 5: icteeotecdstsessenes 423. C,. pelagica (Linn.). Chimney Swift. 
b?. Wing decidedly less than 5.00. 

c’. Rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail light sooty grayish, very much 
lighter than the olive-dusky back; breast and belly light sooty 
grayish; length about 4.15-4.50, wing 4.30-4.75, tail (including 
spines) 1.50-1.90. Nest like that of C. pelagica, but only (?) in hol- 
low trees. Eggs .71 X 49. Hab. Western United States (chiefly 
Pacific coast), north to British Columbia; south, in winter, to 
Guatemala...... eenteagnecene 424. C. vauxii (Towns.). Vaux’s Swift. 

c’. Upper parts entirely blackish (very slightly paler on rump, etc.), glossed 
with olive-greenish on back and with bluish on wings; breast and 
belly deep sooty grayish brown; wing 4.20-4.60, tail (including 
spines) 1.70-1.75.1 Hab. Southern Mexico (Yucatan, including 
Cozumel, Tehuantepec, etc.), Guatemala, and south to Costa Rica. 

C. gaumeri LAwr. Gaumer’s Chimney Swift.? 
a*. Throat not paler than rest of under parts; male with a broad collar of rufous 
round neck ; length about 4.75-5.00, wing 4.80-5.20, tail 1.80-2.10. Hab. Cen- 
tral America, north to eastern Mexico (Orizaba), south to Ecuador. 
C. brunneitorques LAarr. Lafresnaye’s Chimney Swift.’ 


Genus AERONAUTES Harrerr! (Page 302, pl. LXXXIX., fig. 4.) 
Species. 

Above dull blackish, usually becoming lighter and grayer on forehead; sides 
and under tail-coverts also dull blackish; other lower parts, tips of secondaries 
(outer webs only), and a patch on each side of rump, white; length 6.50-7.00, wing 
5.30-5.90, tail 2.50-2.70. Hab. Western United States (in mountains), and south to 
GUIALCMALAs 5.6.0<se0.0s000000 425. A. melanoleucus (Barrp). White-throated Swift. 


Famity TROCHILIDA.—Tue Humminasirps. (Page 297.) 


(Nest a beautifully felted cup-shaped structure, composed of plant-down, 
spiders’ webs, lichens, etc.—the last exteriorly, the first internally. Zyqs 2, ellipti- 
cal-ovate or elliptical-oval, large in proportion to size of the bird, plain pure white.) 

Genera? 


a‘. Anterior toes united for basal half; bill much compressed (except at base), about 


1 These spines usually worn entirely off in Yucatan specimens. 

2 Chetura gaumeri Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci. ii. No. 8, March, 1882, 245, 

3 Chetura brunneitorques LAFR., Rey. Zool. 1844, 81. 

4 Aéronautes Harter, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvi. 1892, 459. Type, Cypselus melanoleucus BAtrp. 

5 Characters of all the Mexican genera are given, for the reason that almost any species of Hummingbird 
found on the table-lands or mountains of Mexico may reasonably be expected to occur within our borders. In 


304 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


two-thirds as long as wing, decidedly arched ; tail graduated, the middle pair 
of feathers much longer than the others, all tipped with white. 
Plumage very dull, almost devoid of metallic colors.............. Pheethornis.. 
a*, Anterior toes all cleft to the base; bill never much compressed (usually broader 
than deep), less than two-thirds as long a8 wing (except in Calothorax and 
some species of Doricha), usually nearly straight (distinctly curved only in 
Campylopterus, Lampornis, Calothorax, and some species of Doricha); tail va- 
riable in form, but, if graduated, the middle pair of feathers neither elongated 
nor white-tipped. 
b'. Inner webs of two outer tail-feathers white, except at end. 
Secondaries rufous, tipped with darker; wing about 2.10-2.40. 
Eupherusa? 
6’. Inner web of two outer tail-feathers without white, except sometimes 
at tip. 
c’. Exposed culmen not more than .45; tail even, two-thirds as long as 
wing, the latter 1.75-2.00........ errs sibSeRisotiellspblesie es sisids osre'e eMC IU Reta 
c’, Exposed culmen decidedly more than .45. 
da‘, Tail nearly as long as wing, wedge-shaped, with feathers broad and 
rounded at tips; shafts of three outer quills much (sometimes 
enormously) thickened ; wing about 2.60...... .... Sphenoproctus. 
d’, Tail much shorter than wing; if wedge-shaped, the feathers narrow 
and pointed at tips. 
e'. Exposed culmen less than one-fourth as long as wing. 

Quills and secondaries rufous, with darker tips or termi- 
nal margins; tail plain dark purplish, tipped with dull 
light grayish in female; male with throat purplish 
red, the remaining under parts rich purplish blue; wing 
about-2.60=3.20)., « cc<icens saeaonaeceoccetens Lamprolaimas 

e. Exposed culmen more than one-fourth as long as wing. 
jf’. Exposed culmen one-half as long as wing, or longer. 
g. Wing 2.20, or more; tail rounded, the feathers 


fact, at least two of them (Lamprolaima rhami ? and Campylopterus hemileucurus ?) have probably already been 
seen by ornithologists. (See last foot-notes on pages 304 and 305.) 

1 Phethornis Swatns., Zool. Jour. 1827, 357. Type, Trochilus superciliosus Linn. (Two species in southern 
Mexico, and numerous species farther south.) 

2 Eupherusa Goutp, Mon. Troch. pt. xiv.1857. Type Ornismya eximia DELaTTR. (One species in southern 
Mexico, another in Guatemala, a third in Costa Rica and Veragua.) 

3 Abeillia Bonap., Consp. i. 1850, 79. Type, Ornismya abeillei DeLATTR. (One species in southern 
Mexico and Central America.) 

* Sphenoproctus Cas. & Hety., Mus. Hein. iii. 1860, 11. Type, Ornismya pampa Less. (One species in 
southern Mexico, another in Guatemala.) 

5 Lamprolaima Reicn., Aufz. der Colib. 1853, 9. Type Ornismya rhami Less. (One species in highlands of 
Mexico and Guatemala. This is possibly the species referred to in “ Birds of the North-West,” p. 273, but 
erroneously identified by Dr. Coues as Eugenes fulgens, as follows :—“ Mrs. Maxwell, of Boulder [Colorado], 

. informs me that she has seen on two or three occasions a Hummingbird with a flaming-red throat and 
breast, much larger than the present species [Selasphorus platycercus], a straggler from Mexico, perhaps, as yet 
undetected within the limits of the United States.”) 


TROCHILID. 305 


broad; bill long, stout, and straight, nearly as 
long as tail; outer tail-feathers tipped with white 
IND Oth BORCK..t55 sacewesinesrnscesee PeeceataccoslCOTICOLan 

g. Wing less than 2.00 (1.30-1.70) ; tail forked in males, 
double-rounded in females; bill slender, distinctly 
curved (except in two or three species of Doricha); 
outer tail-feathers tipped with white only in fe- 
males; wing about 1.30-1.70. 

hi. Tail shorter than wing or exposed culmen, the 
feathers pointed in adult males. 
Calothorax. (Page 316.)? 
h?, Tail longer than wing, or else longer than ex- 
posed culmen, the feathers not pointed in 
GIGHET SOX: :.svscnoecas vee sites ueumeare wee. Doricha} 
f*. Exposed culmen less than half as long as wing. 

g'. Tail 2.25, or more, rounded, feathers very broad, the 
three outermost broadly tipped with white in both 
sexes; shafts of three outer quills very strong, 
often enormously thickened; wing 2.90-3.20; 
adult male (of the Mexican species) with head, 
neck, and lower parts rich metallic violet or 
violet-blue, the female gray beneath, with blue 
CHTOR apa de sesacaetouse san toideosuteice Campylopterus.* 

g’. Tail less than 2.25. 

kh‘. Tail more than three-fourths as long as wing, 
forked for more than one-fourth its length, 
the feathers broad and rounded at tips; adult 
males wholly bright green beneath, the tail 
blue-black, or bronze-black. 

(. Middle tail-feathers blue-black, like the rest 
(tipped with dull grayish in Mexican 
species); females and young males with 
outer tail-feathers grayish white, or pale 


1 Floricola Exxtiot, Class. & Synop. Troch. Sept. 1878, 82. Type, Trochilus longirostris ViEILu. (Two 
species inhabiting pine forests of Mexican highlands, another in Guatemala, two or three others in mountains 
of northern South America.) 

27As a subgenus of 7rochilus, in accordance with the A. 0. U. Check List, but in reality a very distinct 
genus. 

3 Doricha Retcu., Aufz. der Colib. 1853, 12. Type, Trochilus enicurus VieEILL. (One Mexican, one Guate- 
malan, and two Bahaman species.) 

4 Campylopterus Swatns., Zool. Jour. 1826, 328. Type, Trochilus largipennis Bopp. (One Mexican species, 
—a splendid bird,—one peculiar to Guatemala, and several in northern South America. The first, C. hemileu- 
curus (Licut.), is the largest hummingbird found north of the Isthmus of Panama, being nearly six inches in 
length. It is very possibly the species to which Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, U.S.A., refers in a letter dated June 9, 
1886, as having been seen by him the day before, near Fort Wingate, New Mexico, and which he described as 
being “fully large enough for Zugenes fulgens, and whirred like an old quail.” 

39 


306 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


grayish, at tip and base, blue-black in 
middle portion... .s.csc-.-cees Chlorostilbon. 

#. Middle tail-feathers bronzy ; females and young 
males without grayish base or tip to outer 
tail-feathers........... ceosccssoess PORTIS 

h*. Tail less than three-fourths as long as wing, 
variously shaped, but never forked for more 
than one-fourth its length; adult males vari- 
ously colored, but never entirely green, 
beneath. 

?. Lower parts pure white, the sides sometimes 
green, or spotted with green; sexes 
alike. 

j’. Exposed culmen decidedly more than 
half as long as tail; top of head 
usually metallic blue or violet. 

Uranomitra$ 

j. Exposed culmen not more than half as 
long as tail; top of head never blue 
Or Vidleti. hada eenwetcetcsecen Agyrtria.4 

@. Lower parts never pure white. 

j. Tail bright bluish green or greenish blue, 
crossed near end by a broad band of 
blue-black. 

Breast and sides of head deep blue ; 
throat brilliant green, the centre 
of each feather darker; sexes 
alike; wing 2.60-2.80. 

Petasophora.® 
yj. Tail not bluish green, ete. 

k. Feathering of forehead extended 
forward as far as anterior end 
of nostrils, and partly or en- 
tirely covering the scale over 
nostrils, 


1 Chlorostilbon GouLD, Mon. Troch. pt. v. 1853. Type, Trochilus pucherani Bourc. & Murs. (Three species 
in Mexico, one in Porto Rico, and about six in South America.) 

2 Sporadinus Bonap., Rey. et Mag. Zool. 1854, 255. Type, Trochilus riccordi Gerv. (One species in Haiti, 
one in Cuba and Bahamas, and apparently one peculiar to Bahamas.) 

3 Uranomitra Rercu., Aufz. der Colib. 1853, 10. Type, Trochilus francie Bourc. & Muts. (Four species 
in Mexico, one in Honduras, one in Colombia, and one in Peru.) 

4 Agyrtria Retcu., Troch. Enum. 1855, 7. Type, Trochilus brevirostris Less. (Two Mexican and numerous 
South American species; some of the latter with lower parts mostly green; one of the former with buffy or 
rufous belly and flanks.) 

5 Petasophora GRAY, List Gen. B. 1840, 13. Type, Trochilus serrirostris VieILL. (One species in Mexico 
and Guatemala, several in Central and South America.) 


TROCHILIDZE. 307 


D, Wing more than 2.40. 

m'. Tail partly rich chestnut, 
glossed with bright pur- 
ple; bill rather dis- 
tinctly curved. 

Lampornis. 

m’. Tail without chestnut or 
bright purple. 

m. Tail wholly (male) or 
partly (female) 
greenish bronze. 

Adult male with 
throat brilliant 
emerald-green, 
breast — black- 
ish, and crown 
rich violet or 
violet-blue. 

Eugenes. 
(Page 309.) 

2. Tail wholly or chiefly 
blackish. 

Outer tail-feath- 
ers sometimes 
broadly tipped 
with white, or 
grayish ; lower 
parts deep dull 
grayish, tinged 
with green on 
sides, or dull 
white medially 
and green lat- 
erally; a con- 
spicuous white 
streak behind 
eye; adult 
males with 
throat blue, 
reddish pur- 
ple, or light 
emerald-green, 


1 Lampornis Swatns., Zool. Jour. iii. 1827, 358. Type, Zrochilus mango Linn. (One Mexican, several West 
Indian, and several South American species.) 


308 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


not very bril 
liant; wing 
about 2.50- 
3.20. 
Cceligena. 
(Page 310.) 


I. Wing less than 2.25. 


Adult males with a brilliant 
gorget of metallic red 
or purple... Trochilus. 

(Page 310.) 


kK’. Feathering of forehead scarcely ex- 
tended beyond posterior end of 
nostrils, the scale over latter 
therefore for the greater part, 
or entirely, naked, and the bill 
very broad at base; wing about 
1.90-2.15. 

P. Tail blue-black in male, deeply 
emarginated, and with mid- 
dle feathers tipped with dull 
grayish ; in female shallowly 
emarginated, green basally, 
blue-black terminally, the 
outer feathers tipped with 
grayish white; adult males 
metallic green beneath, the 
throat bluish. 


Iache. (Page 319.) 


?. Tail not blue-black. 
m', Exposed culmen more than 


half as long as tail. 

n'. Tail rufous, or chest- 
nut, the feathers 
usually with dusky 
or bronzy terminal 
margins. 

Amazilia. 

(Page 316.) 

nm’. Tail dull greenish, 
with dusky sub- 
terminal band (ex- 

cept on middle 
feathers), the outer 
feathers broadly 


EUGENES. 309 


tipped with dull 
light grayish 
brown; plumage 
in general very 
dull, the lower 
parts dull brown- 

ish gray. 
Pheoptila.* 
m*. Exposed culmen not more 
than half as long as 

tail. 

Adult males with 
cheeks black, bor- 
dered above by a 
white stripe or 
spot; forehead and 
chin deep blue, or 
blue-black; throat 
brilliant emerald- 
green.. Basilinna. 

(Page 318.) 


Genus EUGENES Govutp. (Page 307, pl. XC., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common CHaractErs.— Adult males with top of head rich metallic violet or violet- 
blue, the chin and throat brilliant emerald-green or light bluish green ; upper parts 
dark bronzy green ; lower parts (except throat and lower tail-coverts) plain dusky 
greenish or dull bronzy ; lower tail-coverts paler greenish or bronzy, bordered with 
paler. Adult females with top of head dull brownish gray or grayish brown, rest 
of upper parts bronzy green; lower parts pale brownish gray, the sides and flanks 
tinged with green; a small white postocular spot. 


a‘, Adult male: Breast very dark bronzy green, appearing nearly black in some 
lights ; length 4.50-5.00, wing 2.90-3.10, tail 1.90-2.00, culmen 1.00-1.20. Adult 
female; Outer tail-feathers very broadly (for about .35-.45) tipped with pale 
gray or dull grayish white; wing 2.60-2.75, tail 1.70-1.90, culmen 1.00- 
1.15. Young: Similar to adult female, but feathers of upper parts bordered 
terminally with pale buffy. Hab. Highlands of Mexico and Guatemala, 
north to southern Arizona.. 426. E. fulgens (Swarns.). Rivoli Hummingbird. 

a’, Adult male: Breast dull bronzy, or bronzy green, the feathers dull brownish 
gray immediately beneath surface; lower tail-coverts green margined with 


1 Pheoptila GouLp, Intr. Mon. Troch oct. ed. 1861, 169. Type, Cyanomyia (?) sordida GouLtp. (The single 
known species peculiar to Mexico.) 


310 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


pale buffy ; wing 3.00-3.15, tail 1.90-2.00, culmen 1.20-1.30. Adult female: 
Outer tail-feathers more narrowly (for about .20-.25) tipped with darker 
brownish gray ; wing 2.90, tail 1.85-1.90, exposed culmen 1.40-1.50. Hab. 
Highlands of Costa Rica. E. spectabilis (Lawr.). Admirable Hummingbird. 


Genus CCELIGENA Lrsson. (Page 308, pl. XC., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Common CHARAcTERS.—Above rather dull metallic greenish, changing to pur- 
plish black on upper tail-coverts and tail; ear-coverts dusky, bordered above by 
a conspicuous white streak; lower parts deep dull grayish, tinged with green 
on sides, or dull white medially and green laterally ; outer tail-feathers sometimes 
broadly tipped with white; adult males with throat blue, reddish purple, or pale 
emerald-green, not very brilliant. 


a’. Lower parts dull grayish, glossed with green on sides. 
6’. Outer tail-feathers broadly and abruptly tipped with white in both sexes; 
adult male with throat dull metallic azure-blue; length about 4.50-5.00 
(of male before skinning, 5.40), wing 2.90-3.20, tail 1.85-2.20, exposed 
culmen .85-1.00. Hab. Highlands of Mexico, north to southern Arizona. 
427. C. clemencize Less. Blue-throated Hummingbird. 
b’?. Outer tail-feathers more narrowly and indistinctly tipped with dull brown- 
ish gray; adult male with throat metallic reddish purple, the feathers 
narrowly bordered with light brownish gray; length about 4.50, wing 
2.60, tail 1.80. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico, north to 
Jalapa. C. henrica (Luss. & DELaTTR.). Henri Delattre’s Hummingbird.? 
a’. Lower parts dull white medially, metallic green laterally. 
Adult male with throat pale emerald-green, the feathers bordered with 
white; length about 4.25, wing 2.40-2.70, tail 1.65-1.75, exposed culmen 
.85-.90. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala. 
C. viridipallens (Bourc. & Muts.) Pale-green-throated Hummingbird.’ 


Genus TROCHILUS Linnavs. (Page 308, pl. XC., figs. 4, 7-10; pl. XCL., 
figs. 1-7.) 
(46.) 
Species. 
Common CuHaracters.—Upper parts metallic greenish, varying from nearly 
pure green to bronzy; median lower parts whitish. Adult males with a portion, or 


1 Heliomaster spectabilis Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1867, 472. Eugenes spectabilis Muts., Hist. Nat. 
Ois. Mouch. ii. 1876, 215. 

2 Ornismya henrica Luss. & DEvatTR., Rey. Zool. 1839, 17. Caligena henrici Cas. & Hetn., Mus. Hein. iii. 
1860, 15. 

3 Trochilus viridipallens Bourc. & Muts., Ann. Soc. Lyons, 1846, 321. Ccligena viridipallens Muts., Hist. 
Nat. Ois. Mouch. i. 1877, 185. 


TROCHILUS. 311 


the whole, of the throat brilliant metallic (sometimes top of head similar), the 
tail-feathers (except middle pair) without white tips! or green bases. Adult females 
and young with chin and throat dull whitish, or pale grayish (sometimes spotted 
centrally with the metallic color of the male), the rectrices (except middle pair) 
greenish basally, black subterminally, and tipped with white. é 


a’. Exposed culmen less than half as long as wing, the bill straight. 
b'. Middle tail-feathers narrower near end than at base. 
c’. Exposed culmen .60, or more; outer tail-feathers without white tips in 
adult males. 

a‘. Outer tail-feather not decidedly shorter than middle pair, and not 
conspicuously narrower than the next ; adult males with six in- 
nermost quills abruptly much smaller and narrower than the 
rest, the top of head greenish like back, or dusky, the tail- 
feathers (except middle pair) pointed. (Subgenus Tvrochilus.) 

e'. Adult male: Chin, only, opaque velvety black, the rest of the 
gorget intense metallic crimson, changing to golden red; 
tail forked for about .30-.35; length about 3.07-3.25, wing 
1.60, tail 1.25, exposed culmen .55-.65. Adult female: Tail 
double-rounded, the outer feathers about as long as middle 
pair (sometimes a little shorter), the middle pair wholly 
green, the rest green basally, then black, the three outer 
pairs broadly tipped with white; length about 3.50-3.85, 
wing 1.80, tail 1.20, culmen .70. Young male: Similar to 
adult female, but throat streaked with dusky, feathers of 
upper parts more or less distinctly margined with pale 
buffy, and tail more forked. Young female: Similar to 
young male, but throat without streaks, and tail more 
rounded. Hggs .51 x .33. Hab. Eastern United States, 
north to lat. 59° N., west to Great Plains, south, in winter, 
to Bahamas, Cuba, Porto Rico, eastern Mexico, and Central 
America, to Veragua. 

428. T. colubris Linn. Ruby-throated Hummingbird. 

e’. Adult male: Chin and throat opaque velvety black, bordered 
below by a broad band of metallic violet, changing to 
green and blue; tail slightly forked, or emarginated (depth 
of fork only about .10 of an inch); length about 3.30- 
3.75, wing 1.70-1.75, tail 1.25, culmen .70-.75. Adult 
female: Tail much rounded, the middle feathers about the 
longest; plumage not essentially different from that of 
female 7. colubris ; length about 3.90-4.10, wing 1.90-2.00, 
tail 1.25-1.35, culmen .78-.80. Young: Similar to adult 
female, but feathers of upper parts margined terminally 


1 Except in species of Atthis. 


312 


(47.) 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


with light buffy or pale rusty, the male with throat 

streaked with dusky. Eggs 50 < .33. Hab. Western 

United States, east to Rocky Mountains, south over table- 

lands of Mexico........... 429. T. alexandri Bourc. & Muts. 

Black-chinned Hummingbird. 

d, Outer tail-feather decidedly shorter than middle pair, or else de- 
cidedly longer, abruptly narrower than the next.! 

e’. Tail without any rufous; adult males with tail forked (but feath- 
ers not pointed), and top of head brilliant metallic reddish 
purple, or violet, like gorget. (Subgenus Calypte GouLp.) 

jf’. Outer tail-feather in adult male abruptly much narrower 
than the others ; rump and middle tail-feathers metallic 
green or bronze, like back. 

g. Adult male: Head, including ruff, brilliantly burnished 
metallic amethyst-violet, changing to blue and 
green ; length about 2.75-3.20, wing 1.75-1.90, tail 
1.10, culmen .65-.68. Adult female: Lower parts 
grayish white, very faintly tinged with green on 
sides and flanks; centre of throat usually more or 
less spotted with metallic violet-purplish ; length 
about 3.55-3.70, wing 1.70, tail 1.05, culmen .70. 
Young: Similar to adult female, but metallic 
colors rather duller, and feathers of upper parts 
narrowly tipped or margined with buffy whitish. 
Nest about 1.50 wide by 1.00 deep externally, the 
cavity about 1.00 wide by .80 deep, composed of 
grayish lichens, small strips of thin bark, spiders’ 
webs, etc., lined with downy materials, including 
(usually) a few soft feathers. Eggs .48 x .31. 
Hab. Lower California, southern California and 
Arizona, and western Mexico, south to Mazatlan. 

430. T. costeze (Bourc.). Costa’s Hummingbird. 

g. Adult male: Head, including ruff, brilliant metallic 
changeable purplish red, with violet reflections ; 
length about 3.40-3.60, wing 1.90-2.00, tail 1.30- 
1.45, culmen .65—.70. Adult female: Lower parts 
pale grayish, glossed on sides and flanks with 
green; centre of throat usually more or less 
spotted with metallic reddish purple; length about 
3.80-4.15, wing 2.05, tail 1.30, culmen .75. Hgqs 
52 X 34. Hab. Valleys of California, and south 
through Arizona to table-lands of Mexico. 

431. T. anna (Less.). Anna’s Hummingbird. 


1 Except in Calypte helenz, which see. 


TROCHILUS. 313 


f?. Lateral tail-feather in adult male not distinctly narrower 
than the rest; rump and upper tail-coverts metallic 
blue (in both sexes). 

Adult male: Head, including ruff, metallic purplish 
red; length about 2.50, wing 1.10-1.15, tail .65, 
culmen .40. (Female slightly larger.) Hab. Cuba. 
T. helene (GUNDL.). Princess Helena’s Hummingbird.! 

é?. Tail with more or less of rufous, more or less graduated (mid- 
dle feathers longest, or equal to longest) in both sexes; 
adult males with top of head greenish or bronzy, totally 
different from color of gorget (except in TJ. floresii). (Sub- 
genus Selasphorus SWAINS.) 

fi. Middle pair of tail-feathers entirely green; gorget of adult 
male soft, rather light, rose-purple, or solferino; wing 
more than 1.90. 

Adult male: Tail-feathers, except middle pair, dull 
purplish black, the next to middle pair distinctly 
edged with rufous (the next pair sometimes nar- 
rowly edged with same); length about 4.00-4.25, 
wing 1.92-2.05, tail 1.40-1.60, exposed culmen .62- 
.70. Adult female: Three outer tail-feathers rufous 
at base and broadly tipped with white, the inter- 
vening space blackish, with some green next to 
rufous on second and third feathers; fourth feather 
green to extreme base, but edged with rufous and 
marked by a large terminal or subterminal spot 
of black; length about 4.10-4.70, wing 2.00-2.10, 
tail 1.45-1.50, exposed culmen .70-.72. Eggs .50 
< .33. Hab. Rocky Mountains of United States, 
north to Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho Territo- 
ries, west to Sierra Nevada (?), south over table- 
lands of Mexico to highlands of Guatemala. 

432. T. platycercus Swains. 
Broad-tailed Hummingbird. 

f*. Middle tail-feathers partly rufous; gorget of adult male 
intensely brilliant metallic fire-red, changing to orange, 
brassy green, and crimson, the feathers much length- 
ened laterally and posteriorly ; wing less than 1.90. 

g. Adult males with top of head dull bronzy or green- 
ish, the middle tail-feathers rufous, marked on ter- 
minal portion with a dusky mesial streak, the outer 
feather with inner web entirely rufous, the belly, 


1 Orthorhynchus helene “ GunpDL., sus manuscritos,” Lems., Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 70, pl. 10, fig. 2. 
Calypte helene Goup, Mon. Troch, iii. pl. 136. 


314 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


sides, and flanks also rufous. Adult females with 
all the tail-feathers rufous for basal half (but green 
on middle pair running along median portion 
nearly to base), the three outer feathers broadly 
tipped with white and marked by a subterminal 
broad band of blackish; belly white, but sides, 
flanks, and under tail-coverts light rufous. Young 
males: Similar to adult female, but feathers of upper 
parts bordered with pale rusty, the rump show- 
ing much rufous, and throat usually with one or 
more feathers (new moult) of bright metallic red. 
Young females: Similar to young males, but rump 
entirely green, and throat showing only dull green- 
ish specks. 


hi. Adult male: Tail-feathers broad, the second (from 


middle) with a deep notch near end of inner 
web, and outer web sinuated near tip; outer 
feather more than .10 broad; upper parts 
rufous, the crown (and, rarely, the back) 
glossed with dull metallic green; length about 
3.25-3.70, wing 1.50-1.60, tail 1.30-1.35, cul- 
men .60. Adult female: Outer tail-feather 
more than .10 wide; length about 3.50-3.90, 
wing 1.75-1.80, tail 1.25-1.30, culmen .65-.70. 
Eggs .50 X .33. Hab. Western North Amer- 
ica, north beyond northern border of United 
States (to or beyond Sitka on Pacific coast), 
east to Rocky Mountains, south over table- 
lands, of Mexico: rc.c. 433. T. rufus GMEL. 

Rufous Hummingbird. 


. Adult male: Tail-feathers narrow, the second 


(from middle) without notch or sinuation ; 
outer feather much less than .10 broad ; whole 
back, as well as crown, bright metallic green ; 
length about 3.25-3.30, wing 1.50-1.55, tail 
1.10-1.20, exposed culmen .60-.65. Adult fe- 
male: Outer tail-feather not more than .10 
wide; length about 3.40, wing 1.65-1.70, tail 
1.05-1.15, exposed culmen .68-.70. Eggs .50 
X .33. Hab. Coast district of California, 
north to British Columbia, south to Arizona. 
434. T. alleni (HENsn.). 

Allen’s Hummingbird. 


g?. Adult male with top of head brilliant metallic red, 


like gorget, the middle tail-feathers green bordered 


TROCHILUS. 315 


with rufous, the outer tail-feather wholly dusky, 

the belly white, the sides and flanks green. Adult 

female unknown. Length 3.25, wing 1.75, tail 1.40, 

exposed culmen .65. Hab. Mexico (Bolanos) and 

southern California (San Francisco)...... 431.1. T, 

floresii (GoULD). Floresi’s Hummingbird.’ 

¢. Exposed culmen not more than .50; outer tail-feathers broadly tipped 

with white in both sexes. (Adult males bronzy green or bronzy 

above, the middle tail-feathers broadly edged with rufous on inner 

web, the other tail-feathers with basal half rufous, then purplish 

black, the two or three outermost broadly tipped with white; gor- 

get rich metallic purplish; chest and other median lower parts 

white, the sides and flanks rufous, tinged or spotted with greenish 

or bronzy. Adult females similar to males, but throat dull white, 

spotted with dull greenish or bronzy; under tail-coverts pale ru- 

fous ; four middle tail-feathers without rufous edgings.) (Subgenus 
Atthis REICHENBACH.) 

a’. Adult male: Outer quill narrow, abruptly attenuated at tip; gor- 
get brilliant metallic reddish violet, with decided violet tints 
in certain lights; basal half (approximately) of tail rufous, ter- 
minal half black, the three outer feathers broadly tipped with 
white ; chest and middle line of belly white, sides and flanks 
light rufous, tinged with green. Adult female: Whole throat 
whitish, but otherwise similar to the male. Length about 
2.75, wing 1.30-1.50, tail .95-1.10, culmen .48—.50. Hab. 
Eastern Mexico. 

T. heloisa (Luss. & DELATTR.). Heloise’s Hummingbird.? 

d@’, Adult male with outer quill broad, not attenuated at tip; gorget 
metallic reddish purple, without violet tints; otherwise much 
like 7. heloisa ; wing 1.35, tail 1.00-1.05, culmen .38-.40. Hab. 
Highlands of Guatemala. 

T. ellioti Ripcw. Elliot’s Hummingbird. 
b*. Middle tail-feathers broader near end than toward base. (Subgenus Stellula 
GOULD.) 

Adult male: Feathers of gorget narrow, elongated, pure white basally, 
metallic purplish terminally ; tail-feathers plain dusky, edged with 
rufous toward base; sides and flanks tinged with rufous; leneth 
about 2.75-3.00, wing 1.50-1.60, tail .90-1.10, exposed culmen .55- 
58. Adult female: Tail more rounded than in male, feathers dull 
green basally and tipped with white (except middle pair); throat 


1 Selasphorus floresii Goutp, Mon. Troch. pt. xxiii. Sept. 1, 1861 (vol. iii. pl. 139). 

This is possibly a hybrid between 7. anna and 7. rufus. The capture of the San Francisco specimen (in 
May, 1885) is recorded, by Mr. Walter E. Bryant, in “ Forest and Stream,” vol. xxvi. No. 22, July 24, 1886, p- 426. 

2 Ornismyia heloisa Luss. & Detatrr., Rev. Zool. 1839,15. Trochilus heloisa Gray, Hand-b. i. 1869, 145, 

3 Atthis ellioti Ripew., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i. July 1, 1878, 9. 


316 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


whitish, sometimes spotted centrally with dull metallic purple; 
otherwise much like adult male; length about 3.50, wing 1.75-1.80, 
tail 1.10-1.15, culmen .58-—.60. Hggs 46.31. Hab. Western 
United States, north to British Columbia, Idaho, and northern 
Montana, east to Rocky Mountains, south to table-lands of Mexico. 
436. T. calliope Goup. Calliope Hummingbird. 
a*, Exposed culmen more than half as long as wing, the bill decidedly curved. 
(Adult males with tail deeply forked, uniform purplish black, except four 
middle feathers, which are green, like upper parts; gorget (the feathers of 
which are much elongated laterally and posteriorly) brilliant metallic ame- 
thyst-purple, changing to violet-blue; median lower parts white, sides and 
flanks mixed bronzy green and pale rufous. Adult females green above, 
light cinnamon-buffy beneath (but belly and under tail-coverts white), tail 
much less deeply forked than in male, with broader feathers, the three outer- 
most of which are broadly tipped with white and rufous at base.) (Subgenus 
Calothorax GRAY.) 

bY. Adult male with outer tail-feather much narrower than the next and taper- 
ing to a narrow point; length about 3.40-3.60, wing 1.40-1.60, tail 1.25- 
1.35, exposed culmen .85-.90. Adult female: Wing 1.65-1.80, tail 1.20- 
1.25, exposed culmen .75-.90. Hab. Table-lands of Mexico, north to 
southern Arizona.... 437. T. lucifer (Swains.). Lucifer Hummingbird. 
6? Adult male with outer tail-feather not narrower than the next, and not 
tapering to a narrow point; length about 3.10-3.25, wing 1.50, tail 1.50, 
exposed culmen .75. Adult female: Wing 1.65, tail 1.15, exposed culmen 

“75. Hab. Southwestern Mexico (Oaxaca). 
T. pulcher (GOULD). Beautiful Hummingbird.! 


Genus AMAZILIA Lesson. (Page 308, pl. XC., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common CuHaractEers.—Above green, bronze-green, or bronzy, the tail rufous, 
chestnut, bronzy, purple, or blue-black; lower parts green anteriorly, or entirely 
light cinnamon; sexes alike. 


a. Lower parts partly green. 
b'. Secondaries entirely dusky. 

c'. Belly and flanks dull brownish gray, the latter glossed with green; 
outer tail-feather with outer web chiefly or entirely dark bronzy ; 
upper tail-coverts uniform chestnut; tail deep chestnut, feathers 
bordered terminally with bronzy; lower tail-coverts deep cinna- 
mon-rufous. Young similar to adult, but rump tinged with rufous, 
and forehead washed with rusty ; length about 4.00, wing 2.00-2.35, 
tail 1.45-1.70, exposed culmen .70-.90. Hab. Whole of Central 


1 Calothorax pulchra GouLtp, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 3, iv. 1859, 97. 


AMAZILIA. 317 


America and eastern Mexico, north to southern Texas, south to 
western Ecuador. 
438. A. fuscicaudata (FRASER). Rieffer’s Hummingbird. 
@, Belly and flanks cinnamon-rufous, cinnamon, Or ochraceous ; outer tail- 
feather entirely rufous, except sometimes a narrow margin (of dull 
bronzy) to outer web; upper tail-coverts chiefly green or bronzy ; 
tail light chestnut, or chestnut-rufous, the feathers (except outer) 
broadly margined terminally with bronzy or violet-dusky, the 
middle feathers sometimes entirely bronzy or violet-dusky. 

@. Lower breast, belly, sides, and flanks pale cinnamon, or cinnamon- 
puff, not abruptly defined against green of more anterior por- 
tions; length about 4.00-4.50, wing 2.15-2.30, tail 1.50-1.70, 
exposed culmen 70-.80. Hab. Bastern Mexico, north to lower 
Rio Grande Valley in Texas. 

439. A. cerviniventris GouLD. Buff-bellied Hummingbird. 

ad. Lower breast, belly, sides, and flanks deep cinnamon, or cinnamon- 
rufous, abruptly contrasted with green of more anterior por- 
tions; wing 2.20-2.25, tail 1,40-1.60, exposed culmen 70. Hab. 


Yucatan. 
A. yucatanensis (CaBor). Cabot’s Hummingbird. 


b?. Secondaries rufous or chestnut at base. 
@. Tail mainly chestnut, or rich purple-bronze. 
@. Outer webs of quills (except longer ones) chiefly chestnut or 
rufous; secondaries chestnut or rufous tipped with dusky ; 
outer tail-feathers deep chestnut; wing 2.10-2.20, tail 1.30- 
1.40, exposed culmen 70-80. Hab, Southern Mexico, north to 
Jalapa, Chihuahua, and Sonora. 
A. beryllina (Licut.). Berylline Hummingbird? 
d@. Outer webs of quills with rufous only at extreme base, and some- 
times concealed or nearly obsolete; secondaries dusky for at 
least terminal half of exposed portion ; outer tail-feathers very 
dark chestnut, bordered terminally with bright purple or 
bronze; middle tail-feathers usually richer bronze or purple 
than in A. beryllina; wing 9.10-2.25, tail 1.30-1.40, exposed 
culmen .65-.78. Hab. Guatemala. 
A. devillii (Bourc.). Maria’s Hummingbird.° 
@. Tail neither chestnut nor purple-bronze. 
d@. Tail greenish bronze. Hab. Mexico. 


A. ocai GOULD. D’Oca’s Hummingbird.‘ 


1 Trochilus yucatanensis CABoT, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bost. 1845, 74. Amazilia yucatanensis GOULD, Mon. 
Troch. pt. xxiii. 1861 (vol. v. 1861, pl. 308). 

2 Trochilus beryllinus Li1cHT., Preis-Verz. 1830, No. 26. Amazilia beryllina GovLD, Mon. Troch. pt. xxii. 
1861 (vol. v. 1861, pl. 312). 

3 Trochilus devillii Bourc., Rev. Zool. 1848, 272. Amazilia devillii REIcH., Aufz. der Colib. 1854, 10. 

4 Amazilia ocai GouLp, Ann. Mag. N. H. ser. 3, iv. 1859, 96; Mon. Troch. v. 1861, pl. 289. 


318 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


@. Tail rich blue-black. Hab. Guatemala and Nicaragua. 
A. cyanura GOULD. Blue-tailed Hummingbird.! 
a’. Lower parts entirely uniform cinnamon. 

b. Smaller: Wing 2.15-2.25, tail 1.40-1.50, exposed culmen .80-.88. Hab. 
Nicaragua, Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and southern Mexico, north 
to Yucatan and Mazatlan. 

A. cinnamomea (LEss,). Cinnamomeous Hummingbird.? 

b%. Larger: Wing 2.50-2.70, tail 1.75-1.85, exposed culmen .90-1.05. Hab. 
Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico. 

A. graysoni LAwr. Grayson’s Hummingbird.* 


Genus BASILINNA Bork. (Page 309, pl. XC., fig. 6.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Above metallic green, darker or duller on top of head ; 
tail mainly chestnut or blackish, the middle feathers, however, with more or less 
green; a broad and very conspicuous white stripe behind eye, with a black, dusky, 
or brownish one immediately beneath it, across ear-coverts. Adult males with fore- 
head and chin black or deep blue, the throat and upper part of chest brilliant 
metallic emerald-green. Adult females with top of head dull brownish (sometimes 
tinged with green), and lower parts pale cinnamon, with or without green spots on 
throat, or dull grayish white, with sides green. 


a’. Tail mainly chestnut ; posterior lower parts pale cinnamon. Adult male: Fore- 
head and chin opaque black, or dull blue-black; middle tail-feathers chestnut 
centrally, metallic green exteriorly, the rest without dusky subterminal bar 
or spot. Adult female: Lower parts pale cinnamon, with or without green 
spots on throat; middle tail-feathers entirely green, the rest marked by a 
more or less distinct subterminal spot of dusky. Length about 3.30-3.50, 
wing 2.00-2.10, tail 1.30-1.45, exposed culmen. 65-.70. Nest about 1.50 in 
diameter by about .80 in height, the cavity about 1.00 x .55-.60; composed 
of various soft vegetable fibres (especially raw cotton, spiders’ webs, etc.), and 
attached to small twigs. Hggs 48 x 31. Hab. Southern portion of Lower 
CalitOrtiaseccnsessetasceeres 44). B. xantusi (Lawr.). Xantus’s Hummingbird. 

a, Tail mainly blackish ; posterior lower parts dull whitish, mixed with grayish 
brown and greenish. Adult male with forehead and chin deep rich blue ; 
middle tail-feather entirely metallic green or bronze, the others tipped with 
green or bronzy. Adult female: Lower parts dull light grayish, or grayish 
white, more or less spotted with green, the sides almost continuously of this 
color; middle tail-feathers entirely green or bronzy, the others black, the 
two or three outer ones tipped with dull grayish. Length, about 3.25-3.40, 


1 Amazilia cyanura GouLD, Mon. Troch. pt. xviii. 1850 (vol. v. pl. 315). 

2 Ornismya cinnamomea Less., Rey. Zool. 1842, 175. Amazilia cinnamomea Euior, Class. & Synop. Troch. 
1879, 219. 

3 Amazilia (Pyrrhophena) graysoni Lawr., Ann. Lyc. N. Y., 1867, 404. 


IACHE. 319 


wing 2.00-2.30, tail 1.30-1.50, exposed culmen .65-.68. Hab. Highlands of 
Guatemala and Mexico, north to southern Arizona. 
440.1. B. leucotis (VIEILL.). White-eared Hummingbird’ 


Genus IACHE Etuior. (Page 308, pl. XC., fig. 5.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Adult males metallic grass-green above, the tail-feathers 
blackish, with dull gray tips (broadest on middle feathers) ; downy thigh-tufts pure 
white; under tail-coverts whitish or light grayish, mixed with darker; rest of 
lower parts metallic green, bluish green, or blue; bill pale brownish (red in life) on 
basal portion, blackish at end. Adult females metallic grass-green above, pale gray- 
ish beneath, the two exterior tail-feathers tipped with pale brownish gray, and all 
with the basal half green. 


a’. Under tail-coverts in adult males white or grayish, with or without darker 
centres. 
b'. Under tail-coverts whitish on margins, darker in centre ; upper tail-coverts 
blue or green. 

c’. Under tail-coverts white with dull gray centres in adult male, entirely 
white in young. Adult male: Upper parts grass-green, sometimes in- 
clining to bronzy green; chin and throat rich metallic blue, passing 
gradually into rich green on breast and belly; length about 3.50- 
3.75, wing 2.00—-2.20, tail 1.35-1.50 (forked for .25-.35), culmen .75-.85. 
Adult female: Above grass-green, becoming dull gray on forehead ; 
lower parts uniform pale ash-gray; basal half of tail, with whole 
extent of its middle feathers, green, the two outer feathers tipped 
with dull gray; a whitish streak behind eye, with a dusky space 
immediately beneath it and extending beneath eye; length 3.88- 
4.10, wing 2.00-2.15, tail 1.25-1.30 (forked for about .15), culmen 
.78-.85. Young male: Similar to adult female, but tail as in adult 
male ; lower tail-coverts uniform white; feathers of upper parts 
margined with pale buff; new feathers appearing on throat bluish 
green (instead of blue, as in adult), becoming more bluish toward 
chin. Young female: Similar to adult, but feathers of upper parts 
bordered with pale buff. Hab. Western Mexico, south to Colima, 
north to southern Arizona. 

441. I. latirostris (Swains.). Broad-billed Hummingbird. 

ce’. Under tail-coverts entirely white in adult (?) male. Adult (?) male: 
Upper parts “reddish bronze”; throat and upper parts of breast 
metallic bluish green; under parts bronzy green with a coppery 


1 Trochilus leucotis ViEILu., Nouv. Dict. ed. 2, xxiii. 1818, 428. Basilinna leucotis Reicu., Aufz. der Colib. 
1853, 13. 


390 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


lustre; length 3.25, wing 1.90, tail 1.15, culmen .75. Hab. Western 
Mexico (Mazatlan). 
I. magica (Muts. & VerRR.). Magic Hummingbird.} 
6. Under tail-coverts in adult male dusky gray, glossed with green, and bor- 
dered with grayish white; upper tail-coverts dull smoke-gray, like tips 
of middle tail-feathers. 

Adult male: Above bronze-green or greenish bronze; chin and throat 
metallic emerald-green (with a bluish cast only in certain lights) ; 
remaining under parts bronzy green or greenish bronze; wing 
2.10, tail 1.40 (forked for .25-.35), culmen .70. Hab. Tres Marias 
Islands, western Mexico. 

I. lawrencei BERL. Lawrence’s Hummingbird.? 
a’. Under tail-coverts in adult male uniform blue-black. 

Adult male: Above metallic bronze-green, including upper tail-coverts; 
the hind-neck more grass-green, and the forehead brilliant metallic 
greenish blue, passing into shining green on crown; entire chin and 
throat rich deep metallic blue, with a purplish cast in certain lights; 
breast and belly deep bluish green, the sides more bronzy; wing 1.90- 
2.00, tail 1.30 (forked for .50), culmen .65. Hab. Southern Mexico 
(Tehuantepec). 

I. doubledayi (Bourc.). Doubleday’s Hummingbird? 


1 Hylocharis magica Mus. & Verr., Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, xviii. 1872, 110. ache magica Exuior, 
Synop. Troch. 1879, 235. [Possibly the young male of J. latirostris.] 
2 Tache lawrencet BERLEPScH, MS. 


3 Trochilus doubledayi Bourc., P, Z. S. 1874, 46. Iache doubledayi Exuior, Synop. Troch. 1879, 235. 


PASSERES. 321 


Orpver PASSERES.—Percuine Birps. (age 3.) 


Families. 


a. Tarsus cylindrical, or with hinder portion rounded; encircled with a single 
horny envelope (divided into scutelle anteriorly and on outer side), this 
sometimes extending all round (though separated by a seam along inner 
side), but often widely separated on inner side or behind (or both), the 
intervening space occupied by granular scales, reticulations, or plain naked 
skin. (Suborder Clamatores.) 

6’. Inner toe with basal phalanx united to that of middle toe; posterior face of 


PATSUS TECICMIALOs. . 502. sencesesserendseseensercacssndcee Cotingidz. (Page 323.) 
b?. Inner toe entirely free at base from middle toe; posterior face of tarsus not 
MOtMCULALCL. cess sosccasscacs eseentewadsoreseseverasheccs Tyrannide. (Page 326.) 


a’. Tarsus compressed behind, with comparatively sharp posterior edge (or else 
hind-claw longer than its digit, and straight), the enveloping membrane 
divided into two or three longitudinal segments, which may be either divided 
into transverse segments, or scutelle, or fused into continuous plates. (Sub- 
order Oscines.) 

b'. Posterior half of tarsus not compressed, but rounded, and divided into dis- 
tinct segments, or scutell, like the anterior half. 

Alaudidz. (Page 346.) 
6°. Posterior half of tarsus compressed, with two lateral plates uniting behind 
in a comparatively sharp ridge, and for the most part undivided. 

ce, Primaries apparently only 9 (the 10th being exceedingly rudimentary), 
the tip of the bill not hooked. 

d'. Bill variously formed, but gape never twice as long as culmen; 

outer primary never twice as long as innermost. 

el. Bill straight. 
j'. Bill conoid ; if slender, the angle of the gonys forward of 
the nostril. 
g. Bill without notch, and without bristles at gape. 

Icteridz. (Page 365.) 

g. Bill notched, and with bristles at gape. 
ht. Nostrils concealed by feathers, or pointed an- 
teriorly and overhung by a distinct scale 
or horny membrane, or else base of cutting- 

edges forming a distinct angle. 
Fringillidz. (Page 382.) 
h?. Nostril exposed, rounded anteriorly, without 
distinct overhanging scale or membrane, and 
cutting-edges of bill not forming a distinct 
angle at the base.. Tanagridz. (Page 453.) 

41 


$22 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


f?. Bill not conoid; angle of gonys not forward of the nostril. 
g'. Tertials not elongated, but with their tips falling far 
short of the ends of the longest primaries; hind- 
claw much shorter than its digit. 
Mniotiltidz. (Page 480.) 
g. Tertials much elongated, their tips reaching nearly to 
end of longest primary ; hind-claw nearly as long 
as, or longer than, its digit. 
Motacillide. (Page 532.) 
é. Bill curved downward to the very acute tip. 
Ccerebidz (Cewreba). (Page 479.) 
ad’. Bill very short, very broad at base, and deeply cleft, the gape more 
than twice as long as the culmen; outer primary more than 
twice as long as the innermost..... Hirundinide. (Page 457.) 
¢@. Primaries obviously 10, or else tip of bill hooked. 
ad. Tarsi distinctly scutellate. 
e’. Bill only moderately or very slightly hooked at tip. 
jf’. Tarsus not longer than middle toe, with claw; bill short, 
depressed, its width at base exceeding length of the 
POMYSi se cossasccleosissaegectencone Ampelidez. (Page 463.) 
jf’. Tarsus longer than middle toe, with claw, or else the bill 
elongated, not depressed, narrower at base than length 
of the gonys. 
g. Bill not hooked at tip. 
h’. Tail-feathers normal. 
v. Nasal feathers erect or inclined backward. 
j. Bill linear, but often curved, the culmen 
always more or less so; first pri- 
mary well developed, extending be- 
yond tips of coverts. 
Troglodytide. (Page 538.) 
7. Bill elongate-conical, the culmen straight ; 
first primary minute, not reaching 
to tips of coverts. 
Sturnide. (Page 364.) 
?. Nasal feathers directed forward. 
j. Larger (wing more than 4.00 inches). 
Corvide. (Page 350.) 
j. Smaller (wing less than 4.00 inches). 
, Bill without notch, more or less 
conoid... Paridz. (Page 558.) 
k?, Bill notched, very slender. 
Sylviidze (Polioptiline). (Page 566.) 
h?. Tail-feathers stiff, pointed at tip. 
Certhiidz. (Page 557.) 


COTINGID. 323 


g. Bill slightly hooked at tip.. Vireonidze. (Page 468.) 
e?, Bill strongly hooked and toothed....... Laniidz. (Page 465.) 
d. Tarsi not divided into scutelle, except at extreme lower portion. 
él. Without rictal bristles; nostrils linear; tail excessively short. 
Cinclide. (Page 538.) 
e?, With distinct rictal bristles; nostrils oval; tail normally de- 
veloped. 
fi}. Smaller (wing less than 3.00 inches) ; young not spotted. 
Sylviidee (Sylviine, Reguline). (Page 566.) 
f?. Larger (wing more than 3.00 inches); young distinctly 
BPOULCO.caststceeeesesossacese's wegee 2urdida. {Page 572.) 


Famity COTINGIDA.—TueE Cortincas. (Page 321.) 


Genera. 


a. Nostrils wholly exposed ; lores and orbits naked.............+++eeeee baceuaases LeCUnOe 
a. Nostrils more or less hidden by bristly feathers; lores and orbits feathered. 
b. Tip of bill very slightly hooked; tail decidedly rounded or graduated ; 
males with second quill very small or rudimentary. 
ce. Tail graduated for only about half the length of the exposed culmen,; 
tarsus stouter, the inner side (posterior half) with a series of large 
scutelle ; bill more cylindrical.......... .. Platypsaris. (Page 324.) 
e. Tail graduated for about as much as full length of exposed culmen ; 
tarsus slender, the inner side (posterior half) covered by naked 
skin; bill more flattened............. Pachyrhamphus. (Page 325.) 
b. Tip of bill very distinctly hooked; tail nearly even; males with second 
quill larger than first. 
ce. Color uniform tawny (darker above) ; wing six times as long as exposed 
culmen, more than four times as long as tarsus; culmen more or 
less distinctly convex, cutting-edge of upper mandible straight or 
slightly concave, and tip of bill gradually decurved. 

d'. Tarsus stout, very little longer than middle toe, with claw, the 
upper third feathered in front ; culmen curved throughout, and 
cutting-edge of upper mandible slightly concave ; wing 5.00, or 
MOVE se ssca050 Seccoe stoi stesuclecsesesceesencessurietescusnescns cones -Lantocera.* 

d. Tarsus slender, decidedly longer than middle toe, with claw, en- 
tirely naked ; culmen nearly or quite straight to near tip, and 
cutting-edge of upper mandible straight; wing less than 5.00 
(in Mexican SpeCies).....ecececseesseeees Sedderesanatesnaees .. Lipaugus$ 


1 Tityra VieitioT, Analyse, 1816, 39. Type, Lanius cayanus Linn. (One species in Mexico, with others 
in Central and South America.) 

2 Laniocera Less., Rev. Zool. 1840, 353. Type, L. sanguinaria Less.,—Ampelis hypopyrrha VIEILL. 
(One species in Mexico.) 

3 Lipangus (err. typ.) Born, Isis, 1828, 318. Type, Muscicapa simplex Licut. (One species in Mexico.) 


324 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


ce. Color brown above (usually streaked with darker on top of head), the 
rump yellowish or tawny, in marked contrast ; lower parts more or 

less distinctly streaked anteriorly, on a light grayish or olive-yel- 
lowish ground ; wing not more than four times as long as exposed 
culmen, decidedly less than four times as long as tarsus; culmen 

more or less distinctly concave in middle portion, and cutting-edge 

of upper mandible correspondingly convex, the bill being thus 
somewhat recurved; tip of bill very abruptly and strongly hooked. 
Attila." 


Genus PLATYPSARIS Scuarer2 (Page 323, pl. XCV., fig. 3.) , 


Species. 


Common CHaracters.—Adult males: Above nearly uniform grayish or black- 
ish, the top of head always darker than back (or else the latter black also); beneath 
varying from deep slate-gray to nearly pure white, the chest (sometimes lower 
throat also) usually with a patch of pure rose-red. Adult females and young males: 
Above with more or less of tawny, the back and rump in some species mixed with 
grayish; top of head varying from dull slate-gray to glossy black; lower parts 
varying from dull ochraceous to buffy white. 


a, Adult males with rose-colored patch on chest (rarely replaced by patch of 
whitish, faintly tinged with rosy); adult females and young males with back 
and rump dark rusty, rusty grayish, or nearly pure gray. 

b. Adult males with breast, belly, flanks, etc., distinctly, or very decidedly, 

ash-gray. 

ce’. Adult male: Top of head glossy blue-black, passing gradually into dull 

sooty slate on forehead; rest of upper parts uniform slate-gray, 

sometimes decidedly darker on back. Adult female: Top of head 

blackish slate, becoming paler and browner on forehead; rest of 

upper parts dark rusty, duller on back, where sometimes approach- 

ing a deep hazel or burnt-umber tint. Young male: Similar to adult 

female, but top of head glossy black, as in adult male; in older in- 

dividuals, the black of adult plumage appearing on back, sides of 

head, etc., and rose-color tinting the throat. Length about 6.50- 

6.75, wing 3.30-3.75, tail 2.60-3.00, exposed culmen .60-.68. Hab. 
Eastern Mexico (north to Rio Grande Valley), south to Salvador. 

P. aglaie (Larr.). Rose-throated Becard.3 

ce. Adult male: Top of head dull slate-black posteriorly, gradually be- 

coming deep smoky gray on forehead; rest of upper parts uni- 


1 Attila Lesson, Traité Orn. 1831, 360. Type, A. brasiliensis Less. (Two, possibly three, species in 
Mexico and Guatemala.) 

2 Platypsaris Scu., P. Z. S. 1857, 72 (ex Bonap., 1854, nomen nudum). Type, Pachyrhamphus lati- 
rostris Bp. 

8 Pachyrhynchus aglaie LAFR., Rey. Zool. 1839, 98. Platypsaris aglaie SumicHR. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 
1869, 558. 


PACHYRHAMPHUS. 325 


~_ 


form deep ash-gray. Adult female: Top of head dull slate-gray 
(but little darker than back of male), becoming lighter and more 
brownish on forehead; back, scapulars, and upper part of rump 
uniform brownish gray; collar across hind-neck, lower rump, and 
upper tail-coverts pale tawny, tinged with gray; lower parts buffy, 
nearly white on chin, but much deeper (almost tawny) on ear- 
coverts. Length about 6.70, wing 3.40-3.50, tail 2.75-2.80, exposed 
culmen .52-.55. Hab. Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico. 

P. insularis Ripaw. Grayson’s Becard.! 


b?. Adult males with breast, belly, flanks, etc., buffy whitish or very pale gray- 


ish, sometimes nearly pure white. 
Adult male: Above similar to P. insularis, but back, etc., decidedly 


lighter, more ashy, gray. Adult female: Top of head slate-black 
posteriorly, gradually passing into ash-gray on forehead; back, 
scapulars, and rump dull brownish gray or grayish brown, the 
wings and tail more rusty ; usually a more or less distinct collar of 
dull ochraceous across hind-neck; lower parts varying from deep 
ochraceous-buff to buffy white. Length about 6.50-7.00, wing 3.40- 
3.68, tail 2.70-3.00, exposed culmen .58-—.65. Hab. Western and 
southern Mexico (Mazatlan to Yucatan) and north to southern 
AVIZONA 52 ssscscesesee 441.1. P. albiventris LaAwr. Xantus’s Becard.’ 


a*, Adult males without rose-colored patch on chest or throat; adult females with 


upper parts, except top of head and tips of quills, uniform clear tawny rufous. 
Adult male: Top of head slate-black, deeper and somewhat glossy poste- 
riorly, duller and more slaty on forehead; rest of upper parts uniform 
slate-gray ; lower parts uniform ash-gray, rarely paler and very slightly 
tinged with rosy on chest. Adult female: Top of head dark slaty, in 
very abrupt and conspicuous contrast with rufous of back; lower parts 
pale buffy, paler (sometimes nearly white) on belly and chin. Length 
about 6.25, wing 3.50-3.70, tail 2.60-2.85, exposed culmen .62-.65. Hab. 
Nicaragua and western Costa Rica. 


P. latirostris (Bonap.). Gray-throated Becard.’ 


Gzuyus PACHYRHAMPHUS Gray (Page 323, pl. XCV., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


a’. Wings and tail parti-colored ; sexes very different in color. Adult male: Top of 


head glossy blue-black ; hind-neck, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
uniform ash-gray ; back glossy black superficially, but feathers ash-gray be- 
neath the surface; scapulars mostly white; wings black, with white tips to 


1 New species ; three specimens examined. 

2 Hadrostomus albiventris LAwn., Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1867, 475. (Sixteen specimens examined.) 

3 Pachyrhamphus latirostris Bonap., Compt. Rend. xxxviii. 1854, 658. 

* Pachyrhamphus Gray, List Gen. B. 1838, 41. Type, Pachyrhynchus cuviert Srix, = Tityra viridis 


VIEILL. 


326 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


middle coverts and broad white edgings to greater coverts and tertials; tail 
black, the feathers broadly tipped with white (decreasing in width toward 
middle pair); sides of head and entire lower parts plain light ash-gray, nearly 
white on throat, middle of belly, and under tail-coverts. Adult female: Top 
of head glossy black, mixed with rusty, especially on forehead; wings dusky, 
the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped, and other wing-feathers edged, 
with tawny ochraceous; rest of upper parts plain bright tawny, or tawny 
ochraceous, the tail-feathers with a broad subterminal patch of black; sides 
of head and entire lower parts uniform buffy ochraceous. Young male: Simi- 
lar to adult female, but paler and more yellowish beneath. Length about 
6.25-7.00, wing 3.10-3.25, tail 2.60-2.70, exposed culmen .50-.60, tarsus .70-.80. 
Hab. Eastern Mexico (north to Rio Grande Valley) and south to Guatemala. 
P. major (CaB.). Thick-billed Becard.t 
a’, Wings and tail unicolored (plain rusty or tawny rufous); sexes alike in color 
(the adult male being distinguished by rudimentary second primary). 
Above uniform deep tawny rufous, darker on top of head; lower parts 
entirely plain tawny ochraceous, paler on chin and middle of belly ; length 
about 5.25-5.50, wing 3.00-3.10, tail 2.45-2.60, exposed culmen .45-.50, tar- 
sus .75-.80. Hab. Central America (Guatemala to Colombia). 
P. cinnamomeus Lawr. Rufous Becard.? 


Famity TYRANNIDAEL.—Tue Tyrant FvyicatcHers. (Page 321.) 


Genera. 


a. Tail much longer than wing, very deeply forked......... Milvulus. (Page 327.) 
a. Tail not longer than wing, not deeply forked. 
6. Bill from nostril more than half as long as tarsus, the culmen straight for 
most of its length. 
c’. Adults with a bright-colored (yellow, orange, or red) concealed patch 
on crown; tarsus not longer than middle toe, with claw. 
ad. Plumage not striped. 
e', Bill broad at base, its width at nostrils much more than half 
the distance from nostril to tip; adults with outer quills 
abruptly narrowed at tip........... Tyrannus. (Page 328.) 
e’. Bill narrow at base, its width at nostrils not more than half 
the distance from nostril to tip; adults with outer quills 
NOt MATTOWEM At IPs .2 22 sesus.ccee pees Pitangus. (Page 330.) 
d’, Plumage conspicuously striped. (Wing about 4.50.) 
Myiodynastes. (Page 331.) 
ce. Adults without bright-colored patch on crown; tarsus longer than 


1 Bathmidurus major Cas., Weigm. Archiv, 1847, i. 243. Pachyrhamphus major Scu., P. Z. 8. 1857, 78. 
2 Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus LAwr., Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. 1861, 295. 


MILVULUS. 327 


_ 


middle toe, with claw (or else a conspicuous white cottony patch on 
each side of rump’). 
d@. Tail-feathers partly rufous; lower parts uniform ashy for ante- 
rior half (approximately), pale yellowish for posterior portion. 
(Wing about 3.25-4.50.)..........cece00s Myiarchus. (Page 332.) 
d?, Tail-feathers without any rufous; lower parts not colored as in d’. 
e. Wing at least six times as long as tarsus. (Wing about 3.00- 
TWAS) ARG SA CO te DC oCE EEC CE CEE ET EED Contopus. (Page 336.) 
e?, Wing not more than five times as long as tarsus. 

fi. Sexes alike in color, the plumage without any red, and 

destitute of streaks on lower parts. 
g.. Wing more than 3.25......... Sayornis. (Page 335.) 
g*. Wing less than 3.25....... Empidonax. (Page 339.) 
f?. Sexes very different in color, the adult male with whole 
top of head and lower parts scarlet, the female and 
young distinctly streaked beneath. (Wing about 
DZD) ssccedoatsseasecsesee seca Pyrocephalus. (Page 345.) 

b?. Bill from nostril less than half as long as tarsus, the culmen much curved. 

c. Wing more than 3.00; lower parts, except throat, pure lemon-yellow ; 
a broad white superciliary stripe; middle of crown, in adult, with a 
concealed orange patch......05...0..s..06 Myiozetetes. (Page 331.) 
ce’. Wing less than 2.50; lower parts dull whitish or yellowish white; no 
superciliary stripe, and top of head without concealed colored 
PLE Lie srcc dan tonnbsa dane once atsOanensuicbisen ese Ornithion. (Page 345.) 


Genus MILVULUS Swainson. (Page 326, pl. XCL., fig. 8.) 


Species. 


a. Tail-feathers black, the outer one edged with white; top of head deep black; 
axillars pure white. Adult male: Back light bluish gray ; entire lower parts 
pure white ; middle of crown with a concealed patch of bright lemon-yellow ; 
length about 12.00-14.50, wing 4.10-4.75, tail 9.00-10.00. Adult female: 
Similar, but rather smaller, with tail shorter, and yellow crown-spot shorter. 
Young: Similar to adult, but tail much shorter (sometimes scarcely forked), 
colors duller, the wing-coverts bordered with pale rusty, and no yellow on 
crown. Hab. Tropical America in general, including Lesser Antilles; north, 
normally, to southern Mexico, accidentally to Mississippi, Kentucky, and 
ING W JICTRCY, conse ssscesieeve 442. M. tyrannus (Linn.). Fork-tailed Flycatcher. 

a, Tail-feathers chiefly white ; top of head ash-gray ; axillars red or orange. Adult 

male: Above light bluish gray, the back tinged with red; lower parts white, 

faintly tinged with bluish gray anteriorly, the sides, flanks, and under tail- 
coverts strongly washed with salmon-pink; axillars and concealed spot in 
middle of crown scarlet; length about 12.00-15.00, wing 4.40-5.15, tail 


1In “ Contopus” (i.¢., Nuttallornis) borealis. 


3 


8 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


7.00-10.00. Adult female: Similar to the male, but rather smaller, the tail 
shorter, axillars less intensely red, the flanks, ete., paler salmon-color, and 
crown-spot indistinct. Young: Similar to adult female, but crown-spot 
wanting. Vest of sticks, etc., lined with feathers and other soft materials, 
built in trees. Hygs 3-5, .89 X .67, pure white, or creamy white, boldly 
but sparingly spotted with rich madder-brown and lilac-gray. Hab. 
Eastern Mexico and southwestern prairie districts of United States, north 
to Indian Territory, southern Kansas, and southwestern Missouri; acci- 
dental at Key West, Florida, at Norfolk, Virginia, New Jersey, New Eng- 
land, Manitoba, and even at York Factory, Hudson’s Bay Territory ; south 
to Costa Rica...3:.<.. 443. M. forficatus (GmEL.). Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. 


Gunus TYRANNUS Covizr. (Page 326, pl. XCIL, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Uniform grayish or blackish above, the middle of the 


crown with a concealed patch of yellow, orange, or orange-red (except in young); 
lower parts white, shaded with grayish on sides of chest, or else ashy anteriorly and 
pale yellow posteriorly. Vest bulky, built in trees. Eggs handsomely spotted with 
various shades of brown on a white or cream-colored ground. 


a’. Lower parts white. 


6. Tail slightly rounded, deep black, with abrupt white tip; upper half 


of head deep black ; bill small, its length from nostril to tip less than 
length of tarsus. 

Adult: Middle of crown with a concealed patch of orange-red ; wing- 
coverts edged or bordered with pure white or grayish white. 
Young: No colored patch on crown; wing-coverts and upper tail- 
coverts bordered with pale rusty or fulvous, white tail-band and 
chest tinged with same, and colors duller generally. Length 8.00- 
9.00, wing 4.45-4.75, tail 3.40-3.75, bill from nostril .50-.57. Vest 
of sticks, rootlets, ete., lined with wool, feathers, etc., built upon 
trees. Eggs 3-5, .95 & .72, white spotted with rich madder-brown, 
or chestnut, and lilac-gray. Hab. Temperate North America 
(chiefly east of Rocky Mountains and rare on Pacific coast); south, 
in winter, to Middle America and western South America to Bo- 
livia; Cuba; Bahamas........ 444. T. tyrannus (Linn.). Kingbird. 


*», Tail decidedly emarginate, without abrupt white tip; bill very large, its 


length from nostril to tip exceeding length of tarsus. 
cl. Above grayish brown, the head brownish dusky or dark brown ; crown- 
patch orange-red; wing 5.20-5.30, tail 4.00-4.25, bill from nostril 
1.00-1.05. Hab. Cuba and Bahamas. 
T. magnirostris D’OrB. Great-billed Kingbird.} 
ce. Above, including top of head, plumbeous-gray. Adult: A concealed 


1 Tyrannus magnirostris D’Ors., La Sagra’s Cuba, Ois. 1839, pl. 13. 


TYRANNUS. 329 


orange-colored patch in middle of crown; wing-coverts and upper 
tail-coverts without rusty or buffy margins. Young: No crown- 
patch ; wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts more or less distinctly 
bordered with pale rusty, ochraceous, or buffy. Length about 8.90- 
9.80, wing 4.45-4.80, tail 3.50—-4.05, bill from nostril .75-.82. est on 
horizontal branches of (usually small) trees, loosely constructed of 
twigs, roots, ete., with little if any lining. ggs usually 3, 1.02 x 
.73, deep cream-color or pinkish buff, spotted or dashed (or both) 
with madder-brown and purplish gray. Hab. West Indies and 
coasts of Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, north to Florida, 

Georgia, and South Carolina ; accidental in Massachusetts. 
445. T. dominicensis (GmEL.). Gray Kingbird. 

a’, Lower parts yellow, the throat and chest grayish or whitish. 
b'. Bill excessively stout, all its outlines convex, its depth at base .38, or more, 
width .53, or more. 

Above olive-gray, wings and tail browner, head darker; crown-patch 
lemon-yellow; chin and throat white, chest more ashy, rest of 
under parts sulphur-yellow ; wing 5.00-5.50, tail 4.00-4.50, bill from 
nostril .75-.81, depth at base .38-.43, width .53-.60. Hab. Mexico, 
north to Orizaba and Mazatlan. - 

T. crassirostris Swans. Thick-billed Kingbird.! 
b?, Bill much less stout, its outlines straight, depth at base less than .38, width 
less than .53. 
cl. Tail decidedly emarginate; length of bill from nostril nearly or quite 
equal to length of tarsus. 

Adult male: Head, neck, chest, and back light ash-gray, the last 
tinged with olive-greenish; wings and tail dusky brownish 
gray, with paler brownish gray edgings; lower parts, in- 
cluding breast, rich lemon-yellow (the breast tinged with 
olive), the chin and throat grayish white. Adult female: 
Similar to male, but rather smaller, with tail less deeply 
emarginate, orange-red crown-spot more restricted, and quills 
less conspicuously narrowed at tips. Young: Similar to adult, 
but no colored crown-patch, wing-coverts bordered with pale 
buffy, and yellow of lower parts paler. Length about 9.00- 
10.00, wing 4.40-5.00, tail 3.75-4.40, bill from nostril .60-.75. 
Nest on trees, composed of small twigs, fine roots, etc., and 
lined with the latter, together with “the black hair-like heart 
of the Spanish moss.” (Sennett.) Eggs 4, .96 xX .73, buff, 
spotted with rich brown, chiefly round larger end. Hab. Mex- 
ico and Guatemala, north to southern border of United States 
(sduthern Texas to Arizona). 

446. T. melancholicus couchi (Bairp). Couch’s Kingbird. 


1 Tyrannus crassirostris SWAINS., Quar. Jour. Sci., xx. 1826, 278. 


42 


330 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


ce’, Tail even; length of bill from nostril much less than length of tarsus. 

a’. Head, neck, and breast light ash-gray, paler on chin and throat ; 

wings dusky, with indistinct paler edgings; tail deep black, 

the lateral feathers with outer webs abruptly white. Adult 

male: Longer quills with tips contracted into lengthened nar- 

row points, Adult female: Similar to male, but tips of longer 

quills less distinctly attenuated, and orange-red crown-spot more 

restricted. Young: similar to adult, but colors paler and duller, 

the wing-coverts bordered with pale buffy, yellow of belly, etc., 

much paler, and colored crown-spot wanting. Length 8.00- 

9.50, wing 4.75-5.25, tail 3.65-4.00, bill from nostril .50-.55. 

Nest and eggs like those of 7. tyrannus, the latter averaging 

93 X .69. Hab. Western North America, east across Great 

Plains (accidentally to Maryland, New Jersey, New York, 

Maine, etc.), south, in winter, through western Mexico to 

Guatemala......... 447. T. verticalis Say. Arkansas Kingbird. 

@’, Head, neck, and breast dark ash-gray or plumbeous, the chin and 

fore-part of malar region abruptly whitish ; wings light brown- 

ish gray, with broad paler edgings; tail dull black, indistinctly 

tipped with pale brownish gray, the lateral feathers with outer 

webs indistinctly pale grayish. Young: Similar to adult, but 

colors much duller, the wing-coverts bordered with pale fulvous 

or rusty buff, yellow of belly, etc., paler and duller, and colored 

crown-patch wanting. Length about 8.75-9.00, wing 5.00-5.40, 

tail 3.70-4.20, bill from nostril .55-.60. West and eggs not es- 

sentially different from those of JT. tyrannus and T. verticalis. 

Hab. Mexico and Guatemala, north to along eastern base of 

Rocky Mountains to southern Wyoming, and coast district of 
southern California to about lat. 37° ; south to Costa Rica. 

448. T. vociferans Swans. Cassin’s Kingbird. 


Genus PITANGUS Swainson. (Page 326, pl. XCIL., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


a’. Forehead, superciliary stripe, and band across nape white; crown with a large 


partially concealed patch of bright lemon- or gamboge-yellow; back, scap- 
ulars, and rump plain light olive-brown; outer webs of greater wing- 
coverts, secondaries, primaries, and tail-feathers, broadly edged with rufous, 
the inner webs of quills and tail-feathers almost entirely of this color; lores 
and ear-coverts deep black, producing a conspicuous broad stripe along side 
of head; chin, throat, and malar region pure white; rest of lower parts, in- 
cluding under wing-coverts, continuous deep sulphur- or pale lemon-yellow ; 
length about 10.00-11.00, wing 4.90-5.10, tail 3.90-4.00, exposed culmen 1.15- 
1.25, tarsus 1.05. Nest very bulky, dome- or oven-shaped, with entrance on 
one side, composed of coarse straws, lichens, ete., lined with finer materials, 


MYIOZETETES. 331 


and placed in thorny trees. Hggs 3-5, 1.16 x .84, buffy white speckled and 
spotted (the markings mostly longitudinal), chiefly on larger end, with 
madder-brown and purplish gray. Hab. Middle America and northern 
South America, north to lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas. 
449. P. derbianus (Kaur). Derby Flycatcher. 
a, Whole top and sides of head plain brownish slate, or dusky, becoming lighter 
and more ashy on forehead; middle of crown with a rather small concealed 
patch of brownish orange-yellow, or orange-rufous; back, scapulars, and 
rump plain slate-gray or dull ash-gray, slightly tinged with olive; wings 
dusky, the middle and greater coverts and tertials conspicuously margined 
with dull whitish, the quills narrowly edged with the same; tail dull black- 
ish, or dusky, tipped with dull light grayish, the outer web of lateral feather 
also dull light grayish; lower parts dull whitish, purer on throat and belly, 
faintly shaded with ashy on breast, and passing into pale sulphur-yellow on 
axillars, under wing-coverts, flanks, and under tail-coverts ; upper tail-coverts 
broadly but rather indistinctly margined with rusty; length (skins) about 
8.00-8.50, wing 4.15-4.40, tail 3.40-3.90, exposed culmen .95-.1.00, tarsus .85- 
POOR FAD; “BAh@INaS) 5.0. se0seees <s P. bahamensis BryANT. Bahaman Petchary.! 


Genus MYIOZETETES Scrarer. (Page 327, pl. XCV., fig. 1.) 


Species. 

Adult: Crown and occiput dull brownish gray, enclosing a concealed patch of 
bright orange-red ; forehead and broad superciliary stripe white; lores, malar and 
suborbital regions, and ear-coverts deep brownish gray (darker than top of head), 
producing a very broad stripe along side of head; hind-neck and sides of neck like 
crown, but tinged with olive-green; back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and rump 
plain olive, or dull olive-green, brighter posteriorly ; upper tail-coverts duller (some- 
times more grayish) olive, occasionally margined with rusty ; wings and tail dusky 
grayish brown, the feathers edged with paler—the secondaries (especially tertials) 
with distinct olive-yellowish margins; chin and throat white; rest of lower parts 
pure gamboge-yellow. Young: Similar to adult, but crown without the concealed 
orange-patch, white portions of head more or less tinged with yellowish, and larger 
wing-feather and tail-feather margined with light rusty. Length about 6.50-6.75, 
wing 3.65-4.00, tail 2.20-2.40, exposed culmen .50, tarsus .80. Nest similar to that 
of Pitangus derbianus, but smaller. Eggs .91< .66. Hab. Middle America, south 
to Colombia, north to northern Mexico (and southern Texas ?). 

450. M.texensis (GirAUD). Giraud’s Flycatcher. 


Genus MYIODYNASTES Bonaparte. (Page 326, pl. XCIIL, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Above brownish, striped with black, the lower rump, 
upper tail-coverts, and tail rufous, streaked medially with black; wings dusky, with 


1 Pitangus bahamensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ix. 1864, 279. 


332 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


conspicuous light edgings; a broad dusky stripe on side of head, involving lores 
and ear-coverts; above this a superciliary stripe of white or yellowish, and below 
it a broad white or yellowish malar stripe; chin and throat (at least medially) 
white, narrowly streaked with dusky; rest of lower parts yellowish or whitish, 
the chest, breast, and sides broadly streaked with dusky. Adult with a concealed 
crown-patch of lemon- or gamboge-yellow. 


a’, Chin and a broad stripe on each side of throat dusky, forming a conspicuous 
A-shaped mark ; lower parts, except middle of throat, clear sulphur-yellow ; 
superciliary and malar stripes white; length about 7.75-8.00, wing 4.25-4.60, 
tail 3.30-3.60, culmen .80-.90. Hab. Mexico and Central America, north to 
southern Arizona, south to Panama. 

451. M. luteiventris Sct. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher. 

a’. Chin and whole throat white, the latter bordered laterally by a brownish and 
dusky stripe along lower half of malar region; lower parts whitish, tinged, 
more or less, with sulphur-yellow, chiefly on sides; superciliary and malar 
stripes pale dull yellowish. 

b'. Darker, the prevailing color of the upper parts grayish olive-brown; wing 
4.40-4.50, tail 3.65-3.75, exposed culmen .85-.90. Hab. Cayenne, Trini- 


dad, Tobago, ete. 
M. audax (GMEL.). Bold Flycatcher.! 


b’, Paler, the prevailing color of the upper parts light olive, mixed, more or 
less, with buffy yellowish. 
ce’. With longer bill, and plumage more rufescent above, especially on top 
of head; wing 4.10-4.45, tail 3.40-3.75, exposed culmen .90-1.05. 
Hab. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and north to Costa Rica. 
M. audax nobilis (Scu.). Noble Flycatcher.” 
ce’. With shorter bill, and almost total absence of rusty tinge to upper 
parts; wing 4.25-4.40, tail 3.50-3.60, exposed culmen .80-.90. Hab. 
Southeastern Mexico (Yucatan to Mirador). 
M. audax insolens Ripaw. Insolent Flycatcher.? 


Genus MYIARCHUS Casanis. (Page 327, pl. XCIIL, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Above plain grayish brown or olive (the top of head 
sometimes much darker), the wings dusky, with more or less distinct lighter 
edgings; tail-feathers sometimes uniform dusky, but usually with more or less 
rufous, especially on inner webs, which are sometimes entirely of this color; quills 
(occasionally adjacent secondaries also) sometimes edged with rusty ; anterior lower 
-parts plain ashy or ashy white (the breast obsoletely streaked in M. fammulatus), 
the posterior lower parts (from breast back) varying from deep sulphur-yellow to 


1 Muscicapa audax GmEL., 8. N. i. pt. ii. 1788, 934. Myiodynastes audax Scu., P. Z. 8. 1859, 48. (The 
above diagnosis based on examination of two specimens only, these from Tobago.) 

2 Myiodynastes nobilis Scu., P. Z. S. 1859, 42. 

3 New subspecies. Type, No. 27977, U.S. Nat. Mus., Mirador (Vera Cruz), Mexico; Dr. C. Sartorius. 


MYIARCHUS. 393 


yellowish white. Young with more rufous on tail, ete., than adults. Nest usually 
in holes of trees. Hggs 3-6, curiously marked with fine “ pen-lines” and intricate 
pencillings of black and various shades of rich purplish brown over a buffy or 
creamy brown. 


a, Inner webs of tail-feathers chiefly rufous. 

b'. A broad dusky stripe, of uniform width, along inner side of shaft of outer 
tail-feathers. (Above olive, browner on top of head, and more or less 
tinged with rusty on upper tail-coverts ; outer webs of quills edged 
with rusty; chin, throat, and breast pale ashy, sometimes almost 
white on throat; rest of under parts pale sulphur-yellow.) 

cl. Smaller: Length about 8.50-9.00, wing 3.80-4.20 (4.01), tail 3.80-4.25 
(4.04), bill from nostril .62-.75 (.66), tarsus .82-.92 (.90). Eggs .88 
< .69, averaging much paler than those of M. crinitus. Hab. 
Eastern and southern Mexico, north to lower Rio Grande Valley 

in Texas, south to Guatemala and Salvador. 
453. M. mexicanus (Kaup). Mexican Crested Flycatcher. 
ce. Larger: Length about 9.40-10.00, wing 4.04-4.60 (4.30), tail 4.10-4.60 
(4.29), bill from nostril .68-.82 (.73), tarsus .97-1.02 (1.00). Hab. 
Western Mexico, north to southern Arizona; south, in winter, to 
APCINUANTEPCC:.s.casecc. accesses. 453a. M. mexicanus magister Rinew. 
Arizona Crested Flycatcher. 

6%. Without a broad dusky stripe along inner side of shaft of outer tail- 

feather, except sometimes near tip. 
ce’. Throat and chest deep ash-gray, belly bright sulphur-yellow, back, 
etc., decidedly olive. 
Length about 8.50-9.00, wing 3.90-4.40, tail 3.50-4.20, bill from 
nostril .55-.65, tarsus .78-.82. Hggs .89 « .69. Hab. Eastern 
United States, north to southern Canada, west to edge of 
Great Plains; south, in winter, through eastern Mexico and 
Central America to Costa Rica. 
452. M. crinitus (Lrinn.). Crested Flycatcher. 
c. Throat and chest very pale ashy, sometimes almost white on former ; 
belly pale sulphur-yellow ; back, ete., grayish brown. 

d’. Inner web of outer tail-feather dusky at tip (excepting in young, 
in which tail-feathers are rufous, with median dusky stripe), the 
outer web distinctly whitish. 

Length about 8.00-8.50, wing 3.80-4.25, tail 3.65-4.20, bill 
from nostril .52-.60, tarsus .88-.95. Eggs .88 « .65, colored 
and marked like those of M. mexicanus. Hab. Western 
United States, east to Rocky Mountains, south over high- 
lands of Mexico (to lowlands of Tehuantepec in winter). 

454. M. cinerascens Lawr. Ash-throated Flycatcher. 

d’, Inner web of outer tail-feather without dusky at tip, and outer 

web not distinctly whitish. 


334 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


e'. Smaller; tail not decidedly, if at all, shorter than wing; upper 
tail-coverts not distinctly tinged with rusty; wing 3.40- 
3.70 (3.57), tail 3.35-3.80 (3.56), bill from nostril .40-.56 
(.50), tarsus .80-.88 (.85). Hab. Southern Arizona (Tucson, 
etc.) to western Costa Rica (a Palma). 
454a. M. cinerascens nuttingi Rivew. 
Nutting’s Flycatcher.’ 
e’. Larger; tail decidedly shorter than wing; upper tail-coverts 
decidedly tinged with rusty (sometimes with rusty pre- 
vailing); wing 3.65-3.90 (3.74), tail 3.45-3.60 (8.52), bill 
from nostril .60-.62 (.61), tarsus .85-.90 (.87). Hab. 
Nicaragua. 
M. brachyurus Ripaw. Nicaraguan Crested Flycatcher.? 
a’. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers chiefly (sometimes entirely) dusky or dull 
grayish brown. 
6’. Width of bill at frontal feathers decidedly less than length of gonys; no 
trace of streaks on breast. 
c’. Bill very little flattened, its depth through middle nearly equal to 
width at same place. 
d’. Belly and flanks sulphur-yellow; middle wing-coverts tipped with 
dull grayish brown ; quills very distinctly edged with rusty. 
Wing 3.40-3.50, tail 3.50-3.60, bill from nostril .52-.55, tarsus 
81-.85. Hab. Yucatan. 
M. yucatanensis LAwr. Yucatan Crested Flycatcher.* 
d’. Belly and flanks white or yellowish white ; middle wing-coverts 
tipped with pale brownish gray or grayish white; quills very 
indistinctly, if at all, edged with rusty. 
e. Middle wing-coverts tipped with light brownish gray ; top of 
head deep sepia-brown; wing 3.20-3.45 (3.33), tail 3.20- 
3.40 (3.33), bill from nostril .55-.58 (.57), tarsus .78-.80. 


Hab. Cuba. 
M. sagre GUNDL. Cuban Crested Flycatcher. 


é. Middle wing-coverts tipped with grayish white; top of head 
hair-brown ; wing 3.35-3.55 (3.46), tail 3.25-3.50 (3.40), bill 
from nostril .58-.60 (.59), tarsus .85-.86 (.85). Hab. Ba- 


hamas. 
M. lucaysiensis Bryant. Bahaman Crested Flycatcher.5 


ce’, Bill much flattened, its depth in middle portion not more than two- 
thirds its width at same place. 


1 Myiarchus nuttingi Ripew., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. Sept. 5, 1882, 395. (Type, No. 87391, U.S. Nat. 
“ Mus., La Palma, Costa Rica, Apr. 27, 1882; C. C. Nutting.) 

2 New species; type, No. 91057, U. S. Nat. Mus., dad., Ometepec, Nicaragua, March 7, 1883; C. C. 
Nutting. 

3 Myiarchus yucatanensis LAwr., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1871, 235. 

4 Muscicapa sagre GUNDL., Jour. Bost. Soc. N. H. vi. 1852, 313. Myiarchus sagre GuNDL., J. f. 0. 1872, 
424, 

5 Tyrannula (Myiarchus) stolida (var. lucaysiensis) BRYANT, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. xi. 1866, 66. 


SAYORNIS. 335 


d. Tail with distinct rufous edgings to inner webs, or else without 

distinct rusty edgings to outer webs. 

e'. Darker, the top of head more or less sooty, decidedly darker 
than back; quills, secondaries, and tail-feathers conspicu- 
ously edged with rusty, and upper tail-coverts strongly 
tinged with same; inner webs of tail-feathers usually 
broadly edged with rufous; length about 7.00, wing 3.10- 
3.40 (3.24), tail 3.00-3.40 (3.24), bill from nostril .50-.58 
(.52), tarsus .75-.80 (.77). Hab. Eastern Mexico, north to 
lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas; Guatemala. 

455. M. lawrenceii (GrrAuD). Lawrence’s Flycatcher. 

e*, Paler, with top of head hair-brown or olive, very little darker 
than color of back; quills, secondaries, and tail-feathers 
usually without distinct rusty edgings—often without any 
rusty ; inner webs of tail-feathers usually without rufous 
edges; length 7.00-7.30, wing 2.90-3.25 (3.11), tail 3.00- 
3.25 (3.14), bill from nostril .48-.55 (.51), tarsus .70-.75 (.73). 
Hab. Western Mexico, north to southern Arizona, south, in 
winter, to southern Mexico, including Yucatan.. 455a. M. 

lawrenceii olivascens Ripaw. Olivaceous Flycatcher. 

@. Tail-feather without rufous edgings to inner webs, but outer webs 

very distinctly edged with rusty, and upper tail-coverts strongly 

tinged with same; belly and flanks very pale sulphur-yellow. 
Top of head dull sooty, but scarcely brownish; back dull 
grayish hair-brown; wing 3.00, tail 3.00, bill from nostril 

50, width at base .33, tarsus .80. 
M. platyrhynchus Ripaw. Cozumel Flycatcher.! 
6’. Width of bill at frontal feathers very little, if any, less than length of gonys; 
breast very indistinctly clouded or streaked with pale grayish. 

Top of head olivaceous, like back; middle, greater, and last row of 
lesser wing-coverts tipped with buffy or light rusty; length about 
6.00, wing 2.90-3.00, tail 3.00-3.10, bill from nostril .40, width at 
base .40, tarsus .70-.72. Hab. Southwestern Mexico (Mazatlan to 


Tehuantepec). 
M. flammulatus Lawr. Flammulated Flycatcher. 


Genus SAYORNIS Bonaparrs. (Page 327, pl. XCIV., fig. 3.) 
Species. 


Common Cuaractrers.—Above plain olive-grayish or blackish, the tail black or 
dusky, its lateral feathers with outer webs edged with whitish; lower parts vary- 
ing in color according to species. Young: Similar to adults, but wing-coverts 


1 Myiarchus platyrhynchus Ripaw., Descr. N. Sp. B. Cozumel, 1885, 3. 
2 Myiarchus flammulatus Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. xi. July, 1874, 71. 


336 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


tipped with light rusty. Vest a compact and bulky felted mass, decorated exteri- 
orly with mosses, etc., and lined with soft feathers, attached to rocks, to beams 
of buildings, bridges, etc. Hggs 3-8, pure white, sometimes finely but sparsely 
speckled round larger end with dark brownish. 


a‘. Belly white or very pale yellowish. 

b'. Above olive-grayish, darker on top of head; lower parts entirely whitish, 
more or less strongly tinged posteriorly with pale yellowish, the sides 
of the breast tinged with olive-grayish ; length about 6.25-7.00, wing 
3.25-3.55, tail 3.00-3.40. Eggs .75 x .57. Hab. Eastern North America; _ 
south, in winter, to eastern Mexico and Cuba. 

456. S. phoebe (Latu.). Phebe. 

O°, Above, together with anterior and lateral lower parts, slate-black ; belly 
and lower tail-coverts white; length about 6.25-7.00, wing 3.55-3.80, 
tail 3.45-3.75. Eggs .74 57. Hab. Mexico and northward, along 
Pacific coast to Oregon, eastward to southern Texas. 

458. S. nigricans (Swarns.). Black Phebe. 
a, Belly light cinnamon, or tawny ochraceous. 

Above light brownish gray, the tail black; anterior lower parts light 
brownish gray, posterior portions light cinnamon or tawny ochraceous ; 
length about 7.50-8.05, wing 3.90-4.25, tail 3.35-3.75. Hggs .77 x .59, 
always immaculate (?). Hab. Western United States, eastward across 

Great Plains, north to the Saskatchewan, and south into Mexico. 
457. S. saya (Bonap.). Say’s Phebe. 


Genus CONTOPUS Casanis. (Page 327, pl. XCIV., figs. 1, 2.) 


Species. 


Common CHaractTers.—Above plain grayish brown or olive-grayish, usually 
darker on top of head, lighter on rump; wings and tail dusky, the wing-coverts 
with more or less distinct paler (usually dull grayish) tips, the secondaries edged 
with the same (these edgings broader and more whitish on tertials); lower parts 
paler than upper, the throat and belly usually whitish or pale yellowish ; upper 
mandible black, lower light-colored, except at tip; feet blackish. Young: Similar 
to adult, but wing-coverts narrowly tipped with buffy, ochraceous, or light rusty. 
Nest on trees (usually on a stout horizontal branch), very compact, saucer-shaped. 
Eggs 2-4, pale cream-color, handsomely wreathed round larger end with spots of 
rich brown and lilac-gray or lavender. 


a‘, Tarsus shorter than middle toe, with claw; primaries exceeding secondaries by 
two and a half times the length of the tarsus; wing exceeding tail by about 
half the length of the latter; first quill much longer than fourth, often 
longer than third; a very conspicuous white cottony patch on each side of 
rump; median lower parts white, or very pale yellowish (scarcely inter- 


CONTOPUS. 397 


rupted on breast), the lateral portions deep grayish brown, or brownish 
gray, in strong contrast. (Subgenus Nuttallornis Ripaw.') 

Adult: Above brownish slate, some of the feathers usually with darker 
shaft-streaks ; wings and tail dusky blackish, the wing-coverts tipped 
with brownish gray and tertials edged with whitish; a conspicuous tuft 
of white cottony feathers on each side of rump (usually concealed by 
wings) ; middle line of body beneath, from chin to crissum, white, the 
lateral portions brownish gray (usually with darker shaft-streaks), this 
sometimes extending across the chest, thus interrupting the white. 
Young : Similar to adult, but tips to wing-coverts (narrowly) dull buffy 
or fulvous. Length 7.10-7.90, wing 3.90-4.50, tail 2.80-3.50, exposed 
culmen .58-.70, tarsus .55-.60. Hggs .85 & .63, creamy buff, spotted, 
usually in more or less of a distinct ring round larger end, with deep 
rusty brown or chestnut and purplish gray. Hab. Higher mountain 
districts of United States, and coniferous forests of lowlands from 
northern border (New England to Michigan, etc.) northward, and south 
through higher mountains to Colombia. 

459. C. borealis (Swarns.). Olive-sided Flycatcher. 
@. Tarsus longer than middle toe, with claw; primaries exceeding secondaries by 
less than twice the length of the tarsus ; wing exceeding tail by less than 
one-fourth the length of the latter; first quill much shorter than fourth, 
sometimes shorter than fifth ; no conspicuous white cottony tuft on side of 
rump; median lower parts not abruptly lighter than lateral portions. 

(Subgenus Contopus CABANIS.) 

b'. Wing more than 3.75. 

Above plain grayish brown, tinged with olive, the wings without very 
distinct lighter markings; beneath plain light olive grayish, the 
chin whitish, the belly and under tail-coverts pale dull yellowish ; 
length 7.70-8.00, wing 3.80-4.45, tail 3.60-3.90. Hab. Highlands of 
Guatemala and Mexico, north to southern Arizona. 

460. C. pertinax Cas. Coues’s Flycatcher. 
6’. Wing less than 3.75. 

c’. Belly and under tail-coverts white or pale sulphur-yellowish; under 
wing-coverts dull light olive-grayish, sometimes tinged with 
yellowish. 

d', Exposed culmen much less than twice the width of bill at nostrils. 

e’. Second quill decidedly longer than third, and fourth quill much 
longer than fifth ; wing 3.00, or more (usually more than 
3.15). 
f*. Lores dull grayish, not distinctly or abruptly different 
from color of forehead and ear-coverts; throat not 
pure white. 


1 New subgenus; more properly a distinct genus, so numerous and positive are the differences from all the 
epecies of Contopus proper. 
43 


338 


(48.) 


—_ 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


g'. Lighter and more olivaceous above, the median lower 


parts more distinctly whitish, or less extensively 
interrupted with olive-grayish on breast; wings 
and tail shorter; length 5.90-6.50, wing 3.00-3.45 
(3.27), tail 2.50-2.90 (2.71), exposed culmen .43- 
52 (.48), width of bill at base .24~-.30 (.28), tarsus 
48-53 (.51). Nest a very beautiful saucer-shaped 
structure covered exteriorly with green and gray 
lichens, built usually upon a thick horizontal 
branch. Eggs .72 x 54, pale creamy buff or 
creamy white, spotted, usually in ring round 
larger end, with rich madder-brown and lilac-gray. 
Hab. Eastern North America, north to Canada, 
etc., west to edge of Great Plains; south, in winter, 
to eastern Mexico and Guatemala. 

461. C. virens (LINN.). Wood Pewee. 


g. Darker and less olivaceous above, the median lower 


parts less distinctly whitish, or more extensively 
interrupted with olive-grayish across breast; wings 
and tail longer; length 6.20-6.75, wing 3.15-3.55, 
(3.34), tail 2.50-2.95 (2.74), exposed culmen .44- 
51 (.48), width of bill at base .27-.32 (.29), tarsus 
AI-.56 (.52). Nest composed chiefly of plant- 
fibres (sometimes, though rarely, ornamented with 
lichens), often built in forks of branches. J/gqs 
.71 X .54, colored like those of C. virens. Ilab. 
Western North America, east to Great Plains, 
north to British Columbia and interior of British 
America, south, in winter, through Mexico and 
Central America to Costa Rica.. 462. C. richard- 

sonii (SwAINs.). Western Wood Pewee. 


f#*. Lores whitish, in strong contrast with color of forehead 
and ear-coverts; throat pure white; otherwise very 
similar in color to C. virens, but bill much longer, 
broader, and more flattened; length (skin) 5.60, wing 
3.20, tail 2.60, exposed culmen .55, width of bill at 
base .35, tarsus .50. Hab. Yucatan. 


C. albicollis LAwr. White-throated Wood Pewee.! 


2, Second quill not conspicuously (if any) longer than third, and 
fourth not conspicuously longer than fifth ; wing not more 

than 3.05 (usually less than 3.00). 
Above dull olive, decidedly darker on top of head, lighter 
on rump; wings and tail dusky, the former varied by 


1 Contopus albicollis Lawr., Ann. Lyc. N.Y. Ac. Sci. iii. No. 5, Jan. 5, 1885, 156, 


EMPIDONAX, 339 


dull olive-grayish tips to wing-coverts and paler (some- 

times nearly white) edges to tertials; chest and sides 

of breast olive-grayish, the sides and flanks much 

tinged with same; chin and throat whitish, sometimes 

tinged with sulphur-yellow; belly pale sulphur-yellow; 

under wing-coverts dull buffy, tinged or mixed with 

olive-grayish ; length (skins) 5.30-5.50, wing 2.80-3.05, 

tail 2.60-2.75, exposed culmen .47-.50, tarsus .50-.55. 

Hab. Yucatan (including Cozumel) and southern 
Mexico (Cordova, etc.). 

C. brachytarsus Sct. Schott’s Wood Pewee.! 

ad’. Exposed culmen about twice as long as width of bill at nostrils. 

Colors much as in C. schottii, but grayer; length (skins) 5.25- 

5.70, wing 2.65-2.90, tail 2.40-2.70, exposed culmen .55-.60, 

width of bill at nostrils .25-.30, tarsus .60-.65. Hab. Ba- 


hamas. 
C. bahamensis BRYANT. Bahaman Wood Pewee.? 


ce’. Belly, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts light ochraceous. 
Otherwise in color much like C. brachytarsus, but bill shaped as 
in C, bahamensis ; length (skins) 5.60-6.00, wing 2.75-2.80, tail 


2.70-2.80. Hab. Cuba. 
C. caribaeus (D’OrB.). Cuban Wood Pewee.’ 


Grnus EMPIDONAX Canzanis. (Page 327, pl. XCIV., fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Above plain brownish, grayish, olive, or olive-greenish, 
the wings with two lighter bands (across tips of greater and middle coverts), the 
secondaries edged with the same color as the wing-bands, except toward base, there 
being always a more or less distinct dusky bar behind tips of greater coverts ; lower 
parts whitish, yellowish, or buffy, shaded with grayish, olive, or ochraceous across 
chest ; upper mandible black, or dark brown, lower mandible pale-colored ; legs and 


feet black. 


a. Lower parts whitish or sulphur-yellowish, shaded, more or less, across breast 
with grayish or olivaceous. 
6. Width of bill at nostrils decidedly greater than half the length of the ex- 


posed culmen. 


1 Empidonax brachytarsus Scu., Ibis, 1859, 441. Contopus brachytarsus Scu., Cat. Am. B. 1862, 231. Con- 


topus schottii Lawr., Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. 1869, 202. (Types of both compared, also additional specimens of 
C. schottit.) 

2 Empidonax bahamensis BryAnt, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H. vii. 1859, 109. 
Bahama Is. 1880, 101. 

3 Muscipeta carbaea D’Ors, La Sagra’s Cuba, 1839, 77. 
1874, 351. 


Contopus bahamensis Cory, Bds. 


Contopus caribeus B. B. & R, Hist, N. Am. B. ii. 


340 


(49.) 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


c'. Upper parts umber-brown, the top of head sometimes much darker 


Above dull brown, darker on top of head, the wing-bands varying 
from dull light brownish buff to tawny ; chin and throat white; 
rest of lower parts pale smoky buff, shaded with smoky brown 
across breast (whole lower parts dull whitish in much worn 
plumage); under wing-coverts and thighs deep buff or ochra- 
ceous; wing 2.35-2.40 (2.37), tail 2.15-2.32 (2.24), culmen .60- 
.67 (.64), bill from nostril .32-.35 (.33), width at base .30, tarsus 
.67-.68 (.67). Hab. Southeastern Mexico (Vera Cruz) to high- 
lands of Guatemala. 


E. albigularis ScL. White-throated Flycatcher.! 


c*. Upper parts olive, olive-greenish, or olive-grayish. 
d’. Lower parts without white (usually yellowish). 
e’. Under wing-coverts pale buff, deepening into ochraceous on 
edge of wing. (Length 5.50-6.00.) 
Adult : Above dull grayish olive (more brownish in win- 


ter), the wing-bands dull light buffy grayish (more 
buffy in winter) ; lower parts pale dull yellowish, in- 
clining to sulphur-yellow on belly and under tail-cov- 
erts, and faintly shaded with dull grayish brown across 
breast. Young: Similar, but browner above, with wing- 
bands ochraceous, or rusty buff, the sulphur-yellow of 
belly, ete., replaced by dull white. Male: Wing 2.50- 
2.90 (2.65), tail 2.35-2.60 (2.43), culmen .57-.63 (.61), 
bill from nostril .29-.33 (.31), width at base .25-.28 
(.27), tarsus .64-.69 (.68). Female: Wing 2.30-2.60 
(2.44), tail 2.20-2.45 (2.32). Nests in clefts of old 
stumps or logs, or similar situations, bulky, composed 
of mosses, etc. Eggs .66 X .52, buffy white or pale 
buff, speckled, chiefly round larger end, with rusty 
brown, or cinnamon. Hab. Western United States, 
north to Sitka; south, in winter, to western Mexico. 
464. E. difficilis Bairp. Western Flycatcher.’ 


é. Under wing-coverts yellowish white, or pale sulphur-yellow. 
f'. Wing-bands not darker (usually paler) than lower parts. 


(Length 5.10-5.80.) 

Adult: Above dull olive-green, the wing-bands pale 
olive-yellowish ; beneath pale dull sulphur-yellow, 
shaded with olive across breast. Young: Similar, 
but duller, with wing-bands buffy or ochraceous. 
Male: Wing 2.55-2.75 (2.64), tail 2.10-2.30 (2.18), 


1 Empidonax albigularis Scu., Ibis, 1859, 122. Empidonax axillaris Ripew., in Hist. Am. B. ii. 1874, 363. 
2 Called “Baird’s Flycatcher” in the A. O. U. Check List, but this name belongs properly to EZ. bairdii 


Sci. 


EMPIDONAX. 341 


culmen .48-.59 (.54), bill from nostril .30-.32 (.31), 
width at base .25-.28 (.26), tarsus .64-.68 (.66). 
Female: Wing 2.40-2.50 (2.45), tail 2.00-2.25 
(2.11). Nest embedded in mossy bank, stump, or 
log, composed of green moss, dry leaves, fine 
sticks, etc., lined with fine black rootlets, dried 
grass-blades, ete. ; external diameter about 4.00- 
4.50, depth about 2.25-4.00; cavity about 1.25- 
1.50 deep by 2.00 across. Hygs usually 4, .67 x 
51, colored like those of #. diffcilis. Hab. East- 
ern North America, breeding from northern 
United States northward; south, in winter, 
through eastern Mexico and Central America 
to Panama........ s+ 463. E. flaviventris Barrp. 

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. 

f?. Wing-bands darker than lower parts. 
g. Aoove dull olive. 

Adult: Above dull olive, the wing-bands dull 
light olive, sometimes inclining to russet; 
lower parts pale olive-yellowish, more de- 
cidedly olivaceous on breast; edge of wing 
dull ochraceous or fulvous; wing 2.60-2.80 
(2.72), tail 2.40-2.55 (2.49), culmen .58-.60 
(.59), bill from nostril .32-.33 (.32), width at 
base .25, tarsus .65-.70 (.68). Hab. Southern 
and eastern Mexico (Oaxaca, Cordoba, Mira- 
dor, etc.)...... E. bairdii Sct. Baird’s Flycatcher.! 

g. Above bright olive-green. Adult : Above bright olive- 
green, the wing-bands similar, but paler, some- 
times inclining to ochraceous; lower parts green- 
ish sulphur-yellow, distinctly shaded across breast 
and along sides with olive-green; edge of wing 
clear sulphur-yellow ; wing 2.50-2.90 (2.75), tail 
2.15-2.65 (2.44), culmen .60-.63 (61), bill from 
nostril .32-.35 (.34), width at base .28-.30 (.29), 
tarsus .68-.72 (.70). Hab. Highlands of Guatemala. 

E. salvini Ripaw. Salvin’s Flycatcher.’ 
d?, Lower parts partly white. 
é. First quill longer than seventh. 

f. First quill usually equal to or longer than fifth ; color uni- 
form olive-green or greenish gray above. (Length 
5.50-5.90.) 

Adult: Above varying from greenish gray to olive- 
green, or even (in some winter specimens) almost 


1 Empidonax bairdii Scu., P. Z. 8. 1898, 301. 2 Empidonax salvini Rivew., Ibis, Oct. 1886, 459. 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


russet-olive, the top of the head similar to the 
back; wing-bands buff or buffy whitish; lower 
parts white, more or less strongly tinged with sul- 
phur-yellow laterally and posteriorly, and (usu- 
ally very faintly) shaded across breast with olive 
or grayish. Young: Similar to adult, but with 
wing-bands deeper ochraceous, and feathers of 
upper parts (especially crown and rump) nar- 
rowly tipped with paler, producing an inconspic- 
uous mottling. Male: Wing 2.75-3.10 (2.83), tail 
2.30-2.70 (2.49), culmen .62—.69 (.66), bill from 
nostril .382-—.39 (.35), width at base .28-.30 (.30), 
tarsus .59-.67 (.62). Female: Wing 2.55-2.70 
(2.65), tail 2.25-2.35 (2.32). Nest a very thin, flat 
structure secured between forks near the ex- 
tremity of a (usually depending) branch, com- 
posed of fine rootlets, tree-catkins, etc. Hggs 
2-4, .72 x .53, pale creamy buff or creamy white, 
sparsely speckled or spotted, chiefly on larger end, 
with deep rusty brown or madder-brown. Hab. 
Eastern United States; south, in winter, through 
eastern Mexico and Central America to Ecuador ; 
Cuilitc.ctaeesncecosesces 465. E. virescens (VIEILL.). 
Green-crested Flycatcher.’ 
f?. First quill usually shorter than fifth; color olive or 
grayish brown above—never distinctly greenish. 
g. Tail even, or very slightly rounded ; wing averaging 
more than 2.60. (Length 5.50-6.50.) 
th. Adult: Above olive, usually decidedly grayer 
on head; wing-bands varying from dull 
brownish gray, or grayish brown, to nearly 
white ; lower parts white, tinged more or 
less with sulphur-yellow posteriorly, and 
shaded with olive-grayish on sides of breast ; 
under wing-coverts very pale buffy yellow. 
Young: Similar, but rather browner above 
and more distinctly tinged with yellow be- 
neath, the wing-bands deep buff, or ochra- 
ceous. Male: Length about 5.80-6.25, wing 
2.70-2.85 (2.75), tail 2.35-2.60 (2.51), culmen 
.64-.73 (.69), bill from nostril .35-.40 (.38), 
width at base .27-.31 (.29), tarsus .65-.72 
(.68). Female: Length about 5.55-6.00, wing 
2.55-2.65 (2.60), tail 2.20-2.50 (2.38), other 


1 Cf. Brewster, The Auk, xii. April, 1895, pp. 157-159. 


EMPIDONAX. 213 


measurements about as in male. West deep 
cup-shaped, bulky, usually built between forks 
of an upright twig or branch, in bushes, com- 
posed of plant-down, straws, etc. Eggs 2A, 
70 .53, similar in color to those of E. aca- 
dicus, but averaging paler, both in ground- 
color and in markings. Hab. Western North 
America, north to Sitka and Fort Simpson ; 
south, in winter, into Mexico. 

466. E. traillii (Avup.). Traill’s Flycatcher.’ 


h?. Similar to E. pusillus, but averaging more de- 


cidedly olivaceous above and more distinctly 
tinged with yellow beneath, the bill shorter 
and broader, and tarsus shorter. ale : Wing 
2.60-3.00 (2.81), tail 2.40-2.60 (2.48), culmen 
.60-.64 (.62), bill from nostril 32-37 (.34), 
width at base .29-.30 (.30), tarsus .64-.67 (.66). 
Female: Wing 2.50-2.65 (2.58), tail 2.25-2.35 
(2.30). Nest and eggs as in £. pusillus, the 
latter averaging .73 < .53. Hab. Eastern 
North America; south, in winter, through 
Middle America to northern South America. 
466a. E. traillii alnorum Brewsr. 
Alder Flycatcher.’ 


¢@. Tail slightly, but decidedly, emarginated ; wing av- 
eraging less than 2.60. (Length 4.90-5.50.) 
Hardly distinguishable in color from B. pusillus 


and B. traillii, but wing-bands usually whiter. 
Male: Wing 2.30-2.60 (2.49), tail 2.10-2.40 
(2.30), culmen .53-.59 (.56), bill from nostril 
27-31 (.29), width at base .23-.27 (25), 
tarsus .59-.68 (.65). Female: Wing 2.20-2.40 
(2.33), tail 2.10-2.25 (2.18). Nest very com- 
pactly felted, cup-shaped, composed chiefly of 
grayish plant-fibres, placed in fork of upright 
branches of bushes or small trees. Eggs 2-4, 
64 < .50, plain buffy white. Hab. Eastern 
North America, breeding from northern 
United States northward; south, in winter, 
through Middle America, to Panama. 

467. E. minimus Bairp. Least Flycatcher. 


b?. Width of bill at nostrils less than half the exposed culmen. 
co. Outer web of outer tail-feather not abruptly paler than inner web ; 
culmen .55, or less; tarsus less than .70. (Length 5.25-5.75.) 


‘ Gf. Brewster, The Auk, xii. April, 1895, pp. 159-161. 2 Ibid., pp. 161-163. 


344 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Adult: Above olive, usually more grayish anteriorly, especially 
on hind-neck ; wing-bands dull light grayish, more or less tinged 
with olive; lower parts varying from dull grayish white, 
faintly tinged with yellowish on flanks, etc., to decided olive- 
yellowish, the breast always strongly shaded with olive or 
olive-grayish, and the throat never distinctly whitish (usually 
distinctly grayish). Male: Length about 5.50-5.75, wing 2.60- 
2.80 (2.72), tail 2.30-2.50 (2.38), culmen .53-.59 (.56), bill from 
nostril .26-.29 (.27), width at base .22-.24 (.23), tarsus .60-.68 
(.63). Female: Length about 5.25, wing 2.45-2.75 (2.61), tail 
2.15-2.40 (2.25). Eggs .66 X .51, usually slightly dotted. Hab. 
Western North America, north to Lesser Slave Lake; south, 
in winter, to southern Mexico. 

468. E. hammondi (Xanrus). Hammond’s Flycatcher. 
ce’. Outer web of outer tail-feather abruptly paler than inner web (usually 
distinctly dull whitish); culmen .58, or more; tarsus usually more 

than .70. (Length 5.75-6.40.) 

d'. Colors otherwise much as in #. hammondi, but averaging grayer, 
with paler (often distinctly whitish) throat. Male: Wing 
2.70-2.95 (2.83), tail 2.55-2.80 (2.67), culmen .62-.69 (.65), bill 
from nostril 32-38 (.36), width at base .24—.27 (.26), tarsus .71- 
17 (74). Female: Wing 2.55-2.75 (2.64), tail 2.50-2.65 (2.52). 
Nest usually in aspen bushes, similar in composition, etce., to 
that of H. minimus. Eggs .68 x .52, plain buffy white. Hab. 
Western United States, south to southern Mexico, east to 
Rocky Mountains. 

(50.) 469. E. wrightii Barrp. Wright's Flycatcher. 

d. Deep brownish olive above, the wing-bands varying from olive 
to pale olive-grayish; lower parts dull yellow, shaded across 
breast with olive-brown ; wing 2.92-3.00, tail 2.65-2.75, culmen 
.60, bill from nostril .30, width at base .22-.25, tarsus .68. Hab. 
Southern Mexico (Orizaba; city of Mexico). 

E. fulvipectus LAwr. Narrow-billed Flycatcher ! 
a’. Lower parts deep buff, deepening into ochraceous on breast and sides. 
b'. Upper parts deep hair-brown, tinged with umber. 

cl. Lower parts soft pinkish buff, inclining to isabella-color on breast, paler 
on throat and belly, the under tail-coverts nearly white; wing 2.70, 
tail 2.45, culmen .52, bill from nostril .28, width at base .21, tarsus 

.60. Hab. Eastern Mexico and southern Texas (?). 
470. E. fulvifrons (Grraup). Fulvous Flycatcher. 
c. Lower parts bright ochraceous-buff, inclining to deep ochraceous on 
breast, and pale buffy yellow on belly, the throat buffy whitish and 
lower tail-coverts yellowish white ; wing 2.35-2.55 (average 2.43), 


1 Empidonax fulvipectus Lawr., Ann. Lye, N. Y. x. Feb. 1871, 11. 


PYROCEPHALUS. 345 


tail 1.90-2.15 (2.05), culmen .48-.50 (.49), bill from nostril .25-.27 
(.26), width at base .20, tarsus .52-.58 (.56). Hab. Southern Mexico. 
E. fulvifrons rubicundus (Cas. & Hetn.). Ruddy Flycatcher.! 
6. Upper parts dull grayish brown. 

Lower parts pale buff, brightening into ochraceous-buff on breast and 
anterior portion of sides. Young: Wing-bands buff (instead of 
light grayish brown or dull grayish white), the lower parts much 
paler and duller buff, without ochraceous tinge. Length about 4.75- 
5.10, wing 2.20-2.45 (2.34), tail 1.95-2.14 (2.06), culmen .50-.55 (.52), 
bill from nostril .25-.27 (.26), width at base .20-.22 (.21), tarsus .51- 
60. Hab. Southern Arizona and New Mexico, south into western 
Mexico. 
470a. E. fulvifrons pygmzeus (Covzs). Buff-breasted Flycatcher. 


Genus PYROCEPHALUS Govutp. (Page 327, pl. XCIL, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Whole top of head and entire lower parts bright scarlet ; ear-cov- 
erts and upper parts (except top of head) brownish gray, the wings and tail darker 
(sometimes nearly black). Adult female: Above brownish gray, including crown ; 
lower parts whitish, more or less tinged with pale red or salmon-color posteriorly, 
the breast more or less streaked with grayish. Jimmature male: Similar to adult 
female, but with red feathers intermixed on crown and anterior lower parts. 
Young: Above grayish, the feathers bordered with whitish ; beneath whitish, 
without any reddish tinge posteriorly. Length about 5.50-6.25, wing 3.20-3.40, 
tail 2.60-2.80. Nest shallow and very compact, somewhat like that of Contopus 
virens. Eggs 2-3, .69 X .51, pale olive-buff or dull buffy (rarely nearly white), 
boldly and heavily spotted, chiefly in wreath round larger end, or near middle, 
with dark vandyke-brown or brownish black and purplish gray. ab. Mexico 
and Guatemala, and north to southern border of United States (southern Texas to 
PAUEIZODG) ie .ceacacoseess 471. P. rubineus mexicanus (Sct.). Vermilion Flycatcher.’ 


Genus ORNITHION Harttavs. (Page 327, pl. XCV., fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Above plain brownish gray, or olive-gray ; wings more 
dusky, the coverts tipped with light brownish gray or brownish, the tertials, sec- 
ondaries, and quills edged, more or less distinctly, with the same, the secondaries, 
however, with the basal fourth, or more, of exposed portion uniform dusky ; lower 
parts dull grayish white, or yellowish white, tinged with grayish laterally, es- 
pecially on sides of breast; sides of head light grayish, without distinct mark- 


1 Empidonax rubicundus Cas. & Hern., Mus. Hein. ii. Sept. 1859, 70, foot-note. Empidonax fulvifrons 
rubicundus Ripew., Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. ii. 1885, 109. 

2A rare melanistic plumage is uniform sepia-brown, tinged in male with wine-purple on crown and lower 
parts. This condition is comparatively frequent in the common South American form, or true P. rubineus 
(Bopp). 


346 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


ings, though lores and orbits are more or less distinctly paler. Young with wing- 
bands ochraceous or pale rusty, and lower parts more buffy whitish. 


a. Smaller and browner, with lower parts more tinged with sulphur-yellowish, 
the bill smaller and more slender; length about 4.50, wing 2.10-2.15 (2.12), 
tail 1.70-1.95 (1.84), culmen .39-.40 (.40), exposed culmen .28-.30 (.30), depth 
of bill at base .13-.14, tarsus .55-.60 (.57). Hab. Central America and eastern 
Mexico, north to lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas. 

472. O. imberbe (Sct.). Beardless Flycatcher. 

a’. Larger and grayer, with little if any sulphur-yellow tinge to grayish white 
lower parts, the bill larger and thicker; length 4.30-4.80 (4.50), wing 2.04— 
2.28 (2.18), tail 1.78-2.04 (1.89), culmen .40-.42 (.41), exposed culmen .30-.35 
(.32), depth of bill at base .14-.15, tarsus .52-.58 (.56). Hab. Western Mexico, 
north to southern Arizona, south to Mazatlan. 

472a. O. imberbe ridgwayi Brewsr. Ridgway’s Flycatcher. 


Famity ALAUDIDAZ.—Tue Larks. (Page 321.) 


Genera. 


a. A spurious primary ; tail deeply emarginate ; crown with a blunt erectile crest 
of soft, normal feathers; plumage of adult mainly dull brownish, much 
streaked above and: belOwW:..25..ncessmccseesecn se sdeeteeece es Alauda. (Page 346.) 

a’, No spurious primary ; tail even or slightly rounded ; crown without crest, but 
on each side of occiput an erectile, narrow, horn-like tuft of lengthened 
black feathers; plumage of adult with plain brownish or vinaceous tints pre- 
vailing above, the lower parts mainly plain white, the head and chest with 
bold black markings (less conspicuous in females)... Otocoris. (Page 347.) 


Genus ALAUDA Linnaus. (Page 346, pl. XCVL, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common CHARAcTERS.—Adults: Above light brownish, everywhere streaked 
with black, most broadly on back; wings dusky, the feathers with pale brownish 
edges and borders; lower parts and superciliary stripe whitish, the chest pale 
brownish or tawny buff, distinctly streaked with brownish black; sides and flanks 
also tinged with pale tawny, and usually more or less distinctly, but narrowly, 
streaked with deeper brownish or dusky; ear-coverts light brownish or tawny, 
becoming darker (sometimes blackish) along upper margin; outer tail-feathers 
‘ white, with more or less of dusky along edge of inner web, especially toward base. 
In winter, the plumage generally more tawny, and feathers of crown, back, ete., 
with more or less distinct whitish terminal margins. Young: More tawny than 
winter adults, with more conspicuous white terminal margins to feathers of upper 
parts, which instead of having a mesial blackish streak are marked with a sub- 
terminal spot of dark brown; tertials light tawny brownish, widely bordered with 


OTOCORIS. 347 


pale dull buffy, surrounding a narrow submargin of dark brown; chest ochra- 
ceous-buffy, indistinctly streaked or spotted with bright tawny brownish. Vest on 
ground in meadows or open grassy places. /ggs 3-6, dull buffy whitish, pale 
grayish brown, etc., thickly speckled or sprinkled with umber-brown, the latter 
color sometimes nearly uniform. 


a. Duller or grayer in color, the upper parts, chest, etc., with tawny tinge less 
pronounced, black spots or streaks on back averaging narrower, and bill 
shorter; length about 7.00-7.75, wing 4.35-4.60, tail 2.90-3.10, exposed cul- 
men .45-,50, tarsus .90-1.00. ggs .88 x .66. Hab. Europe and portions of 
Asia and Africa; accidental in Greenland and Bermudas, and introduced, 
though not successfully naturalized, in eastern United States (Long Island, 
Meat COimiGinMAtl,» CbC: cence ceserecscenss ass ... 473. A. arvensis Linn. Skylark. 

a. Brighter or more tawny in color, black spots on back averaging larger, and bill 
longer; length 6.80-7.80 (7.30), wing 4.25-4.70, tail 2.85-3.00, exposed cul- 
men .43-.52, tarsus .95-1.10. Hab. Commander Islands, Kamtschatka, Kurils, 


and northern Japan; western Aleutians (?). 
A. blakistoni Srryn. Kamtschatkan Skylark.! 


Genus OTOCORIS Bonaparte. (Page 346, pl. XCVI,, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common CHARACTERS.—Adult males in spring and summer: Above varying from 
vinaceous-gray to tawny cinnamon, the back and scapulars grayer or browner, and 
more or less distinctly streaked with darker; a broad patch covering fore-part and 
sides of crown, lores, patch beneath eye (covering also anterior and lower portion 
of ear-coverts), and patch across chest, uniform black; bar or band across forehead 
and extending backward as a broad superciliary stripe, middle portion of ear- 
coverts, malar region, chin, throat, and sides of neck, varying from pure white to 
deep primrose-yellow, the hinder portion of ear-coverts more or less distinctly gray- 
ish ; sides (especially of breast) vinaceous or cinnamon, like nape, ete., the flanks 
usually somewhat streaked; rest of lower parts usually white, but sometimes (in 
QO. giraudi and O. strigata) partly or even wholly pale yellow ; wings (except lesser 
and middle coverts) grayish brown, the feathers edged with paler; tail (except 
middle feathers) black, the outer web of exterior feather chiefly white, and that of 
next feather edged, toward tip, with same. Adult males in fall and winter: Essen- 
tially like the foregoing, but black markings of head more or less obscured by 
light-colored tips to feathers, the plumage generally softer and colors more blended, 
the chest often streaked, clouded, or washed with grayish. Adult females: Similar 
to males, but decidedly smaller, with black head-markings much less distinct (that 
on top of head never well defined or continuous), the bold pattern of these mark- 
ings as seen in the male seldom more than merely indicated ; vinaceous or cinnamon 
tints of males much less pronounced (sometimes almost wholly wanting), and 
plumage generally more extensively streaked. (Seasonal differences as in males.) 


1 Alaudu blakistoni StesN., Proc. Biol. Soc, Wash. ii. Apr. 10, 1884, 98. 


348 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Young: Above mixed dusky and light brownish (in variable relative quantity), 
conspicuously speckled or dotted with white or pale buffy ; wing-coverts conspicu- 
ously margined with pale dull buffy; lower parts whitish, the chest more or less 
tinged with pale brownish buff and speckled or clouded with dusky; no distinct 
head “pattern.” Mest composed of fine dried grass-stems, etc., embedded in ground, 
under shelter of tussock of grass, a stone, etc. Eggs 3-5, pale olive, pale dull 
buffy, dull olive-whitish, etc., finely but usually densely speckled or sprinkled with 
olive-brown (rarely, pale cinnamon-buff, speckled with cinnamon-rusty). 


a’. Wing of male averaging more than 4.40, that of female averaging 4.12, or more. 
b'. Darker, the hind-neck, rump, etc., deeper vinaceous-cinnamon, the throat 
and superciliary stripe usually deep primrose-yellow. Young with sooty 
blackish prevailing on upper parts, the chest and sides distinctly tinged 
with brownish buff and speckled or mottled with dusky. Male: Length 
about 7.50-8.00, wing 4.20-4.60 (4.41), tail 2.70-3.10 (2.98). Female : 
Wing 3.95-4.55 (4.19), tail 2.50-3.10 (2.78). Hab. Northeastern North 
America (region about Hudson’s Bay, including Labrador), Greenland, 
and northern Europe; in winter, south to the Carolinas, Illinois, ete. 
474. O. alpestris (Linn.). Horned Lark. 
b’. Paler, the hind-neck, rump, etc., lighter, more ashy, or lilaceous, vinaceous, 
the throat usually white or but faintly yellowish, the superciliary stripe 
pure white. (Young unknown.) Male: Length about 7.50-8.00, wing 
4.30-4.65 (4.48), tail 2.85-3.20 (8.10). Female: Wing 4.00-4.20 (4.12), 
tail 2.60-2.80 (2.73). Hggs .94 xX .66. Hab. Northwestern North 
America, breeding from Alaska southward, east of Rocky Mountains, 
nearly to United States boundary ; in winter, south over more northern 
Great Plains and Great Basin of United States, as far as Kansas, Utah, 
and Nevada. 
474a. O. alpestris leucolaema (Cours). Pallid Horned Lark. 
a’, Wing averaging less than 4.20 in males, less than 4.00 in females. 
b.. Wing averaging more than 4.10 in males, more than 3.80 in females. 
ce’. Dark-colored, as in O. alpestris (but rather paler), with young very dark, 
as in that form. Male: Length about 7.00-7.50, wing 4.00-4.30 
(4.13), tail 2.90-3.10 (2.99). Female: Length 6.75-6.85, wing 3.70- 
4.00 (3.84), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.73). Eggs .85 xX .62. Hab. Upper Mis- 
sissippi Valley and region of the Great Lakes (especially within 
United States), east, locally, to New York; south, in winter, to 
Virginia and northeastern Texas. 
474b. O. alpestris praticola (Hxensu.). Prairie Horned Lark. 
c’. Paler colored, like O. lewcolema, but with throat usually distinctly (some- 
times strongly) primrose-yellow. Young very pale-colored, with 
prevailing color of upper parts light grayish buff, or pale buffy gray- 
ish. Male: Length 7.00-7.50, wing 4.05-4.30 (4.16), tail 2.75-3.15 
(2.99). Female: Length about 6.50-6.75, wing 3.70-4.00 (3.84), tail 
2.50-2.80 (2.68). Hggs .86 x .62. Hab. Great Plains and Rocky 


OTOCORIS. 349 


Mountain district (including Great Basin) of United States, south 
to western Texas, New Mexico, and northern Arizona (also northern 
Mexico in winter). 
474c. O. alpestris arenicola Hunsu. Desert Horned Lark. 
b?. Wing averaging less than 4.00 in adult males, less than 3.80 in females. 
c. Back not broadly or conspicuously streaked with dusky, and median 
lower parts never wholly pale yellowish. 

d’. General aspect of upper parts grayish (decidedly so in female) ; 
male with breast, as well as throat, superciliary stripe, etc., 
usually pale yellow, the breast usually flecked with grayish 
brown in both sexes. Male: Length about 6.50-6.75, wing 
3.80-3.85 (3.83), tail 2.60. Memale: Length about 5.80-6.00, 
wing about 3.50, tail 2.35. Hggs 86x61. Hab. Eastern and 
southeastern Texas. 

474d. O. alpestris giraudi Hensa. Texan Horned Lark. 
ad’. General aspect of upper parts decidedly ruddy (more brownish in 
female); breast usually pure white, without markings, in both 

sexes. 

e’. Larger and less brightly colored, the male with hind-neck, 
rump, etc., vinaceous-cinnamon. Male: Length about 
6.75-7.25, wing 3.80-4.15 (3.99), tail 2.80-3.00 (2.91). Fe- 
male: Length about 6.50-7.00, wing 3.75-3.80 (3.78), tail 
2.70-2.80 (2.75). Hab. Table-lands of Mexico, north to 
southern New Mexico and Arizona, and westward across 
southern California to the coast.......... 474e. O. alpestris 

(51.) chrysolzema (Wact.). Mexican Horned Lark. 

e’. Smaller and brighter colored, the male with hind-neck, rump, 
etc. rich tawny cinnamon. Male: Length about 6.50-7.00, 
wing 3.70-4.10 (3.88), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.74). Female: Length 
about 6.00-6.50, wing 3.50-3.70 (3.61), tail 2.35-2.65 (2.49). 
figgs .80 5%. Hab. Interior valleys of California. 

(52.) 4747. O. alpestris rubea Hensu. Ruddy Horned Lark. 
ce’. Back broadly and conspicuously streaked or striped with dusky, and 
median lower parts usually partly, sometimes wholly, pale yellow. 

Otherwise much like O. rubea, but dull olive-brown or grayish 

brown ground-color of back and scapulars much more strongly 
contrasted with vinaceous-cinnamon of hind-neck, rump, etc., 
the female with upper parts more olivaceous and much more 
sharply and conspicuously streaked. Male: Length about 
6.75-7.25, wing 3.70-4.10 (3.94), tail 2.70-3.05 (2.88). Female : 
Length about 6.25-6.50, wing 3.60-3.85 (3.69), tail 2.50-2.80 
(2.62). Hab, Coast district of Oregon, Washington Territory, 
and British Columbia; south, in winter, to portions of Cali- 
fornia and western Nevada.......... 4749. QO. alpestris strigata 
(53.) Hensu. Streaked Horned Lark. 


350 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Famity CORVIDAEK.—THE Crows, Jays, Macptgs, etc. (Page 322.) 


Genera. 


a. Tail equal to or longer than wing; wing short, rounded, the primaries exceed- 
ing secondaries by much less than length of tarsus, the fourth, fifth, or sixth 
quills longest. (Subfamily Garruline.) 

b'. Tail much longer than wing, graduated for half its length or more, the 
feathers becoming narrower toward tips. 
cl. Nostrils covered by bristles; head not crested; orbits partly naked ; 
wings and tail metallic bluish and greenish, the latter without 
white tips; scapulars pure white................+8. . Pica. (Page 351.) 
c, Nostrils exposed; head conspicuously crested; orbits entirely feath- 
ered; wings and tail plain cobalt-blue, the latter with broad white 
tips; seapulars blue, like back \ete..s.).d..mcceessacecneter- eee Calocitta. 
b?. Tail not much longer than wing, not graduated for more than about one- 
third its length (usually much less), the feathers not becoming narrower 
toward tips. 
c'. Head, neck, and chest uniform deep black; back glossy bright blue, in 
abrupt contrast with the black.................. ian auelaceeeness Cissolopha.’ 
ce. Head, neck, and chest not uniform deep black, or else top of bead con- 
spicuously crested; back not bright blue, or else top of head same 
color. 
d'. Nostrils exposed; large (wing more than 7.25, tail more than 
7.50). (Color chiefly dull brownish.) 
Psilorhinus. (Page 352.) 
d?. Nostrils covered; smaller (wing less than 7.00, tail less than 7.00). 
é'. Color chiefly blue or green. 


1 Calocitta Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, 50. Type, Pica formosa Swarys. 

This genus contains two well-known species, one, C. collie (Viae.), belonging to western Mexico (north 
to Mazatlan), the other, C. formosa (Swarns.), inhabiting southern Mexico, and southward to Costa Rica. A 
third species probably exists in the wooded districts in the interior of Lower California. C. colliet is perhaps 
the finest of all Garruline birds, measuring two to two and a half feet in total length (of which the tail consti- 
tutes about two-thirds); the colors are bright and boldly contrasted, while the crown is ornamented by a very 
conspicuous recurved crest. 

2 Qissolopha Bonap., Consp. i. 1850, 380. Type, Pica sanblasiana LAFR. 

This genus includes two very beautiful species which come close to our limits, both occurring in the state 
of Sinaloa, western Mexico. The type of the genus, C. sanblasiana, has the head, neck, upper back, and lower 
parts uniform deep black, changing to dull blue on under tail-coverts, the upper parts bright cobalt- or azure- 

* blue, becoming ultramarine blue on the tail; on the forehead there is a slender, hair-like crest, and the nostrils 
are partly—sometimes wholly—exposed; bill and feet usually deep black, sometimes bright yellow; length 
about 12.00, wing 5.25-5.50, tail 6.00-6.50. Hab. Western Mexico, north at least to Mazatlan. C. beechett 
(Pica beecheti ViG., Zool. Jour. iv. 1828, 353) is a larger and still finer species, of similar coloration, but with 
the blue of a rich smalt shade; it lacks the frontal crest and has the nostrils completely covered, and may pos- 
sibly require generic or subgeneric separation from Cissolopha ; length about 15.00-19.00, wing 7.00, tail 7.50- 
8.50. Hab. Western Mexico (vicinity of Mazatlan, and on Tres Marias). 


PICA. — 351 


f'. Color chiefly blue. 
g'. Head with conspicuous crest. 
Cyanocitta. (Page 353.) 
g’. Head without crest....... Aphelocoma. (Page 355.) 
f?. Color chiefly green, with outer tail-feathers yellow. 
Xanthoura. (Page 358.) 
e?. Color dull slaty or grayish above, dull grayish or brownish 
beneath, the head partly white in adults. (Young wholly 


Gita Gay ce rarmedeces ceases vnbdss siclewes Perisoreus. (Page 358.) 
a*. Tail much shorter than wing; wing long and pointed, the primaries exceeding 


longest secondaries by more than the length of the tarsus, the third, fourth, 
and fifth quills longest. (Subfamily Corvine.) 
b.. Wing 9.00, or more; plumage entirely glossy black (in North American 
species) ; bill compressed, much higher than broad. 
Corvus. (Page 360.) 
6%. Wing less than 9.00; plumage mainly grayish or blue; bill cylindrical, 
scarcely or not at all higher than broad. 
ce’. Nostrils concealed by an antrorse tuft of feathers; color ash-gray, with 
black on wings and tail, the latter mainly white, and secondaries 
broadly tipped with white...............0.0 Picicorvus. (Page 364.) 
ec. Nostrils wholly exposed; color uniform dull blue, brighter on head. 
Cyanocephalus. (Page 364.) 


Genus PICA Cuvier. (Page 350, pl. XCVIII., fig. 2.) 
Species. 

Common CuHaracters.—Wings metallic greenish blue, varied with greenish or 
violet (sometimes both), the inner webs of quills chiefly white; tail rich metallic 
green varied with bronze, purple, and violet near end; scapulars, belly, sides, and 
flanks pure white; other parts blackish. Adult: Head, neck, breast, back, tail- 
coverts, and thighs deep black, the top of the head more or less distinctly glossed 
with metallic greenish or bronzy. Young: Head, neck, ete., dull black, without 
metallic gloss on crown. Vest of coarse, often thorny, sticks, lined with finer 
twigs and rootlets, and protected by a loose canopy of coarse, often thorny, twigs, 
the entrance through the latter on one side. Eggs 3-10, pale olive-buffy, dull 
white, or very pale greenish, thickly speckled, clouded, sprinkled, or dashed with 
brown. 


a‘. Bill deep black, and naked skin of orbital region blackish. 
b.. Feathers of throat without white beneath surface ; wing 6.90-7.55 (7.24), 
tail 8.40-10.30 (9.36), exposed culmen 1.10-1.25 (1.21), tarsus 1.57-1.80 


(1.68). Hab. Northern and central Europe. 
P. pica (Linn.). Magpie.! 


1 Corvus pica Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 106. Pica pica Suarpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus, iii. 1877, 62. 


352 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


6, Feathers of throat spotted with white beneath surface; averaging larger, 
the bill especially; iris with an outer ring of grayish blue; length (fresh) 
17.40-21.75, wing 7.30-8.40 (7.93), tail 9.30-11.95 (10.65), exposed cul- 
men 1.15-1.42 (1.26), tarsus 1.70-1.92 (1.82). Eggs 1.28 x .90. Hab. 
Western North America (except most of California), from New Mexico 
and Arizona to Alaska, east to eastern Colorado, Dakota, western Mani- 
toba (casually to Michigan and northern Illinois ?). 

475. P. pica hudsonica (SaB.). American Magpie. 
a?. Bill and naked skin of orbital region bright yellow. 

Otherwise like P. hudsonica, but averaging decidedly smaller; length about 
16.00-18.00, wing 7.20-7.70 (7.38), tail 9.30-10.30 (9.68), exposed culmen 
1.04-1.17 (1.11), tarsus 1.63-1.89 (1.82). Eggs 1.24 x .89. Hab. Middle 
California from west slope of Sierras to the coast. 

476. P. nuttalli Aup. Yellow-billed Magpie. 


Genus PSILORHINUS Rippsty.' (Page 350, pl. XCVIL,, fig. 2.) 
Species. 
Common CHaracters.—Above uniform brown, darker on head, and becoming 


grayish on tail; chin, throat, and chest uniform brown, the remaining lower parts 
varying from pale brown to white. 


a’. No white on tail. 

Adult: Head, neck, and chest uniform dark brown, gradually changing 
into a lighter shade of the same on upper parts, and into still paler 
grayish brown, brownish gray, or isabella-color (rarely whitish) on 
lower parts; bill and feet varying from black to yellow. Young: 
Scarcely different from adult, except in texture of plumage. Length 
about 16.00-18.00, wing 8.00-8.50, tail 8.25-9.30. Hab. Eastern Mexico, 
north to the Rio Grande Valley, south to Tehuantepec. 

P. morio (WaAGL.). Brown Jay.? 
a. Tail-feathers, except middle pair, broadly tipped with white. 
b. A distinct malar patch of light bluish gray; belly and under tail-coverts 
whitish ; length about 16.00-18.00, wing 7.60-8.40, tail 8.50-8.90. Hab. 
Eastern Mexico (Mirador) and coast of Honduras (Pearl Bay, Mosquito 
coast). 
P. cyanogenys Gray. Blue-cheeked Brown Jay.$ 
b. No grayish blue malar patch ; otherwise like P. cyanogenys ; length about 
15.00-16.00, wing 7.30-8.20, tail 7.60-8.80. Hab. Southern Mexico to 


Costa Rica. 
P. mexicanus Riipp. White-tailed Brown Jay.* 


1 Psilorhinus Ritpr., Mus. Senckenb. 1837, 188. Type, P. mexicanus Rupp. 

2 Pica morio WAGL., Isis, 1829, 751. Psilorhinus morio GRAY, Gen. B. ii. 1849, 308. 

3 Psilorhinus cyanogenys SHARPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. 1877, 140, pl. 9 (ex Gray, Hand-list, ii. p. 6, deser. 
nulla). Doubtless only a color phase or variation of P. mexicanus. (Cf. Stone, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1891, 94.) 

4 Psilorhinus mexicanus Rtpp., Mus. Senckenb. 1837, 189, pl. 11, fig. 2. 


CYANOCITTA. 353 


Genus CYANOCITTA Srrickianp. (Page 351, pl. C., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common CHaAraActTEeRs.—Upper parts mainly blue, the secondaries and _ tail 
(sometimes greater coverts also) barred with black; head black or varied with 
black ; lower parts uniform blue, or whitish with a black collar across chest. 


a’. Lower parts whitish; greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and tail-feathers (ex- 
cept middle pair) broadly tipped with white. (Adult: Crest and back light 
purplish blue; wings and tail bright cobalt-blue, the greater coverts, sec- 
ondaries, and tail barred with black; sides of head, chin, and throat purplish 
whitish, bordered posteriorly by a black collar, commencing under the crest, 
widening into a crescent across chest, and sending forward a streak to the 
eye; lores and narrow frontal band also black; breast and sides smoky 
grayish, belly and under tail-coverts white. Young: Similar, but colors 
duller and less sharply contrasted.) 

b.. Larger, with more white on tips of secondaries and tail-feathers (on outer 
tail-feather 1.00, or more, in extent); length 11.00-12.50, wing 5.00-5.70 
(5.28), tail 5.05-5.70 (5.36), exposed culmen .93-1.06 (1.00), tarsus 1.24— 
1.45 (1.37). Vest of dried twigs, rootlets, etc., built usually in trees, often 

* in orchards or about houses. Eggs 3-6, 1.10 « .81, pale olive, isabella- 

color, greenish, or buffy, rather sparsely spotted or speckled with brown. 
Hab. Hastern North America, except Florida, north to Fur Countries, 
west to Great Plains......:...:..s.s0s0 477. C. cristata (Linn.). Blue Jay. 

b?. Smaller, with less white on tips of secondaries and tail-feathers (that on 
outer tail-feather less than 1.00 in extent) ; length 10.00-11.50, wing 4.80- 
5.30 (5.02), tail 4.80-5.50 (5.08), culmen .93-1.03 (.98), tarsus 1.26-1.42 
(1.34). Hab. Florida and along the Gulf coast to Texas. 

477a. C. cristata florincola Cours. Florida Blue Jay. 

a’. Lower parts blue; wing and tail without any white. 

b'. No whitish spot over eye. 

c'. Head (including crest), neck, and back deep black, or brownish black, 
the forehead not conspicuously (often not at all) streaked on fore- 
head with blue ; blue of secondaries and tail a deep Berlin-blue shade, 
that of rump and lower parts paler; length about 12.00-13.00, wing 
5.55-6.20 (5.86), tail 5.30-6.35 (5.74), culmen .96-1.18 (1.09), tarsus 
1.55-1.81 (1.72). Nest in coniferous trees. Hggs 3-5, 1.24 < .92, usu- 
ally pale bluish green, speckled with clove-brown, sometimes pale 
greenish gray, speckled with reddish brown. Hab. Northwest 
coast, north to Sitka, south to northern California (on coast only). 

478. C. stelleri (GmEL.). Steller’s Jav. 
c®, Head, neck, and back brownish slaty, the crest more or less strongly 
tinged with blue, and forehead conspicuously streaked with the 
same; blue of secondaries and tail much lighter (deep azure), that 

45 


304 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


of rump and lower parts a dull turquoise tint ; length 11.75-13.00, 
wing 5.50-6.10 (5.67), tail 5.10-5.75 (5.41), exposed culmen 1.00-1.20 
(1.07), tarsus 1.53-1.73 (1.64). West in coniferous trees (often in 
holes), 10 to 50 or more feet from ground, bulky, “made loosely of 
sticks, stems of weeds, and lined with fibrous rootlets and grasses.” 
Feggs 3-5, 1.19 x .89, “light blue, speckled and spotted with dark 


(Goss.) Hab. Sierra Nevada (both slopes) from Fort 


Crook to Fort Tejon; southern coast ranges of California (?). 


478a. C. stelleri frontalis (Rimew.). Blue-fronted Jay. 


b?. A whitish spot over eye. 
c’. Head and fore-neck black. 
d'. White spot over eye smaller (sometimes indistinct); streaks on 
forehead light blue, sometimes indistinct. 
Back dusky, and blue very deep, as in C. stelleri; length 


about 12.50-13.75, wing 5.90-6.60 (6.14), tail 5.80-6.65 
(6.07), exposed culmen .97-1.08 (1.01), tarsus 1.60-1.68 
(1.66), Hab. Northern Rocky Mountains, south to Wah- 
satch range (near Provo, Utah), west to eastern Oregon 
and Washington Territory. 

478c. C. stelleri annectens (Bairp). Black-headed Jay.’ 


d?, White spot over eye very conspicuous, never indistinct ; streaks on 
forehead bluish white, or pure white. 
e’. Chest dull smoky bluish ; blue of rump and lower parts a light 


dull turquoise hue (as in C. frontalis); length about 11.75- 
13.75, wing 5.65-6.40 (5.93), tail 5.25-6.25 (5.72), exposed 
culmen 1.03-1.14 (1.07), tarsus 1.57-1.72 (1.65). West in 
trees (usually conifers). Eggs 3-6, 1.22 x .88, colored like 
those of C. stelleri. Hab. Southern Rocky Mountains, north 
to southern Wyoming, west to Uintah Mountains, Utah and 
higher mountains of Arizona, south to northern Mexico. 

478). C. stelleri macrolopha (Bairp). Long-crested Jay. 


e?. Chest deep blue; blue of rump and lower parts of a greenish 


azure hue; otherwise similar to C. macrolopha, but back 
darker, more tinged with blue, and size somewhat smaller ; 
wing 5.55-6.00 (5.82), tail 5.45-5.75 (5.59), exposed culmen 
1.00-1.12 (1.06), tarsus 1.63-1.76 (1.70). Hab. Highlands 
of central Mexico, east to Mirador. 

C. stelleri diademata (BonAp.). Diademed Jay.? 


ce’. Head (except on sides) and fore-neck deep blue. Plumage entirely 
blue, except sides of head, the lores, nasal tufts, and postocular 


1[Cyanoura stelleri] var. annectens Barrp, in Hist. N. Am. B. ii. 1874, 281 (in text). Cyanocitta stelleri 


annectens Ripew., Nom. N. Am. B. 1881, No. 2906. 


143, 


2 Cyanogarrulus diadematus Bonap., Consp. i, 1850, 377. Cyanocitta diademata Scu., Cat. Am. B. 1861, 


APHELOCOMA. 355 


region deep black; white spot above eye larger than in other 
forms; wing 5.50-5.95 (5.73), tail 5.00-5.75 (5.57), exposed culmen 
.97-1.07 (1.02), tarsus 1.60-1.72 (1.67). Hab. Portions of southern 
Mexico (Mirador, Orizaba, Xalapa, near city of Mexico, Oaxaca, 
Sierra Madre of Colima, ete.) and south to Guatemala and Honduras. 

C. stelleri coronata (Swarys ). Coronated Jay.! 


Genus APHELOCOMA Cazanis. (Page 351, pl. C., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


a. Lower parts chiefly light grayish or whitish. 
6. Tail longer than wing. 
cl. Forehead and nasal tufts hoary whitish. 

Adult: Head, neck, chest, wings, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, 
and under tail-coverts dull azure-blue; forehead, nasal tufts, 
and superciliary region pale hoary grayish blue; back and 
scapulars light brownish gray; chin and throat light ash- 
gray, or grayish white, finely streaked with darker, the ash- 
gray continued in broad stripes on chest; rest of lower parts 
light brownish gray ; length 10.50-12.50, wing 4.25-4.50 (4.40), 
tail 5.30-5.90 (5.73), culmen .90-.99 (.94), tarsus 1.35-1.60 
(1.47). Nest of twigs, rootlets, etc., in thickets or low trees. 
Eggs 1.07 X .80, pale greenish, spotted with pale reddish brown 
orrusty. Hab. Florida. 

479. A. floridana (Barrr.). Florida Jay. 
c. Forehead and nasal tufts bright blue, like crown. 
d'. Lower tail-coverts bright blue, markedly different from color of 
belly. 
e'. Back and scapulars dull slaty grayish, tinged with blue ; breast, 
sides, and flanks light ash-gray; blue of upper parts, etc., 
a light dull azure hue; length 11.50-12.75, wing 4.70-5.35 
(5.02), tail 5.20-6.20 (5.68), culmen .93-1.06 (1.01), tarsus 
1.45-1.59 (1.55). Vest in thickets or low trees. Eggs 3-6, 
1.09 & .79, pale green, pale greenish buff, or pale grayish 
green, rather sparsely marked with very distinct dots or 
small spots of deep madder-brown. Hab. Middle Province 
of United States, north to eastern Oregon, Idaho, Montana, 
and Wyoming, west to western Nevada and Arizona, east 
to Colorado and New Mexico, and south into northwestern 
Mexico.. 480. A. woodhousei (Barrp). Woodhouse’s Jay. 

e. Back and scapulars dark sepia-brown, without blue tinge; 

breast, sides, and flanks brownish white, or very pale 


1 Garruius coronatus SwAINs., Philos. Mag. i. 1827, 437. Cyanocitta coronata Srrickt., Ann. N. H. 1845, 
261. 


356 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


brownish gray; blue of upper parts, etc., a very deep 

azure—almost Berlin-blue—shade; length about 11.50- 

12.25, wing 5.20-5.30 (5.27), tail 6.05-6.25 (6.15), culmen 

1.15-1.30 (1.22), tarsus 1.70-1.80 (1.75). Hab. Santa Cruz 

{sland, southern California. : 
481.1. A. insularis Henso. Santa Cruz Jay.’ 
a’. Lower tail-coverts white, or else very slightly tinged with blue. 

e'. Sides of head blackish, with little, if any, blue tinge; breast 

grayish white or very pale grayish, like belly ; back and 
scapulars brownish gray, without blue tinge. 

j*. Sides of chest bright blue, the middle portion streaked 

with blue; white superciliary stripe very distinct. 

g. Larger, with smaller bill and feet, the blue darker, 
the lower parts less purely white; length about 
11.50-12.25, wing 4.70-5.20 (4.93), tail 5.45-6.10 
(5.71), culmen .87-1.03 (.96), tarsus 1.50-1.94 
(1.62). Nest in thickets or low trees. Hggs 3-6, 
1.10 < .81, pure bluish green, speckled with clove- 
brown ; dull greenish white, speckled or spotted 
with chestnut, or light buffy spotted with rusty 
brown and lilac-gray. Hab. Pacific coast of United 
States, from southern California to Oregon, east to 
western Nevada. 

(54.) 481. A. californica (Via.). California Jay. 

g. Smaller, with larger bill and feet, the blue lighter, the 
lower parts more purely white; length 11.50-12.00, 
wing 4.55-5.00 (4.63), tail 5.20-5.80 (5.53), culmen 
.94-1.07 (1.03), tarsus 1.43-1.60 (1.50). Hab. Lower 
California (vicinity of Cape St. Lucas). 48la. A. 

californica hypoleuca Ripew. Xantus’s Jay.’ 

J?. Sides of chest dull brownish gray, the middle portion 

dull white, streaked with brownish gray or light 

grayish brown; white superciliary stripe less distinct 
(though always apparent). 

Otherwise scarcely different in color from A. cali- 
fornica ; Jength (skins) about 11.00-11.50, wing 
5.40-5.55 (5.48), tail 5.95-6.10 (6.00), culmen .98- 
1.01 (1.00), tarsus 1.60. Hab. Southern Mexico 
(Orizaba, Oaxaca, Atlisco, ete.). 

A. sumichrasti (Ripew.). Sumichrast’s Jay.’ 


1 Aphelocoma insularis Hensu., Auk, iii. Oct. 1886, 452. 

2 New subspecies ; based on many specimens from Cape St. Lucas, La Paz, and contiguous localities, collected 
by J. Xantus and L. Belding. 

3 Cyanocitta californica var. sumichrasti Rinew., in Hist. N. Am. B. ii. 1874, 283. Aphelocoma sumichrastt 
SHARPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. 1877, 114. 


APHELOCOMA. 357 


e, Sides of head uniform bright blue, like crown, etc.; breast 
deep brownish gray, changing rather abruptly to pure 
white on belly and lower tail-coverts; back and scapulars 
dark slaty gray, strongly tinged with blue. 

Adult: Chest light grayish blue, broadly streaked with 
white (as in A. californica); superciliary streak very 
indistinct, or obsolete ; length (skin) about 11.50, wing 
5.40, tail 5.70, exposed culmen .95, tarsus 1.60. Hab. 
Eastern plateau of Mexico, north to western Texas. 


480.1. A. cyanotis Rinew. Blue-eared Jay.’ 
6. Tail shorter than wings. 


ce. Tail 5.50, or less. 

Adult: Above bright light azure-blue, including whole side of 
head, down to throat, the back and scapulars dull grayish blue, 
or plumbeous; chin and throat dull white, deepening into dull 
light brownish gray on breast, this again fading into pure 
white on lower belly and under tail-coverts; length (fresh) 
11.50, wing 5.80-5.90, tail 5.30-5.40 (graduated for only about 
30), culmen 1.05-1.10, tarsus 1.60. Hab. Lower Rio Grande 
Valley, and southward. 

A. couchi (BarrD). Couch’s Jay.’ 
c?, Tail more than 5.50. 
d'. Tail even, or very slightly rounded. 
Colors of A. couchi ; length 13.00, tail 7.00. Hab. “ Mexico.” 
A. ultramarina (Bonap.). Ultramarine Jay.® 
d’, Tail decidedly rounded. 

e’. Colors of A. couchi, but rather paler above, the chest rather 
more decidedly ashy, and throat more grayish; length 
about 11.50-13.00, wing 6.10-6.50 (6.34), tail 5.65-6.10 
(5.80), graduated for .50-.60, culmen 1.00-1.08 (1.02), tarsus 
1.58-1.66 (1.60). Vest a loose, frail structure of dry twigs 
and rootlets, built in small trees. Eggs 4-7, 1.19 « .88, plain 
greenish blue, very similar in color to those of the Robin 
(Merula migratoria). Hab. Northwestern Mexico, and con- 
tiguous portions of Arizona and New Mexico. 

482. A. sieberii arizonz Ripew. Arizona Jay. 

e?, Colors much darker and brighter than in A. arizone, the back 
more or less strongly tinged with azure-blue (sometimes 
almost uniform with head, etc.); length about 11.50-13.00, 
wing 6.70-7.40 (7.06), tail 6.30-6.75 (6.58), culmen 1.00-1.08 


2 New species; type, No. 8465, U.S. Nat. Mus.; “John Taylor, Esq., Mexico, Sept. 1836.”’ 

2 Cyanocitta couchi Baird, B. N. Am, 1858, 588; ed. 1860, pl. 60, fig. 2. Aphelocoma couchi SHARPE, Cat. 
B. Brit. Mus. iii, 1877, 116. 

3 Corvus ultramarinus Bonap., Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phil. 8vo, iv. 1825, 387. Aphelocoma ultramarina 
SHarps, Cat. B. Brit. Mus, iii. 1877, 115. 


358 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


(1.02), tarsus 1.58-1.66 (1.60). Hab. Southern Mexico 
(Vera Cruz and southward). 
A. sieberii (WAGL.). Sieber’s Jay.t 
a’. Lower parts entirely uniform rich blue, like upper parts. 

Plumage entirely uniform rich azure-blue, except lores, which are deep 
black, and under surface of wings and tail, which are dull black; size of 

A. sieberii. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and southern Mexico. 
A. unicolor (Du Bus). Unicolored Jay.? 


Genus XANTHOURA Bonaparte. (Page 351, pl. XCIX., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Common CHaArAcTERS.—Adults uniform bright green above, becoming more 
bluish toward tips of middle tail-feathers; nasal tufts, triangular patch covering 
anterior portion of malar region (reaching upward to eye), and whole top of head 
(except anteriorly), rich campanula-blue; anterior part of forehead white, changing 
gradually into blue of crown; tail, except four middle feathers, pure primrose-yel- 
low; sides of head (except as described above), chin, throat, and chest, uniform deep 
black, with abrupt semicircular outline against breast; rest of under parts light 
green or yellow. Young: Similar to adult, but colors duller, the blue of crown 
tinged with green, white of forehead stained with, or replaced by, yellow, black of 
head much duller, and lower parts pale creamy yellow. 


a’. Lower parts pale verdigris-green, more or less tinged, especially beneath sur- 
face, with pale primrose-yellow ; length 11.00-12.00, wing 4.40-4.80, tail 5.10- 
5.80. West in small, usually thorny, trees or in thickets. Eggs 3-5, 1.08 x 
.80, pale buff or pale grayish buff, thickly speckled with umber-brown. Hab. 
Eastern Mexico, north to lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas, south to Vera 
Cruzcands feb lac. .ccesecesestaesnae sce 483. X. luxuosa (Less.). Green Jay. 
a’, Lower parts chiefly or entirely primrose-yellow ; otherwise like . luxuosa. 
Hab. Southern Mexico (Colima, Tehuantepec, etc.), Yucatan, Guatemala, and 


Honduras. 
X. luxuosa cyanocapilla (CaB.). Yellow-bellied Green Jay.® 


GENUS PERISOREUS Bonaparte. (Page 351, pl. XCVL,, fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Common CHaractrers.—Adults with forehead, nasal tufts, sides of head, throat, 
and chest white, or whitish; occiput (sometimes nearly whole top of head) grayish, 
dusky, or blackish ; upper parts uniform dusky grayish or brownish, the tail-feathers 


1 Pica sieberti WAGL., Syst. Av. 1827, Pica, sp. 23. Aphelocoma sieberi Cas., Mus. Hein. i. 1851, 221. 

2 Cyanocorax unicolor Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Brux. xiv. pt. 2, 1847, 103. Aphelocoma unicolor SHARPE, 
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. 1877, 118. 

3 Cyanocorax cyanccapillus CAB. in Tschudi Fauna Per. 1844-46, 233. Xunthwra cyanocapilla SHARPE, 
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. 1877, 131. 


PERISOREUS. 359 


indistinctly (though sometimes broadly) tipped with whitish; lower parts plain 


grayish or whitish. 


Young, entirely plain dusky, varying from a slaty to a brown- 


ish tint. Vest in coniferous trees, bulky, composed of dried twigs, shreds of bark, 
etc., lined with softer materials. Hggs 2-5, with pale ground-color (often dull 
whitish) speckled with brown and purplish gray. 


aw. Feathers of back without distinct paler shaft-streaks; breast, belly, sides, and 
flanks grayish, much darker than throat and chest. 

b'. Adult with whole occiput and hinder part of crown (sometimes whole 
crown) blackish or dusky grayish, this touching (sometimes surround- 
ing) the eye; young with top of head uniform dusky, like back. 

c’. Blackish of hood scarcely bordering eye underneath ; occiput dull sooty 
blackish, or dark sooty slate, the white on forehead usually extend- 
ing back to or beyond posterior border of eye. 


Breast, ete., light brownish gray, always much paler than back. 
Young, uniform sooty slate, with nasal tufts, lores, and chin 
deep black ; a whitish rictal stripe (usually indistinct). Length 
11.00-12.10, wing 5.60-5.90 (5.75), tail 5.65-6.35 (6.00), culmen 
.95-1.08 (1.00), tarsus 1.33-1.47 (1.39). Eggs 1.16 x .82, dull 
white, drab-white, or very pale grayish buff, speckled with hair- 
brown or grayish brown, and lilac-gray. Hab. Northern New 
England and New York, northern Michigan and Minnesota, 
northward to Hudson’s Bay and interior arctic regions. 

484. P. canadensis (Linn.). Canada Jay. 


c. Blackish of hood broadly bordering eye all round ; occiput deeper black, 
the white (or pale smoky) of forehead usually not reaching as far 
back as posterior border of eye. 

d’. Colors extremely dark, the breast, ete. (except in much worn or 


faded plumage), deep slate-gray (sometimes nearly as dark as 
back), almost abruptly contrasted against white of chest; fore- 
head usually pure white, or but faintly tinged with smoky yel- 
lowish. Young, uniform deep slate-color, without sooty tinge, 
the nasal tufts and lores deep black, the throat nearly black ; 
an indistinct grayish rictal stripe. Length about 11.00-12.00, 
wing 5.30-5.80 (5.53), tail 5.30-5.85 (5.64), culmen .95-1.09 
(1.02), tarsus 1.35-1.47 (1.40). Hab. Coast-region of Labrador 
(interior also ?), north to Hudson’s Strait. 

484c. P. canadensis nigricapillus Ripaw. Labrador Jay. 


d’. Colors almost equally dark, but more dingy, the white of forehead 


usually much obscured by a smoky brownish or yellowish wash, 
and gray of breast, etc., more or less tinged with same. Young, 
uniform brownish slate-color, the lores, nasal plumes, and orbits 
blackish ; an indistinct rictal stripe of light grayish brown, or 
smoky gray (sometimes whitish). Length about 10.00-12.00, 
wing 5.20-5.75 (5.54), tail 5.20-6.00 (5.66), culmen .94-1.08 


360 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


(1.01), tarsus 1.30-1.42 (1.37). Hab. Alaska, except southern 
coast-district. 
484). P. canadensis fumifrons Ripew. Alaskan Jay. 
b’. Adult with whole head white, except occiput, which is plumbeous gray, this 
color not reaching anteriorly to the eye; young with top of head dull 
white, tinged with grayish brown. 

Adult: Head and neck pure white, the occiput and upper hind-neck 
deep plumbeous-gray ; back and other upper parts lighter plumbeous- 
gray ; breast, belly, sides, and flanks light brownish gray. Young : 
Nasal tufts, lores, and orbits blackish dusky; whole crown, and a 
broad malar stripe, dull whitish, tinged with pale brownish gray ; 
throat dusky grayish; rest of lower parts more brownish gray, the 
feathers of belly, ete., tipped with paler. Length about 11.25- 
13.00, wing 5.90-6.30 (6.10), tail 5.80-6.35 (6.07), culmen .97-1.08 
(1.03), tarsus 1.35-1.44 (1.40). Nest in coniferous trees, bulky 
(about 7.00 across by 4.00 in height), composed of dead twigs, 
pine-necdles, dried grasses, strips of bark, etc., lined with finer vege- 
table materials, feathers, ete. ; cavity about 4.00 across by 2.00 deep. 
iggs 3-5, 1.16 & .86, grayish white, speckled with various shades of 
brown. Hab. Rocky Mountains, south to Arizona (White Moun- 
tains) and New Mexico, north into British America. 

484a. P. canadensis capitalis Bairp. Rocky Mountain Jay. 
a, Feathers of back with distinct paler shaft-streaks; breast, belly, sides, and 
flanks white, like throat and chest. 

Adult: Upper half of head, except forehead and nasal tufts, sooty black ; 
forehead and nasal tufts white,.sometimes tinged with brownish; back 
and scapulars varying from dull brownish gray to sepia-brown, the 
feathers with distinct though narrow whitish shaft-streaks ; wings and 
tail brownish gray, the wing-coverts, tertials, and tail-feathers narrowly 
(sometimes indistinctly) tipped with whitish; lower parts entirely 
white, sometimes very faintly tinged posteriorly with pale brownish or 
brownish gray. Young: Dull grayish sooty brown, paler and more 
decidedly brownish below, darkest on top of head. Length about 9.50- 
11.00, wing 5.15-5.75 (5.53), tail 5.20-5.90 (5.56), culmen .84-.99 (.92), 
tarsus 1.23-1.40 (1.30). Eggs 1.04 x .79, grayish white, greenish white, 
or very pale grayish green, speckled with hair-brown and lilac-gray. 
Hab. Northwest coast, from northern California (Humboldt Bay) and 
northern Sierra Nevada (both slopes) north to British Columbia. 

485. P. obscurus Ripew. Oregon Jay. 


Genus CORVUS Linnazvs. (Page 351, pl. XCVIL, fig. 1; pl. XCVIII,, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common Craracters.—Entirely black, the plumage more or less glossy. Vest 
a bulky structure of coarse sticks, etc., in trees or on cliffs (according to the 


CORVUS. 361 


locality). Eggs 2-7, pale bluish green, pale olive, or olive, spotted or dashed (or 
both) with olive-brown (sometimes nearly uniform olive, from density of 
markings). 


a, Feathers of throat lanceolate, distinct from one another. (Ravens.) (West usually 
among rocks.) 

b. Feathers of neck dull gray at base; nasal tufts covering not more than 
basal half of upper mandible; exposed culmen 2.40, or more, wing more 
than 15.00. 

ce, Third quill equal to or longer than fifth. 

d'. Bill relatively shorter and higher, lanceolate feathers of throat 
less developed, more purplish in color, and plumage usually 
less lustrous; wing 16.75-18.00 (17.25), tail 9.40-10.00 (9.60), 
exposed culmen 2.65-3.00 (2.81), depth of bill through nostril 
1.05-1.12 (1.08), tarsus 2.78-2.95 (2.86). Hab. Europe and parts 
of Asia. C. corax Linn. Raven. 

@. Bill relatively longer and shallower, lanceolate feathers of throat 
larger, more violet or bluish, and plumage usually more 
lustrous. 

e'. With smaller or slenderer bill, the tarsus more slender, with 
less of upper portion concealed by feathering of lower 
part of thighs; length about 21.50-26.00, wing 15.10-18.00 
(16.87), tail 9.00-11.00 (9.86), exposed culmen 2.40-3.05 
(2.80), depth of bill through nostril .82-1.05 (.94), tarsus 
2.60-3.00 (2.78). Eggs 1.95 x 1.29. Hab. Western United 
States, and south to Guatemala. 

486. C. corax sinuatus (WaGL.). Mexican Raven. 

e?. With larger or stouter bill, tarsus shorter and stouter, with 
more of upper portion concealed by feathering of lower 
part of thighs; length about 22.00-26.50, wing 16.50-18.00 
(16.99), tail 9.20-10.50 (9.86), exposed culmen 2.65-3.45 
(3.03), depth of bill at nostrils .95-1.12 (1.04), tarsus 2.50- 
2.80 (2.65). Eggs 195 x 1.36. Hab. Northern North 
America, from Greenland to Alaska, south to British Co- 
lumbia, northern Michigan, Canada, New Brunswick, ete.’ 

486a. C. corax principalis Ripaw. Northern Raven.’ 
ce, Third quill decidedly shorter than fifth. 

Otherwise like ©. corax principalis, but still larger; wing 16.75- 

18.10 (17.44), tail 10.00-10.85 (10.49), exposed culmen 3.00-3.40 


1 Corvus corax Liyn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 105. 

2 From lack of specimens, I am unable to determine which form Ravens from the eastern United States 
belong to. 

3 New subspecies, for which there is unfortunately no older name available. Corvus carnivorus BARTR. and C, 
lugubris AGAss. are purely nomina nuda ; C. corax var. littoralis Hors. (1843 ) is preoccupied (C. Uittoralis BREHM, 
1831); while C. vociferus Cabot, quoted by Coves and others as a synonyme of C. corax, is in reality Psilorhinus 
mexicanus Riipp., and is described from Yucatan. 


46 


562 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


(3.20), depth of bill at nostrils 1.05-1.10 (1.08), tarsus 2.60-2.85 
(2.75). fab. Commander Islands, Kamtschatka. (Probably 
also westernmost Aleutians.) 
C. corax behringianus DyBowsxkI. Bering’s Raven.) 
b’. Feathers of neck, all round, pure white at base; nasal tufts covering much 
more than basal half of upper mandible ; exposed culmen less than 2.40, 
wing less than 15.00. 

Length 18.75-21.00, wing 13.10-14.25 (13.67), tail 7.50-8.60 (8.10), 
exposed culmen 2.00-2.35 (2.15), depth of bill at base .85-.90 (.87), 
tarsus 2.20-2.50 (2.35). Eggs 1.74 & 1.19, with markings averaging 
finer and more longitudinal than in other species. Hab. Southwestern 
United States and table-lands of Mexico; north to Indian Territory, 
Kansas, Colorado, and southern California, south to Guanajuato and 
Puteblay.tic.ss. 487. C. cryptoleucus Coucn. White-necked Raven. 

a’, Feathers of throat short, blended. (Crows.) (Vest usually in trees.) 
b. Nostrils completely hidden by the fully-developed nasal tufts; corner of 
mouth feathered. 

c’. Tarsus 2.15, or more; lower parts glossed with violet (on margins of 
feathers) like upper parts; wing averaging more than 11.75, tail 
averaging more than 7.00. 

ad’. Larger, with relatively larger and thicker bill. 

e. Wing and tail averaging longer, but bill and feet decidedly 
smaller; length 17.00-21.00, wing 11.90-13.25 (12.36), tail 
6.90-8.00 (7.43), exposed culmen 1.80-2.05 (1.92), depth of 
bill at base .72-.82 (.76), tarsus 2.20-2.40 (2.27). Eggs 1.69 
x 1.17. Hab. Eastern North America, except southern 
Florida and arctic districts. 

488. C. americanus Aup. American Crow. 

e. Wing and tail averaging shorter, but bill and feet decidedly 
larger; length about 20.00, wing 11.50-12.30 (12.15), tail 
7.00-7.70 (7.23), exposed culmen 2.00-2.20 (2.08), depth of 
bill at base .75-.85 (.80), tarsus 2.40-2.50 (2.45). Hab. 
Southern Florida. 

488a. C. americanus floridanus Barrp. Florida Crow. 
ad. Smaller, with relatively smaller and more slender bill. 
Length about 18.50-19.25, wing 11.10-12.75 (11.95), tail 6.45- 
7.80 (7.10), exposed culmen 1.60-1.95 (1.78), depth of bill 
at base .62-.70 (.68), tarsus 2.15-2.40 (2.23). Hab. Western 
United States, north to Washington Territory (Puget 
Sound), Idaho, Montana, ete., south to northern Mexico, 
east to Rocky Mountains. 
—. C. americanus hesperis Ripeaw. California Crow.’ 


1 Corvus corax behringianus Dynowsk. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, 363. 
2 New subspecies; a very strongly characterized race which also differs markedly in habits and notes from 


the eastern bird. 


CORVUS. 363 


c. Tarsus not more than 2.10; wing averaging less than 11.10, the tail 
averaging less than 6.50. 
d@. Plumage glossed with violet or purple above, lustreless black or 
very faintly glossed with purplish beneath. 

e'. Larger and less glossy, the lower parts mostly dead black 
(sometimes with perceptible violet gloss), the upper parts 
glossed with dull violet (as in C. americanus) ; length about 
16.00-17.00, wing 10.10-11.50 (10.05), tail 5.90-7.00 (6.45), 
exposed culmen 1.60-1.90 (1.75), depth of bill at base 
.65-.72 (.70), tarsus 1.80-2.05 (1.93). Eggs 1.56 x 1.08. 
Hab. Northwest coast, from Washington Territory (and 
Oregon?) to Kadiak, Alaska. 

489. C. caurinus Barrp. Northwest Crow. 

e?. Smaller and more glossy, the lower parts glossy black, with 
slight (?) purple reflections, the upper parts more distinctly 
glossed with purple; length about 15.00, wing 10.35, tail 
6.00, “ bill’ 1.80, tarsus 2.00. Hab. Cuba. 

C. minutus GuNDL. Cuban Fish Crow.! 
ad’, Plumage glossed with violet-bluish, greenish blue, or steel-blue 
above, with greenish on lower parts. 

e’. Larger and less glossy, the upper parts glossed with violet- 
bluish, changing to a more greenish blue tint on head, 
neck, and lower parts; length about 15.00-17.50, wing 
10.20-11.40 (10.88), tail 6.00-7.00 (6.37), exposed culmen 
1.60-1.80 (1.71), depth of bill at base .58-.65 (.61), tarsus 
1.70-2.00 (1.87). Eggs 1461.06. Hab. Atlantic and 
Gulf coasts of United States, from Long Island to Louis- 
WADA sedeecs sacceectesesscs 490. C. ossifragus Wits. Fish Crow. 

e’, Smaller and much more glossy, the upper parts soft steel-blue, 
changing to violet on crown, the lower parts rich soft 
greenish blue; length about 12.00-14.50, wing 9.20-9.80 
(9.32), tail 5.80-6.50 (6.11), exposed culmen 1.50-1.65 
(1.55), depth of bill at base 50-58 (.54), tarsus 1.50-1.70 
(1.62). Hab. Northern Mexico (Mazatlan to Tampico). 

C. mexicanus GMEL. Mexican Crow.? 
b*. Nostrils scarcely concealed by the short, imperfectly developed nasal tufts ; 
corners of mouth naked. 
Entirely violaceous-black, the feathers everywhere smoky gray be- 
neath surface ; wing 11.00, tail 7.75, culmen (to base) 2.45, depth of 
bill at base .80. Hab. Cuba. 


C. nasicus TemM., Cuban Crow.’ 


1 Corvus minutus GuNDL., Jour. Bost. Soc. vi. 1852, 315. 
2 Corvus mexicanus GMEL., S. N. i. 1788, 375. 
3 Corvus nasicus Temm., Pl. Col. ii. 1838, pl. 413. 


364 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus PICICORVUS Bonaparte. (Page 351, pl. XCIX., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Adult: Uniform ash-gray, becoming white on fore-part of head; wings and 
two middle tail-feathers glossy black, the secondaries broadly tipped with white ; 
tail, except middle feathers, mainly white. Young: Similar to adult, but colors 
duller and browner. Length about 12.00-13.00, wing 7.10-8.00, tail 5.10-5.40. West 
in coniferous trees (Sometimes in cavities), bulky, composed of dried twigs, lined 
with rootlets, ete. Hggs 1.33 x .92, dull white, sparingly speckled, chiefly on larger 
end, with brown and purplish gray. Hab. Higher coniferous forests of western 
North America; north to Putnam River, Alaska, south to Arizona, east to (and in- 
cluding) Rocky Mountains... 491. P. columbianus (Wits.). Clarke’s Nutcracker. 


Grmnus CYANOCEPHALUS Bonaparte. (Page 351, pl. XCIX., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Adult: Uniform grayish blue, becoming deeper blue on head, the throat bright 
blue, streaked with white. Young: Uniform dull grayish blue, lighter beneath. 
Length about 10.00-11.75, wing 5.70-6.00, tail 4.80-4.85. Vest in pifion trees, 5-10 
or more feet up, bulky, composed of shreds of pifion, cedar, and sage-brush bark, 
grass- and weed-stalks, small twigs, ete. Eggs 3-5, 1.19 x .87, pale greenish blue 
or bluish or greenish white, thickly but finely speckled with olive-brown. Hab. 
Plateau region of western North America, chiefly between Rocky Mountains and 
Sierra Nevada, entirely across United States. 

492. C. cyanocephalus (WiepD). Pinon Jay. 


Famity STURNIDAZ.—ThueE Star incs. (Page 322.) 


Genera. 


(Characters same as those given for the Family)...... Sturnus. (Page 364.) 


Genus STURNUS Linnazus. (Page 364, pl. C., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Adult in summer (sexes alike): Glossy greenish and purplish black, speckled, 
more or less extensively and conspicuously, with light buffy brown and whitish; 
“ greater wing-coverts, secondaries, quills, and tail-feathers edged with light brown- 
ish buff; bill yellow. Adult in winter: Light brown (on upper parts) and whitish 
(on lower parts) spotting much more conspicuous than in summer, often obscuring 
or nearly concealing the underlying glossy green and purple; bill blackish. Young : 
Plain grayish brown, the throat whitish, edges of greater wing-coverts, secondaries, 
quills, and tail-feathers light dull buffy. Length about 7.50-8.50, wing 5.00-5.10, tail 


ICTERIDZ.. 365 


2.60-2.90, exposed culmen .95-1.00, tarsus 1.15-1.25. Nest in holes of trees, about 
buildings, ete. Eggs 4-7, 1.16 x .84, plain pale greenish blue or bluish white. Hab. 
Europe and northern Asia; accidental in Greenland. 

493. S. vulgaris Linn. Starling. 


Famity ICTERIDA“.—TueE Bvacxzirps, ORIOLES, ETC. (Page 321.) 


Genera. 


a, Outlines of bill nearly or quite straight, the tip not decurved,' the commissure 
neither inflected nor sinuated. (Subfamily Jcterine.) 
b'. Bill stout, conical, its depth through the base equal to at least one-third the 
length of the culmen. (Agelaie.) 
c. Tail-feathers sharply pointed at tips; middle toe, with claw, longer 


GAN TALSUS..c.65 002s tee oteatsseeecies scorers Dolichonyx. (Page 366.) 
ce. Tail-feathers not pointed at tips ; middle toe, with claw, not longer than 
tarsus. 


d@', Bill much shorter than head, its depth through base equal to 
about half the length of the exposed culmen, the latter dis- 
tinctly convex; plumage uniform blackish or dusky, streaked 
Only AN VOUNE i: t2cac bees uacsssyentce sane Molothrus. (Page 367.) 

d. Bill nearly as long as head, its depth through base less than half 
the length of the exposed culmen, the latter very straight ; 
sexes remarkably different in size. 

e. Claws smaller, the lateral ones scarcely reaching to base of 
middle one; first quill shorter than fourth; plumage of 
male uniform black, with bright red lesser wing-coverts ; 
of female, dusky, more or less streaked with white. 

Agelaius. (Page 368.) 

e?, Claws larger, the lateral ones reaching to beyond base of mid- 
dle one; first quill longer than fourth (sometimes longest) ; 
plumage of male uniform black, with yellow head, neck, and 
chest, and white wing-patch; of female, dusky, with yel- 
lowish throat and chest... Xanthocephalus. (Page 368.) 

6%. Bill slender, its depth through base decidedly less than one-third the length 
of the culmen. 
ce. Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing, the feathers sharp-pointed ; 
wing short, the tertials lengthened (reaching almost to tips of pri- 
maries) ; bill long (longer than head), slender, the culmen much flat- 
tened; feathers of top of head with stiffened, glossy shafts; out- 
stretched feet reaching beyond tip of tail; color above brownish, 
barred and streaked with black, beneath yellow, with a black 
crescent on chest, the sexes not essentially different. 
Sturnella. (Page 371.) 


1 Except in genus Jcterus, part. 


366 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


ce’. Tail nearly or quite as long as wing, the feathers not pointed at tips; 

wing moderate, the tertials not lengthened; bill shorter than head, 

the culmen narrow, not flattened; feathers on top of head without 

stiffened shafts; outstretched feet falling far short of tip of tail; 

color black and yellow, orange, or chestnut in adult males (some- 

times in females also), usually with more or less of white on wings. 

Icterus. (Page 372.) 

a’. Outlines of bill distinctly curved, the tip distinctly decurved, the commissure 
distinctly inflected and sinuated. (Subfamily Quiscaline.) 

6‘. Tail much shorter than wing, nearly even, not folded laterally ; bill shorter 


thanshead, slender: :....c.:csecsccuesssaoceasee Scolecophagus. (Page 378.) 
6’, Tail longer than wing, graduated, and folded laterally; bill as long as or 
longer than head, stout <...cna.s0cssssecsenteses sent Quiscalus. (Page 379.) 


Genus DOLICHONYX Swainson. (Page 365, pl. CL, fig. 1.) 
Species. 


Common CHAractTEers.—Adult male in spring: General color black, the occiput 
and hind-neck, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts whitish or buffy. Adult 
female: General color ochraceous, tinged with grayish brown, paler (more buffy 
yellowish) beneath ; upper parts and flanks streaked with dusky ; crown divided 
by a median buffy stripe. Adult male in fall and winter: Similar to adult female, 
but colors rather darker, or deeper. Young (not seen). Nest in tussocks of grass 
or among weeds in meadows. Hggs 4-7, dull white or brownish white, heavily 
spotted or blotched with vandyke-brown, usually with a few fine lines or irregular 
markings of blackish. 


a. Adult male with hind-neck usually deep buff, inclining to ochraceous; streaks 
on back also deep buff or ochraceous; lower back rather deep ash-gray. 
Adult female with ground-color of plumage deep olive-buffy. Length 6.30- 
7.60, wing 3.70-4.00 (3.88), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.83). Eggs .83 x .62. Hab. Hast- 
ern North America, west to edge of Great Plains, breeding in northern 
United States and more southern British Provinces; in winter, south to 
West Indies and South America..... 494. D. oryzivorus (Linn.). Bobolink. 

a. Adult male with hind-neck and streaks on back paler buff, often nearly pure 
white; lower back very pale ashy, or grayish white. Adult female with 
ground-color of plumage pale grayish buff. Length (male) about 7.00-7.25, 
wing 3.75-4.10 (3.94), tail 2.75-3.00 (2.89). Hab. Great Plains, east to Da- 
kota, north to Fort Garry and Manitoba, west to Salt Lake Valley and 
eastern Nevada (Ruby Valley). 

(55.) 494a. D. oryzivorus albinucha Ripaw. Western Bobolink. 


MOLOTHRUS. 367 


Genus MOLOTHRUS Swainson. (Page 365, pl. CL, fig. 2.) 
Species. 
(No nest, but eggs deposited in nests of other species.) 


a, Culmen not more than .72; adult males with head brown. Adult males: Head, 
neck, and chest uniform brownish (varying greatly in tint); rest of plumage 
glossy black, with a greenish reflection, changing to purplish next to the 
brown of the neck, especially on upper back. Adult females: Plain brown- 
ish gray, darker on upper parts, paler on chin and throat, the feathers, 
especially on back and breast, with indistinct darker shaft-streaks. Young: 
Above dull brownish gray, the feathers bordered with pale buffy; lower 
parts dull light buffy, broadly but rather indistinctly streaked with dull 
brownish gray. 

b.. Larger: Length (male) about 7.75-8.25, wing 4.00-4.60 (4.31), tail 2.90-3.35 
(3.08), culmen .61-.72 (.66), tarsus .98-1.12 (1.05); female considerably 
smaller. Hggs .84 < .65, dull white, greenish white, or brownish white, 
speckled or spotted, more or less densely, with brown. Hab. United 
States and more southern British Provinces; south, in winter, to southern 
IMCS CO; sop csacducsuisdesttasseccceseataecocsaswees 495. M. ater (Bopp.). Cowbird. 

6. Smaller: Length (male) about 7.00-7.50, wing 3.70-4.15 (8.93), tail 2.85- 
3.00 (2.91), culmen .57-.63 (.60), tarsus .93-1.00 (.96); female smaller. 
Eggs .76 X .59, colored like those of M. ater. Hab. Mexico and con- 
tiguous portions of United States, from Texas to Arizona and Lower 
California... 005... 495a. M. ater obscurus (GmMEL.). Dwarf Cowbird. 

a. Culmen .75, or more; adult male with head black. Adult male: Head, neck, 
back, and lower parts uniform glossy black, with a soft bronzy lustre, duller 
on head; lesser and middle wing-coverts, outermost scapulars, and rump 
glossed with violet; wings in general, upper tail-coverts, and tail glossy 
blue-black, changing to greenish ; iris bright red; length about 9.00-9.50, 
wing 4.60-4.80, tail 3.70-3.80, culmen .85-.90, tarsus 1.15-1.25. Young male: 
Entirely blackish, with distinct gloss only on wings, ete., the lower parts, 
back, ete., without bronzy lustre. Adult female: Above dark brownish gray, 
the feathers of back, etc., with darker, somewhat glossy centres, the wing- 
coverts, etc., with paler margins; lower parts lighter brownish gray, the 
feathers sometimes showing distinct dusky shaft-streaks; length about 
8.00-8.50, wing about 4.10, tail 3.25, culmen .75, tarsus 1.05. Hggs .91 X .72, 
plain greenish white or dull bluish white. Hab. Mexico and Central 
America, south to Panama, north to lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas. 

(56.) 496. M. robustus CaBan. Red-eyed Cowbird. 


368 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus XANTHOCEPHALUS Swainson. (Page 365, pl. CL, fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Adult male in summer: Head, neck, and chest yellow, varying in tint from a 
lemon to an orange (rarely to pinkish saffron) shade; primary coverts and lower 
greater coverts white; rest of plumage uniform black; length about 10.60-11.10, 
wing 5.65-5.80, tail 4.50-4.85. Adult male in winter: Similar to summer plumage, 
but yellow of top of head obscured by brownish tips to the feathers. Adult female : 
Brownish dusky, the throat and chest dull yellowish, and breast mixed with white ; 
length about 9.00-10.00, wing 4.40-4.65, tail 3.50-3.70. Young male, first winter : 
Similar to adult female, but larger and deeper colored. Young (nestling): General 
color isabella-brown, lighter beneath ; wings and tail blackish. Vest fastened to 
upright reeds or similar supports in marshes, composed of dried grass, sedges, reeds, 
ete. Eggs 2-6, 1.02 x .71, dull white, grayish white, pale grayish brown, or (more 
rarely) pale grayish green, thickly speckled or sprinkled with umber-brown or 
olive, occasionally with a few “ pen-lines” of black. Hab. Western North America, 
in marshes, east, regularly, to Wisconsin, Illinois, Kansas, and Texas, accidentally 
to Massachusetts, South Carolina, and Florida. 

497. X. xanthocephalus (Bonap.). Yellow-headed Blackbird. 


Genus AGELAIUS Viemtor. (Page 365, pl. Cl, fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Common CHaractEers.—Adult males uniform deep black, ornamented by a patch 
of bright red covering lesser wing-coverts, the middle coverts (except in A. guber- 
nator) buffy, ochraceous, or white, forming a conspicuous band along posterior bor- 
der of the red patch ; in winter, with uniformity of the black more or less broken 
by rusty terminal borders to the feathers, especially on back and scapulars, and 
color of middle coverts more pronounced. Adult females: Above more or less con- 
spicuously streaked with dusky, and brownish or grayish (sometimes mixed with 
rusty), the wing-feathers with distinct lighter edgings; a distinct light superciliary 
stripe, with a dusky one immediately beneath it; lower parts distinctly striped, or 
broadly streaked, with dusky and whitish, the chin and throat usually more or less 
tinged with buffy or pinkish ; in winter, the colors much browner, with more or less 
of rusty above, and white of lower parts less pure. (In the two Cuban species, the 

females uniform black, like the males.) Young: Essentially like adult females, but 
‘ ground-color of lower parts never (?) white, the lighter streaks being some shade 
of buffy, markings more suffused, and texture of plumage different. West attached 
to upright stems of sedges, reeds, etc., or to branches of bushes or small trees, in 
marshes or swamps, compact, composed chiefly of dried grasses. Eggs 3-5, pale 
bluish, varying to olive, variously marked with black, brown, and purplish gray, 
usually in irregular “ pen-lines” and blotches. 


AGELAIUS. 369 


a’. Wing exceeding tail by length of tarsus; sexes decidedly different in color, the 
lesser wing-coverts of adult male bright red. 

b'. Adult males deep black, with very faint dull bottle-greenish gloss, the lesser 
wing-coverts bright vermilion-scarlet, the middle coverts never pure 
white; adult females with texture of plumage comparatively harsh, but 
with colors extremely variable. 

c. Adult females much streaked below, and never uniform above. 
d', Adult males with middle wing-coverts wholly buffy or ochraceous 
(feathers nearly white at tips in midsummer plumage) ; adult 
females with white predominating on lower parts, and with a 
very conspicuous white superciliary stripe. 

e. Adult female darker colored ; lower parts with white and dusky 
in about equal amount, or else the latter predominating ; 
chin and throat often tinged, more or less, with cream-color 
or buffy; lighter markings on upper parts less conspic- 
uous. 

Male: Gength about 9.00-10.00, wing 4.60-5.05 (4.88), 
tail 3.55-3.95 (3.84), culmen .88-1.00 (.94), depth of 
bill at base .45-.50 (.49), tarsus 1.12-1.20 (1.14). Fe- 
male: Length about 7.50-8.50, wing 3.80-4.25 (3.99), 
tail 3.10-3.40 (3.12), eulmen .72-.80 (.79), depth of bill 
at base .40-.50 (.42), tarsus 1.00-1.05 (1.03). Eggs .98 
< .69. Hab. Temperate North America in general, 
except western Mexico and lower Colorado Valley ; 
north to Great Slave Lake, south to Costa Rica. 

498. A. phoeniceus {Linn.). Red-winged 
Blackbird. 

e. Adult females lighter colored; lower parts with white de. 
cidedly prevailing over dusky; chin and throat often 
tinged with delicate pale pink, but not with buffy or 
cream-color; lighter markings on upper parts very con- 
spicuous. 

f'. Larger, with smaller bill, and upper parts lighter colored. 
Male: Length about 9.00, wing about 5.05, tail 4.00, 
culmen .90, depth of bill at base .45, tarsus 1.20. Fe- 
male: Prevailing color of upper parts light grayish 
brown (more clay-colored and much mixed with rusty 
in winter), the top of head narrowly streaked with 
dusky, but with scarcely any indication of lighter 
median stripe (often with none at all), the back and 
scapulars broadly streaked with dusky; length about 
7.50-8.50, wing 4.00-4.25 (4.10), tail 2.95-3.20 (3.09), 
culmen .72-.85 (.78), depth of bill at base .38-.42 (.39), 
tarsus 1.00-1.12 (1.04). Hab. Northwestern Mexico 
and lower Colorado Valley, in southern California and 

47 


370 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. = 


Arizona; south to Mazatlan...... 498a. A. phoeniceus 

longirostris SaALvAD.’ Sonoran Red-wing. 

f®. Smaller, with larger bill, and upper parts darker. Male : 

Length about 8.00-8.50, wing 4.50, tail 3.40-3.70 (3.55), 

culmen 1.00-1.05 (1.03), depth of bill at base .40-.42 

(.41), tarsus 1.10-1.20 (1.15). Female: Ground-color 

above mixed grayish brown and rusty (the latter 

chiefly on back and scapulars), the top of head 

streaked with black and divided by a very distinct 

lighter median stripe; back and scapulars broadly 

streaked with black and buffy whitish; length about 

6.50-7.00, wing 3.60-3.80 (3.67), tail 2.70-2.90 (2.81), 

culmen .75-.85 (.79), depth of bill at base .38—.40 (.39), 

tarsus .95-1.05 (.99). Hab. Bahamas and southern 

Florida (Miami, Key West, etc.)... 498). A. phoeniceus 

bryanti Ripaw. Bahaman Red-wing. 

4, Adult males with the middle wing-coverts more or less extensively 

black terminally, the basal portion buff or ochraceous (but 

usually concealed by lesser coverts) ; adult females with dusky 

largely prevailing on lower parts (often nearly uniform dusky), 

and with superciliary stripe not sharply defined (often very 
indistinct). 

Male: Length about 9.00-10.00, wing 4.90-5.65 (5.17), tail 
3.50-4.05 (3.83), culmen .81-1.02 (.89), depth of bill at 
base .40-.49 (.46), tarsus 1.20-1.30 (1.23). Female: Above 
nearly uniform brownish dusky, the top of head, back, 
and scapulars more or less distinctly streaked with paler, 
and the wing-feathers with narrow paler (sometimes 
whitish) edgings; lower parts brownish dusky, more or 
less distinctly streaked (never conspicuously) with dull 
brownish gray, the chin and throat pale buffy or pinkish, 
the latter marked with triangular spots of dusky, in lon- 
gitudinal series; length about 7.50-8.50, wing 4.05-4.35 
(4.21), tail 2.90-3.25 (3.04), culmen .75-.78 (.76), depth of 
bill at base .38, tarsus 1.05-1.10 (1.07). Hggs .95 x .68. 
Hab. Valleys of California and western Oregon, and south 
into Mexico. 

499. A. gubernator (WAGL.). Bicolored Blackbird. 
c. Adult female entirely uniform deep black, including lesser wing-coverts. 
(Adult male exactly like that of A. pheniceus in color.) 


1 Agelaius longirostris SALVAD., Atti del Reale Accad. Scienz. Torino, ix. April 26, 1874, 632 (western 
Mexico). 

2 New subspecies. The adult male is not appreciably different in plumage from either the common A, 
pheeniceus or the Cuban A. assimilis, but differs in proportions from both. The National Museum possesses, 
besides Bahaman specimens, an adult male and a female from Miami, Florida (C. J. MAYNARD, collector), and 
an adult female from Key West (“ Albatross’’ collection). 


STURNELLA. 371 


Male: Length about 8.50, wing 4.15-4.30, tail 3.30-3.60, culmen 

.92-.95, depth of bill at base .48, tarsus 1.10-1.15. Female: 

Length about 7.00, wing 3.70-3.80, tail 3.05-3.25. Hab. Cuba. 
A. assimilis GUNDL. Cuban Red-wing.! 
Bb. Adult male glossy blue-black, the plumage with a soft silky texture, the 
lesser wing-coverts deep crimson or burnt-carmine, the middle coverts 
white (tinged with buff in winter plumage); adult females with the 

plumage very soft or silky in texture. 

Adult male: Glossy blue-black, the lesser wing-coverts rich burnt- 
carmine, red posteriorly (next to white or pale buffy middle coverts), 
pure rich scarlet toward the shoulders); middle coverts white, 
more or less tinged with buff; in winter, feathers of back and 
under parts bordered terminally with dull light brown (not rusty), 
and middle wing-coverts more decidedly tinged with buff; length 
about 8.50-9.00, wing 4.70-4.90 (4.83), tail 3.50-3.85 (3.67), culmen 
.90-.98 (.93), depth of bill at base .38-.40 (.40), tarsus 1.10-1.20 
(1.13). Adult female: Very similar in color to same sex of A. guber- 
nator, but decidedly grayer in general cast of plumage (correspond- 
ing stages being compared), and texture of plumage decidedly 
softer or smoother;? length about 7.00-7.50, wing 4.10-4.40 (4.23), 
tail 2.95-3.60 (3.16), culmen .78-.82 (.80), depth of bill at base .31- 
.38 (.35), tarsus 1.00-1.08 (1.04). Hggs .94 x .67. Hab. Valleys of 
Pacific coast, from southern California to western Oregon. 

500. A. tricolor (Nurt.). Tricolored Blackbird. 
a. Wing exceeding tail by decidedly less than length of tarsus; sexes not appreciably 
different in color, the lesser wing-coverts (in both sexes) tawny ochraceous. 
Plumage entirely glossy black, except lesser wing-coverts. Male: Length 
about 7.25, wing 4.00, tail 3.35, tarsus .95. Female: Length about 6.77. 

wing 3.80, tail 3.10, tarsus .90. Hab. Cuba. 
A. humeralis (Vic.). Wigors’s Red-wing.? 


Genus STURNELLA Vizituor. (Page 365, pl. CIV., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Adult : Above brownish or grayish, striped and barred 
with black; crown divided medially by a whitish or buffy stripe; side of head 
whitish, with a dusky streak behind eyes; throat and breast bright yellow; a black 
crescent on chest; flanks and under tail-coverts whitish, streaked with dusky ; 


1 Agelaius assimilis (GunpL. MSS.) Lemn., Aves de Cuba, 1850, 64, pl. 9, fig. 3. 

2 T have been unable to discover any infallible or positive difference in plumage between the females of A. 
tricolor and A. gubernator, except that in the texture, which can only be depended on as a test after one has 
become used to comparing specimens; the female of A. gubernator averages decidedly browner, however, with 
relatively shorter and stouter bill, usually more rounded tail, and slightly shorter tarsus. 

Leistes humeralis Via., Zool. Jour. iii. 1828, 442, Agelaius humeralis Bonar., Consp. i. 1850, 430 


372 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


lateral tail-feathers partly white. Young: Colors much duller, and markings less 
distinct ; black mark on chest only faintly indicated. Length, males, about 9.50- 
11.00, females, 8.00-10.00. est on or embedded in ground, in meadows, composed 
of dried grasses, sometimes arched over on top. ygs 3-%, white, speckled with 
reddish brown, blackish brown, and lilac-gray. 


a. Yellow of throat not encroaching laterally on malar region; color darker and 
browner above, with heavier and more confluent black markings, the flanks 
and under tail-coverts distinctly buffy. 

b. Larger, with larger bill and smaller feet. Adult male: Wing 4.40-5.00, 
(4.74), culmen 1.20-1.52 (1.29), tarsus 1.54-1.71 (1.63). Adult female : 
Wing 3.95-4.30 (4.11), culmen 1.04-1.17 (1.12), tarsus 1.40-1.49 (1.42). 
Eggs 1.09 & .80. Hab. Eastern North America (except Florida ?), west to 
edge of Great Plains, north to Canada. 

501. S. magna (Linn.). Meadowlark. 

6’. Smaller, with smaller bill and larger feet. Adult male: Wing 4.20-4.80 
(4.40), culmen 1.13-1.30 (1.22), tarsus 1.50-1.72 (1.62). Adult female: 
Wing about 3,90-4.10, tail 2.70, culmen 1.05, tarsus 1.50. Hab. Eastern 
and central Mexico and south to Costa Rica; north to southern Texas 
(lower Rio Grande Valley) and southern Arizona; Florida? 

501la. S. magna mexicana (Scu.). Mexican Meadowlark. 

a’, Yellow of throat spread laterally over the malar region ; color paler and grayer 
above, with black markings less conspicuous, those on tertials and middle 
tail-feathers in form of isolated narrow bars, not connected along the shaft, 
as is usual in magna and mexicana ; flanks and lower tail-coverts white, very 
faintly, if at all, tinged with buff. 

Adult male: Wing 4.85-5.30 (5.01), culmen 1.20-1.36 (1.29), tarsus 1.50- 
1.60 (1.54). Adult female: Wing 4.30-4.60 (4.41), culmen 1,10-1.22 
(1.17), tarsus 1.33-148 (1.41). Eggs 1.12 x .81. Hab. Western North 
America, north to British Columbia and Manitoba, east regularly to 
Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas, sparingly to Illinois and Wis 
consin; south through western Mexico. 

5010. S. magna neglecta (Aup.). Western Meadowlark.’ 


Genus ICTERUS Brisson. (Page 366, pl. CIL., figs. 1-3.) 


Species. 


a. Depth of bill at base decidedly less than half the length of the exposed culmen. 
b. Bill not decurved terminally. (Subgenus Icterus.) 


— 


1 Without much doubt a distinct species. The occurrence of both S. neglecta and S. magna together in 
many portions of the Mississippi Valley, each in its typical style (the ranges of the two overlapping, in 
fact, for a distance of several hundred miles), taken together with the excessive rarity of intermediate speci- 
mens and the universally attested radical difference in their notes, are facts wholly incompatible with the theory 
of their being merely geographical races of the same species. 


ICTERUS. 373 


cl. Feathers of throat slenderly lanceolate; orbits naked. 

Adult (sexes alike): Head, neck, chest, back, scapulars, wings, 
and tail uniform black; middle and part of greater wing-coy- 
erts, and broad edgings to secondaries, white; rest of plumage, 
including lesser wing-coverts and broad collar across hind-neck, 
yellow or orange; length about 9.00-10.00, wing 4.10-5.00, tail 
3.80-4.30, culmen 1.25-1.50, tarsus 1.25-1.35. Hab. Caribbean 
coast of South America; West Indies (introduced ?); accidental 
at Charleston, South Carolina. 

502. I. icterus (Linn.). Troupial, 

ce’, Feathers of throat normal (short and blended); orbits feathered. 
d‘. Tail shorter than wing, graduated for less than length of culmen. 
Adult male: Head, neck, chest, breast, back, scapulars, 
greater wing-coverts, secondaries, primaries, and terminal 
(or subterminal) portion of tail (including nearly whole 
length of middle feathers) uniform deep black; tips of 
greater wing-coverts and tail-feathers (except middle pair), 
and narrow edgings to quills and secondaries (sometimes 
worn off), white; rest of plumage bright lemon-yellow 
(duller in younger birds), the middle wing-coverts fading 
into whitish at tips. Adult female: Above olive-greenish, 
the back and wings grayer, the first with more or less dis- 
tinct dusky shaft-streaks ; middle and greater wing-coverts 
broadly tipped with white, forming two distinct bands; 
tail dull olive terminally and on middle feathers, the rest 
olive-yellow; lower parts entirely olive-yellow. Young 
male: Variously intermediate in plumage between the 
adult male and female, according to age. Young of year: 
Similar to adult female, “but with all the wing-feathers 
edged and tipped with white, the wing-bands yellowish, 
the tail tipped with yellow, the breast obscured by brown- 
ish, and the yellow of the under parts paler and greener.” 
(Brewst.) Length about 7.70-8.50, wing 3.80-4.20, tail 
3.30-3.90, culmen .95-1.00, tarsus .90-.95. (Female aver- 
aging smaller than male.) Nest pensile or semi-pensile, 
usually built in yuccas, composed of fibres of the yucca, 
dried grasses, etc., lined with softer materials. Eggs 2-4, 
.94 < .67, bluish white, speckled and finely pencilled round 
larger end with black, and faintly clouded with lilac-gray. 
Hab. Central Mexico, and north to southern border of 
United States (southern Texas to southern California) ; Lower 
California........ 504. I. parisorum Bonar. Scott’s Oriole. 
#, Tail longer than wing, graduated for much more than length of 
culmen. (Adult with head, upper neck, chest, wings, except 
lesser and middle coverts, and tail, black; rest of plumage 


374 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


yellow, more or less tinged with olive-greenish on upper sur- 
face. ) 

e’. Scapulars entirely olive-greenish or yellowish, like back; 
middle wing-coverts yellow ; outer webs of greater wing- 
coverts tipped with whitish (sometimes inclining, more or 
less, to yellow or grayish), and tertials broadly edged with 
same. Young: Without any black, the upper parts entirely 
olive-green, the lower parts wholly yellow, tinged laterally 
with olive, Length about 8.75-10.50, wing 3.75—-4.25, tail. 
4.15-4.40, culmen .90-1.10, tarsus .95-1.10. Nest semi-pen- 
sile, fastened usually between upright twigs, composed of 
dried grasses, etc. Hggs .99 x .71, white, finely speckled 
or “dusted,” chiefly on larger end, with brown, usually 
mixed with stains of lilac-gray. Hab. Central and north- 
ern Mexico, north to lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas. 

503. I. audubonii Giraup. Audubon’s Oriole. 

e?. Scapulars and middle wing-coverts partly (sometimes entirely) 
black ; wings without any white markings; otherwise very 
similar to LZ. audubonti, but averaging a little smaller. Hab. 
Southern Mexico (tierra caliente) north to Vera Cruz. 

I. melanocephalus (WaGL.). Black-headed Oriole. 
b*. Bill distinctly decurved terminally. 
c. Tail longer than wing, graduated for at least as much as length of 
tarsus; adult males yellow, or orange, and black. 

d. Tail graduated for much more than length of tarsus; adults with 
entire head and neck black. (Adult males: Head, neck, chest, 
back, scapulars, wings, except lesser and middle coverts, upper 
tail-coverts, and tail, uniform deep black ; rest of plumage yel- 
low, or orange, the lower tail-coverts sometimes black. Adult 
females similar, but colors duller. Young males: The black first 
appearing on wings, chest, throat, cheeks, and forehead, the 
black of head and neck at one stage occupying precisely the 
same area as in adult male of J. cucullatus. Older: Head, nape, 
fore-part and sides of neck, and chest entirely black, but lower 
hind-neck, back, and scapulars olive-yellow, like lower back and 
rump. Still older: Similar to the last, but back and scapulars 
mixed with black. Young of year: Without any black, the 
upper parts dull olive, duller and browner on back, the 
wings and middle tail-feathers dusky, with olivaceous edgings, 
rest of tail-feathers olive, with yellowish edges, and lower 


1 Psarocolius melanocephalus WAGL., Isis, 1829, 756. Icterus melanocephalus Haun & Kuster, Vog. aus 
Asien, Lief. vi. 2, pl. 3. 

2 In this stage exactly resembling in coloration the fully adult plumage of /. melanocephalus and I. audu- 
bonii, except that the secondaries, etc., lack the white edgings of the latter, while in 7. wagleri the tail-coverts 


are black. 


ICTERUS. 37h 


parts entirely light yellow, tinged with olive laterally and 
across chest.) 


e. Larger (wing 3.85, or more). Adult with tail-coverts entirely 


black; greater wing-coverts abruptly white at base (this 
concealed by middle coverts, however); length about 8.80~ 
9.50, wing 3.85-4.25, tail 4.00-4.60, culmen .90-1.00, tarsus 
.90-1.00. Hab. Mexico and Guatemala, north to Mexican 


side of Rio Grande. 
I. wagleri Sct. Wagler’s Oriole.! 


é. Smaller (wing not more than 3.55). Adult with tail-coverts 


chiefly (sometimes entirely ?) yellow; greater wing-coverts 
biack to extreme base ; upper part of breast sometimes with 
more or less of chestnut next to black of chest; wing 3.25— 
3.55, tail 3.50-4.00. Hab. Southern Mexico, and south to 
Costa Rica. 

I. prosthemelas (SrricKL.). Strickland’s Oriole.? 


d@. Tail graduated for not more than length of tarsus; adult males 


with black of head and neck confined to frontlet, lores, cheeks, 
malar region, chin, throat, and chest; wing with two white 
bands. (Adult males: Back, scapulars, wings, and tail black, 
the wings with white markings; other portions yellow, orange, 
or orange-red. Adult females: Above light olive-greenish, 
more grayish on back; wings dusky grayish, with lighter 
brownish gray edgings, the middle and greater coverts tipped 
with white; tail yellowish olive; lower parts entirely yellow, 
tinged with olive on flanks, ete. Young males, second year: 
Similar to adult females, but chin, throat, chest, malar region, 
and lores black more or less continuously, as in adult. Young 
in first year: Similar to adult female, but colors paler and 
duller, the plumage generally, especially on upper parts, suf- 
fused with pale brownish. Length 6.50-8.50, wing 3.30-3.60, 
tail 3.50-4.20.) 


e'. Adult males with breast, etc., orange or orange-red. 


f'. Adult male with breast, ete., orange or dull orange-red. 
Nest usually composed of the “Spanish” moss ( Tilland- 
sia), often built inside of hanging tufts or tresses of 
this parasite. Hgqgs 3-5, .85 x .60, white, speckled. 
chiefly on larger end, with hair-brown, usually mixed 
with a few small black specks or lines. Hab. Southern 
and eastern Mexico, north to lower Rio Grande Valley 
in Texas. 

505. I. cucullatus Swains. Hooded Oriole. 


1 [eterus wagleri Scu., P. Z. S. 1857, 7. 
2 Xanthornus prosthemelas StRIcKL., Contr. Orn. 1850, 120, pl. 62. Jcterus prosthemelas Scu., P. Z. 8. 


1856, 301. 


376 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


f*. Adult male with breast, etc., intense orange-red, some- 
times almost scarlet. Hab. Yucatan. 
I. cucullatus igneus Ripa@w. Fiery Oriole.! 

e*, Adult male with breast, etc., satfron-yellow, varying to gam- 

boge (never orange). West exceedingly variable in form 

and composition, but usually pensile or semipensile, and 

composed of grass-stems (often green) and various plant- 

fibres. Hygs .85 x .61, averaging with decidedly darker 

and heavier markings than those of true J. cucullatus. Hab. 

Western Mexico, north to Arizona, Lower California, and 

southern California... 505a. I. cucullatus nelsoni Ripew. 

Arizona Hooded Oriole. 

¢. Tail shorter than wing (the latter less than 3.25), graduated for much 

less than length of tarsus ; adult male chestnut and black. 

Adult male: Head, neck, middle of chest, back, scapulars, wings 
(except lesser and middle coverts), and tail deep black, the 
greater wing-coverts, quills, and secondaries edged, more or less 
distinctly, with pale chestnut or whitish; rest of plumage uni- 
form rich dark chestnut or bay, deepest on breast. Adult fe- 
male: Upper parts yellowish olive, much duller and grayer on 
back and scapulars; wings grayish dusky, with two white 
bands, all the feathers with paler brownish gray edgings; tail 
yellowish olive, like rump, etc.; lower parts entirely light olive- 
yellow. Young male, second year: Similar to adult female, but 
lores, chin, and throat black. (The chestnut and rest of the 
black appearing in patches, increasing in extent, during suc- 
cessive seasons.) Young of year: Similar to adult female, but 
suffused with brownish, especially on upper parts. Length 
6.00-7.25, wing 2.90-3.25, tail 2.65-3.20. Nest composed of 
green wiry grass-stems, interwoven into a firm basket-like 
structure usually supported between upright twigs near the 
extremity of a branch (but sometimes partly pendulous), lined 
with softer materials. Eggs 3-6, .81 x .57, pale bluish, bluish 
white, or greenish white, speckled and “ pen-lined” with brown 
and black, usually mixed more or less with lilac-gray. Hab. 
Eastern United States, west to Great Plains; south, in winter, 
through Middle America to Panama. 

506. I. spurius (Linn.). Orchard Oriole. 

a. Depth of bill at base equal to half the length of the exposed culmen. (Sub- 
genus Yphantes V1EILLOT.) 

b. Wing usually not more than 3.80, tail not more than 3.15; adult male with 

whole head black, lesser wing-coverts wholly orange or yellow, white 

of wings confined to tips of greater coverts and narrow edgings of 


1 cterus cucullatus igneus Ripew., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. April 20, 1885, 19. 


ICTERUS. 377 


quills and secondaries (the middle coverts sometimes whitish), and tail 
black across middle portion. 

Adult male: Head, neck, middle line of chest, back, scapulars, wings 
(except lesser and middle coverts), and greater part of tail black ; 
broad tips to greater wing-coverts, and narrow edgings to some of 
the quills and secondaries (these sometimes worn away), white ; rest 
of plumage, including lesser and middle wing-coverts, base and tip 
of tail (except middle feathers—but on outer feathers occupying 
nearly half their total length), rich cadmium-orange, sometimes 
varying to intense orange-red, very rarely to lemon-yellow. Adult 
female: Very variable in color, but usually (?) with upper parts 
olive, indistinctly streaked or spotted with black, the wings dusky, 
with two white bands, and light grayish edges to most of the 
feathers; rump dull ochraceous-orange ; tail duller, more olivaceous, 
orange; lower parts dull orange, paler on flanks, the throat usually 
with more or less admixture of black. [Wote-——The adult female 
often has the black pattern of head, neck, and back as in male, but 
the color much duller and less uniform. The young male also varies 
between the two extremes (adult male and female) as described 
above, and cannot in any stage be with certainty distinguished 
from the adult female except by dissection.] Young of year: Simi- 
lar to adult female, as described above, but colors softer and more 
blended, and upper parts suffused with brownish. Length about 
7.00-8.15, wing 3.50-3.90, tail 2.85-3.35. Nest more or less purse- 
shaped and pensile, suspended from extremity of drooping branches, 
composed of various textile substances, as various natural plant- 
fibres, strings, etc., compactly interwoven, the nest proper com- 
posed of softer materials arranged within the supporting pouch. 
Eggs 3-6, 91 X .61, dull white, greenish white, or brownish 
white, curiously streaked or irregularly “pen-lined” with brown 
and black, sometimes mixed with brown spots or stains. Hab. 
Eastern North America, north to New England, Ontario, and the 
Saskatchewan, west across Great Plains; south, in winter, through 
eastern Mexico and Central America to Panama. 

507. I. galbula (Linn.). Baltimore Oriole. 
6%, Wing not less than 3.80 (in adult), tail not less than 3.10 (averaging de- 
cidedly more) ; adult males with whole malar region yellow or orange, 
an orange streak over lores (sometimes prolonged into a superciliary 
stripe), lesser wing-coverts entirely, or for the greater part, black, white 
of wings covering whole of middle and outer webs of greater coverts, 
besides very broad edges to tertials and secondaries, and tail yellow or 

orange, with middle feathers and tips of the others black. 
ce, Adult male: Forehead, distinct superciliary stripe, ear-coverts, sides, and 
flanks yellow or orange; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
yellow or orange, more or less tinged with olive. Adult female : Top 

48 


378 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


of head and hind-neck yellowish olive, becoming brighter yellowish 
(sometimes distinctly orange or yellow) on forehead and superciliary 
region; back olive-grayish, streaked with black; wings dusky, the 
middle coverts white, the greater coverts tipped with white and 
broadly edged with light grayish, the other quills and secondaries 
also edged with light grayish ; lower back light olive-grayish ; rump, 
upper tail-coverts, and tail bright yellowish olive, sometimes in- 
clining to ochraceous-orange ; sides of head, with anterior lower 
parts, dull orange or orange-yellow, the throat usually with more or 
less of black; flanks (sometimes sides and belly also) pale dull 
grayish; under tail-coverts light yellowish. Young male in second 
year, similar to adult female. Young of year: Similar to adult 
female, but colors paler and duller, suffused more or less with pale 
brownish, and no trace of black on throat (and yellow sometimes 
almost wanting). Length 7.50-8.60, wing 3.80-4.15, tail 3.10-3.70. 
Nest and eggs hardly distinguishable from those of I. galbula, the 
latter, however, averaging slightly larger (.94 x .63). Hab. West- 
ern United States, east to and including Rocky Mountains ; south, 
in winter, into Mexico. 
508. I. bullocki (Swarns.). Bullock’s Oriole. 
ce, Adult male: Forehead, superciliary region, ear-coverts, sides, fianks, 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black. Adult female: 
“Above gray, mixed with yellowish and variegated with black ; 
wings blackish, edged with white; below yellowish, middle of 
belly whitish, flanks grayish; tail yellowish olivaceous, with 
darker tips.” Wing 4.20, tail 3.20-3.50. Hab. Central and southern 


Mexico. 
1. abeillei (LEss.). Abeille’s Oriole.! 


Genus SCOLECOPHAGUS Swainson. (Page 366, pl. CIV., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Adult males uniform black, more or less glossy ; females 
uniform brownish gray or slaty. Mest a bulky structure of dried twigs, shreds of 
bark, mosses, etc., placed in trees. Eggs 2-8, pale bluish green, pale olive, or dull 
rusty brownish, variously speckled, spotted, or blotched with brown (sometimes 
nearly uniform deep rusty brown). 


a', Bill slender, its depth through base much less than half the lateral length of 
lower mandible. Adult male in summer: Uniform glossy black, with a faint 
dark bluish gloss on head and neck and of bluish green elsewhere. Adult 
male in winter: The black more or less extensively overlaid by rusty brown 
above and buffy below. Adult female in summer: Uniform dusky brownish 
slate, without gloss, the lower parts inclining to plumbeous. Adult female 


1 Xanthornus abeillei Luss., Rev. Zool. 1839, 101. IJcterus abeillii Scu., P. Z. 8. 1860, 252. 


QUISCALUS. 379 


in winter : Much washed or overlaid by rusty on upper and buffy on lower 
parts. Young: Similar to winter female, but colors duller and more uni- 
form, and texture of plumage looser. Length 8.20-9.75, wing 4.25-4.75, tail 
3.65-4.20. Eggs .98 X .72. Hab. Eastern and northern North America, west 
to Bering’s Sea and Great Plains; breeding from northern United States 
ATOUUMIWVALG 2 ya crsscnsvesnnsedgecets 509. S. carolinus (MuLt.). Rusty Blackbird. 
a’. Bill stout, its depth through base nearly equal to half the lateral length of 
lower mandible. Adult male in summer: Uniform glossy greenish black, the 
head and neck glossy violet-black. Adult male in winter: Similar to sum- 
mer plumage, but head, neck, back, and breast more or less—generally very 
slightly—obscured by grayish brown tips to feathers. Adult female: Uni- 
form brownish slate, more brownish anteriorly, posteriorly more slaty, and 
with a soft, silky gloss. Length 8.75-10.25, wing 4.65-5.25, tail 3.85-4.50. 
Eggs 1.00 x .73. Hab. Western North America, east to Great Plains (occa- 
sionally to Illinois, etc.), north to the Saskatchewan, south to table-lands of 
MGR COs 6).ciscsec-teeess 510. S. cyanocephalus (Waat.). Brewer’s Blackbird. 


Genus QUISCALUS Vieituor. (Page 366, pl. CIII., figs. 1, 2.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Adult males : Uniform glossy blackish, often with varied 
metallic hues. Adult females: Decidedly smaller than males, the colors duller 
(sometimes markedly different). 


a. Tail not decidedly longer than wing (usually decidedly shorter); adult males 
with varied rich metallic tints (the head and neck rich, silky steel-blue, 
violet, or brassy green); adult females similar, but duller. Vest a coarse and 
bulky but compact structure composed of coarse dried grasses, built in trees 
(often in cavities). Eggs 3-7, pale green or greenish blue, pale olive, or dull 
olive-whitish, coarsely spotted and irregularly lined with brown and black 
(sometimes dull rusty brown, marked with darker). (Subgenus Quiscalus.) 

b. Plumage of body above and below, with mixed metallic tints (usually sev- 
eral on each feather, especially on back and scapulars), the color of head 
and neck usually not abruptly defined against the color of the body; 
wing-coverts usually with mixed metallic tints; wings and tail usually 
bluish violet or bluish. 

ce. Larger, with smaller bill; length about 11.00-13.50, wing (male) 5.45- 

6.05 (5.71), tail 5.05-5.70 (5.46), graduation of tail 1.00-1.60 (1.26), 

exposed culmen 1.13-1.23 (1.17), tarsus 1.35-1.45 (1.40). Female : 

Length about 11.00-11.50, wing about 5.00, tail about 4.80. Eggs 

1.12 x .82. Hab. Atlantic coast of United States (except southern 
Florida), north to Massachusetts, west to eastern Tennessee. 

511. Q. quiscula (Linn.). Purple Grackle. 

ce’, Smaller, with larger bill; length about 10.40-12.00, wing (male) 5.20- 


380 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


5.40 (5.29), tail 4.60-5.20 (4.93), graduation of tail 1.00-1.35 (1.10), 
exposed culmen 1.19-1.30 (1.24), tarsus 1.35-1.47 (1.40). Eggs 1.20 
< .82. Hab. Florida (chiefly southern portion), and west along 
Gulf coast to Louisiana. 

5lla. Q. quiscula agleus (Bairp). Florida Grackle. 

b?. Plumage of body, above and below, perfectly uniform brassy olive or bronze, 
never with mixed tints, and always very abruptly defined against the 
color (steel-blue, violet, purple, or brassy green) of neck; wing-coverts 
never with mixed metallic tints; wings and tail always purplish or 
violet-purplish, never bluish. 

Length (male) about 12.00-13.50, wing 5.45-5.95 (5.65), tail 5.25-5.90 
(5.52), graduation of tail 1.15-1.60 (1.36), exposed culmen 1.12-1.26 
(1.17), tarsus 1.40-1.46 (1.44). Female: Length about 11.00-11.50, 
wing 5.00-5.05, tail 4.80-4.90. Eggs 1.14 X .82. Hab. Eastern North 
America, west of Alleghanies, including whole of New England 
(except coast of Long Island Sound); north to Hudson’s Bay, west 
to Rocky Mountains, south to Louisiana (?) and Texas; occasion- 

ally east of Alleghanies, from Virginia northward. 
511). Q. quiscula zneus (Ripew.). Bronzed Grackle.’ 
a®, Tail decidedly longer than wing; adult males without varied metallic tints, the 
plumage being uniform glossy blue-black, or dark steel-blue, becoming grad- 
ually more purplish anteriorly, or greenish, changing anteriorly to blue; 
adult females exceedingly different from males, being very much smaller, the 
plumage dusky brownish above, light brownish beneath. West a very bulky 
structure of dried grasses, Spanish moss, etc., usually compacted together 
with an internal plastering or stiffening of mud, built in low trees, or bushes, 
in swampy situations. Hygs 3-5, ovate or conic-ovate, pale bluish or green- 
ish, pale drab, pale olive, dull purplish gray, etc., grotesquely lined with 

black and brown. (Subgenus Megaquiscalus Cassin.) 

b'. Bill stouter (greatest depth at base of gonys more than .40 in male, .35, or 
more, in female), the tip decidedly decurved ; adult females dull dusky 
brown above, the lower parts similar posteriorly, becoming paler an- 
teriorly ; no distinct superciliary stripe. 

cl. Adult male with tail 8.30, or more. 
Adult male with metallic gloss violet over all anterior portions, 
including whole back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and all of 
lower parts except flanks and under tail-coverts ; length 17.00- 
18.75, wing 7.35-8.00 (7.59), tail 8.30-9.35 (8.80), exposed cul- 
men 1.47-1.69 (1.60). Adult female: Above dusky brown, with 
a metallic greenish gloss, becoming more decidedly brown and 
less glossy on head and neck; superciliary stripe (sometimes 
indistinct) and lower parts dull fulvous-brown, becoming more 
buffy on chin and throat and dusky on flanks and under tail- 


1 With scarcely a doubt, a distinct species from Q. quiseula. 


QUISCALUS. 38] 


coverts; length about 11.50-13.50, wing 5.70-6.50 (5.94), tail 
5.40-6.30 (5.98), exposed culmen 1.20-1.42 (1.34). Hygs 1.27 x 
86. Hab. Eastern Mexico, north to southern Texas, south to 
Nicaragua. 
512. Q. macrourus Swains. Great-tailed Grackle. 
c. Adult male with tail not more than 7.50. 

ad’, Plumage (both sexes) essentially as in Q. macrourus, but size very 

much less. 

Adult male: Length 14.00-15.70, wing 6.25-7.05 (6.62), tail 
6.20-7,60 (6.92), exposed culmen 1.36-1.43 (1.40). Adult fe- 
male: Length about 11.00-11.75, wing 5.15-5.50 (5.32), tail 
4.80-5.20 (5.00), exposed culmen 1.15-1.18 (1.17). Hab. 
Western Mexico (north to mouth of Colorado River ?). 

Q. graysoni Sct. Grayson’s Grackle.! 

@’. Adult male with metallic gloss greenish, changing through steel- 

blue on back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and lower breast to 
violet on head, neck, chest, and upper breast; length about 
15.00-17.50, wing 7.00-7.50 (7.22), tail 6.80-7.55 (7.14), exposed 
culmen 1.48-1.68 (1.59). Adult female: Similar in color to 
same sex of Q. macrourus, but lighter and more tawny beneath, 
and much browner above, the head and neck of an umber tint ; 
length about 11.50-13.00, wing 5.55-5.75 (5.61), tail 5.10-5.55 
(5.31), exposed culmen 1.14-1.30 (1.24). Eggs 1.24 x .89. Hab. 
South Atlantic and Gulf coast of United States, north to Vir- 
ginia, west to Texas. 
513. Q. major ViEILu. Boat-tailed Grackle. 
6’. Bill more slender (greatest depth, at base of gonys, not more than .35 in 
male or .30 in female; adult female with top of head, hind-neck, and 
upper back bright rusty brown, the lower parts bright tawny, becoming 
buffy on belly and dusky on flanks and under tail-coverts. 

Adult male: ‘“ Uniform dark purplish black, with slight metallic reflec- 
tions; wings and tail dark shining black ... length 13 inches, 
wing 6.7; tail, middle rectrice 7, external 4.3.” Adult female: 
Length about 10.00-10.50, wing 5.20, tail 4.40-5.10, exposed culmen 
1.12. Hab. Central Mexico. 


Q. tenuirostris Swarns. Slender-billed Grackle.? 


1 Quiscalus palustris “Swatns.,” of AutHoRS, but not of Swainson. Quiscalus graysoni Scu., Cat. B. Brit, 
Mus. xi. 1886, 307. 
2 Quiscalus tenuirostris Swatns., An. in Menag. 1838, 299. 


382 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Famity FRINGILLIDAZ.—TueE Fincues, Sparrows, ETc. (Page 321.) 


Genera. 
a’. Mandibles faleate, crossed at tips...:......0.scsececsocseesesesteies Loxia. (Page 392.) 


a’, Mandibles not faleate nor crossed at tips. 
b'. Conspicuously crested. 
c. Culmen strongly curved, and cutting-edge of upper mandible deeply 
sinuated or concave in middle portion.. Pyrrhuloxia. (Page 443.) 
c’, Culmen only slightly curved, and cutting-edge of upper mandible more 
or less convex in middle portion............ Cardinalis. (Page 441.) 
b?. Not crested. 

ce’. Width of bill at base equal to its length, and basal outline of lower man- 
dible, underneath, doubly concave............ Pyrrhula. (Page 388.) 
ce. Width of bill at base decidedly less than its length, and basal outline 

of lower mandible, underneath, simply concave. 
d'. Depth of bill at base greater than length of bind-toe, with claw, 

and more than three-fourths as long as tarsus. 
Coccothraustes. (Page 386.) 
ad’. Depth of bill at base less than length of hind-toe, with claw, and 
less than two-thirds as long as of tarsus. 
e’. Nasal plumules covering nearly basal half of upper mandible. 
Pinicola. (Page 387.) 
e?, Nasal plumules covering very much less than basal half of 
upper mandible. 
f?). Base of gonys midway between tip and lateral base of 
lower mandible........... Plectrophenax. (Page 402.) 
f?. Base of gonys decidedly nearer to lateral base than 
tip of lower mandible. 
g. Gonys slightly convex; a light brownish spot or 
speculum at base of quills.. Passer. (Page 401.) 
g. Gonys not appreciably convex; no light spot or 
speculum at base of quills. 
h'. Primaries exceeding secondaries by more than 
length of tarsus. 
7. Wing at least five times as long as tarsus. 

j'. Wing less than 3.50. 

i, Tail three-fourths as long as wing; 
nasal tufts conspicuous. 

Acanthis. (Page 395.) 
k?, Tail less than two-thirds as long as 
wing ; nasal tufts inconspicuous. 
l'. Exposed culmen decidedly 
shorter than tarsus; adults 
without red on head, and 


FRINGILLIDZ, 383 


with under parts either yel- 
low or else conspicuously 
streaked. 
Spinus, (Page 398.) 
?, Exposed culmen not decidedly, 
if at all, shorter than tar- 
sus; adults with front part 
of head (all round) red, and 
lower parts neither yellow 
nor streaked. 
Carduelis. (Page 400.) 
j. Wing more than 3.75...... Leucosticte. 
(Page 393.) 
2, Wing less than five times as long as tarsus. 
j'. First quill decidedly longer than fourth. 
kK. Depth of bill at base equal to or 
greater than length of exposed 
culmen. 
Carpodacus. (Page 389.) 
. Depth of bill at base decidedly less 
than length of exposed culmen. 
V, Tail emarginate, the middle 
feathers narrow and pointed 
at tip. 

m. Gonys shorter than hind- 
toe (without claw) and 
less than depth of bill. 

Calcarius. 
(Page 404.) 

m?. Gonys longer than hind- 
toe (without claw) and 
greater than depth of 
bill. Rhynchophanes. 

(Page 406.) 
?, Tail rounded, the middle feathers 

broad and rounded at tip. 
Chondestes. (Page 414.) 
j. First quill decidedly shorter than fourth. 
Habia. (Page 444.) 
h?, Primaries exceeding secondaries by less than 

length of tarsus. 
i. Depth of bill at base equal to length of hind- 
toe, with claw.... Guiraca. (Page 445.) 
?. Depth of bill at base much less than length 
of hind-toe, with claw. 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


j. Tail-feathers narrow, the middle ones, at 
least (sometimes all), acuminate. 

k*, Distance from bend of wing to tips 
of longest greater wing-coverts 
greater than from latter point to 
tip of longest quill. 

Spiza. (Page 451.) 

k’. Distance from bend of wing to tips 
of longest greater wing-coverts 
less than distance from latter 
point to tip of longest quill. 

U. Middle toe, with claw, decidedly 
shorter than tarsus. 
Poocetes. (Page 406.) 
?. Middle toe, with claw, not 
shorter than tarsus.... Am- 
modramus. (Page 407.) 
f. Tail-feathers broader, not acuminate. 

k, Wing more than 2.25. 

l'. Hind-claw decidedly longer than 
its digit. 

m. Bill tapering very rapidly 
to the acute tip, the 
cutting-edge of upper 
mandible distinctly con- 
vex or lobed toward 
base ; nostrils concealed 
by small antrorse feath- 
OTS: s ceases Passerella. 

(Page 433.) 

m’. Bill tapering gradually to 
the rather obtuse tip, 
the cutting-edge of the 
upper mandible not 
convex or lobed toward 
base ; nostrils exposed. 

Pipilo. (Page 435.) 
2. Hind-claw not longer than its 
digit. 

m', Tertials elongated much 
beyond secondaries, 
nearly equalling long- 
est primaries. 

Calamospiza. 
(Page 452.) 


FRINGILLID2. #85 


wm? Tertials scarcely, if at all, longer than secondaries, 
and much shorter than longest primaries. 
nm. Outer tail-feather largely (sometimes wholly) 
WINS sion ec anos aoe senaneaers Junco. (Page 422. 
n, Outer tail-feather with little or no white. 

o'. Lower mandible much deeper than upper; 
adult males very brightly colored, with 
more or less of blue in plumage. 

Passerina. (Page 446.) 

02. Lower mandible not deeper than upper; 
adult males not brightly colored, and 
without any blue in plumage. 

p.. Tail plain blackish or dusky, with or 
without whitish edging to outer feath- 
ers........ Amphispiza. (Page 425.) 

p. Tail brownish, grayish, or olive-green- 
ish, usually without markings. 

g. Tail olive-green; first quill much 
shorter than secondaries. 
Arremonops.’ (Page 434.) 
g. Tail brownish or grayish ; first quill 
not shorter than secondaries. 

r', Primaries exceeding secondaries 
by more than length of ex- 
posed culmen; distance be- 
tween tip of outer and mid- 
dle (or longest) tail-feathers 
much less than length of 
hind-toe, without claw. 

s', Tail more or less rounded, 
the middle feathers 
longest, or equal to 
longest ; wing 3.00, or 
more...... Zonotrichia. 

(Page 414.) 

s’, Tail emarginate or double- 
rounded, the middie 
feathers shorter than 
the longest; wing less 
than 3.00. 

Spizella. (Page 417.) 

7, Primaries exceeding secondaries 
by not more than length ot 
exposed culmen; distance 


1 New genus. Type, Embernagra rujivirgata LAwr. 
49 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Ow 
co 
7p) 


between tip of outer and 
middle (longest) tail-feathers 
vqual to or greater than 
length of hind-toe, without 
claw. 

s. Tail double-rounded, but 
outer feathers much 
shorter than middle 
pair; graduation of tail 
less than length of ex- 
posed culmen, and tail 
exceeding wing by 
much less than length of 
bill from nostril... Me- 

lospiza. (Page 430.) 

s*. Tail simply, but very much, 
rounded, the middle 
feathers longest or equal 
to longest, its gradua- 
tion greater than length 
of exposed culmen; or 
else tail exceeding wing 
by more than length of 
bill from nostril. 
Peucea. (Page 427.) 

#, Wing less than 2.25. 
l. Culmen strongly curved; bill broad as high at base. 
Sporophila. (Page 449.) 
?. Culmen nearly straight ; bill much narrower than high at 
Dasel.c.stecesscocnssboteoetoaseen Euetheia. (Page 450.) 


Genus COCCOTHRAUSTES Brisson. (Page 382, pl. CV., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


a’. Tips of four innermost primaries much widened at end, the inner webs emargi- 
nate at tips, the outer webs somewhat recurved, or semifalcate. (Subgenus 
Coccothraustes.* ) 

a‘. Tips of four inner primaries of normal form. (Subgenus Hesperiphona Bonap.) 

61. Adult male with head smoky olive, relieved by a yellow frontal crescent and 
blackish patch on crown; adult female with crown dull grayish brown, 
throat bordered along each side by a blackish streak, and upper tail- 
coverts tipped with white. 

Adult male: Crown blackish, bordered anteriorly and laterally by a 


1 The typical subgenus not represented in America. 


PINICOLA. 387 


yellow patch covering forehead and superciliary region; rest of 
head, with neck and back, uniform deep olivaceous, changing grad- 
ually to yellow on scapulars and posterior portions of body, above 
and below; wings, tail, and upper tail-coverts black; tertials uni- 
form dull white, the secondaries and inner webs of  tail-feathers 
sometimes tipped with the same. Adult female: Whole top of head 
dull brownish or brownish-gray; rest of head, with neck and most 
of the body, lighter grayish, tinged more or less with olive-yellow, 
the throat bordered along each side by a dusky streak; a whitish 
patch at base of inner primaries. Young: Similar to adult female, 
but colors much duller and more brownish, with markings less 
sharply defined, the dusky streak on sides of throat sometimes 
nearly obsolete ; lower parts paler and more buffy, with little or 
none of gray; bill dull horn-color, or brownish instead of yellowish 
green. Length about 7.00-8.50, wing 4.20-4.50, tail 2.75-3.20, cul- 
men .75-.80, depth of bill at base .55-.70. Hab. Western North 
America, north to British Columbia and the Saskatchewan; east 
(rregularly, in winter) to Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa; 
casually to Ohio and Ontario; south over table-lands of Mexico to 
highlands of Vera Cruz. 
(57.) 514. C. vespertinus (Coop.). Evening Grosbeak. 
b’. Adult male with head entirely black; adult female with top of head black 
(sharply defined), no dusky streak on sides of throat, and upper tail- 
coverts without white tips. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and southern 


Mexico. 
C. abeillii (Less.). Abeille’s Grosbeak.! 


Genus PINICOLA Vierttuor. (Page 382, pl. CV., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters—Adult males: General color dull rose-pink or madder- 
pink (rarely varying to a light vermilion tint), changing to ash-gray on scapulars, 
flanks, belly, and under tail-coverts, the plumage everywhere being of this color be- 
neath the surface ; scapulars and feathers of back dusky centrally, causing a spotted 
appearance ; wings and tail dusky, the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped 
with white (this sometimes tinged with pink) and tertials broadly edged with same ; 
secondaries, primaries, and tail-feathers narrowly edged with light grayish. Adult 
females with wings and tail as in the male, but rest of plumage grayish, without 
any red, but changing to a more or less bright olive-tawny tint on head and lower 
rump, the breast sometimes tinged with same. Young: Similar to adult female, 
but colors duller and more blended, the wing-bands dull buffy instead of pure 
white, and texture of plumage very different. [Vote—Apparently adult males are 
occasionally found in which the plumage is not distinguishable from that of the 


1 Guiraca abeillii Less., Rev. Zool. 1839, 41. Coccothraustes abeillii Scu. & SALv., This, 1859, 19, 


82 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


(a) 


female; in others, the general plumage is that of the female, except that the 
olivaceous or tawny color on head, etc., is replaced by a more reddish tint (varying 
from light dull orange-red to deep madder-brown).] Nest a rather flat thin struc- 
ture, of fine rootlets, ete.,in coniferous trees. ygs greenish or bluish, spotted with 
brown and blackish. 


a’. Smaller (wing not more than 4.30, and averaging less than 4.28), with relatively 
Jarger bill and shorter tarsi, and colors much duller, the females with 
plumage chiefly olivaceous. 

Length about 8.00-8.50, wing 4.20-4.30 (4.25), tail 3.60-3.70 (3.65), ex- 
posed culmen .55-.65 (.61), tarsus .80-.90 (.84). Hab. Northern Europe 


and Asia. 
P. enucleator (LINN.). Pine Grosbeak.! 


a’, Larger (wing very rarely less than 4.30, and averaging more than 4.40), with 
relatively smaller bill and longer tarsi, and colors much brighter, the females 
with plumage usually chiefly grayish. 

6. Larger, with proportionally much smaller bill and longer tail; length 8.25- 
9.00, wing 4.50-5.00 (4.68), tail 3.70-4.45 (4.10), exposed culmen .53-.59 
(.56), tarsus .87-.92 (.90). Eggs 1.01.74, deep greenish blue or bluish 
green, rather sparingly spotted with dark brown and black. Hab. 
Northern North America in general, breeding from northern New Eng- 
land, Labrador, etc., to Alaska (except coast south of the peninsula), and 
south in higher Rocky Mountains to Utah and Colorado; in winter, 
south to northern United States. 

515. P. enucleator canadensis (CaB.). American Pine Grosbeak.’ 
6. Smaller, with proportionally much larger bill and shorter tail; length about 
8.00-8.50, wing 4.25-4.60 (4.45), tail 3.60-3.80 (3.70), exposed culmen 
.57-.62 (.60), tarsus .88-.92 (.90). Hab. Kodiak to Sitka, Alaska. (Also 

probably southward to higher Sierra Nevada of California.) 
—. P. enucleator kodiaka Rincw. Kodiak Pine Grosbeak.’ 


GEnus PYRRHULA Brisson. (Page 382, pl. CV., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Whole top of head, with feathers around base of bill, glossy blue- 
black ; hind-neck, back, scapulars, and lesser and middle wing-coverts uniform 
ash-gray; rump plain white; upper tail-coverts, tail, and tertials glossy blue-black, 
inclining to dark violaceous steel-blue; greater wing-coverts black, very broadly 
tipped with light ash-gray, passing into white terminally; quills dull blackish; 


1 Loxia enucleator Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 171. Pinicola enucleator CaB., Mus. Hein. i. 1851, 167. 

2 Pinicola canadensis CaB., Mus. Hein. i. Aug. 1851, 167. 

3 New subspecies. In Cabanis’s Journal fiir Ornithologie, 1880, page 156, Von Homeyer describes a Pinicola 
flammula from “ northwestern America,’ which may possibly be this form, though that it is more likely to be 
the ordinary Alaskan bird would appear from the statement that the tail is onger than the ordinary American 
bird, which is exactly the reverse of the Kodiak bird. It may be, however, that “longer” is an error, or slip 
of the pen, for “shorter.” 


CARPODACUS. 389 


sides of head, throat (but not chin), and rest of lower parts, except lower tail- 
coverts, uniform pale ash-gray, lighter on cheeks; lower tail-coverts and under 
wing-coverts white. Adult female: Similar to male, but lower parts and sides of 
head vinaceous-gray, or cinnamon-gray, instead of clear ash-gray. Length about 
6.50, wing 3.50-3.55, tail 3.00-3.25. Hab. Northern Alaska (Nulato) and portions 
MUD OTN As 5c8 sone a cbcetivesaceive seine slesiar seers 516. P. cassini (BarrpD). Cassin’s Bullfinch. 


Genus CARPODACUS Katvp. (Page 383, pl. CVL, figs. 2, 3.) 
Species. 


Common CuHaracters.—Adult males with the plumage partly or chiefly red- 
dish ; adult females olivaceous or grayish above, streaked with darker, beneath 
whitish, conspicuously streaked with dusky or brownish gray. 


a’. Tail very much shorter than wing, deeply emarginated ; adult males with wing- 
feathers edged with reddish. Vest a rather flat, thin structure, composed of 
fine dry rootlets, grasses, etc., on horizontal branches of trees. Hggs 2-4, 
greenish blue or bluish green, finely speckled, chiefly on larger end, with 
black and dark brown. (Subgenus Carpodacus.) 

b'. Lower tail-coverts without distinct dusky streaks; depth of bill through 
base equal to or greater than length of gonys. Adult males: Above dark 
dull madder-pink, clearer on rump, deeper and brighter on top of head, 
the back more or less obscured by darker centres to feathers, and often 
(especially in winter) by grayish edgings; feathers of back streaked me- 
dially with dusky; lower parts, except belly and lower tail-coverts, 
dull madder-pink, the sides strongly tinged or washed with this color. 
Adult females: Above olivaceous, mixed with grayish, and streaked with 
darker; sides of head with two distinct brownish stripes, or patches, one 
covering ear-coverts, the other on each side of throat, the two sepa- 
rated by a whitish maxillary stripe; lower parts dull white, conspicu- 
ously streaked with dusky. Young: Similar to adult female, but colors 
duller, markings less distinct, and edgings of wing-feathers more buffy 
or tawny. 

e. First quill usually longer than fourth. Adult male with sides and 
flanks usually not tinged with brown, and not distinctly streaked ; 
if streaked, the streaks usually narrow, and sharply defined; back 
more distinctly streaked, red of crown brighter, and that of rump 
paler and clearer. Adult female: Top of head and back distinctly 
streaked ; streaks of lower parts broader, darker, and more sharply 
defined. Length 5.50-6.25, wing (males) 3.15-3.40 (3.27), tail 2.30- 
2.50 (2.40). Eggs .80 x 57. Hab. Eastern North America, breed- 
ing from northern United States northward. 

517. C. purpureus (Gmet.). Purple Finch. 
ce. First quill usually shorter than fourth. Adult male with sides and flanks 


390 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


usually strongly suffused with brownish and broadly though not 

sharply streaked with darker; back very indistinctly streaked, the 

central portion of the feathers being less dark and the edges darker 

than in C. purpureus ; red of crown darker and that of rump much 

darker and duller than in C. purpureus. Adult female with upper 

parts more uniform, and streaks on lower parts rather narrower, 

less sharply defined, and paler than in C. purpureus. Length 6.00 

-6.50, wing (male) 3.10-3.20 (3.13), tail 2.40-2.60 (2.49). Eggs 

77 < 56. Hab. Pacific coast of United States, from southern 

California to British Columbia, breeding in mountains. 

517a. C. purpureus californicus Barrp. 

California Purple Finch. 

b?. Lower tail-coverts with distinct streaks of dusky; depth of bill through 

base less than length of gonys. Adult male: Top of head bright crim- 

son; back and scapulars pinkish brown, the feathers edged with light 

grayish and streaked medially with dusky ; rump nearly uniform dull 

pinkish; throat and breast pale dull rose-pink; rest of lower parts 

white, the sides scarcely tinged with pinkish, and lower tail-coverts 

conspicuously streaked with dusky. Adult female: Above olive-grayish, 

streaked with dusky; sides of head nearly uniform grayish olive, finely 

streaked with dusky; lower parts white, conspicuously streaked with 

dusky. Young: Similar to adult female, but streaks on lower parts 

narrower and less distinct, and wing-edgings more ochraceous. Length 

6.50-6.95, wing 3.60-3.95, tail 2.60-3.00. Eggs .86 x .60. Hab. Western 

United States, north to British Columbia, east to Rocky Mountains, 
and south over highlands of Mexico. 

518. C. cassini Barrp. Cassin’s Purple Finch. 

a, Tail not decidedly shorter than wing, not distinctly emarginated ; adult males 

with wing-feathers edged with pale grayish. Nest a well-built, compact 

structure, composed of dried grass-stems, plant-fibres, etc., built in trees or 

about houses (often within deserted nests of other species). Eggs 3-6, bluish 

white, or very pale greenish blue, sparsely speckled, chiefly round larger end, 
with black. (Subgenus Burrica Ripew.") 

Adult males: Above brownish gray (this sometimes overlaid or replaced by 

a wash or suffusion of reddish), without distinct streaks on back; rump, 

forehead, superciliary stripe, malar region, chin, throat, and chest reddish 

—these reddish areas sometimes running together, the red thus covering 

the greater extent of the plumage; rest of lower parts whitish, more or 

less extensively streaked with dark grayish brown; wings and tail dusky 

grayish brown, the feathers edged with a paler shade of the same. Adult 

females: Above entirely grayish brown, indistinctly streaked with darker ; 

beneath everywhere white, broadly streaked with dark grayish brown. 

Young: Similar to adult female, but back more distinctly streaked, 


1 New subgenus. Type, Fringilla mexicana MUL. 


CARPODACUS. 391 


streaks on lower parts narrower and less distinct, and wing-coverts 
tipped with dull buffy. 

6. Bill from nostril not more than .35, its depth at base not more than .35; 
tarsus not more than .70. 

c'. Adult male with the red absolutely restricted within very definite and 
sharply-defined limits, its area including only the forehead and a 
broad superciliary stripe (reaching back to occiput), the malar 
region, chin, throat (sometimes chest also), and rump; its tint a 
very intense carmine or crimson. Otherwise, not obviously different 
from true C. frontalis. Wing (male) 3.05-3.10 (8.08), tail 2.60-2.80 


(2.70). Hab. Eastern and southern Mexico (Vera Cruz, etc.). 
C. mexicanus (MULL.). Crimson-fronted House Finch.! 


ce. Adult male with the red spreading at least over breast (sometimes over 
whole lower parts, except anal region and lower tail-coverts, and 
occasionally even tingeing the latter), and also invading, more or less, 
the crown, hind-neck, back, ete.; or else, if absolutely restricted 
within very definite limits, the tint not an intense carmine or crim- 
son. Length about 5.75-6.25, wing (male) 2.85-3.30 (3.08), tail 
2.40-2.80 (2.57). Eggs .80 <x 55. Hab. Western United States, 
from Rocky Mountains to Pacific coast (chiefly south of 40° in 
the interior), and south through western and central Mexico to 
Colima and Guanajuato; Lower California. 
519. C. mexicanus frontalis (Say). House Finch 
b?. Bill from nostril .40, or more, depth at base .40, or more, tarsus .75, or 
more. 

In plumage similar to C. frontalis (verus), but darker; length about 
6.00-6.50, wing 3.10-3.35 (8.27), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.83), bill from nos- 
tril 40-45 (.43), depth of bill at base .40-.50 (.46), tarsus .75-.85 

(.80). Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 
520. C. amplus Ripcw. Guadalupe House Finch. 


1 Fringilla mexicana Miuy., Syst. Nat. Suppl. 1766, 165. Carpodacus mexicanus Ripvew., Pr. Biol. Soc. 
Wash. ii. 1885, 111. 

2 After a very careful comparison of more than a hundred adult males (in red or partially red plumage), I 
am now quite convinced that the supposed race named Carpodacus rhodocolpus by CABANIS (519a. C. frontalis 
rhodocolpus, Crimson House Finch, of the A. 0. U. Check List) is entirely untenable. The easily recogniza- 
ble differences of color (maximum extension of the red) which have led to its recognition prove to be, in the 
light of this abundant new material, not correlative with locality, as supposed, but are evidently an individual 
peculiarity, perhaps dependent upon age. Iam not at all certain, however, that the Lower-Californian bird 
should not be separated. A considerable percentage of the specimens which I have been able to examine are 
so peculiar that nothing approaching them can be found in the very large series from other localities. These 
peculiarities consist, (1) in the smaller general size, (2) rather more swollen bill, and (3) greater extension 
of the red. This last peculiarity is carried to such an extreme that in all of the “ Cape St. Lucas” specimens 
the under tail-coverts are deeply tinged with pink, while in some even the wing-bands are pinkish; in several 
the pure deep madder-pink of the breast is continued backward over the belly and flanks, where the usual 
dusky streaks are entirely obliterated. From the insufficient material at my command I am unable to form a 
decided opinion in the matter, but the indications appear very strong that a local race, peculiar to the southern 
portion of Lower California, will eventually have to be recognized, in anticipation of which I propose the name 


Carpodacus mexicanus ruberrimus. 


392 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus LOXIA Linnazus. (Page 382, pl. CVI, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Adult males chiefly reddish, with dusky wings and tail, 
the former sometimes marked with white ; females plain olive, tinged with grayish 
or yellowish, sometimes more or less streaked with darker; young light olive- 
grayish, everywhere streaked with dusky. 


a’. Wings without white markings. Adult males dull red (usually brighter on 
rump), the wings and tail uniform dusky. Adult females olivaceous instead 
of red, the olive varying in shade from a grayish to a yellowish cast, often 
strongly tinged, in places, with the latter color. Young: Pale dingy grayish 
or light olive, paler beneath, everywhere (except on wings and tail) streaked 
with dusky. 

b'. Smaller: Length 5.50-6.25, wing 3.20-3.60 (average about 3.40), tail 1.85- 
2.40 (average about 2.15), culmen .50-.68 (average about .62), depth of 
bill .30-.40 (average about .35), tarsus .58-.68 (average about .63). West 
a rather flat structure, in coniferous trees, composed externally of spruce 
twigs, shreds of soft bark, etc., lined with horse-hair, fine rootlets, ete. ; 
cavity about 2.50 across by 1.25 deep, external diameter about 4.00. 
Eggs usually 4, .75 < .57, pale greenish, spotted with various shades of 
brown, mixed with purplish gray. Hab. North America in general, but 
chiefly far northward, and east of Great Plains; breeding, sporadically, 
south to Maryland and Virginia near coast, and to northern Georgia, 
Tennessee, and Kentucky in mountains. 

521. L. curvirostra minor (BreuM). American Crossbill. 

b. Larger: Length about 6.80-7.25, wing 3.85-4.10 (average nearly 4.00), tail 
2.50-2.60 (2.54), culmen .72-.82 (.78), depth of bill .45-.50 (.49), tarsus 
.65-.72 (.70), lower mandible averaging heavier, compared with the 
upper, and colors brighter, than in Z. minor. Hab. Southwestern United 
States, from western Kansas, Colorado, and Arizona, south through 
highlands of Mexico. 

521a. L. curvirostra stricklandi (Ripaw.). Mexican Crossbill.’ 

a?, Wing with two broad white bands (on tips of middle and greater coverts), the 
two confluent at upper portion. Adult male: General color purplish red or 
dull rosy, occasionally tinged with yellow or orange; scapulars, wings, and 
tail deep black, the former varied with white, as described above; back 
clouded with blackish. Adult female: Olive-greenish or grayish above, paler, 


1A large majority of the specimens from western North America, north of Colorado and Arizona, and a 
“sprinkling” of those from eastern North America (especially in New England and the British Provinces), are 
intermediate between ZL. minor and L. stricklandi, as defined above. This connecting series, which in the north- 
western portion of the United States is sufficiently uniform in its characters to be worthy of recognition as a 
geographical race, has already been named by me L. curvirostra bendiret. (See Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 
ii. 1884, 101; author’s extras published April 28, 1384.) 


LEUCOSTICTE. 393 


often more yellowish, beneath ; wings and tail as in male, but duller black. 
Young: Pale olivaceous, more dingy whitish, tinged with yellowish, be- 
neath, everywhere streaked with dusky ; wings and tail much as in adults. 
Length 6.00-6.50, wing 3.50, tail 2.60. Hab. Northern North America, 
breeding from northern New England and higher northern Rocky Moun- 
tains northward; south, in winter, to or beyond lat. 40°. 

522. L. leucoptera GmEL. White-winged Crossbill. 


Genus LEUCOSTICTE Swainson. (Page 383, pl. CVI, figs. 4, 5.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Adult: Plumage uniform brownish, above and below, 
(sometimes slightly broken by whitish or reddish tips to the feathers) ; tail-coverts 
dusky, broadly tipped with rose-pink, or else pale hoary gray or silvery white, 
with darker shaft-streaks. Jn summer, bill entirely deep black, feathers of anterior 
lower parts without paler tips or margins, and red tints brighter. Jn winter, bill 
yellow, tipped with blackish, feathers of anterior lower parts tipped or margined 
terminally with whitish, the red tints of a pinkish hue. Young: Plain brownish, 
without black or gray on head or rosy tips to tail-coverts, etc. Nest built among 
rocks, bulky, composed of grasses, etc., lined with soft feathers. Eggs pure white, 
without markings. 


a. Sides of lower mandible with a distinct oblique ridge near base; tail-feathers, 
primaries, secondaries, greater wing-coverts, and primary coverts dusky, 
edged with paler; tail-coverts dusky, broadly tipped with rose-pink in adults. 
(Subgenus Leucosticte.) 

bY. Nasal tufts white. 
c’. Head of adult partly ash-gray. 
d'. Tarsus .85, or more, culmen .50, or more; wing usually more than 
4,30, tail usually more than 3.30. 

Adult : Forehead and fore-part of crown black; throat dusky ; 
rest of head uniform ash-gray; general color of plumage 
dark chocolate-brown, with a chestnut cast on breast, the 
feathers of posterior portions tipped with rose-pink. 
Young: Uniform grayish brown, more or less washed 
with a more umber tint; wings and tail dusky slate, the 
feathers bordered with paler; edges of greater wing-coverts 
and tertials dull buffy; no trace of pink on tail-coverts, 
etc., or of gray or black on head. Length about 7.50-8.50, 
wing 4.20-4.85 (4.49), tail 3.15-3.90 (3.49), culmen .50-.62 
(.57), tarsus .85-1.00 (.95). Eggs .95 X .67. Hab. Aleutian 
and Prybilof Islands, Alaska; west to Commander Islands, 
Kamtschatka, east to Kadiak. 


523. L. griseonucha (Branpr). Aleutian Leucosticte. 
50 


394 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


@, Tarsus not more than .85 (usually much less), culmen not more 
than .50 (usually less), wing usually much less than 4.30, tail 
usually less than 3.00. 

e’. General color deep cinnamon-brown. 

j*. Gray of hind-head strictly limited to that portion above 
the ear-coverts; length 5.75-6.85, wing 3.80-4.40 (4.11), 
tail 2.75-3.30 (3.00), culmen .40-.50 (.46), tarsus .75- 
86 (.79). Hab. Breeding on higher mountains from 
Rocky Mountains of British America to Mt. Whitney, 
California; migrating in winter through Rocky Moun- 
tain district of United States to Colorado ; east, occasion- 
ally, to western Iowa..... 524. L. tephrocotis Swatns. 
Gray-crowned Leucosticte. 
jf’. Gray of hind-head spread more or less extensively below 
upper margin of ear-coverts, sometimes involving en- 
tire head, except the black frontal patch; length about 
6.30-7.00, wing 3.80-4.30 (4.03), tail 2.70-3.30 (2.95), 
culmen .40-.50 (.46), tarsus .75-.85 (.77). Hab. Pacific 
coast ranges of northwestern North America; in win- 
ter, coast, from Kadiak southward, and southeastward 
through mountains of the Great Basin to western 

Nevada and eastern Montana and Colorado. 
524a. L. tephrocotis littoralis (Barrp). 
Hepburn’s Leucosticte. 

e’. General color sooty blackish (male) or sooty slate (female). 
Adult male: Pattern of head exactly as in L. tephrocotis ; 
the cinnamon-brown of that species replaced in the 
male by sooty black (more brownish on back) and sooty 
grayish in female; length about 6.50-7.00, wing 3.80- 
4.25 (4.05), tail 2.80-3.15 (2.98), culmen .40-.45 (.43), 
tarsus .75-.80 (.78). Hab. In winter, central Rocky 
Mountains, in Colorado and Wyoming, west to Uintah 
Mountains, Utah. 
525. L. atrata Ripcw. Black Leucosticte. 
ce, Head of adult (and young) without any ash-gray. 

Adult male: General color light tawny brown (much less rufes- 
cent than in JL. tephrocotis and L. littoralis), deeper on throat, 
where sometimes tinged with purplish; top of head blackish 
anteriorly, grayish brown or brownish gray posteriorly (not 
markedly different from the general color of head and body), the 
edges of the feathers more grayish, sometimes producing a 
somewhat scaled appearance. Adult female: Similar, but very 
much paler and duller, the pinkish tints much less distinct, 
sometimes almost obsolete. Young: Plain light brownish, the 
wing-coverts more buffy; no pinkish on tail-coverts, ete., nor 


ACANTHIS. 395 


black on forehead. Length about 6.50-7.25, wing 4.00-4.40 
(4.15), tail 2.80-3.35 (3.09), culmen .40-.48 (.45), tarsus .70-.80 
(.77). Hab. High mountains of Colorado in summer (10,000 
feet and upwards); lower districts, and south to northern 
Mexico, in winter. 
526. L. australis (ALLEN). Brown-capped Leucosticte. 
6’. Nasal tufts black. 

Adult: Head blackish; hind-neck light rusty; general color of body 
dark chocolate-brown; otherwise, much like JZ. tephrocotis, and 
allies, the size about the same. Hab. Northeastern Asia, from 
Kamtschatka to northern Japan. 

L. brunneinucha (BRANDT). Japanese Leucosticte.! 

a’, Sides of lower mandible without oblique ridge; tail-feathers, primaries, second- 

aries, primary coverts, and greater coverts light hoary gray or silvery 

white, with darker shaft-streaks; tail-coverts without rosy tips. (Sub- 
genus Hypolia Ripaway.’) 

Adult: General color plain sepia-brown, paler, and sometimes more tawny, 

on hind-neck, the tail, ete., silvery whitish, as described above; length 

about 6.00-6.50, wing 4.60, tail 3.15. Hab. Northeastern Asia (Siberia, 


etc.) ; accidental on Aleutian Islands (?) 
L. arctoa (BRANDT). Silvery-winged Leucosticte.$ 


Genus ACANTHIS Becusrein. (Page 382, pi. CVIL., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Adult males: Above streaked with dusky upon a 
brownish, grayish, or whitish ground, the rump sometimes immaculate white or 
pinkish ; top of head bright red (except in A. brewsteri7); wings and tail dusky, the 
feathers edged with paler, the middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with whitish 
or pale brownish ; superciliary region and lower parts chiefly whitish, but anterior 
lower parts (except in A. brewsterii) more or less tinged with red, and sides usually 
more or less streaked with dusky; a more or less distinct dusky spot on chin and 
upper part of throat (except in A. brewsterii). Adult females: Similar to the males, 
but without any red on breast, ete., the crown, however, red as in male. Young: 
No red whatever on crown or elsewhere; whole head streaked with dusky and 
grayish or brownish white, the latter color prevailing on under portions; other- 
wise much as in adult female, but plumage of much softer, more “ woolly” tex- 
ture and markings less sharply defined. (Vote-—Both sexes have in summer a 


1 Pringilla (Linaria) brunneinucha BRrAnpt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersh. Nov. 1841, 35. Leucosticte brunneinucha 
Cazan., Mus. Hein. i. 1851, 154. 

2 Hypolia Ripew., Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. No. 2, sec. ser. May 11, 1875, 67. Type, Passer 
arctous PALL. 

3 Passer arctous, var. a, PAuu., Zoog. Rosso-As. ii. 1826, 21. Leucosticte arctoa Bonap., Consp. i. 1850, 
537. 


396 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


blackish bill, the red of a brighter tint and the colors darker than in winter, during 
which season the bill is yellow tipped with black, the lighter markings more pro- 
nounced, and the plumage in general more or less strongly suffused with buffy or 
light ochraceous-brown.) Nest a rather bulky structure composed of small twigs, 
straws, etc., mixed with feathers, warmly lined with soft feathers, ete., placed in 
bushes or small trees. Eggs 2-5, pale bluish green, speckled, chiefly round larger 
end, with reddish brown, sometimes mixed with a few black specks or lines. 


a’. Adults with top of head (crown) bright red (usually crimson), and a dusky spot 
covering chin and upper part of throat; plumage without sulphur-yellow 
tinge in any part. 

b.. Wing exceeding tail by less than length of tarsus; rump plain white or 
pinkish ; sides very narrowly or sparsely, or not at all, streaked; under 
tail-coverts with darker shaft-streaks narrow and indistinct, or some- 
times altogether wanting; inner webs of tail-feathers very broadly 
edged with white; plumage in general very light, with whitish or light 
grayish prevailing on upper parts, the lower parts almost entirely white ; 
adult males with chest and sides of breast merely tinged with delicate 
peach-blossom pink. 

c’. Larger (length about 5.50-6.50), with proportionally thicker and iess 
acute bill. Male: Wing 3.35-3.45 (3.37), tail 2.70-2.85 (2.75), ex- 
posed culmen .32-.37 (.35), depth of bill at base .80-.32 (.31), tarsus 
.62-.70 (.66), middle toe .32-.37 (35). Female: Wing 3.25-3.35 
(3.31), tail 2.65-2.80 (2.74), exposed culmen .35-.38 (.36), depth of 
bill at base .380-.32 (.31), tarsus .62-.68 (.64), middle toe .32-.37 (.35). 
Hab. Northern Greenland (breeding from 69°-73° N. latitude) and 
eastern Arctic America, south to Labrador in winter. 

527. A. hornemannii (HoLs.). Greenland Redpoll. 

ce. Smaller (length about 4.50-5.25), with proportionally smaller and more 

acute bill. Male: Wing 2.95-3.10 (8.02), tail 2.50-2.55 (2.52), ex- 

posed culmen .30, depth of bill at base .22-.25 (.23), tarsus .52-.58 

(.55), middle toe .30-.32 (.30). Female: Wing 2.80-3.05 (2.87), tail 

2.30-2.60 (2.46), exposed culmen .28-.32 (.29), depth of bill at base 

.20-.25 (.22), tarsus .50—.57 (.54), middle toe .28-.30 (.29). Hggs .68 

< 51. Hab. Circumpolar continental regions; in North America, 
south, in winter, rarely, to northern border of United States. 

527a. A. hornemannii exilipes (Cours). Hoary Redpoll. 

b?, Wing exceeding tail by more than length of tarsus; rump distinctly 
streaked; sides distinctly, often broadly and heavily, streaked with 
dusky ; under tail-coverts with very distinct dusky mesial streaks ; inner 
webs of tail-feathers very slightly, if at all, edged with white; plumage 
in general darker, with darker markings prevailing on upper parts, the 
lower parts never entirely white; adult males with chest and sides of 
breast deep madder-pink. 

ce’. Smaller (length 4.50-5.25), with proportionally longer and more acute 


ACANTHIS. 397 


bill. (Wing averaging less than 3.00 in males, less than 2.95 in 
females.) 
ad. Smaller (length about 4.50-5.00), with proportionally smaller bill. 
Male: Wing 2.80-3.05 (2.91), tail 2.20-2.50 (2.33), exposed cul- 
men .32-.38 (.35), depth of bill at base .22-.27 (.24), tarsus .55- 
.60 (.57), middle toe 33-35 (.34). Female: Wing 2.75-2.90 
(2.84), tail 2.20-2.40 (2.31), exposed culmen .30-.37 (.34), depth 
of bill at base .20-.25 (.22), tarsus .55-.60 (.58), middle toe .30- 
32 (31). Eggs 69 < .48. Hab. Northern portions of northern 
hemisphere, except Greenland and certain sea-coast districts ; 
in North America migrating south, in winter, to about 40°. 
528. A. linaria (Linn.). Redpoll. 
d@’. Larger (length about 5.00-5.25), with proportionally larger bill. 
Male: Wing 2.85-3.05 (2.96), tail 2.25-2.45 (2.34), exposed cul- 
men .35-.43 (.39), depth of bill at base .25-.30 (.28), tarsus .58- 
.62 (.60). Female: Wing 2.80-3.00 (2.89), tail 2.25-2.50 (2.33), 
exposed culmen .35-.43 (.40), depth of bill at base .27-.30 (.28), 
tarsus .55-.60 (.58). Hab. Northern coasts of Europe and 
Asia (Norway to Japan), and portions of coast of Alaska ; also 
occurring in winter in vicinity of Quebec. 
528a. A. linaria holbcellii Breum. Holbeell’s Redpoll. 
ce. Larger (length about 5.25-5.75), with proportionally shorter, thicker, 
and less acute bill. (Wing averaging more than 3.15 in males, 
more than 3.05 in females; colors also usually darker than in A. 
linaria and A. holbellii, the lateral lower parts usually much more 
broadly or heavily striped.) Male: Wing 3.05-3.30 (3.18), tail 2.35- 
2.70 (2.53), exposed culmen .382-.42 (.37), depth of bill at base .25- 
.30 (.28), tarsus .60-.70 (.65), middle toe .30-.40 (.36). Female: 
Wing 2.95-3.25 (3.08), tail 2.40-2.60 (2.51), exposed culmen .33-.42 
(.37), depth of bill at base .25-.30 (.28), tarsus .60-.68 (.63), middle 
toe .35-.38 (.387). Hab. Southern Greenland in summer, migrating 
south, in winter, through Labrador to (sparingly) the northern 
border of the United States (New England, lower Hudson Valley, 
northern Illinois, etc.), and west to Manitoba. 
528). A. linaria rostrata (Cours). Greater Redpoll. 
a’, Adults without red on top of head, or dusky spot on chin, and with portions of 
the plumage tinged with sulphur-yellow. 

Adult female (male unknown) : Above olive-brownish, streaked with dusky, 
the rump tinged with pale sulphur-yellow; beneath whitish, faintly 
tinged with dull buffy or pale fulvous on chest, the sides and lower tail- 
coverts streaked with dusky ; wings with two pale fulvous bands across 


1The only American specimens of this form that I have seen are five from Kadiak (breeding birds) and 
the same number from Quebec (winter specimens). It cannot, of course, be stated where the latter came from, 
their migration from the northwestward or from the eastward (possibly Newfoundland) through the St. 
Lawrence Valley being equally possible. 


398 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


coverts; quills and tail-feathers narrowly edged with pale sulphur-yel- 
low; wing 3.00, tail 2.50, tarsus .50, middle toe .30. Hab. Waltham, 
Massachusetts (one specimen, obtained November 1, 1870). 


—. A. brewsterii Ripcw. Brewster’s Linnet.! 


Genus SPINUS Kocu. (Page 383, pl. CVIL, figs. 3, 4.) 


Species. 


a’. Inner webs of tail-feathers, except two middle pairs, with a white spot or 


(58.) 


6. No yellow on wings (except sometimes on lesser coverts). 
c’. Back yellow or brownish ; inner web of tail-feathers dusky, becoming 


white or whitish terminally. Adult male in summer: Pure lemon- 
yellow, the forehead, crown, lores, wings, and tail black; tail- 
coverts, middle (sometimes lesser) wing-coverts, tips of greater 
wing-coverts, and part of margins of quills and secondaries white. 
Adult female in summer: Above olive-brownish or grayish, sometimes 
tinged with olive-greenish, the wings and tail blackish dusky, 
marked as in the male; upper tail-coverts pale grayish or grayish 
white; lower parts dull grayish white, more or less tinged with 
yellow, especially anteriorly and laterally (sometimes entirely soiled 
yellow, except under tail-coverts). Adult male in winter : Similar to 
adult female, but wings and tail deeper black, with whitish mark- 
ings broader and more distinct. Adult female in winter: Similar 
to summer plumage, but more tinged with brownish, the lighter 
wing- and tail-markings broader and tinged more or less with 
buffy brownish. Young: somewhat like winter adults, but much 
browner, the wing-markings mostly light cinnamon, and the plumage 
generally suffused with this color. Length about 4.45-5.40, wing 
2.60-2.90, tail 1.80-2.10. Nest a very neat, cup-shaped structure 
composed of compactly woven plant-fibres, etc., lined with plant- 
down and other soft materials, placed in tall bushes or low trees. 
Eggs 3-5, .66 X .47, plain pale bluish or bluish white. Hab. Whole 
of temperate North America; resident. 

529. S. tristis (Linn.). American Goldfinch. 


c. Back olive-green or glossy black, or with a mixture of these colors ; 


inner webs of tail-feathers white, tipped with black (entirely black 
in S. psaltria columbianus ;? length about 4.00-4.50, wing 2.40-2.55, 
tail 1.70-1.90. (Adult male: Upper half of head, wings, and tail 
deep black; rest of upper parts varying from uniform olive- 
green to uniform glossy black ; base of quills with a more or less 


1 No. 17, “ Hypothetical List” of A. 0. U. Check List (p. 354). 
2 Chrysomitris columbiana LaFRr., Rey. Zool. 1843, 292. Hab. Costa Rica to Colombia and Venezuela. 


SPINUS. 399 


distinct white patch; lower parts entirely lemon-yellow. Adult 
female: Above plain grayish olive-green, beneath light greenish 
yellow; no black on head; wings and tail as in the male, but less 
deeply black, the white more restricted. Young: Similar to adult 
female, but tinged more or less with buffy, the wing-coverts tipped 
with buff.) 

d', Adult male with back and ear-coverts plain olive-green. Nest and 

eggs like those of S. tristis, the latter smaller, averaging .59 X 
44. Hab. Western United States, north to northern California, 
Oregon, Utah, and Colorado, south (in winter at least) to Lower 
California, Sonora, Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas. 
530. S. psaltria (Say). Arkansas Goldfinch. 
d’, Adult males with back and ear-coverts either “ solid” black or more 
or less mixed with black. 
el. Adult males with back or ear-coverts, or both, more or less 
mixed with olive-green. Hab. Southwestern United States 
and contiguous portions of Mexico, north to Arizona and 
Colorado (accidentally ? to Alameda County, California), 
east to Texas and Nuevo Leon, Mexico. 
530a. S. psaltria arizonze (Cougs). Arizona Goldfinch. 
e’*. Adult males with back and ear-coverts “solid” glossy black, and 
yellow of lower parts brighter than in other races. Hab. 
Mexico (except northwestern portions) and south to Costa 
Rica; north to southern Texas..... 530). S. psaltria mexi- 
canus (SWAINSs.). Mexican Goldfinch. 
6’. Outer surface of wing-coverts, secondaries, and primaries chiefly yellow. 
(Inner webs of tail-feathers with a subterminal white patch.) 

Adult male: Anterior part of head, all round, including throat and 
fore-part of crown, black; above brownish gray (the back sometimes 
tinged with olive-green), changing to bright yellowish olive-green 
on rump; sides of head and lateral under parts lighter brownish 
gray, becoming white on lower tail-coverts and middle of belly; 
chest and breast yellow. Adult female: Similar to male, but with- 
out black of head, and colors generally duller, the yellow less dis- 
tinct. (In winter, both sexes colored as in summer, but plumage 
softer, with colors more subdued.) Young: Similar to adult female, 
but duller, with yellow, especially on breast, much less distinct, 
and lower parts indistinctly streaked. Length 4.50-4.70, wing 
2.50-2.85, tail 2.00-2.25. Eggs 3-5, .58 x .44, pure white or buffy 
white. Hab. California ; southeastward, in winter, to Arizona (Fort 
Wihippls):...-s.0-. 531. S. lawrencei (Cass.). Lawrence’s Goldfinch. 

a, Inner webs of tail-feathers without white spot, but with basal portion yellow; 
secondaries or primaries, or both, also yellow at base. 
bY. Plumage not streaked, the head partly, or entirely, black in adults. 
c’. Adult (sexes alike ?): Head, all round, fore-neck (down to chest), wings, 


400 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


and tail black; basal portion of primaries, secondaries, and tail- 
feathers gamboge-yellow; upper parts greenish olive-yellow, the 
back sometimes spotted or clouded with dusky; lower parts rich 
gamboge-yellow. Young: Head olive above and yellow beneath, 
like body ; colors all duller, but pattern of wings and tail same as 
in adult. Length about 4.50-4.75, wing 2.40-2.70, tail 1.70-2.00, 
exposed culmen .42-.48. 


d'. More yellowish olive above and brighter yellow beneath ; black of 


throat extending back to, and including, upper part of chest. 
Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and southern Mexico, north to 
mountains of Vera Cruz and Chihuahua; accidental in Kentucky. 

532. S. notatus (Du Bus). Black-headed Goldfinch. 


d?. More olive-green above, more olivaceous-yellow beneath; black of 


throat not extending to chest. Hab. Mountains of Durango. 
S. forreri (SaLy. & Gopm.). Forrer’s Goldfinch,! 


c. Adult: Top of head black ; back, etc., dark olive-green; lower parts 


lighter olive-green (sometimes more grayish) ; wings and tail black, 
with terminal half of greater wing-coverts and terminal edges and 
tips of tertials bright olive-green ; a spot of bright yellow at base 
of primaries; wing 2.80, tail 1.80-1.90. Hab. Guatemala. 

S. atriceps (Saty.). Salvin’s Goldfinch.? 


6°, Plumage conspicuously streaked, above and below, the head without any 
black. 
Adult: Above grayish or brownish, below whitish, everywhere 


streaked with dusky ; basal portion of secondaries and tail-feathers 
sulphur-yellow. Young: Similar to adult, but with more or less 
of a fulvous suffusion, especially on tips of wing-coverts. Length 
4.50-5.25, wing 2.75-2.90, tail 1.85-1.95. Nest usually a rather flat 
though compact structure of fine twigs, rootlets, hair, plant-fibres, 
etc., lined with fine rootlets and hair. Eggs usually 3 or 4, about 
62 X .50, pale greenish blue, speckled, chiefly on or round larger 
end, with reddish brown, usually mixed with a few small black 
markings. Hab. Northern North America, breeding from northern 
United States northward, and south in Rocky Mountains; south, in 
winter, to Gulf States and Mexico. 

533. S. pinus (Wits.). Pine Siskin, 


Grenus CARDUELIS Brisson’ (Page 383, pl. CV,, fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Adult (sexes alike): Fore-part of head, all round, crimson; lores, hinder part 


of crown, occiput, and bar from latter half-way across side of neck, black; rest of 


1 Chrysomitris forreri SAtv. & Gopm., Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. Nov. 1886, 429. 
2 Chrysomitris atriceps SAtv., P. Z. S. 1863, 190. 
3 Carduelis Brisson, Orn. iii. 1760, 53. Type, Fringilla carduelis Linn. 


PASSER. 401 


head white, more or less tinged with buff; back and scapulars plain brown; rump 
and upper tail-coverts white; wings and tail chiefly black; greater portion of 
greater coverts, basal portion of lower secondaries, and basal half or more of 
exposed portion of outer webs of primaries, pure gamboge-yellow; secondaries, 
primaries, and middle tail-feathers tipped with white, the inner webs of outer tail- 
feathers partly white; sides of breast, sides, and flanks plain cinnamon-brown ; 
rest of lower parts dull white. Young: ‘“ Head, neck, back, and scapulars dull 
light wood-brown; wings as in the adult female, but the primaries are slightly and 
the secondaries broadly tipped with brownish buff; tail less marked with white, 
and tipped with buffy brown; chin, throat, and under parts dirty white, the throat 
and the breast washed with pale brown, the latter very indistinctly spotted with 
sooty brown.” (Dresser.) Length 4.75-5.50, wing 2.90-3.15, tail 2.00-2.10, ex- 
posed culmen .45-.55. West a very neat, compact, cup-shaped structure, composed 
of fine grasses, mosses, etc., mixed and lined with plant-down, situated in bushes or 
small deciduous trees (often fruit trees). Eggs 4-6, .70  .49, bluish or greenish 
white, or light greenish blue, marked with reddish brown round larger end. Hab. 
Europe and western Asia; introduced into and naturalized in portions of eastern 
United States (breeding in Central Park, New York City, vicinity of Cambridge, 


Mass., etc.). 
C. carduelis (Linn.). Goldfinch.! 


Genus PASSER Brisson? (Page 382, pl. CVIL, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common CuHAractErS.—Above brownish, the back streaked with black; wing 
with two white bands; lower parts dull grayish white or pale grayish; adult 
males with chin, throat, and lores black, and lesser wing-coverts chestnut. 


a. Larger (wing 2.85-3.00) ; adult male with black of throat continued over chest, 
where forming a broad patch ; ear-coverts entirely dull grayish ; top of head 
grayish, with a large patch of bright chestnut on each side, from eye back to 
sides of nape; length about 5.50-6.25, wing about 2.85-3.00, tail 2.35-2.50. 
Nest a bulky structure of dried grasses, etc., lined with feathers, placed in 
various odd nooks about houses, holes in trees, on branches of trees, ete. 
Figgs 4-7, .86 < .62, dull whitish, thickly speckled and dashed with dark 
brown and purplish gray. Hab. Europe, etc.; unfortunately introduced 
into the United States, where it now occurs universally throughout in- 
habited districts. 


P. domesticus (Linn.). European House Sparrow. 
a. Smaller (wing less than 2.85); adult male with black of throat not continued 
over chest ; ear-coverts with a large black spot; top of head entirely liver- 


1 Pringilla carduelis Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 180. Carduelis carduelis Scumrr., Orn. Mus. 1789, 23. 

2 Passer Briss., Orn. iii. 1760, 71. Type, Fringilla domestica Linn. 

3 Fringilla domestica Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 183. Passer domesticus Scumrr., Orn. Mus. 1789, 24. 
51 


402 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


brown, or purplish chestnut; length about 5.00-6.00, wing 2.80, or less, tail 
2.40, or less. Vest in holes of trees, about isolated buildings, ete., essentially 
similar to that of P. domesticus. Eggs 4-6, .78 x .55, similar to those of P. 
domesticus, but averaging “smaller and usually darker and redder.” (SEE- 
BoHM.) Hab. Europe, ete.; introduced into the United States, where it is 
thoroughly naturalized in the vicinity of St. Louis, Mo. 

P. montanus (LInN.). European Tree-Sparrow.! 


Genus PLECTROPHENAX Sresnrcer. (Page 382, pl. CVIL,, fig. 5.) 


Species. 

Common CuHaracters.—Prevailing color white, the inner webs of tail-feathers 
{except sometimes of two middle pairs) entirely so. Adult males in summer with 
head, neck, entire lower parts, lower back, rump, secondaries (except, sometimes, 
tertials), and greater part of wing-coverts, entirely pure white; back and scapulars 
black or white ; bill entirely deep black. (Jn winter, the upper parts, sides of head, 
and chest washed with rusty ; bill yellow, the extreme tip dusky.) Adult females 
smaller than males, the upper parts entirely streaked, the wings with much less 
white, ete. Young: Top of head, hind-neck, and back and rump dull grayish, 
indistinctly streaked with darker; lower parts dull whitish, more or less tinged 
anteriorly with grayish (sometimes uniformly grayish on throat, chest, etc.). Vest 
on ground, composed of dried grasses, etc., lined with finer grasses and feathers. 
Fggs whitish (varying from a dull purplish to a greenish tint), speckled, chiefly 
on larger end, with various shades of brown, usually mixed with a few small black 
markings. 


a’, Male with four to six, female with six middle tail-feathers entirely or chiefly 
black or dusky ; upper tail-coverts black or dusky for whole of concealed 
portion. Adult males with back, scapulars, alula, and much the greater part 
of longer quills (both webs) black. Adult females with top of head, back, 
scapulars, and lower back broadly streaked with black (this largely prevail- 
ing), longer quills blackish or dusky quite to tips of primary coverts, lesser 
and greater coverts dusky, tipped and margined with white, primary coverts 
dusky, edged with white. Young with wing mostly dusky, only the mid- 
dle coverts, tips of greater coverts and middle secondaries being white. 

6. Smaller, with much smaller bill. Male: Length about 6.50-7.00, wing 
4.20-4.50 (4.38), tail 2.80-3.15 (2.90), culmen .40-.42 (.41), gonys .22- 
.26 (.23). Female: Length about 6.00-6.50, wing 4.00-4.10 (4.06), tail 
2.70-2.75 (2.74), culmen .39-.40 (.40), gonys .21-.23 (.22). Eggs .91 x 
.64. Hab. Circumpolar regions, except islands in Bering’s Sea; south, 

in winter, to northern United States. 
534. P. nivalis (Linn.). Snowflake. 


1 Fringilla montana Liyn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 183. Passer montanus Kocu, Baier. Zool. i. 1816, 219. 
[A much less harmful species than P. domesticus, living mostly in suburbs and rural districts, where not 
increasing abnormally, and but little destructive to grain and fruit-buds.] 


PLECTROPHENAX. 403 


6. Larger, with much larger and longer bill. Male: Wing 4.25-4.70 (4.45), 
tail 2.85-3.20 (2.99), culmen .47-.52 (.50), gonys .26-.29 (.28). Female: 
Wing 4.10-4.25 (4.20), tail 2.75-2.80 (2.77), culmen .48-.50 (.49), gonys 
.24-.27 (.26). Eggs .93 x .69. Hab. Prybilof Islands, Alaska, and Com- 
mander Islands, Kamtschatka. 

534a. P. nivalis townsendi Ripcw. Prybilof Snowflake.! 
a’, Male with black on only two middle tail-feathers, and on these restricted to a 
subterminal spot (sometimes almost obsolete); female with only four mid- 
dle tail-feathers chiefly blackish. Adult male in summer: Pure white, in- 
cluding entire back; a blackish spot on inner web of first tertial (sometimes 
second also) ; terminal portion (less than exposed half) of longer quills black, 
this reduced on fifth quill (and, if present, on sixth also) to a small spot near 
tip of inner web, the outer webs of all edged and margined terminally with 
white; two middle tail-feathers marked near end of inner webs with a small 
black spot; bill entirely black. Jn winter, similar, but top and sides of head 
washed with deep rusty, the hind-neck, back, rump, and band across chest 
more faintly tinged with same; bill yellow, tipped with dusky. Adult female 
in summer: Pure white, the back and scapulars narrowly streaked with 
blackish (streaks broader and more wedge-shaped on scapulars), tertials with 
most of concealed portion blackish, the outer webs partly buffy brown, outer 
webs of second to fourth, fifth, or sixth quill dusky quite to the base, but 
broadly edged with white, all of them broadly margined at tips with the 
same; alule dusky bordered with white, and primary coverts sometimes 
dusky medially, but often entirely white; four middle tail-feathers blackish 
or dusky, broadly margined (both webs) with white, this involving nearly 
whole of outer web of next to middle pair; bill dusky. Jn winter similar, 
but upper parts, especially top of head and ear-coverts, washed with rusty, 
and bill yellow, tipped with dusky. Young: Top of head, hind-neck, back, 
scapulars, rump, and lower tail-coverts brownish gray (rather paler than 
in P. nivalis), the scapulars and interscapulars dusky centrally, forming broad 
but indistinct streaks ; tertials with tips of both webs and broad edging to 
outer web umber-brown, the rest black; wings otherwise chiefly white, but 
marked with dusky, as in adults; lower parts dull white, purer posteriorly, 
tinged with pale smoky gray anteriorly; bill lemon-yellow. JJale: Length 
about 7.00-7.50, wing 4.60-4.65 (4.62), tail 3.10-3.15 (3.12), culmen .44, gonys 
24.25. Female: Length about 6.50-7.00, wing 4.20-4.30 (4.25), tail 2.70- 
2.90 (2.83), culmen .42-.43, gonys .23. Hab. Breeding on Hall Island (prob- 
ably also St. Matthew’s Island), Bering’s Sea, and in winter visiting western 
coast of Alaska (St. Michael’s to Nushagak). 
535. P. hyperboreus Ripaw. McKay’s Snowflake. 


1 New subspecies. Type, No. 106,695, Otter Island, Bering’s Sea, June 8, 1885; C. H. Townsend. 


404 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus CALCARIUS Brcusrein. (Page 383, pl. CVIL, fig. 6.) 
Species. 

Common CHAraActers.—Adult males : Top of head black ; hind-neck deep rufous 
or buff; rest of upper parts light brownish, broadly streaked with dusky or black ; 
outer tail-feathers with more or less of white. Adult females: Above similar to 
males, but without black on head, and usually without distinct rufous or buff on 
hind-neck ; lower parts mainly dull whitish or buffy. Vest on ground, composed 
of dried grasses, etc., lined with feathers, etc. Hggs 3-6, dull whitish, spotted or 
speckled with brown (varying to nearly uniform brownish). 


a’. Wing more than 3.50; all the tail-feathers with inner webs dusky at base (in 
C. pictus confined, on exterior feather, to inner edge). 

6%. Inner web of outer tail-feather chiefly dusky ; under wing-coverts and axil- 
lars grayish white, distinctly grayish beneath surface ; breast and belly 
white. Adult male in summer: Head and chest deep black, relieved by a 
broad white or buffy stripe behind eye, continued downward (vertically) 
behind ear-coverts and then backward along sides of chest ; sides broadly 
streaked or striped with black ; rest of under parts white ; hind-neck deep 
chestnut-rufous ; lesser wing-coverts grayish, feathers black in centre. 
Adult male in winter: Black of head confined to crown, posterior and 
lower border of ear-coverts, lower part of throat, and patch on chest, 
and more or less obscured by whitish or pale brownish tips to feathers ; 
sides of head (including lores and greater part of ear-coverts) mostly 
dull light brownish; rufous on hind-neck also similarly obscured. Adult 
female in summer: Much like winter male, but markings more sharply 
defined. black areas of chest, etc., more restricted and still more broken, 
hind-neck streaked with blackish, and size smaller. Adult female in win- 
ter: Similar to summer plumage, but browner and less sharply streaked 
above, hind-neck often without trace of rufous, lower parts dull brown- 
ish white, and dusky markings of chest, etc., very indistinct. Young: 
Above tawny buffy, everywhere (except on wings and tail) broadly 
streaked with black; beneath pale buffy, the lower throat, chest, and 
sides of breast broadly streaked with blackish. Male: Length about 
6.10-6.90, wing 3.60-3.90. Female: Length about 5.50-6.00, wing 3.50- 
3.60. Eggs .83 X .60, varying from dull whitish spotted with brown to 
nearly uniform umber-brown. Hab. Circumpolar regions; in North 
America migrating southward to northern United States, sometimes as 
far as South Carolina (rarely), Kentucky, Kansas, Nevada, ete. 

536. C. lapponicus (Linn.). Lapland Longspur. 

b?. Inner web of outer tail-feather chiefly white; under wing-coverts and axil- 
lars wholly pure white; entire lower parts buffy. Adult male in summer : 
Top and sides of head deep black, relieved by a broad white stripe be- 
hind eye, a narrow white stripe along middle portion of ear-coverts, and 


CALCARIUS. 405 


a white malar stripe, much widest posteriorly; hind-neck and entire 
lower parts deep ochraceous-buff, the first streaked with dusky ; anterior 
lesser wing-coverts deep black, posterior ones pure white, forming a con- 
spicuous bar, widest above. Adult male in winter : Black of head entirely 
replaced by streaked brownish, the throat and chest also more or less 
streaked with dusky; otherwise much as in summer, but middle and 
greater wing-coverts distinctly tipped with white. Adult female in sum- 
mer: Much like winter male, but smaller, paler, and grayer, without deep 
black or pure white on lesser wing-coverts ; in winter, similar, but more 
buffy. Male: Length 6.40-6.50, wing 3.60-3.70. Female: Length about 
5.50-6.00, wing 3.45-3.60. Hyggs .83 X .59, similar to those of C. lapponi- 
cus, but averaging lighter in color, the whitish, distinctly spotted style 
prevailing. Hab. Interior of Arctic America (chiefly Mackenzie River 
Valley) in summer, breeding north to Arctic coast and upper Yukon 
Valley; south, in winter, over Great Plains and prairies to Illinois, 
ROAR: LOUC apatacis- veh stants ose o 537. C. pictus (Swarns.). Smith's Longspur. 
a, Wing not more than 3.50; all the tail-feathers (except middle pair) with basal 
portion of inner webs white (outer webs also, except two middle pairs). 

Adult male in summer: Top of head, stripe behind eye, spot on lower part 
of ear-coverts, chest, breast, and belly, black, the lower parts sometimes 
touched with rufous or chestnut; hind-neck deep rufous; broad super- 
ciliary stripe, chin, and throat white ; cheeks pale buff, this sometimes 
overspreading lores, ear-coverts, chin, and upper throat ; in full plumage, 
the lesser wing-coverts deep black, with posterior row pure white. 
Adult male in winter: Black of head and lower parts more or less ob- 
scured or even concealed by light brownish or dull buffy tips to the 
feathers; otherwise, essentially as in summer. Adult female: Above 
light grayish buffy brown, streaked with dusky; beneath pale grayish 
buffy brown, or dull grayish buff, the breast and belly sometimes 
streaked with darker ; under tail-coverts dull buffy whitish. (Plumage 
softer and colors more blended in winter.) Young: Above dusky, the 
feathers edged and margined with dull whitish and pale brownish 
buff; wing-coverts tipped with dull whitish; an indistinct streaked 
whitish superciliary stripe; ear-coverts streaked dusky and pale brown- 
ish; malar region, chin, and throat white, flecked, more or less, with 
grayish dusky; rest of lower parts dull grayish buff, streaked, especially 
on breast, with dusky. Length 5.25-6.50, wing 3.20-3.50. Eggs .75 x 
56, dull white, pinkish white, buffy white, or greenish white, distinctly 
speckled or spotted with various shades of brown and blackish. Hab. 
Great Plains, north to the Saskatchewan; south, in winter, to Texas, 

New Mexico Arizona, and table-lands of Mexico. 
538. C. ornatus (Towns.). Chestnut-collared Longspur. 


406 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus RHYNCHOPHANES Bairp. (Page 383, pl. CVIIL,, fig. 1.) 
Species. 

Tail-feathers (except middle pair) white, broadly tipped with black (outer 
feathers almost entirely white). Adult male in summer: Middle, and posterior 
lesser, wing-coverts rufous; crown, rictal stripe, and crescentic patch on chest 
black; sides of head grayish ; back, etc., gray or brownish, streaked with dusky ; 
lower parts (except chest) white, tinged laterally with grayish. Adult male in win- 
ter: Crown and other upper parts dull brownish buff, streaked with dusky ; black 
rictal streak obsolete, and black patch on chest hidden by light dull buffy tips to 
feathers. Adult female: Similar to winter male, but without concealed black on 
chest or rufous on wing-coverts; the colors brownish above and dull buffy be- 
neath in winter, grayer above and whiter beneath in summer. Young: Upper 
parts dusky, the feathers broadly bordered with pale grayish buff; beneath white, 
distinctly washed with buff across chest, where sometines indistinctly streaked. 
Length about 5.12-6.50, wing 3.30-3.80, tail 2.25-2.80. Nest on ground in open 
places, composed of dried grasses, etc., lined with the same, usually mixed with hair 
and feathers. Eggs 3-6, .79 X .60, similar to those of Calcarius ornatus, but usually 
with ground-color more olive. Hab. Great Plains, breeding from western Kansas 
north to the Saskatchewan, migrating south, in winter, through Texas, New Mex- 
ico, and Arizona to plateau of Mexico.................0000 539. R. mccownii (Lawkr.). 

McCown’s Longspur. 


Genus POOCZETES Bairp. (Page 384, pl. CVIII.,, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Adult : Above brownish or brownish gray, everywhere streaked with dusky ; 
lesser wing-coverts more or less distinctly rusty, sometimes inclining to rufous ; 
outer tail-feathers partly white; lower parts dull white, streaked along sides of 
throat and across chest with dark grayish brown. Young: Similar to adult, but 
markings less sharply defined. Vest on ground, in open grassy places, composed of 
dried grasses, etc. Eggs 3-6, pale buffy, pinkish buffy, or dull whitish, stained with 
rusty brownish and speckled or otherwise marked with a deeper shade of the same, 
usually mixed with darker spots or lines. 


a. Colors browner, with broader streaks ; wing and tail averaging shorter, and bill 
stouter; length 5.50-6.70, wing 2.95-3.40 (3.17), tail 2.40-2.75 (2.57), exposed 
culmen .38-.45 (.42), depth of bill at base .30-.35 (.32), tarsus .80-.87 (.83). 
Eggs 81 < .60. Hab. Eastern United States, north to Nova Scotia and On- 
tario, west to edge of Great Plains, breeding from Virginia, Kentucky, and 
Missouri northward............ 540. P. gramineus (GmMEL.). Vesper Sparrow. 

a?. Colors grayer, with narrower streaks; wing and tail averaging longer, and bill 
more slender; length about 6.00-6.75, wing 3.00-3.50 (3.27), tail 2.40-2.80 
(2.65), exposed culmen .40-.48 (.43), depth of bill at base .25-.28 (.26), tarsus 


AMMODRAMUS. 407 


.82-.90 (.84). Eggs .84 xX .60. Hab. Western North America, north into 
British America, east to Manitoba and eastern border of the Great Plains, 
south to plateau of Mexico. 

(59.) 540a. P. gramineus confinis Bairp. Western Vesper Sparrow. 


Genus AMMODRAMUS Swainson. (Page 384, pl. CVIIL, figs. 3-7; pl. CIX., 
fig, 1) 


Species. 


Common CuaractEers.—Upper parts conspicuously streaked (except in A. ma- 
ritimus), the chest and sides also streaked in most species ; some species with the 
edge of the wing and a supraloral streak yellow. Nest on ground, in grassy places, 
or in grass or sedges in marshes. Eygs 3-6, speckled or spotted. 


a’. Outer pair of tail-feathers longer than middle pair; difference between length 
of tail and wing much greater than length of bill from nostril (the wing 
much the longer), and depth of bill at base much less than its length from 
nostril. 

b. Tail slightly emarginate, or double-rounded, the depth of the emargination 
much less than the distance from eye to nostril, the feathers broader and 
less pointed at tip; no buff on crown. Nest on ground, in meadows or 
other grassy places. Hygs pale brownish, varying to dull whitish, or 
greenish white, spotted, speckled, or blotched with brown, occasionally 
with a few darker lines or spots. (Subgenus Passerculus BonapP.) 

c!, Culmen straight or even depressed (concave) in middle portion, the bill 
decidedly compressed ; primaries exceeding tertials by more than 
length of exposed culmen; upper parts conspicuously streaked with 
blackish. 

d'. Exposed culmen not longer than hind-toe, without claw, and wing 
more than seven times as long as exposed culmen. 

Above pale grayish, the top of head and back streaked with 
pale brown and blackish, the latter enclosed as a narrower 
streak within the former; median stripe on crown dull 
light grayish buff or dull buffy whitish ; superciliary stripe 
similar, but paler, rarely yellowish anteriorly ; outer sur- 
face of greater wing-coverts and tertials pale buffy brown ; 
malar stripe pale buff or whitish ; lower parts white tinged 
with pale brownish buff along sides (sometimes across chest 
also), the chest and sides streaked with brown (darker me- 
dially); length 6.00-6.75 (6.50), wing 2.85-3.20 (3.02), tail 
2.25-2.55 (2.38), exposed culmen .38-.45 (.41), depth of bill 
at base .25-.28 (.26), tarsus .85-.95 (.93). Eggs .81 X .62. 
Hab. Breeding on Sable Island, Nova Scotia; in winter, 
migrating along Atlantic coast, south to Virginia and coast 
of Texas... 541. A. princeps (Mayn.). Ipswich Sparrow. 


408 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


ad. Exposed culmen longer than hind-toe, without claw, and wing less 
than seven times as long as exposed culmen. 

Above grayish brown, streaked with black, the broad black 
streaks on back edged with narrower dull whitish or light 
buffy grayish streaks; superciliary stripe usually decidedly 
yellow, especially anteriorly, rarely without yellow; be- 
neath white, sometimes slightly tinged with buffy laterally 
and across chest (especially in winter), the sides of throat, 
chest, sides, and flanks streaked with blackish. Young 
essentially similar to adults, but lighter streaks of upper 
parts more butfy, dusky streaks of lower parts less sharply 
defined, and superciliary stripe usually without yellow, and 
finely streaked with dusky. 

e'. Superciliary and median crown-stripes very distinct; flanks 
rather narrowly streaked; lower tail-coverts usually with- 
out visible streaks. 

fi. Wing averaging more than 3.00, and never (?) less than 

2.90. 

General tint above light grayish brown, with broad 
black and narrower light grayish streaks of back 
sharply contrasted; superciliary stripe usually 
decidedly yellow throughout (brighter anteri- 
orly); length about 5.80-6.15, wing 2.90-3.20 
(3.07), tail 2.10-2.40 (2.24), exposed culmen .40- 
50 (46), depth of bill at base .25-.52 (.29), tarsus 
.85-.95 (.90). Hab. Northwest coast, from Una- 
lashka eastward and southward (to northern Cali- 
fornia in winter ?)......... 542. A. sandwichensis 

(GmeEL.). Sandwich Sparrow. 

/?. Wing averaging much less than 3.00, and never (?) more 

than 2.90. 
g. Bill stouter (usually more than .22, and averaging .24, 
deep at base). 

Colors much as in A. sandwichensis, but aver- 
aging browner, with superciliary stripe 
less continuously or conspicuously yellow; 
length about 4.85-5.50, wing 2.60-2.90 (2.73), 
tail 1.90-2.20 (2.07), exposed culmen .38-.43 
(.40), depth of bill at base .21-.27 (.24), tar- 
sus .78-.90 (.82). Hggs .78 x 56. Hab. 
Eastern North America, breeding from 
northern United States to Labrador and 
Hudson’s Bay Territory. 

542a. A. sandwichensis savanna 
(Wits.). Savanna Sparrow. 


AMMODRAMUS. 409 


g?. Bill smaller and more slender (usually less than .22, 
and averaging only .21, deep at base). 
A‘. Paler and grayer, averaging more so than A. 
sandwichensis ; length 4.75-5.90, wing 2.65- 
2.90 (2.80), tail 1.95-2.30 (2.14), exposed cul- 
men .37-.40 (.39), depth of bill at base .20- 
.22 (.21), tarsus .75-.85 (.80). Eggs .75 x .55. 
Hab. Western North America, except (in 
general) Pacific coast; breeding from Rocky 
Mountain plateau north to the Yukon district 
of Alaska, migrating south, in winter, to 
Mexico..... 5425. A. sandwichensis alaudi- 
nus (Bonap.). Western Savanna Sparrow. 
h?. Darker and browner, averaging more so than 4. 
savanna, with the breast and sides usually 
more heavily (sometimes more thickly) 
streaked, the whole head often suffused with 
yellow; wing 2.50-2.75 (2.65), tail 1.95-2.15 
(2.02), exposed culmen .40-.43 (.41), depth of 
bill at base .21-.25 (.22), tarsus .65-.80 (.79). 
Eggs .15 x 56. Hab. Salt marshes about 
San Francisco Bay, California. 
542c. A. sandwichensis bryanti Ripew. 
Bryant’s Marsh Sparrow. 
e?. Superciliary and median crown-stripes usually very indistinct 
(sometimes nearly obsolete); longer lower tail-coverts 
streaked with black (streaks rarely concealed). 

Similar to A. sandwichensis bryanti, but upper parts more 
heavily streaked with black on a much more uniform 
and more olivaceous brown ground, sides of head and 
neck darker, anterior portion of superciliary stripe 
duller, more olivaceous, yellow, lower parts more 
thickly and heavily marked with black, wing and tail 
shorter, and bill larger; length about 5.00-5.25, wing 
2.45-2.70 (2.58), tail 1.80-2.10 (1.97), exposed culmen 
40-.50 (.44), depth of bill at base .21-.25 (.23), tarsus 
78-.85 (.82). Hab. Salt marshes of southern Califor- 
nia, south to Todos Santos Island, Lower California. 

543. A. beldingi Rrpaw. Belding’s Marsh Sparrow. 
ce. Culmen regularly curved from the base, without depression in middle 
portion, the bill more swollen; primaries exceeding secondaries by 
less than length of exposed culmen ; upper parts indistinctly streaked 

with darker. 
ad, Bill from nostril .36, or more; depth of bill at base .26, or more ; 
general color above light brownish gray or grayish brown ; 

52 


410 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


length about 5.30, wing 2.55-2.95 (2.71), tail 1.95-2.30 (2.11), 
exposed culmen .48-.52 (.49), depth of bill at base .26-.29 
(.28), tarsus .80-.95 (.87). Hab. Coasts of southern Cakfornia, 
Lower California, and Sonora; south, in winter, to Cape St. 
Lucas and Guaymas. 

544. A. rostratus Cass. Large-billed Sparrow. 


@. Bill from nostril only .32, depth of bill at base only .22; general 


color above dull brownish slate; length about 5.00-5.15, wing 
2.55, tail 1.95, culmen .45, tarsus .82. Hab. Vicinity of Cape 
StelmGag ss 27 ssenceoces. 5447, A. rostratus guttatus (Lawr.). 

St. Lucas Sparrow. 


b. Tail deeply emarginate, the lateral pair of feathers longest, the depth of 
the emargination equal to distance from eye to nostril, the feathers all 
parrow and pointed at tip; crown buff, streaked with black laterally. 
(Subgenus Centronyx BarrD.) 

Adult: Head ochraceous or buffy, deepest on crown, nearly or quite 


white on chin and throat; top of head streaked with black, es- 
pecially laterally ; maxillary stripe bordered above and below by 
blackish rictal and submalar stripes ; lower parts white, the chest, 
sides, and flanks streaked with black; upper parts light brownish, 
varied by lighter edgings and blackish spotting. Young: Similar 
to adult, but feathers of crown and back distinctly bordered with 
buffy, and streaks on chest less sharply defined. Jn winter, the 
buffy coloring much more pronounced than in summer, strongly 
tingeing chest and sides. Length 5.10-5.85, wing 2.65-3.05. Nest 
on ground, in open grassy situations, composed of dried grasses, 
etc. Eggs 3-5, .79 x .59, whitish (varying in tint), spotted with 
reddish brown and lined with black. Hab. Great Plains, from 
Dakota and Montana to the Saskatchewan in summer; south, in 
winter, to Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. 

545. A. bairdii (Aup.). Baird’s Sparrow. 


a?, Outer pair of tail-feathers shorter than middle pair; difference between length 


of tail and wing not greater than length of bill from nostril, or else tail 
longer than wing and much graduated (“ Coturniculus” leconteii), or depth of 
bill at base equal to its length from nostril (“‘ Coturniculus” savannarum). 

b. Crown divided by avery distinct lighter median stripe, between two lateral 
blackish ones. Vest on ground, bulky, with deep cavity, often more or 
less arched over on top, composed of dried grasses. Eggs 3-5, white, 
speckled or spotted, chiefly on larger end, with reddish brown, some- 
times mixed with a few small blackish markings and touches of lilac- 
gray. (Subgenus Coturniculus Bonap.) 

ce. Tail double-rounded, the lateral feathers only a little shorter than mid- 


dle pair (difference between their tips much less than length of bill 
from nostril), the middle pair much shorter than next (longest) 
pair; bill stout, its depth at base equal to or greater than length 


AMMODRAMUS. 411 


from nostril. Adult: Crown blackish or dark brown, streaked 
with light grayish buffy and divided by a very distinct median 
line of pale grayish buff; rest of upper parts mixed grayish, 
buffy, and reddish brown, spotted with black; sides of head, chin, 
throat, chest, and sides plain buffy, the chest and sides indis- 
tinctly streaked with brown in winter; belly white ; edge of wing 
yellow. Young: Essentially like adult, but with little if any red- 
dish brown on upper parts, which have feathers more conspicuously 
bordered with pale buffy and dull whitish, and the median crown- 
stripe more ashy whitish; lower parts entirely dull buffy whitish, 
the chest distinctly streaked with dusky. 

d', Darker colored, with (usually) shorter wing and tail and thicker 
bill; length about 4.85-5.20, wing 2.35-2.60 (2.43), tail 1.80- 
2.00 (1.87), exposed culmen .40-.47 (.43), depth of bill at base 
28-31 (.29), tarsus .75-.82 (.73). Hggs .73 xX 58. Hab. 
Eastern United States and southern Canada, wintering in 
Gulf States, Bahamas, Cuba, Porto Rico, and Gulf coast of 
MGxIC0..5. cssvcsceeke 546. A. savannarum passerinus (WILs.). 

Grasshopper Sparrow. 

@. Paler, with (usually) longer wing and tail, and more slender bill; 
length about 5,00-5.50, wing 2.50-2.60 (2.52), tail 1.75-2.00 
(1.91), exposed culmen .40-.47 (.42), depth of bill at base .20- 
.28 (.25), tarsus .75-.80 (.77). Eggs .75 x 57. Hab. Western 
United States, east to Great Plains, south over table-lands of 
IMEXTCOn ses. crac 546a. A. savannarum perpallidus Rinew. 

Western Grasshopper Sparrow. 

ce. Tail graduated, the lateral feathers much shorter than middle pair 

(difference between their tips much greater than length of bill from 
nostril), the middle pair longest. 

@, Tail not longer than wing, its graduation decidedly less than 
length of exposed culmen; bill stout, its depth at base nearly 
or quite equal to length from nostril; a blackish rictal and 
(usually) submalar streak. Adult : Head and neck buffy olive, 
the crown heavily streaked, except along middle line, with 
black, the hind-neck much more narrowly streaked; back and 
scapulars chestnut, feathers centred with black and narrowly 
edged or bordered with whitish; wings mainly chestnut; a 
blackish streak behind eye, another from corner of mouth, 
and another along each side of chin and upper throat (last 
sometimes indistinct); chin and throat pale buff or buffy 
whitish ; chest, sides, and flanks deeper buffy, streaked with 
blackish ; belly whitish. Young: Above dull brownish buffy, 
streaked and spotted with black; beneath light buff, the sides 
(but not chest) streaked with black; a distinct black streak 
from corner of mouth, but none on side of chin or throat. 


(60.) 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Length about 4.75-5.25, wing 2.10-2.20, tail 1.90-2.05. Eggs .74 
< .57. Hab. Eastern United States, north to Ontario and 
southern New England, west to edge of Great Plains; winters 
in Gulf States.. 547. A. henslowii (Aup.). Henslow’s Sparrow. 


d?. Tail decidedly longer than wing, its graduation greater than length 


of exposed culmen; bill small and slender, its depth at base 
less than length from nostril; no dusky rictal or submalar 
streaks. Adult: Median crown-stripe buff anteriorly, the rest 
pale buffy grayish or dull buffy whitish ; lateral stripes streaked 
blackish and brownish, the former usually predominating 
(nearly uniform black in summer); hind-neck streaked chest- 
nut and pale buffy or buffy grayish ; sides of head, including 
broad superciliary stripe, buffy (deeper, almost ochraceous, in 
winter, paler, sometimes nearly white, in summer), the lores 
and ear-coverts light grayish or brownish, the latter bordered 
above by a blackish streak, becoming larger posteriorly ; ante- 
rior and lateral lower parts buffy, the sides and flanks streaked 
with blackish ; belly white; upper parts brownish, spotted or 
striped with blackish and streaked with whitish or buffy. 
Young: General color buff, deeper above, paler beneath, the 
belly whitish; upper parts streaked and striped with blackish, 
the chest, sides, and flanks more narrowly streaked with the 
same. Length 4.40-5.50, wing 1.87-2.06, tail 1.87-2.25. Vest in 
damp or marshy meadows. ggs about .75 X .50, speckled or 
spotted sparsely on larger end with brown and black (sometimes 
thickly speckled or sprinkled with brown). Hab. Great Plains 
and more western prairies, breeding from Dakota, Minnesota, 
etc., to Manitoba, migrating southward and eastward, in winter, 
through Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, etc., to South Carolina, and 
Gulf States from Florida to Texas. 

548. A. leconteii (Aup.). Le Conte’s Sparrow. 


62. Crown without distinct median stripe. Mest on or near ground, in 
marshes, supported between upright stalks of sedges or coarse grasses 
(sometimes in low bushes), composed of dried grasses or sedges, the en- 
trance occasionally through one side. Eggs 3-5, whitish speckled or 
spotted with brown. (Subgenus Ammodramus SwAINs.) 

cl. Edge of wing very pale yellowish, supraloral streak deep buff or ochra- 
ceous, like the rest of the very distinct superciliary stripe ; malar 
stripe deep buff or ochraceous. (Above olivaceous, mixed or glossed 
with ashy, the sides of the back streaked with ashy, buffy, or 
whitish, the crown with two broad lateral stripes of sepia-brown 
enclosing a narrower and less distinct one of grayish; chest and 
sides more or less distinctly washed with buff or ochraceous (often 
deeply of this color) and streaked with dusky or grayish. Young: 
Above dull ochraceous, the back broadly streaked with black, and 


(61.) 


(62.) 


AMMODRAMUS. 413 


sides of the crown chiefly of the latter color ; lower parts entirely 
buff, streaked on chest with dusky.) 

d@. Colors of upper part usually not sharply contrasted ; chest often 
nearly white, and frequently with the streaks dusky, or black- 
ish, and very sharply defined; length 4.80-5.85. Male: Wing 
2.17-2.36 (2.27), tail 1.90-2.25 (2.06), culmen .53-.59 (.57), depth 
of bill at base .23-.27 (.25), tarsus .86-.91 (.89). Female: Wing 
2.18-2.42 (2.23), tail 1.90-2.13 (1.98), culmen .53-.58 (.56), depth 
of bill at base .23-.26 (.24), tarsus .85-.87 (.86). Hygs .76 x 
57, brownish white, finely speckled or sprinkled with dull rusty 
brown. Hab. Salt marshes of Atlantic coast, from Prince 
Edward Island and Nova Scotia to North Carolina. 

549. A. caudacutus (GMEL.). Sharp-tailed Sparrow. 

d?, Colors of upper parts usually very sharply contrasted, especially 
the chalky white streaks of back, as compared with the rich 
umber-brown ground-color ; chest and sides usually very deep 
buff or ochraceous, never (?) very distinctly or sharply streaked 
with dusky. Male: Wing 2.12-2.33 (2.24), tail 1.98-2.21 
(2.07), culmen .49-.53 (.51), depth of bill at base .23-.26 (.25), 
tarsus .80-.87 (.84). Female: Wing 2.15-2.20 (2.18), tail 1.83— 
2.09 (1.99), culmen .50-.52 (.51), depth of bill at base .23-.26 
(.25), tarsus .82-.85 (.83). Hab. Fresh-water marshes of east- 
ern United States, chiefly in Mississippi Valley; east during 
migrations to marshes of Atlantic coast (Massachusetts to 
South Carolina)........... 549a. A. caudacutus nelsoni ALLEN. 

Nelson’s Sparrow. 


@, Edge of wing and supraloral streak yellow; no distinct superciliary 


stripe ; malar stripe whitish. 

d@, Above nearly plain olivaceous, tinged with ashy, the wings and 
tail more brownish; beneath grayish white, the chest streaked 
with dull grayish. Young: Crown and back broadly streaked 
with black ; lower parts buffy white, the chest and sides streaked 
with dusky. Length about 5.25-6.00, wing 2.40-2.55, tail 2.10- 
2.25, culmen .60-.67, tarsus .90-.95. Eggs .80 < .62, greenish 
white or brownish white, coarsely speckled with umber-brown. 
Hab. Salt marshes of Atlantic and Gulf coasts, from Massachu- 
setts to Texas.. 550. A. maritimus (WILs.). Seaside Sparrow. 

d. Above black, indistinctly streaked with olive and grayish ; beneath 
white, broadly streaked on breast and sides with black; edge 
of wing and short stripe on sides of forehead bright yellow ; 
length 5.75-6.25 (5.95), wing 2.25-2.40, tail 2.10-2.50, culmen 
.50-.60, tarsus .80-.92. Hab. Southeastern Florida (marshes of 
Indian Riven) :s....c2.scsss-secece+e0+4e 551. A. nigrescens Ripew. 

Dusky Seaside Sparrow. 


414 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus CHONDESTES Swainson. (Page 383, pl. CIX., fig. 2.) 
Species. 


Common CHARAcTERS.—Above brownish or brownish gray, the back streaked 
with blackish; tail-feathers (except middle pair) broadly tipped with white; 
lower parts chiefly white. Adult: Crown and ear-coverts chestnut, the former 
divided medially by a pale brownish gray or grayish buff stripe (whitish anteri- 
orly), the chestnut passing anteriorly into blackish; a black streak across lores, 
and one along each side of throat; a small black spot on middle of chest. Young : 
Crown and ear-coverts grayish brown, the former streaked with blackish; whole 
plumage usually more or less suffused with buffy, and chest streaked with dusky. 
Nest on ground or in bushes or trees, composed of dried grasses, ete. Eggs 3-5, 
pure white (sometimes with a faint bluish or brownish tinge), speckled and lined, 
chiefly on larger end, with black and dark brown. 


a’. Averaging darker and grayer, with black streaks on back broader and chestnut 
of head rather darker; wings and tail shorter; length 5.75-6.75, wing 3.20- 
3.80 (8.49), tail 2.70-3.00 (2.82). Eggs .80 x .61. Hab. Mississippi Valley, 
north to southern Michigan, east to Ohio (casually to Atlantic coast), south 
to eastern Texas, Louisiana, ete. 
552. C. grammacus (Say). Lark Sparrow. 
aw. Averaging paler and browner, with black streaks on back narrower, and chestnut 
of head rather lighter; wings and tail longer; length 6.50-7.25, wing 3.35- 
3.70 (8.58), tail 2.60-3.35 (2.93). Eggs .80 x .63. Hab. Western United 
States, east to Great Plains and middle Texas, south over table-lands of 
Mexico. 
552a. C. grammacus strigatus (Swains.). Western Lark Sparrow. 


Genus ZONOTRICHIA Swainson. (Page 385, pl. CIX., fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Common CHaractEers.—Back brownish, streaked with blackish; lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts plain olive-brownish or grayish brown; wing with two 
white bands; tertials and uppermost greater wing-coverts broadly edged with 
chestnut, this passing terminally into white ; tail without white; lower parts plain 
. whitish or grayish (streaked in young). Adults with head wholly black (Z. quer- 
ula), or else with a broad black stripe on each side of crown. Vest on or near 
ground, in open places (sometimes in bushes), composed of dried grasses, ete. 
Eggs 3-5, pale greenish blue, greenish white, or buffy whitish, spotted, speckled, 
or sprinkled with rusty brown. 


a’. Top of head black, without trace of median stripe, or of yellow; sides and flanks 


ZONOTRICHIA. 41h 


light buffy brown, broadly streaked with dusky ; adult with whole chin ana 
throat, lores, and top of head uniform black. 

Adult: Sides of head dull brownish white or light grayish brown; rest 
of head mainly uniform black; breast (except centrally) and belly pure 
white. Jmmature: Top of head black, but this much obscured by 
whitish or buffy borders to feathers; whole side of head, including sides 
of forehead and superciliary region, buffy; chin and throat white, bor- 
dered along each side by a blackish streak (sometimes blotched with 
black); middle of chest blotched or spotted with black or dark brown; 
otherwise like adult; length 6.75-7.75, wing 3.20-3.60 (average about 
3.40), tail 3.30-3.75. Hygs (identification somewhat doubtful), .87 x .68, 
buffy whitish, thickly speckled with burnt-umber, slightly mixed with 
purplish gray. Hab. More eastern Great Plains and more western 
prairies, breeding from eastern Montana (?) north to Manitoba; south, 
in winter, to Texas, and east to Iowa, western Lllinois, Missouri, ete. 

553. Z. querula (Nurv.). Harris’s Sparrow. 
a*, Top of head black or brown, divided by a distinct median stripe of white, buff, 
yellow, or gray; sides and flanks grayish brown, without distinct streaks, 
or else with sides of forehead yellow and back rusty brown; adults with 
chin and throat whitish or light grayish. 
b.. Back gray, grayish brown, or smoky brown, streaked with brown or black ; 
chin and throat not abruptly white; sides of forehead not yellow. 

c. Middle crown-stripe entirely white, ashy, or buffy ; top of heaa without 
yellow. 

Adults with lateral crown-stripes deep black, median stripe white or 

pale ashy; a broad white superciliary stripe, below which is a 
narrower black stripe behind eye (sometimes continued in front of 
it). Immature, with lateral crown-stripes and streak behind eye 
chestnut-brown or burnt-umber brown, middle crown-stripe dull 
buffy, superciliary stripe dull light buffy grayish. 

d'’. Edge of wing white; white or buffy median crown-stripe broad as 
or broader than lateral black or brown stripes; adults with 
back ashy streaked with burnt-umber or vandyke-brown. and 
chest ashy. 

e’. Lores black or dark brownish, the white, grayish, or dul! puff 
superciliary stripe not reaching to bill; length 6.50-..50, 
wing 3.00-3.30 (3.19), tail 2.80-3.20 (3.00), exposed culmen 
38-45 (.41), tarsus .90-.98 (.91). Eggs .85 x .61, pale 
greenish blue, varying to pale cinnamon-brown, speckled, 
sprinkled, or spotted with reddish brown. Hab. Breeding 

‘from higher mountain ranges of western United States, 
Sierra Nevada, Rocky Mountains, and eastward, north of 
Great Lakes, to Labrador; in winter, over whole of United 
States, and south into Mexico. 

554. Z. leucophrys (lorst.). White-crowned Sparrow. 


416 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


é. Lores entirely light ashy or buffy, continuous with the super- 
ciliary stripe of same color; length 6.00-7.17, wing 2.90- 
3.30 (3.09), tail 2.85-3.10 (2.98), exposed culmen .38-.42 
(.40), tarsus .85-.92 (.88). Hggs .86 x .60, similar to those 
of Z. leucophrys, but cinnamon-colored or rusty style pre- 
dominating, instead of the reverse. Hab. Breeding through- 
out Alaska (except coast east and south of the peninsula), 
and eastward through Mackenzie River basin; in winter, 
south throughout western United States into Mexico, east 
to edge of Great Plains (casually farther)...... 555. Z. leu- 

cophrys intermedia Rinew. Intermediate Sparrow. 
d@. Edge of wing pale yellow; white, ashy, or buffy median crown- 
stripe usually narrower than black or brown lateral stripes ; 
adult with back smoky brown or olive-brown, striped with 
dark sepia-brown or sooty blackish, and chest brownish gray. 
Lores ashy or otherwise light-colored, as in Z. intermedia ; 
length about 5.75-6.75, wing 2.70-3.20 (2.92), tail 2.60-3.00 
(2.75), exposed culmen .35-.48 (.41), tarsus .82-1.00 (.91). 
Figgs 84 X .64, colored like those of Z. intermedia. Hab. 
Coast ranges of California and north to British Columbia. 
556. Z. leucophrys gambeli (Nurv.). Gambel’s Sparrow. 


¢. Middle crown-stripe yellow anteriorly (whole forehead suffused with 


yellow in younger birds). 

Adult: Median crown-stripe yellow for anterior half, or more, 
then ashy. Jmmature birds with yellow duller and more or less 
streaked or flecked with dusky, the lateral stripes poorly de- 
fined, brownish, streaked with darker. (In general coloring, 
except on head, closely resembling Z. gambeli.) Length about 
7.00-8.00, wing 3.00-3.40, tail 3.25-3.50. Eggs .82 x .61, col- 
ored like the more distinctly spotted style of Z. leucophrys. 
Hab. Pacific coast, breeding from northern California (?) north 
to Norton Sound, Alaska; during migrations, east, irregularly, 
to Rocky Mountains, casually to Wisconsin. 

557. Z. coronata (PALL.). Golden-crowned Sparrow. 


¥. Back rusty brown, or chestnut, streaked with blackish; chin and upper 
throat white, abruptly contrasted with ash-gray of lower throat and 
chest ; sides of forehead yellow. 


Adult: Top of head with a narrow grayish white median and two 
broad black lateral stripes; superciliary stripe bright yellow ante- 
riorly (back to above eye), the rest whitish. Immature : Superciliary 
and median crown-stripes dull buffy or light brownish, the former 
more or less distinctly yellowish anteriorly ; lateral crown-stripes 
dark brownish; ash-gray of ear-coverts and chest obscured by 
brownish. Young: Broad lateral crown-stripes dull vandyke-brown, 
narrow median stripe dull whitish or pale brownish ; superciliary 


SPIZELLA. 41? 


stripe dirty brownish white, scarcely, if at all, yellowish anteri- 
orly; throat not distinctly whitish, and chest dirty brownish white, 
streaked with dusky. Length 6.30-7.65, wing 2.80-3.15, tail 3.05- 
3.35. Eggs 83 X .59, similar in color to those of Z. intermedia. 
Hab. Eastern North America, breeding from northern United States 
northward; west to edge of Great Plains, casually to Utah and 
California...... 558. Z. albicollis (GmeE..). White-throated Sparrow. 


Genus SPIZELLA Bonaparte. (Page 385, pl. CIX., fig. 5.) 


Species. 


Common CuHaracters.—Back and scapulars brownish, streaked with black; 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain grayish or grayish brown, or else 
very indistinctly streaked ; greater wing-coverts (and usually middle coverts also) 
tipped, more or less distinctly, with white or light brownish; lower parts plain 
whitish, grayish, or pale brownish (belly always white) in adult, streaked with 
dusky in young, except of S. atrigularis. 


a, With head more or less conspicuously marked, but without black on chin or 
throat; young, streaked beneath. 

b'. Wing with two distinct white bands; lower mandible yellow; adult with 
dusky spot in centre of chest. (Adult: Top of head and streak behind 
eye deep rufous ; rest of head and neck plain ashy, the hind-neck tinged 
with brown; back mixed rufous and light tawny or dull buffy, streaked 
with black; lower parts pale ashy anteriorly and laterally, the sides 
and flanks tinged with buffy (strongly so in winter). Young: Top of 
head dull brownish, streaked with dusky; superciliary stripe and sides 
of head and neck dull whitish, finely streaked with darker; chest pale 
dull buffy, tinged laterally with rusty, and distinctly streaked with 
dusky. Nest on ground or in low bushes, composed of dried grasses, 
feathers, ete. Hggs 3-5, colored like those of Zonotrichia leucophrys.) 

c’. Plumage darker throughout, the ground-color of back largely rusty or 
rufous, and the black streaks broader; rufous of crown darker, and 
never with more than a slight indication of median ashy stripe; 
outer webs of greater wing-coverts and tertials bright rufous or 
rusty ; whitish or light ashy edgings to tail-feathers narrower, wings 
and tail shorter, bill rather stouter, etc.; length about 6.00-6.50, 
wing 2.80-3.10 (2.95), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.70). Eggs .75 x 58. Hab. 
Eastern North America, breeding in Labrador and region about 
Hudson’s Bay; south, in winter, through eastern United States, 
west to edge of Great Plains. 

559. S. monticola (GMEL.). Tree Sparrow. 
ce’, Plumage paler throughout, the ground-color of back with little if any 
53 


418 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


rusty or rufous, and the black streaks narrower; rufous of crown 
paler and frequently (especially in winter) with distinctly indicated 
(sometimes broad and continuous) median ashy stripe; outer webs 
of greater wing-coverts and tertials paler, more buffy or ochraceous ; 
whitish edgings to tail-feathers broader, wings and tail longer, bill 
rather more slender, etc.; length about 6.00-6.75, wing 2.80-3.15 
(3.07), tail 2.65-3.05 (2.85). Lggs .78 « .55. Hab. Western North 
America, breeding in Alaska (and for an undetermined distance 
southward), wintering in western United States, south to Texas, 
New Mexico, and Arizona. 

559a. S. monticola ochracea Brewsr. Western Tree Sparrow. 


b. Wing without two distinct white bands; lower mandible without yellow; 
adult without dusky spot in centre of chest. 
c’. Wing decidedly longer than tail. 
@. Tarsus less than twice as long as culmen; a distinct dusky streak 


behind eye. 

e'. Colors lighter, the adult with crown deep rufous and lower 
parts whitish or very pale ashy. Summer adult: Top of 
head rufous, sometimes with a more or less distinct indica- 
tion of an ashy median line; forehead black, divided by a 
white median line; a broad white or pale grayish super- 
ciliary stripe, bounded below by a narrow blackish stripe 
through eye; ear-coverts and sides of neck ashy; lower 
parts white or ashy white, more tinged with ashy on sides; 
bill black. Winter adult: Essentially similar to summer 
plumage, but colors duller and darker, more or less tinged 
with brown on lower parts, black on forehead indistinct or 
obsolete, and rufous of crown usually more or less streaked 
with dusky; bill cinnamon-brownish. Young: Top of head 
light brownish, distinctly streaked with blackish; super- 
ciliary stripe buffy whitish, narrowly streaked with dusky ; 
breast, etc., streaked with dusky. Nest in trees or bushes, 
often about houses, composed of slender grass-stems, etc., 
and lined with horse-hairs. Eggs 3-5, light greenish blue, 
speckled, chiefly on larger end, with black and brown. 

jf’. Darker colored, the back decidedly tinged with rusty and 
more broadly streaked with black, ear-coverts usu- 
ally deeper gray, more distinctly contrasted with purer 
white superciliary stripe and throat, the wings and tail 
averaging decidedly shorter; length 5.00-5.85, wing 
2 55-2.90 (2.75), tail 2.20-2.60 (2.37). Eggs .69 x .50. 
Hab. Eastern North America, north in the interior 
to Great Slave Lake, west to Great Plains; wintering 
from about 40° southward. 
560. S. socialis (Wits.). Chipping Sparrow. 


SPIZELLA. 419 


f’. Paler, the back light brown, with little if any rusty tinge, 
and more narrowly streaked with black, ear-coverts 
usually paler gray, contrasting less strongly with 
duller or more grayish white of superciliary stripe and 
throat, the wings and tail averaging decidedly longer ; 
length 5.25-5.90, wing 2.65-2.90 (2.80), tail 2.40-2.70 
(2.51). Eggs .67 x .50. Hab. Western North America, 
east to Rocky Mountains, north to beyond 60°, in 
summer; south, in winter, to southern Mexico. 

560a. S. socialis arizonze (Covss). 
Western Chipping Sparrow. 
e, Colors darker, the adult with crown dark chestnut and lower 
parts ashy, becoming whitish only on belly and under tail- 
coverts. (Otherwise like S. socialis in colors.) Wing 2.80, 
tail 2.45, culmen .40, tarsus .68. Hab. Highlands of Guate- 
mala and Honduras. 
S. pinetorum SaLty. Guatemalan Chipping Sparrow.! 

d’, Tarsus more than twice as long as culmen; no dusky streak be- 
hind eye. 

Adult: Top of head dull tawny brown, indistinctly streaked 
with darker brown; rest of head, including anterior por- 
tion of forehead, plain ashy, becoming gradually paler 
(almost white) on chin and throat; chest very pale gray- 
ish buffy, the sides and flanks similar but rather deeper; 
belly and under tail-coverts white; back grayish tawny, 
broadly streaked with black; middle wing-coverts tipped 
with pale buffy, but greater coverts without light tips; 
bill cinnamon; length (skin) about 4.50, wing 2.70, tail 
2.50, culmen .35, tarsus .72. Hab. New Mexico (vicinity of 
Silver City) and south over eastern part of Mexican plateau. 

564. S. wortheni Ripew. Worthen’s Sparrow.’ 
c. Wing not longer than tail (usually shorter). 

d'. Upper parts with more or less of rusty, and top of head and 
hind-neck without dusky streaks. (Adult: Top of head with 
two rusty or sandy brownish lateral stripes and a dull grayish 
median stripe, the latter often indistinct, sometimes nearly 
obsolete; back streaked with black, on a uniform rusty, rusty 
and buffy grayish, or chiefly buffy grayish, ground; both rows 
of wing-coverts tipped with whitish or light buffy; a rusty 
streak behind eye, enlarged to a spot posteriorly, sides of head 


1 Spizella pinetorum SAuviy, P. Z. S. 1863, 189. 

2 Tt is somewhat doubtful whether this species is correctly placed in the section characterized by having the 
wing longer than the tail, since in the type, and only known, specimen the tail-feathers are very much worn. 
In case, however, of its being determined by perfect specimens to belong in the same section with S. pusilla 
and allies, it can be easily recognized by its peculiar coloration, as described above. 


4 


0 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


otherwise grayish, but tinged with brownish or buffy in win- 
ter; sides of breast with a rusty spot; lower parts whitish, 
tinged with grayish or buffy, or both, anteriorly; bill red- 
dish cinnamon. Young: Essentially like adult, but colors 
duller and more suffused, markings of head much less dis. 
tinct, and lower parts, especially breast, streaked with dusky.) 

e'. Color much more rusty above, with median grayish crown. 
stripe usually very narrow and indistinct (sometimes obso- 
lete), and wings and tail shorter; length 5.10-6.00, wing 
2.45-2.70, tail 2.50-2.80. Nest on or near ground in old 
weed-grown fields, thickets, etc., composed mainly of 
slender dry grass-stems. Hggs 3-5, .68 X .51, white, green- 
ish white, or buffy white, speckled with reddish brown. 
Hab. Eastern United States and southern Canada, west 
to edge of Great Plains (eastern Nebraska, Fort Smith, 
Arkansas, eastern Texas, etc.). 

563. S. pusilla (Wits.). Field Sparrow. 

é. Color much less rusty above, with median grayish crown-stripe 
always (?) broad and very distinct, the lateral crown-stripes 
and postocular streak much paler and less rusty brown, 
back pale grayish buffy, more narrowly streaked with black 
and slightly tinged or mixed with rusty, and wings and tail 
longer; length about 5.80-6.10, wing 2.60-2.80, tail 2.80- 
3.10. Hab. Great Plains, from southern Texas (Laredo, 
etc.) north to Wyoming Territory and western Nebraska. 
563a. S. pusilla arenacea Caps. Western Field Sparrow.’ 

@. Upper parts without any rusty, and top of head and hind-neck dis- 
tinctly streaked with dusky. 

e. Head distinctly striped; ear-coverts light buffy brown, in 
marked contrast with the very distinct broad superciliary 
and malar stripes of dull whitish, and ashy of sides of neck. 
Adult: Top of head pale raw-umber brown, broadly 
streaked with black and divided by a distinct median 
stripe of light brownish gray; light brown ear-coverts 
bordered above by a very distinct postocular streak of 
dark brown or dusky, and along lower edge by a rictal 
streak of the same; whitish malar streak usually bordered 
below by a more or less distinct grayish or brownish 
streak along each side of throat; hind-neck and sides of 
neck ashy, in more or less marked contrast with brown of 
ear-coverts and crown; back light brown, broadly streaked 
with black. (Jn winter, the colors much browner, obscuring 
gray of neck and strongly tingeing chest and sides.) Young: 


1 Spizella pusilla arenacea CHADBOURNE, Auk, iii. April, 1886, 248. 


SPIZELLA. 421 


Upper parts more buffy or “clay-colored,” with blackish 
streaks broader and less sharply defined; dusky postocular 
and rictal streaks less distinct (sometimes nearly obsolete) ; 
chest, sides, and flanks streaked with dusky. Length 
about 5.00-5.75, wing 2.20-2.50 (2.39), tail 2.30-2.60 (2.44). 
Nest in bushes in open situations. Eggs 3-6, .66 x .49, 
light greenish blue, speckled, chiefly on larger end, with 
brown. Hab. Great Plains, north to the Saskatchewan, 
west to base of Rocky Mountains, east, irregularly, to Wis- 
consin and northern Illinois, south to Texas and New 
Mexico (in winter, to Lower California and over table- 
lands of Mexico to Guanajuato). 
561. S. pallida (Swarns.). Clay-colored Sparrow. 
e. Head not distinctly striped, and ear-coverts not distinctly 
brownish. Adult: Top of head, hind-neck, back, and 
scapulars light grayish brown, streaked with blackish ; 
sides of head nearly uniform light grayish brown, but 
ear-coverts perceptibly (not conspicuously or abruptly) 
browner, usually without distinct dusky streak along 
upper or lower margins; top of head without distinct me- 
dian stripe (usually with merely a trace of such stripe). 
(In winter, not essentially different, but general cast of 
plumage perceptibly browner than in summer.) Young: 
Essentially like adult, but chest and sides streaked with 
dusky, and streaks on upper parts less sharply defined. 
Length 5.00-5.60, wing 2.35-2.55 (2.45), tail 2.35-2.70 
(2.51). Nest and eggs like those of S. pallida, but the latter 
usually more distinctly marked, averaging about .68 x .49. 
Hab. Western United States, east to (and including) Rocky 
Mountains, south (in winter only ?) to northwestern Mexico. 
562. S. breweri Cass. Brewer’s Sparrow. 
a. Head and neck plain grayish ; chin and upper throat black in adult. 

Adult : Head, neck, and lower parts plain ash-gray, changing to white on 
belly and lower tail-coverts; chin and upper throat black; back and 
scapulars rusty brownish, narrowly streaked with black. Young : Simi- 
lar to adult, but black of chin and throat replaced by the general gray 
color. Length about 5.50-5.75, wing 2.40-2.50, tail 2.70-2.90. Vest in 
bushes. Eggs 3-5, .68 < .50, plain light greenish blue. Hab. Mexico, 
north to southern border of United States (lower Rio Grande to 
southern California) ; Lower California. 

565. S. atrigularis (CaB.). Black-chinned Sparrow. 


422 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus JUNCO Waater. (Page 3835, pl. CIX., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Adult : Plumage chiefly plain grayish, entirely without 
streaks, and usually without distinct markings on wings; belly, under tail-coverts, 
and outer tail-feathers white. Young: Profusely streaked, both above and below, 
the ground-color of the lower parts everywhere dull whitish ; outer tail-feathers 
white, as in the adult. Vest usually on ground, rather bulky, composed of dried 
grass-stems, etc., lined with softer materials. Eggs 3-5, whitish, usually more or 
less speckled with reddish brown. 


a’. Sides ash-gray, like chest, or, if inclining to pinkish, this color not abruptly 
defined against, or contrasted with, gray or dusky of chest. 

b.. Back gray, like chest; bill, in life, pale flesh-color, purplish horn-color, or 
pinkish white, with dusky tip ; iris dark brown, or claret-color. 

c’. Wing usually with two distinct white bands; larger (length about 6.00- 

7.00, the wing averaging more than 3.25). 

Uniform plumbeous-gray, the head not darker ; bill, in life, livid 

pinkish, with dusky tip. Male: Wing 3.15-3.65 (3.44), tail 3.00- 

3.39 (3.20), culmen .52-.54 (.53), tarsus .85-.90 (.86). Female: 

Wing 3.23-3.48 (3.30), tail 3.10-3.28 (3.15), culmen .52-.54 (.53), 

tarsus .80-.88 (.84). Hab. Rocky Mountains, in Colorado and 
Wyoming, straggling east, in winter, to middle Kansas. 

566. J. aikeni Ripaw. White-winged Junco. 

ce, Wing usually without trace of white bands ; smaller (ength about 5.50- 

6.25, the wing averaging less than 3.20). 

ad. Plumage slate-gray, the head perceptibly darker, approaching 

blackish slate (often nearly black anteriorly) in the male, the 

female (especially younger birds) often strongly tinged with 

brownish, the sides washed with light pinkish brown; bill, in 

life, delicate light flesh-color, or pinkish white. J/ale: Wing 

3.00-3.25 (3.09), tail 2.68-2.90 (2.82), culmen .46—.51 (.49), tar- 

sus .80-.86 (.83). Female: Wing 2.87-3.10 (2.95), tail 2.60-2.98 

(2.74), culmen .47.-.50 (.49), tarsus .80-.85 (.83). Eggs .76 x 

.58, colored like those of Spizella pusilla. Hab. Northern North 

America, breeding from northern Maine to Alaska (except Pa- 

cific coast district, or south and east of the peninsula) ; in win- 

ter, whole of eastern United States, and sparingly westward to 

Pacific coast... 567. J. hyemalis (Lrnn.). Slate-colored Junco. 

d?, Plumage much as in J. aiken’, but softer and more decidedly plum- 

beous, the wing-bands always (?) obsolete; bill, in life, livid or 

purplish horn-color. Male: Wing 3.03-3.25 (3.17), tail 2.81-3.07 

(2.97), culmen .50-.51 (.51), tarsus .88-.90 (.89). Female: Wing 


JUNCO. 423 


2.98-3.10 (3.04), tail 2.80-2.86 (2.78), culmen .50-.51 (.50), tar- 
sus .89. Hab. Higher portions of southern Alleghanies. 
567e. J. hyemalis carolinensis Brewsr. - Carolina Junco. 
6’. Back rusty brown or rufous, decidedly different from color of chest. 
c’. Greater wing-coverts and tertials with outer webs chiefly or entirely 
gray, like rest of wing. 

a’. Bill light flesh-color or purplish white, and iris dark brown, 
or claret-color, as in J. hyemalis; head, neck, chest, sides, 
and upper parts except back, ash-gray, the belly rather ab- 
ruptly white, and the back rusty or rufous; length about 6.00- 
6.50. Male: Wing 3.18-3.42 (8.28), tail 2.93-3.27 (2.99), culmen 
.50-.52 (.51), tarsus .80-.87 (.82). Female: Wing 2.95-3.26 (3.08), 
tail 2.85-3.07 (2.96), culmen .50-.52 (.51), tarsus .77-.85 (.81). 
Eggs 80% .59, white, dull pinkish white, or greenish white, 
speckled (usually very minutely), chiefly on larger end, with 
reddish brown. Hab. Rocky Mountain district, breeding from 
Fort Bridger southward. 

(63.) 569. J. caniceps (Woopu.). Gray-headed Junco. 

@’. Bill with upper mandible blackish, lower yellowish; iris brown; 
plumage as in J. caniceps, but paler beneath, the much paler 
ash of chest and sides fading gradually into white of belly; 
length about 6.25-6.60. Male: Wing 3.05-3.40 (3.25), tail 2.97- 
3.22 (3.11), culmen .49-.53 (.51), tarsus .77-.82 (.80). Female: 
Wing 3.10-3.20 (3.13), tail 2.93-3.10 (3.01), culmen .49-.52 (.50), 
tarsus .77—.81 (.79). Eggs .77 x .60, plain greenish white, some- 
times with very minute reddish brown sprinkling or “ dusting” 
in ring round larger end. Hab. Southern Rocky Mountains 
(New Mexico and eastern Arizona). 

570a. J. pheeonotus dorsalis (Henry). Red-backed Junco. 
c. Greater wing-coverts and tertials with outer webs chiefly rusty or rufous. 
(Upper mandible blackish, lower yellowish, as in J. cinereus dorsalis ; 

iris yellow.) 

@. Outer tail-feather with more than half of the inner web white; 
rump gray (rarely tinged with olive); back bright rusty or 
rufous. 

e.. Rump and top of head slate-gray, the former sometimes tinged 
with olive; lower parts entirely dull whitish, shaded, 
more or less, with pale grayish anteriorly; wing 2.77-3.20 
(3.00), tail 2.75-3.12 (2.94), culmen .51-.53 (.52), tarsus .83- 


.90 (.87). Hab. Highlands of Mexico. 
J. pheonotus WaaLt. Mexican Junco.! 


e?, Rump and top of head clear ash-gray, the former without 
olive tinge; lower parts usually decidedly ashy anteriorly 


1 Junco pheonotus WaGt., Isis, 1831, 526. 


424 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


and liven: ally ; length about 6.25-6.50. Male: Wing 2.95- 
3.30 (3.28), taal 2.88-3.33 (3.18), culmen .50-.53 (.51), tarsus 
.83- 90 (.86). Hemale: Wing 2.95-3.20 (3.04), tail 2.82- 
3.18 (3.02), culmen .50-.53 (.51), tarsus .78-.87 (.84). Eggs 
78 X .60, plain greenish white. Hab. Southern Arizona 
and adjacent parts of Mexico. 

570. J. pheeonotus palliatus Ripew. Arizona Junco. 


d@’. Outer tail-feather with rather less than half of inner web white; 


rump and back olivaceous, the latter tinged with rusty. 

Lower parts dull ash-gray inclining to whitish on belly; top 
of head dusky gray or slate-color; wing 3.02-3.13 (3.08), 
tail 2.98-3.07 (3.01), culmen .61- 62 (.61), tarsus .95-.98 
(.97). Hab. Highlands of Guatemala. 


J. alticola SALy. Gastemulan Junco.! 


a’, Sides distinctly light pinkish brown (vinaceous), or ochraceous, very different 


(64.) 


(65.) 


from color of chest. 
b'. Sides pinkish or vinaceous; bill, in life, pinkish, tipped with dusky, and iris 
dark brown, or claret-color (as in J. hyemalis and allies). 
c’. Wing nearly or quite seven times as long as culmen. 
ad’. Adult male with head, neck, and chest black, or very dark slaty ; 


back and scapulars umber-brown ; length 6.25-6.75, wing 2.90- 
3.30 (3.09), tail 2.65-3.17 (2.85), culmen .45-.51 (.50), tarsus .77- 
.82 (.80), middle toe .54-.58 (.57). Adult female with head, ete., 
dull slate-gray, washed with brown on crown and hind-neck; 
otherwise much like male, but colors duller; length 5.65-6.75, 
wing 2.80-3.12 (2.91), tail 2.51-2.97 (2.76), culmen .48-.52 (.50), 
tarsus .78-.84 (.80), middle toe 53-58 (.56). Eggs .75 x .58, 
similar in color to those of J. hyemalis. Hab. Western North 
America, breeding along Pacific coast, from California to Sitka. 

567a. J. hyemalis oregonus (Towns.). Oregon Junco. 


d@. Adult male and female (sexes essentially alike) with head, neck, and 


chest clear plumbeous, the lores blackish, in strong contrast; 
back and scapulars hair-brown. JMale: Wing 3.15-3.40 (3.26), 
tail 2.92-3.33 (3.07), culmen .48-.52 (.50), tarsus .80-.88 (.82), 
middle toe .53-.57 (.55). Female: Wing 2.95-3.28 (3.11), tail 
2.70-3.12 (2.94), culmen .49-.50 (.50), tarsus .75-.83 (.80), mid- 
dle toe .52-.58 (.55). Eggs 4-5, .81 x .60, whitish, spotted with 
light reddish brown and lilac-gray, usually in ring or wreath 
round larger end. Hab. Rocky Mountain district, breeding 
from Fort Bridger northward. 

568. J. annectens (Barirp). Pink-sided Junco. 


ce’, Wing less than five times as long as culmen. 
Adult (sexes alike): Above dull slaty, decidedly, but not abruptly, 


1 Junco alticola Satvin, P. Z. 8. 1863, 189. 


AMPHISPIZA. 425 


a 


browner on the back ; head, neck, and chest slate-grayish, paler 

on throat and chest, darker on crown; lores black. Male: 

Wing 2.70-2.85 (2.75), tail 2.50-2.60 (2.56), culmen .55-.58 (.58), 

tarsus .80-.85 (.84), middle toe .55-.60 (.56). Female: Wing 
2.50-2.65 (2.57), tail 2.30-2.45 (2.40), tarsus .80-.85 (.81), middle 

toe .55-.60 (.56). Eggs .80 x .59, dull white, speckled, chiefly 

round larger end, with reddish brown. Hab. Guadalupe Island, 

Lower California... 572. J. insularis Ripaw. Guadalupe Junco. 

b. Sides ochraceous, or cinnamon-buff. Adult (sexes alike): Entire back, scapu- 
lars, and wing-coverts nearly uniform cinnamon-brown (duller in female) ; 
sides and top of head and neck, with hind-neck, ash-gray, the latter 
tinged with brown; chin, throat, and chest grayish white, the latter 
sometimes tinged with fulvous; upper mandible black, lower bright 
yellow (in life); iris bright yellow; wing 2.60-2.80, tail 2.60-2.80, cul- 
men .45-.50, tarsus .80, middle toe .55. Hab. Mountains of southern 
Mower CaliOrnia......sssseseeesace 571. J. bairdi Betpine. Baird’s Junco. 


Gzenus AMPHISPIZA Couzs. (Page 385, pl. CIX., figs. 6, 7.) 


Species. 


a}, A continuous white superciliary stripe. (Above plain grayish brown, the back 
very indistinctly streaked with darker in young only.) 

Adult (sexes alike): Lores, chin, throat, and chest uniform black; a malar 
stripe (reaching not quite to bill), sides of chest, and belly, white; sides 
grayish, becoming browner on flanks. Young: No distinct black mark- 
ings on head or neck; chin and throat white, often more or less clouded 
or flecked with grayish, the chest more distinctly marked with the 
same; wing-coverts and tertials light brown. Length 5.00-5.75, wing 
about 2.60-2.75, tail 2.65-2.90. Nest in bushes (“sage” bushes, and 
other desert shrubs), composed of fine thin shreds of bark, ete. Eggs 
.71 < .54, plain greenish or bluish white. Hab. Southwestern United 
States (from Texas to Lower California) and contiguous parts of 
Mexico, north, in the interior, to Nevada, Utah, and western Colorado. 

573. A. bilineata (Cass.). Black-throated Sparrow. 
a’, A white supraloral spot, but no superciliary stripe. 
b. No streaks on sides ; wing with two white bands or else sides deep slate-gray. 
cl. Lesser wing-coverts grayish or blackish. 

d'. Rump cinnamon-rufous ; lesser wing-coverts blackish. Adult: Up- 
per part of throat black, the point of the chin white; fore-neck 
and lower part of throat uniform ash-gray; top of head gray- 
ish, streaked with black; a broad white malar stripe; lores 
and beneath eyes black; sides and under tail-coverts light 
ochraceous-cinnamon; belly white; back brownish, broadly 

54 


426 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


streaked with black; wing about 2.80, tail 3.20-3.40. Hab. 
Southern Mexico (Vera Cruz, Puebla, ete.). 
A. mystacalis (HARTL.). Hartlaub’s Sparrow.! 
d*, Rump slate-gray; lesser wing-coverts slate-gray. Adult: Sides 
of chin and throat and spot on chest black, enclosing a white 
stripe; top of head, lores, cheeks, and ear-coverts dull brownish 
slate; sides and flanks slate-gray, middle of breast and belly 
white; under tail-coverts plumbeous, tipped with white; wing 
2.75, tail 2.70, culmen .48, tarsus .80, middle toe .58. Hab. 
Mexico. 
A. quinquestriata (Sct. & Satyv.) Five-striped Sparrow.? 

c. Lesser wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous. 

Rump and sides brownish. Adult: Malar stripe, supraloral spot, 
and broad patch on chin and throat, white; sides of chin and 
throat, and very broad collar across chest (widest laterally), 
black; wing 2.50-2.70, tail 3.00-3.30, culmen .50, tarsus .85, 
middle toe .60. Hab. Southern Mexico (Puebla). 

A. humeralis (CaB.). Ferrari-Perez’s Sparrow. 

b?, Sides streaked with grayish or dusky ; wing without white bands. (Adult: 

Supraloral spot, orbital ring, broad malar stripe, chin, throat, and lower 

parts generally, white; more or less distinct stripe, or series of streaks, 

along each side of throat, and spot on middle of chest, dusky or gray- 

ish; sides and flanks pale brownish, or tinged with brownish, and 

streaked with darker. Young: Upper parts light grayish brown, 

streaked with dusky; chest distinctly streaked with dark grayish; 

wing-coverts tipped with dull buffy whitish, or pale buff, producing two 
tolerably distinct bands; otherwise, much like adult.) 

c. Above dark hair-brown (grayer on head and neck), the back usually 
without distinct streaks; sides of throat marked with a broad, con- 
tinuous stripe of blackish; sides and flanks light brown; length 
about 5.50-5.75. Male: Wing 2.51-2.80 (2.64), tail 2.60-2.95 (2.77). 
Female: Wing 2.40-2.55 (2.50), tail 2.55-2.90 (2.77). Hab. Cali- 
LOUMIA Pa cucdanccsmeasseesecseennas 574. A. belli (Cass.). Bell’s Sparrow. 

c?, Above light grayish brown, tinged with ash-gray, the back usually 
very distinctly streaked with dusky ; sides of throat marked with 
a series of narrow dusky grayish streaks, but no continuous stripe ; 
sides and flanks very faintly tinged with light brown; length 6.00— 
7.00. Male: Wing 2.95-3.20 (3.09), tail 2.75-3.20 (2.96). Female: 
Wing 2.90-3.10 (2.97), tail 2.75-3.07 (2.92). Nest on ground, beneath 


1 Zonotrichia mystacalis Hartu., Rev. Zool. Jan. 1852, 3. 

2 Zonotrichia quinquestriata Sct. & SAty., P. Z.S. 1868, 323. Amphispiza quinquestriata Ripew., Ibis, 
Oct. 1883, 400. 

3 Hxemophila humeralis Cas., Mus. Hein. i. 1850, 132. Amphispiza ferrariperezt Ripew., Auk, iii. July, 
1886, 332. 


PEUCZA. 427 


“sage” bush, composed of fine thin shreds of “sage-brush” bark, 
dried grass-stems, etc. Eggs 3-4, .77 x .55, greenish white or dull 
grayish white, speckled, chiefly on larger end, with reddish brown, 
mixed with a few darker markings. Hab. Artemisia plains of 
western United States, north to southern Idaho, Montana, and 
plains of the Columbia, east to Colorado and New Mexico, south to 
northern Mexico and interior of southern California (San Bernar- 
dino County, etc.). 

(66.) 574a. A. belli nevadensis Ripaw. Sage Sparrow. 


Genus PEUCZEA Aupvuzon. (Page 386, pl. CX., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Adults: Upper parts more or less streaked with rusty 
and grayish; top of head streaked with brown, or rusty, and grayish, or else plain 
rusty ; no distinct light bands on wing; lower parts plain light dull grayish or 
dull buffy, the belly white or whitish. Young: Above more tawny or buffy, and 
more distinctly streaked, than in adult; lower parts whitish or yellowish buff, the 
chest, etc., streaked with dusky. Vest on or near ground. Eggs 3-5, plain white 
or bluish white. 


a’, Tarsus not more than .85. 
b. Lesser wing-coverts brown or rusty centrally, margined with paler. 
ce. Edge of wing more or less distinctly tinged with yellow. 
d@. Middle tail-feathers without indications of distinct bars; flanks 
without distinct streaks. 
el. Whole belly and lower part of breast dull white, the sides, 
flanks, and chest pale grayish buff (deepest on chest). 

fi. Darker, the streaks on upper parts chestnut, the back 
always (?) streaked with black ; length 5.60-6.25, wing 
2.20-2.50 (2.35), tail 2.38-2.70 (2.57), culmen .50-.52 
(.51), depth of bill at base .26-.28 (.27), tarsus .76-.80 
(.79). Eggs .73 X .60, plain pure white. Had. Florida 

and lower Georgia. 
575. P. estivalis Licut. Pine-woods Sparrow. 
f?. Lighter, with streaks on upper parts bright rusty, the 
back often (usually ?) without black streaks; length 
5.30-6.25, wing 2.35-2.60 (2.47), tail 2.55-2.70 (2.61), 
culmen 52-.60 (.56), depth of bill .27—.29 (.28), tarsus 
.75-.83 (.78). Hab. Southern Atlantic and Gulf States 
and lower Mississippi Valley, north to North Carolina, 
eastern Tennessee, Kentucky, southern Illinois and 


428 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Indiana (to at least 40°), west to middle northern 

MOKAS: sSaddrieasine 575a. P. zstivalis bachmani (Avp.). 

Bachman’s Sparrow. 

e?, Entire lower parts pale dull grayish buff, paler on throat, the 
middle of the belly sometimes nearly white. 

fi. Larger and lighter colored. Adult: Above dull light 

grayish brown, more or less mixed with rusty, the 
back, and sometimes top of head, streaked with black. 
Young: Above dull light grayish buff, everywhere 
broadly streaked with dusky; lower parts pale dingy 
buff, the throat, chest, and sides of breast streaked 
with dusky; greater wing-coverts broadly edged with 
light tawny. Length about 6.00-6.50, wing 2.45'-2.75 
(2.55), tail 2.50'-2.90 (2.70), culmen .51-.55 (.53), depth 
of bill at base .25-.28 (.26), tarsus .60-.65 (.62). Hggs 
.72 < .58, plain pure white. Hab. Northern, central, 
and western Mexico, south to Guanajuato and Colima, 

north to southern Arizona and Rio Grande Valley. 
576. + 577. P. mexicana (Lawp.). 
Mexican Sparrow.’ 
f?. Smaller and darker colored ; upper parts heavily streaked 
with blackish on a grayish and rusty ground ; wing 
2.50-2.55, tail 2.60-2.65. Hab. Southeastern Mexico 

(Vera Cruz, etc.). 
P. botterii Sct. Botteri’s Sparrow.’ 
ad. Middle tail-feathers with decided indications of transverse bars, 
projected from a dark brown median stripe; flanks broadly 
streaked with dark brownish. 

Adult: Above grayish, spotted with clear umber-brown and 
dusky, the upper tail-coverts with subterminal transverse, 
more or less crescentic, spots of dusky ; beneath dull gray- 
ish white, faintly tinged with brownish on chest and sides ; 
length 6.00-6.75, wing 2.50-2.70, tail 2.65-2.90, culmen .50- 
53, tarsus .77-.82. Eggs .73 x .56, plain pure white. Hab. 
Southwestern border of United States (Texas to Arizona) 
and northern Mexico; north, in summer, to middle Kansas. 

578. P. cassini (Woopu.). Cassin’s Sparrow. 

c. Edge of wing dull white or grayish. (Adult: Crown chiefly ferru- 
ginous, often quite uniform ; upper parts erayish or grayish brown, 

ine back and scapulars Broads streaked with rusty or brown; 


1 The minimum measurements of wing and tail, as given above, are very unsatisfactory, the specimens from 
which they were taken having the quills and tail-feathers much worn. The true average, therefore, should be 
considerably higher—at least 2.60 for the wing and 2.75 for the tail. 

2 Includes also P. arizone Ripew., which proves to be not separable. 

3 Zonotrichia botterti Sct., P. Z.S. 1857, 214. Peucwa botterii Scu., Cat. Am. B. 1862, 116. 


PEUCZA. 429 


~ lower parts light grayish brown, or dull grayish buff, paler on 
throat and belly; a distinct broad black streak on each side of 
throat, bordered above by a maxillary stripe the same color as 
throat ; a rusty postocular streak. Young: Upper parts, including 
top of head, dull brownish, streaked with darker; lower parts 
dingy pale grayish buff, the chest and sides streaked with dusky ; 
otherwise, much like adult.) 

d'. Feathers of back largely rusty or chestnut centrally ; prevailing 

color of upper parts dull brownish. 
ée. Smaller: Length about 5.50-5.75, wing 2.20-2.40 (2.32), tail 
2.50-2.70 (2.58), culmen .48-.50 (.49), depth of bill at base 
.20-.22 (.21), tarsus .75-.80 (.79). Eggs .78 x .60, plain 
bluish white. Hab. California. 
580. P. ruficeps (Cass.). Rufous-crowned Sparrow. 
e. Larger: Length 6.10-6.60, wing 2.50-2.80 (2.60), tail 2.75-3.00 
(2.89), culmen .50.-58 (.52), depth of bill at base .25-.27 
(.26), tarsus .78-.90 (.81). (Colors rather less bright than 
in P. ruficeps, with the rusty less bright and the lower 
parts rather less fulvous, but the difference very slight 
and not entirely constant.) Nest on ground, in or by 
tufts of grass. Hyggs 3-4, .83 xX .60, plain white. Hab. 
Table-lands of Mexico, from Oaxaca north to Lower 
California, southern Arizona and New Mexico, and west- 
ern Texas. 
580a. P. ruficeps boucardi (Sct.). Boucard’s Sparrow. 
ad’. Feathers of back dull brownish (not rusty) centrally, with black- 
ish shaft-streaks; prevailing color of upper parts ashy, es- 
pecially on back and scapulars; measurements essentially as 
in P. boucardi. Hab. Kastern Mexico (highlands of Vera Cruz, 
etc.), north to central Texas. 
580). P. ruficeps eremceca Brown. Rock Sparrow. 
6”. Lesser wing-coverts uniform bright cinnamon-rufous (except in first 
plumage). 

Adult: Top of head streaked broadly with dark rufous or rusty 
(sometimes nearly uniform rufous) and narrowly with grayish, the 
latter also forming a more or less distinct median line; a broad 
superciliary stripe and sides of head generally light grayish ; upper 
parts brownish gray or light grayish brown, the back and scapulars 
streaked with blackish; lower parts grayish white; a blackish 
streak along each side of throat, another from corner of mouth, and 
a rusty postocular streak. Young: Upper parts, including whole 
top of head, light brown, broadly streaked with blackish; lesser 
wing-coverts dusky centrally, margined with pale brownish buff ; 
lower parts whitish, the chest and sides broadly streaked with 
dusky. Length 5.70-5.90, wing 2.40-2.55, tail 2.80-3.00, tarsus 


430 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


about .75. Eggs .75 x .54, plain bluish white. Hab. Southern Ari- 
WOM Wee haukie eeseeeeee 579. P. carpalis Cours. Rufous-winged Sparrow. 
a. Tarsus .90, or more. 

Adult: Above brownish gray, the back and scapulars distinctly streaked 
with blackish; top of head umber-brown, streaked with black, and 
divided medially by a stripe of ash-gray ; eyelids conspicuously whitish, 
but this surrounded by dusky; malar stripe, chin, throat, and belly 
white; chest pale brownish gray, changing to a more buffy tint along 
sides; a blackish streak along each side of throat; wing 2.70-2.75, tail 
3.00-3.20, exposed culmen .47-.50, depth of bill at base .27-—.30, tarsus 
.90-.95. Hab. Southern Mexico (Oaxaca). 


P. notosticta Sct. & SALY. Oaxaca Sparrow.! 


Genus MELOSPIZA Bairp. (Page 386, pl. CX., figs. 2, 4.) 
Species. 


Common CHaracters.—Above grayish, brownish, olive, or rusty, more or less 
distinctly streaked, especially on the back, with darker; top of head brownish, 
streaked with darker, and divided medially by a more or less distinct grayish 
stripe, or else chestnut, becoming black on forehead ; wings and tail brownish (usu- 
ally more or less rusty), the former without distinct light bands; ear-coverts and 
superciliary stripe grayish, separated by a brownish or dusky postocular streak ; 
a whitish, light grayish, or buffy malar stripe, bordered below by a more or less 
distinct brown or dusky streak along side of throat; lower parts mainly whitish, 
the chest and sides usually streaked with rusty, brown, or dusky. Young similar to 
adults, but markings less sharply defined and colors more blended. Nest in low 
bushes or on ground. Eggs light greenish or dull bluish white, more or less spotted 
with brown. 


a. First quill not longer than seventh; malar stripe white or light grayish; chest 
not distinctly buffy. 
bt. Adult with chest white, very distinctly streaked or spotted with brown, 
rusty, or blackish ; top of head brown, divided by a more or less distinct 
median stripe of grayish, and without black on forehead or occiput ; 
postocular streak brown like crown. ygs dull whitish, pale bluish 
green, dilute brownish, etc., blotched, spotted, speckled, or sprinkled 
with brown. 
co. Wing less than 3.10, culmen less than .64, 

d. Markings of plumage very distinct, more or less sharply con- 
trasted with the ground-color, the latter grayish, olive, or 
grayish brown on upper parts. 

e'. Streaks on back more or less decidedly blackish, those on chest 
brownish (not rufous or decidedly rusty) or blackish. 


1 Peucea notosticta Scu. & Sauv., P. Z. S. 1868, 322, 


(67.) 


MELOSPIZA. 431 


f1, Lighter colored, with ground-color of upper parts more 


or less distinctly grayish ; the streaks on chest brown- 
ish (rarely blackish). 

g. With shorter wing and tail, stouter bill, general tone 
of plumage more brown, and streaks both above 
and below broader; length 6.00-6.75, wing 2.45- 
2.80 (2.60), tail 2.58-3.02 (2.75), culmen 50-54 
(.52), depth of bill .27-.30 (.29), tarsus .81-.90 (.85). 
Eggs .79 X 59. Hab. Eastern United States and 
British Provinces, west to base of Rocky Moun- 
tains; breeding chiefly north of 40°, except east 
of Alleghanies. 

581. M. fasciata (GMeEL.). Song Sparrow. 

g?. With longer wing and tail, smaller and more slender 
bill, general tone of plumage more gray, and 
streaks, both above and below, narrower ; length 
6.25-7.00, wing 2.52-3.05 (2.74), tail 2.58-3.05 
(2.91), culmen .49-.51 (.50), depth of bill .26-.28 
(.27), tarsus .86-.93 (.90). Eggs .79 x 58. Hab. 
Rocky Mountain district, west to Nevada, eastern 
Oregon, and eastern Washington Territory. 

581b. M. fasciata montana (HeEnsu#.). 
Mountain Song Sparrow. 


f?. Darker, with ground-color of upper parts decidedly brown 


or olive, the dark streaks, both above and below, 
heavier and blacker. 

g. Thighs rather light grayish brown, or hair-brown ; 
spots on chest smaller and narrower, always 
distinct from one another. 

h'. Larger, with stouter bill; length 6.25-6.50, wing 
2.45-2.80 (2.62), tail 2.68-3.14 (2.88), culmen 
50-59 (.53), depth of bill .26-.31 (.28), tar- 
sus .84-.94 (.90). Hygs .86 x .64. Hab. In- 
terior districts of California, including eastern 
side of Sierra Nevada. 

58lc. M. fasciata heermanni (Barrp). 
Heermann’s Song Sparrow. 

#2. Smaller, with slenderer bill; length 4.70-5.75, 
wing 2.15-2.50 (2.35), tail 2.00-2.68 (2.44), 
culmen .50-.55'(.52), depth of bill .24-.28 (.26), 
tarsus .81-.89 (.86). Eggs .74 x .58. Hab. 
Coast of California. 581d. M. fasciata sam- 

uelis (Barrp). Samuels’s Song Sparrow. 

g. Thighs deep tawny- or umber-brown ; spots on chest 
larger and broader, often united into a large patch. 


432 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Darker and richer colored throughout than in 
either M. heermanni or M. samuelis, the gen- 
eral size much as in former, but bill much 
more slender and tarsi longer; wing 2.50- 
2.80 (2.62), tail 2.50-2.70 (2.60), culmen .52- 
55 (.54), depth of bill .22-.27 (.25), tarsus .90- 
95 (.93). Hab. Southern Mexico (Puebla, 
Valley of Mexico, ete.). 

M. fasciata mexicana RipGw. Mexican Song 
Sparrow.! 
e?. Streaks on back rusty, usually without blackish shaft-line; 
streaks on chest clear rusty or rufous; length 6.10-6.50, 
wing 2.40-2.73 (2.59), tail 2.65-3.05 (2.83), culmen .49-.52 
(.51), depth of bill .27-.29 (.28), tarsus .81-.90 (.86). Hab. 
Arizona (in lower districts). 
(68.) 58la. M. fasciata fallax (Barrp). Desert Song Sparrow. 
d’, Markings of plumage more or less obscured by the prevalent dull 
rusty or sooty coloring. 
é. Smaller, with general tone of coloration more rusty ; length 
about 6.00-7.00, wing 2.43-2.83 (2.63), tail 2.40-2.98 (2.73), 
culmen .53-.58 (.55), depth of bill .26-.30 (.28), tarsus .87- 
92 (.90). Eggs 82 xX .59. Hab. Pacific coast district, 
breeding from western Oregon (and northern California ?) 
north to British Columbia (Vancouver Island, ete.). 
58le. M. fasciata guttata (Nurr.). Rusty Song Sparrow. 
e. Larger, with general tone of coloration more sooty ; length 
about 6.50-7.50, wing 2.62-3.05 (2.87), tail 2.65-3.18 (2.89), 
culmen .56-.61 (.58), depth of bill .25-.28 (.27), tarsus .95- 
1.05 (1.00). Hab. Coast of southern Alaska (and northern 
British Columbia ?). 
5817. M. fasciata rufina(Branpr). Sooty Song Sparrow. 
ce. Wing more than 3.10, culmen .64, or more. 
Plumage much as in MW. rufina, but decidedly grayer ; length about 
7.50-8.75, wing 3.20-3.50 (3.36), tail 3.08-3.60 (3.44), culmen .64— 
.72 (.69), depth of bill .80-.32 (.31), tarsus 1.05-1.15 (1.11). Eggs 
89 x .65. Hab. Aleutian Islands, and east to Fort Kenai, Alaska. 
(69.) 582. M. cinerea (GmEL.). Aleutian Song Sparrow. 
b. Adult with chest grayish (tinged with brown in winter), very indistinctly 
or not at all streaked or otherwise marked ; top of head plain chestnut, 
becoming black on forehead and sides of occiput, or else very broadly 
streaked with black and divided by a more or less distinct median line 
of light ashy or dull buffy ; postocular streak dusky. 
Adult : Sides of head and neck, together with chest, ashy, tinged with 


1 Melospiza melodia, var. mexicana Rivew., in Hist. N. A. B. ii. 1874, 18. 


PASSERELLA. 433 


brown in winter and more or less stained with yellowish in imma- 

ture birds. Young: Above heavily streaked with blackish, the an- 

terior and lateral lower parts also distinctly streaked. Length 5.25- 

6.00, wing about 2.30-2.50, tail 2.40-2.70. Eggs .76 x .56, pale bluish 

green or greenish white, coarsely spotted or blotched with brown 

(rarely speckled). Hab. Eastern North America, breeding from 

northern United States north to Newfoundland, Labrador, and Fort 
Simpson; west to edge of Great Plains, casually to Utah. 

584. M. georgiana (Laru.). Swamp Sparrow. 

a, First quill longer than sixth ; malar stripe and broad band across chest buff, the 

latter narrowly streaked with black. 

Adult: Top of head hazel-brown sharply streaked with black and di- 
vided by a median grayish line; back olive-grayish or brown, sharply 
streaked with black. Young: Not essentially different from adult, but 
colors more suffused and with streaks less sharply defined. Length 
5.25-6.00, wing 2.30-2.65, tail 2.30-3.00. Eggs .77 x .57, dull whitish, 
greenish white, or (usually) brownish white or pale brownish, marked 
like those of MW. georgiana. Hab. Whole of North America, breeding 
from northern border of United States northward, and south along 

(70.) higher mountain ranges... 583. M. lincolni (Aup.). Lincoln’s Sparrow. 


Genus PASSERELLA Swarnson. (Page 384, pl. CX., figs. 3, 5.) 


Species. 


Common CuHaAraActTERS.—Above brownish gray, brownish, or rusty, the upper 
tail-coverts, tail, and wings usually much more rufescent than other portions; the 
back (sometimes top of head also) sometimes streaked with rusty; lower parts 
white, more or less thickly marked with triangular spots of brown, rusty, or dusky, 
especially on chest (where these spots are sometimes united into a more or less 
conspicuous patch, as also on sides of throat), the sides and flanks striped or broadly 
streaked with the same color. Young not materially different from adults. Nest 
on ground, or near ground in bushes. Hgqs 3-5, pale bluish green, dull brownish 
white, or light brownish, speckled, spotted, or blotched with brown (sometimes 
nearly uniform chocolate-brown). 


a. Wing longer than tail; spots on chest larger, more blended. 

b.. Upper parts mixed deep rusty and brownish gray, in variable proportion ; 
if grayish predominating, the back (sometimes top of head also) streaked 
with rusty; wing-coverts usually narrowly tipped with whitish, pro- 
ducing two more or less distinct bars ; markings on lower parts chiefly 
(or entirely) deep rusty; length 6.20-7.50, wing 3.30-3.70 (3.50), tail 
2.80-3.15 (3.02), exposed culmen .43-.47 (.45), depth of bill .30-—.33 (.32), 
tarsus .97-1.04 (1.01), hind-claw .38-.43 (.39). Eggs .91 x .63, the deep 
brownish style very frequent. Hab. Northern North America, breeding 
from Gulf of St. Lawrence and Labrador to Alaska (everywhere north 

55 


434 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


of the peninsula); in winter, over whole of eastern United States to 
Gulf GOasir cesaqewencesescne cee. does 085. P. iliaca (Mrrr.). Fox Sparrow. 

b*, Upper parts plain grayish brown or brownish gray, with wings, upper tail- 
coverts, and tail rusty brownish, or else continuously deep vandyke- 
brown; wing-coverts without lighter tips, and back without trace of 
streaks ;} markings on lower parts vandyke-brown; length 7.00-7.50, 
wing 3.00-3.50 (3.24), tail 2.85-3.20 (3.03), exposed culmen .43-.50 (.46), 
depth of bill .29-.32 (.30), tarsus .99-1.02 (1.00), hind-claw .42—.50 (46). 
eggs .90 < .66, the brownish style comparatively rare (?). Hab. Pacific 
coast, breeding from southern Alaska (British Columbia?) to Unalashka ; 
south, in winter, to southern California. 

585a. P. iliaca unalaschcensis (GMEL.). Townsend’s Sparrow. 

a. Wing shorter than tail; spots on chest, etc., smaller, more scattered. (Upper 

parts plain brownish gray, becoming rusty brownish on wings, upper 
tail-coverts, and tail.) 

b. Larger, with longer tail and larger and much thicker bill; length 7.00-7.75, 
wing 3.10-3.45 (3.27), tail 3.30-3.80 (3.50), exposed culmen .43-.55 (.48), 
depth of bill 38-45 (.40), tarsus .90-1.00 (.96), hind-claw .40-.52 (.46). 
Eggs .86 X .64, colored like those of P. unalaschcensis. Hab. Mountains 
of California, including eastern slope of Sierra Nevada. 

585). P. iliaca megarhyncha (Bairp). Thick-billed Sparrow. 

6. Smaller, with smaller and slenderer bill; length 6.80-7.65, wing 3.05-3.35 
(3.20), tail 3.20-3.50 (3.34), exposed culmen .40-.49 (.43), depth of bill 
.29-.32 (.31), tarsus .90-.96 (.93), hind-claw .40-.50 (.45). Eggs .85 
.64, colored like those of P. unalaschcensis. Hab. Rocky Mountains, 
west across Great Basin (occasional in California during migrations) ; 
east, in winter, to Great Plains (Kansas, etc.). 

585c. P. iliaca schistacea (BarrpD). Slate-colored Sparrow. 


(71.) Genus ARREMONOPS Rineway, (Page 385, pl. CX., fig. 6.) 
Species. 


Adult: Above plain olive-green, the top of the head with two dull chestnut- 
brown (lateral) and one grayish or olive-greenish (median) stripes; sides of head 
grayish, with a brown streak behind eye; lower parts dull white, strongly tinged 
anteriorly and laterally with pale buffy grayish; edge of wing bright yellow. 


a. Upper mandible reddish brown; legs and feet pale brown; stripes on crown 
entirely chestnut-brown, not sharply defined. 

b', Bill slender, its depth at base not more than .25; the length of upper man- 

dible from nostril to tip .85-.38; flanks pale grayish buff, or light gray- 


1 Except in specimens approaching P. i/iaca ; such are sometimes almost undistinguishable as far as color 
is concerned from P, schistacea except by the brown or rusty streaks on back; the proportions, however, may 
apparently always be relied upon to distinguish them. 

2 See Appendix, page 605. 


PIPILO. 435 


ish fulvous; under tail-coverts pale buff; length 6.00-6.75, wing 2.60- 
2.75, tail 2.50-2.70, tarsus .90-.95. Mest in low bushes, composed of dried 
twigs, straws, etc., the top partially or completely domed. Eggs 244, 
.89 < .64, plain pure white. Hab. Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas, 
ANG *SOMEM WALGss.caccces scene 586. A. rufivirgata Lawr. Texas Sparrow. 
b%. Bill stouter, its depth at base .28-.33, length of upper mandible from nostril 
to tip .35-.40; flanks deep drab or raw umber-brown ; lower tail-coverts 
deep fulvous-buff; wing 2.55-2.75, tail 2.30-2.70, tarsus .85-.90. Hab. 
Southern Mexico. 
A. rufivirgata crassirostris BArrpD. Cordova Sparrow.! 
a’. Upper mandible dark brown or brownish black; legs and feet deep brown; 
crown-stripes sharply defined, black anteriorly, mixed chestnut and black 
posteriorly, the broad median stripe clear ash-gray throughout. 
Bill slender, and posterior lower parts pale, as in E. rufivirgata ; depth of 
bill at base .26-.28, length from nostril .35-.40, wing 2.50-2.68, tail 2.60- 
2.80, tarsus .85-.95. Hab. Yucatan (Merida). 


A. rufivirgata verticalis Ripaw. Striped-crowned Sparrow.’ 


Genus PIPILO Vinitior. (Page 384, pl. CXI., figs. 1, 3.) 


Species. 


(Nest on ground, in bushy places, in bushes, brambles, vines, or small trees. 
Eggs 3-5, more or less spotted.) 


a, Throat and chest black or brownish, in abrupt contrast with white of breast 
and belly; sides and flanks rufous or rusty. Hggs white, pinkish white, or 
dilute cinnamon or vinaceous, thickly speckled or sprinkled with reddish 
brown. 

b'. Wings and tail black or brownish, like chest, ete. 

cl. Wing-coverts and scapulars without white markings. (Adult male: 
Head, neck, chest, and upper parts uniform black ; basal portion 
of quills, and edge of outer web near middle, white, the two 
sometimes confluent; a large white patch at tip of inner webs 
of three or four outer tail-feathers. Adult female: Similar to 
male, but black everywhere replaced by umber-brown. Young: 
Wings and tail much as in adult; head, neck, back, and chest dull 
fulvous, streaked with blackish.) 

d@'. Larger, with larger white markings on quills and tail-feathers ; 
iris of adult male bright carmine-red; length 7.50-8.75, wing 
3.30-3.75 (3.50), tail 3.55-4.10 (3.84), white space on outer tail- 
feather 1.30-1.60 long. Eggs .94 X .71. Hab. Eastern United 


1 Embernagra rufivirgata, B. crassirostris Ripew., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, i. Dec. 17, 1878, 248, 249 (ex “ #, 
rufivirgata var. crassinostris BArrD, MS.”’). 
2 Embernagra rufivirgata, y. verticalis Ripew., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i. Dec. 17, 1878, 248, 249. 


436 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


States, west to Minnesota, eastern Dakota, Kansas, and Texas, 
south to Gulf coast. 
587. P. erythrophthalmus (Liny.). Towhee. 

@. Smaller, with smaller white markings on quills and tail-feathers ; 
iris of adult male usually yellowish or whitish ; length 7.00- 
8.25, wing 2.95-3.20 (3.10), tail 3.55-3.90 (3.71) ; white space on 
outer tail-feather only .66-.75 long. Eggs 1.01 x .69 (?). Hab. 
Orig s ajsaresvessees 587a. P. erythrophthalmus alleni Covuzs. 

White-eyed Towhee. 
@. Wing-coverts tipped with white, and scapulars more or less streaked 
with the same. 

d‘, Back more or less streaked with white (these streaks sometimes 
concealed or even obliterated in middle of back, but always 
distinct along sides of back, next to scapulars). 

e’. Streaks on back very conspicuous, and other white markings 
greatly developed, the white on wing-coverts forming two 
broad, continuous bars across wing, the white edgings to 
quills and tertials always distinct, and white terminal 
space on outer tail-feather more than 1.00 long; adult 
females with general color of head, neck, chest, and upper 
parts grayish brown or olive-brown. 

J’. Adult male with rump, upper tail-coverts, remiges, and 
edges of tail-feathers olive brownish (sometimes in- 
clining to smoky grayish), the back and scapulars 
mixed with the same color. 

Wing 3.25-3.75, tail 3.95-4.20, exposed culmen .52- 
.55, tarsus 1.10-1.12, middle toe .75-.80; white 
space on outer tail-feather 1.30-1.50, involving 
both webs. Hab. Southern and central Mexico 
and highlands of Guatemala. 

P. maculatus Swarns. Mexican Towhee.! 

f*?. Adult males with rump, upper tail-coverts, etc., black, or 
but slightly intermixed with grayish (rump sometimes 
uniform olive-grayish). 

g. Lighter colored, with white markings more exten- 
sive, and rufous of sides, etc., paler, more ochra- 
ceous ; white edgings to primaries sometimes de- 
veloped into a more or less conspicuous patch at 
base ; white on outer tail-feather occupying more 
than the exposed half (1.30-1.75 long). Adult 
female with head, neck, chest, rump, etc., broc- 
coli-brown. Young: Similar to corresponding 
stage of P. erythrophthalmus, but less tawny, and 


1 Pipilo maculatus Swatns., Phil. Mag. n. s. i, 1827, 434. 


PIPILO. 437 


with wing-coverts much more distinctly tipped 

with white or buffy. Length 8.00-8.75, wing 3.30- 

3.50 (3.43), tail 3.90-4.25 (4.07), exposed culmen 

A9-.54 (.52), tarsus 1.03-1.10 (1.08). Eggs .94 x 

.70. Hab. Great Plains, north to the Saskatche- 

wan, south (in winter only?) to Texas, east to 

Indian Territory, Kansas, Nebraska, etc., west to 

base of Rocky Mountains..... 588. P. maculatus 

arcticus Swans. Arctic Towhee. 

g’. Darker, with white markings more restricted, and 

rufous of sides, etc., deeper; white edgings of 

primaries never developed into a basal patch; 

white ‘space on outer tail-feather occupying not 

more (usually less) than terminal exposed half 

(1.10-1.35 long). Adult female with head, neck, 

chest, rump, ete., dusky grayish brown. Young 

hardly distinguishable from corresponding stage 

of P. arcticus. Length 8.50-8.90, wing 3.40-3.60 

(3.52), tail 4.00-4.40 (4.25), exposed culmen .50- 

59 (.53), tarsus 1.03-1.12 (1.09). Hogs .95 x .68. 

Hab. Rocky Mountains and west to interior of 

California, north to eastern Washington Territory, 

etc., south to northern Mexico and Lower Cali- 

fornia.. 588a. P. maculatus megalonyx (Bairp). 

Spurred Towhee. 

é. White streaks on back obsolete or concealed, except on outer- 

most interscapulars, and other white markings much re- 

stricted; white at tips of wing-coverts reduced to small 

roundish spots, that on edges of quills and tertials very in- 

conspicuous—sometimes quite obsolete—that on outer tail- 

feathers less than 1.00 in length; adult females with gen- 

eral color of head, neck, chest, and upper parts dark sooty 

brown or dusky sepia. (Rufous of sides, etc., also decidedly 

deeper. ) 

fi. Larger, the wing averaging more than 3.30, tail averaging 

more than 3.80; length 8.00-8.60, wing 3.25-3.45 (3.35), 

tail 3.60-4.10 (3.90), exposed culmen .52-.58 (.54), tar- 

sus 1.07-1.13 (1.10). Eggs .94 x .70. Hab. Pacific 

coast, from California to British Columbia.... 588. P. 

maculatus oregonus (Bett). Oregon Towhee. 

f?. Smaller, the wing averaging less than 3.10, tail averaging 

less than 3.60; length about 6.50-7.50, wing 2.90-3.25 

(3.06), tail 3.25-3.80 (3.56), tarsus 1.00-1.10 (1.06). 
Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 

589. P. consobrinus Ripaw. Guadalupe Towhee. 


438 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


ad, Back without white streaks. (Adult males with general color 
of upper parts dusky grayish brown, the outermost scapu- 
lars with outer webs partly white, and both rows of wing- 
coverts tipped with small white spots; only one or two outer 
tail-feathers with white terminal spots, these very small—less 
than .90 long.) 

el. Larger: Wing 3.30, tail 3.70, culmen .60, tarsus 1.15. Adult 
male: Head, neck, and chest brownish black, becoming 
dark grayish brown, indistinctly streaked with darker, on 
top of head and hind-neck; back and scapulars umber- 
brown, tinged with rusty, broadly, though rather indis- 
tinctly, streaked with dusky. Hab. Southern Mexico 
(Puebla). P. submaculatus Ripaw. Submaculated Towhee.! 
e?. Smaller: Wing 2.60-2.80 (2.74), tail 3.00-3.15 (38.07), exposed 
culmen .49-.53 (.50), tarsus .94-1.01 (.98). Adult male: 
Head, neck, chest, and upper parts dark sooty grayish 
brown. Adult female: Similar to the male, but browner. 
Hab. Socorro Island, western Mexico. 
P. carmani LAwr. Socorro Towhee.? 
b. Wings and tail olive-green. (Adult males with head, neck, and chest black, 
breast and belly white, and sides rufous, as in P. erythrophthalmus 
and allies; females unknown.) 
c'. Tail 4.50, or more; top of head without rufous spot, and throat with- 
out white patch. 

a’. Back and scapulars streaked with blackish and pale yellow, the 
outer webs of exterior scapulars almost wholly of this color; 
middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with pale yellow, form- 
ing two distinct bands across wing; three outer tail-feathers 
with terminal portion of inner web abruptly pale yellow or 
yellowish white, the spot on outermost feather about 1.10 
long; length about 8.75-9.00, wing 3.70-3.80, tail 4.60, culmen 
.70-.75, tarsus 1.15-1.25. Hab. Valley of Mexico. 

P. macronyx SwaIns. Swainson’s Towhee.® 

d@’. Back and scapulars plain olive-green; wing-coverts without dis- 
tinct yellowish tips, and whitish or light yellowish spots at 
tips of outer tail-feathers not sharply defined; length about 
8.00-8.50, tail 4.50, culmen .68, tarsus 1.15-1.25. Hab. South- 
ern Mexico (Oaxaca). 

P. chlorosoma Bairp. Green-backed Towhee.* 
ce’. Tail not more than 4.00; top of head with a rufous spot, and throat 
with a white patch. 


1 Pipilo submaculatus Rrpew., Auk, iii. July, 1886, 332. 

2 Pipilo carmani Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. x. 1871, 7. 

3 Pipilo macronyx SwAtns., Philos. Mag. n. s. i. 1827, 434. 
4 Pipilo chlorosoma Barrp, Hist. N. Am. B. ii, 1874, 105- 


PIPILO. 439 


Adult male: Similar to same sex of P. macronyx, but with shorter 
tail, rufous of sides, etc., paler and more ochraceous, and differ- 
ing in coloration of the head, as above ; wing 3.60, tail 3.90, cul- 
men .62, tarsus 1.15. Hab. Southern Mexico (Puebla). 

P. complexus Ripaw. Complex Towhee.! 
a’, Throat and chest neither black nor brown, abruptly contrasted with color of 
breast, which is never white; sides and flanks not rufous or rusty. 
b'. Wings and tail olive-green ; edge of wing, under wing-coverts, and axillars 
(72.) bright yellow; chest and sides plain ash-gray. (Oreospiza Ripew.) 
Adult (sexes alike): Crown and occiput uniform rufous; forehead and 
sides of head deep ash-gray, the former with a broad white streak 
along each side; a white malar streak, bordered below by a dusky 
line along each side of throat, passing posteriorly into ash of chest ; 
chin and throat, abruptly, white. Young: Above olive-grayish, 
streaked with dusky; lower parts dingy whitish, the chest, ete. 
streaked with dusky. Length 7.00-7.85, wing 3.00-3.30, tail 3.50- 
3.90. Eggs .84 x .65, whitish, speckled or sprinkled with reddish 
brown (averaging rather paler, with finer speckling, than egg of P. 
erythrophthalmus, ete.). Hab. Rocky Mountain district, north to 
eastern Oregon, Idaho, Montana, etc., west to Sierra Nevada, south 
into Mexico..... 590. P. chlorurus (Towns.). Green-tailed Towhee. 
6. Wings and tail grayish brown; edge of wing white or pale cinnamon-bufty, 
under wing-coverts and axillars pale cinnamon or brownish gray. Eggs 
white, greenish white, bluish white, or pale greenish blue, speckled or 
spotted, chiefly round larger end, with dark brown and black, often with 
short “ pen-lines” of the latter color. 
c’. Lores and chin whitish or buffy ; lower throat or chest, or both, flecked 
with dusky. 

a’. Throat white, crossed, at about the middle, by a band of ochra- 
ceous or buff, this occupying the posterior half, or more, of 
malar region. 

Above uniform grayish brown, the middle wing-coverts tipped, 
more or less distinctly, with white; chest, breast, and belly 
white, the first flecked with grayish, and along posterior 
border of white throat-patch spotted with dusky, some- 
times forming a nearly continuous dusky line; sides of 
breast and sides gray or brownish gray, flanks and under 
tail-coverts ochraceous ; length about 7.00, wing 3.25-3.30, 
tail 3.60-3.70. Hab. Southern Mexico (Oaxaca, Puebla, 


etc.). 
P. rutilus Licut. Sclater’s Towhee.? 


@. Throat (also chin and malar region) buffy, ochraceous, or tawny. 
e. Paler, with throat, etc., buffy, sides ashy, middle of belly dis- 


1 Pipilo complexus Ripew., Auk, iii. July, 1886, 332. 
? Pipilo rutilus Licut., Preis-Verz. 1830, No. 71. (P. albicollis Scu., P. Z. S. 1858, 304.) 


440 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


tinctly white, under tail-coverts ochraceous, and upper 
parts brownish gray. 
jf’. Top of head only slightly, if at all, browner or more ru- 
fescent than back; wing 3.40-4.00 (3.59), tail 3.60- 
4.25 (3.88), culmen .60-.65 (.63), tarsus .95-1.05 (.99). 
Hab. Mexico, north nearly to United States boundary ; 
southern New Mexico? 
P. fuscus Swains. Brown Towhee.! 
f?. Top of head conspicuously rufescent. 
gj’. Larger, with less abrupt contrast between grayish 
(or dull whitish) of chest and buffy of throat; 
chest and sides usually less distinctly or less 
deeply gray; hinder portion of belly and flanks 
ochraceous, like under tail-coverts. Young: Above 
dull grayish brown, very indistinctly streaked 
with darker, the middle and greater wing-cov- 
erts edged and tipped with pale fulvous; lower 
parts dull white, changing to light fulvous on 
under tail-coverts, ete., the whole chest, breast, 
sides, sides of throat, ete., streaked with dusky. 
Length 8.10-8.80, wing 3.50-3.90 (3.73), tail 
4.20-4.50 (4.34), exposed culmen .55-.63 (.60), 
tarsus 1.00-1.09 (1.03). Hggs .97 x .68, white, 
greenish white, or dull bluish white, speckled 
or spotted round larger end with black and 
rich madder-brown. Hab. New Mexico and Ari- 
zona......... 591. P. fuscus mesoleucus (BarrpD). 
Canon Towhee. 
g. Smaller, with more abrupt contrast between grayish 
of chest and buffy of throat (the latter often much 
palest posteriorly), chest and sides more distinctly 
or deeply gray; hinder portion of belly white, 
of flanks grayish; length about 7.90-8.25, wing 
3.40-3.70 (3.52), tail 3.85-4.25 (4.08), exposed cul- 
men .53-.59 (.56), tarsus .93-1.06 (1.01). Eggs .91 
< .65, greenish white or very pale greenish blue, 
speckled on or round larger end with black and 
dark brown, sometimes mixed with a few “pen- 
lines” of black. Hab. Lower California. 
591la. P. fuscus albigula (Barrp). 
Saint Lucas Towhee. 
e?. Darker, with throat, etc., cinnamon-ochraceous or tawny, sides 
grayish brown, middle of belly dull whitish or pale dull 


1 Pipilo fuscus SwAtns., Philos. Mag. n. s. i. 1827, 434, 


(78.) 


CARDINALIS. 44] 


buffy, under tail-coverts deep tawny, and upper parts 
deeper brownish gray, or grayish brown. 

Light or tawny cinnamon-ochraceous of throat usually 
spotted or flecked with dusky; top of head browner 
than back, but not rufescent. Young: Above similar 
to adult, but browner, the middle and greater wing- 
coverts edged and tipped with isabella-color ; beneath 
dull light buffy, changing to dull tawny buff posteriorly 
and on throat, and to dull grayish brown along sides, 
the entire fore-neck, chest, breast, etc., streaked with 
grayish dusky. Length 8.50-9.00, wing 3.70-4.00 
(3.87), tail 4.40-4.75 (4.53), exposed culmen .55-.62 
(.57), tarsus 1.10-1.16 (1.13). Eggs .99 x .61, colored 
like those of P. albigula. Hab. California. 

591). P. fuscus crissalis (Via.). Californian Towhee. 


c?. Lores and chin dusky; lower throat and chest plain light buffy cinna- 
mon, or fawn-color. 
Above plain grayish brown, becoming more decidedly brown on 


top of head; quills edged with grayish; lower parts nearly 
uniform light fawn-color, paler on belly and changing to cinna- 
mon-tawny on under tail-coverts; length 8.50-9.00, wing 3.40- 
3.90, tail 4.75-5.00. Eggs .99 X .70, pale greenish blue or 
bluish white, speckled and scratched on or round larger end 
with dark brown, sometimes mixed with madder-brown. Hab. 
New Mexico and Arizona, north into southern Utah and Colo- 
AG Orson ce desesnsinse cess 592. P. aberti Bairp. Abert’s Towhee. 


Genus CARDINALIS Bonaparte. (Page 382, pl. CXILI, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common CuHaAracters.—Adult males bright vermilion-red, darker on upper 
parts; feathers round base of bill black (restricted to chin in C. pheniceus). Adult 
females brownish above, pale tawny or buffy beneath, the crest, wings, and tail dull 


reddish. 


Young much like adult female, but colors duller, the bill blackish. Nest 


a rather frail structure of fine rootlets, strips of grape-vine bark, etc., in bushes, 
brambles, grape-vines, or low trees. Eggs 2-4, white, greenish white, or brownish 
white, spotted or speckled with various shades of brown and lilac-gray. 


a’. Culmen nearly straight to near tip, where gently curved ; upper mandible about 


as deep as the lower, its edge slightly lobed anterior to the slight angle, 
without grooves; color of bill bright vermilion-red in life; feathers all round 
base of bill black, the throat also black. Adult females with under wing- 
coverts pinkish red. 


b'. Feathers of crest soft, blended; male with crest brownish red or deep ver- 


56 


442 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


milion, back and rump deep brownish red; tail 3.85 or more (usually 

more than 4.00). 
cl. Adult male with black of lores distinctly connected across forehead. 

Adult male: Head, neck, and lower parts fine vermilion, the crest 

much duller (more like color of upper parts). Adult female 

with breast, etc., grayish buffy or light tawny; upper parts 

olive-grayish (wings and tail much as in the male); capis- 

trum (i.e., differently colored patch round base of bill, including 

upper part of throat) dull light grayish. Length 7.50-9.25, 

wing (male) 3.55-4.00 (3.70), tail 3.90-4.60 (4.20), culmen .72- 

.82 (.78), depth of bill through base .60-.67 (.62), tarsus .90-1.00 

(.97). Eggs .99 < .73. Hab. Eastern United States, north regu- 

larly to 40° (casually or irregularly nearly to northern border), 

west to edge of Great Plains, south to Gulf coast (Florida to 


(74.) southern Texas)........... 593. C. cardinalis (Linn.). Cardinal. 
e, Adult males with black of lores not connected across forehead; bill 
stouter. 


ad. Colors paler than in C. virginianus, the female with the capis- 
trum grayish white and very indistinct. 
é. Larger: Length (male) about 9.40-9.50, wing 4.00-4.15 (4.06), 
tail 4.60-5.10 (4.97), culmen .85-.90 (86), depth of bill at 
base .65-.70 (.68), tarsus 1.07-1.12 (1.08). Eggs 1.00 x .75. 
Hab. Western Mexico, south to Mazatlan, north to southern 
AViZONG).:.scasceseses 593a. C. cardinalis superbus Ripew. 
Arizona Cardinal. 
e. Smaller: Length (male) about 8.00-8.50, wing 3.60-3.80 
(3.70), tail 4.30-4.60 (4.46), culmen .75-.85 (.79), depth of 
bill at base .62-—.68 (.66), tarsus .95-1.05 (1.01). Eggs 1.00 
< .72. Hab. Lower California......... 593d. C. cardinalis 
igneus (Barirp). Saint Lucas Cardinal. 
@. Colors darker and richer than in C. cardinalis, the female with 
the capistrum dark grayish, or grayish black, very distinct. 
e. Larger: Wing (adult males) usually more than 3.60, tail 4.20, 
or more. 
Wing 3.50-3.85 (3.67), tail 4.20-4.50 (4.29), culmen .80- 
.90 (.87), depth of bill at base .60-.70 (.67), tarsus .95- 
1.05 (1.02). Hab. Eastern and central Mexico (morth 
to Mirador). 
C. cardinalis coccineus R1ip@w. Mexican Cardinal.! 
e, Smaller: Wing (adult males) less than 3.60, tail less than 
4,20. 
f'. Brighter colored, with smaller bill; female with breast, 
etc., bright ochraceous-tawny, back tawny olive, the 


1 Cardinalis virginianus var. coccineus Ripew., Am. Jour. Sci. & Arts, v. Jan. 1873, 39. 


PYRRHULOXIA. 443 


capistrum deep black; wing (adult males) 3.30-3.40 
(3.32), tail 3.85-4.10 (3.98), culmen .80-.85 (.81), depth 
of bill at base .62-.65 (.63), tarsus .95-1.00 (.97). Hab. 
Yucatan. 
C. cardinalis yucatanicus RipGw. Yucatan Cardinal.) 
f?. Darker colored, the adult female with breast, ete., dull 
tawny, back deep broccoli-brown, the capistrum 
blackish slate; wing (adult males) 3.55, tail 4.00, cul- 
men .80-.82, depth of bill at base .67-.70, tarsus 1.00. 
Hab. Island of Cozumel, Yucatan. 
C. cardinalis saturatus Rripaw. Cozumel Cardinal.? 
b?. Feathers of crest stiffish, more distinctly outlined (crest much as in C. phe- 
niceus); male with crest light scarlet-vermilion, back light brownish 
red, the rump decidedly lighter and purer red; tail not more than 
3.80 (?). (Female unknown.) 

Wing (adult males) 3.35-3.45, tail 3.80, culmen .70-.75, depth of bill at 
base .58 (the bill more depressed and with more curved culmen than 
in any of the races of C. cardinalis) ; tarsus .90. Hab. Southwestern 
Mexico (Colima, etc.). 

C. carneus (LEss.). Colima Cardinal.’ 

a. Culmen much arched; upper mandible not as deep as lower, grooved anterior 

to nostril, its edge not lobed, and the angle very abrupt; color of bill in life 

(and in dried skins also) whitish brown; feathers round base of bill red, ex- 

cept on chin and anterior border of malar region. Adult female with under 
wing-coverts buff. 

Adult male: General coloration much like that of C. carneus, but red of a 
rather lighter hue, the chief difference consisting in the much more re- 
stricted black capistrum and the totally different color (as well as shape) 
of the bill; wing 3.30-3.55, tail 3.30-3.90. Hab. Northern coast of 
South America (Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, etc.). 

C. pheeniceus GouLD. Venezuelan Cardinal.4 


Genus PYRRHULOXIA Bonaparte. (Page 382, pl. CXII., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Crest, feathers bordering base of bill all round, tail-feathers, and 
basal portions of quills and secondaries, dark brownish red, or burnt-carmine ; 
throat and median lower parts pure carmine-red, the lateral lower parts light 
grayish; rest of upper parts plain grayish; bill bright yellow or orange in sum- 
mer, more horn-colored in winter or young birds. Adult female: Upper parts as 
in the male, but red of crest, wings, and tail more restricted, as well as duller; lower 


1 New subspecies. 

2 Cardinalis saturatus Rinew., Descr. New Sp. B. Cozumel, Feb. 26, 1885, 4. 
3 Cardinalis carneus Less., Rev. Zool. 1843, 209. 

4 Cardinalis pheniceus Gouun, P. Z. S. 1837, 111. 


444 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


parts light brownish gray (without any red). Young: Like adult female, but bill 
more or less dusky. Length 7.50-8.75, wing 3.60-3.85, tail 4.35-4.80. Nest and 
eggs like those of Cardinalis, but the latter smaller, averaging .94 X .73. Hab. 
Northern Mexico and contiguous border of United States, from southern Texas to 
southern Arizona and Lower California.. 594. P. sinuata Bonar. Texan Cardinal. 
(75.) 


Genus HABIA ReicHensBacH. (Page 383, pl. CXI.,, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common CuHaracters.—Adult males with head, wings, and tail black ; two broad 
bands across wing, patch at base of quills, and terminal portion of inner webs of 
outer tail-feathers, white ; under wing-coverts rose-pink or gamboge-yellow. Adult 
females with wings and tail similar, but black duller and white markings more re- 
stricted; other black portions of male replaced by brownish, streaked with dusky ; 
under wing-coverts saffron-yellow or lemon-yellow ; breast streaked. Nest a very 
thin saucer-shaped structure, composed of wiry rootlets, etc., in bushes or low trees. 
Eggs 2-4, bluish green or greenish blue, speckled with clove-brown, vandyke-brown, 
or burnt-umber. 


a’. Under wing-coverts rose-red (male) or saffron-yellow (female). 

Adult male: Head, neck, back, wings, and tail uniform deep black, the 
wings and tail varied with white, as described above; breast (some- 
times throat also) and under wing-coverts pure rose-red; rest of lower 
parts, with rump, pure white. Adult female: Black of male replaced by 
dull brownish, streaked with dusky; breast brownish white, streaked 
with dusky ; under wing-coverts pale salmon-yellow or saffron-yellow. 
Young male, first autumn; Wings and tail as in adult male; head, neck, 
and back brown, streaked with black; throat and sides brownish white, 
or pale brownish, streaked with black; chest more or less extensively 
tinged with rose-red; under wing-coverts pale rose-red or rose-pink. 
Length 7.00-8.50, wing 3.90-4.15, tail 3.25-3.55. Eggs .95 x .67. Hab. 
Eastern North America, north to Canada, breeding from northern 
United States northward; south, in winter, through Cuba and Middle 
America to northern South America. 

595. H. ludoviciana (Linn.). Rose-breasted Grosbeak. 
a’, Under wing-coverts clear gamboge-yellow, or lemon-yellow. 

Adult male: Head black, the throat, and sometimes a postocular stripe 
(occasionally a stripe on middle of. crown also), light cinnamon-ochra- 
ceous; wings and tail black, varied with white, as in H. ludoviciana ; 
back mixed black and light cinnamon (sometimes uniform black) ; rump, 
collar round hind-neck, and most of lower parts uniform buffy cinna- 
mon; belly and under wing-coverts lemon-yellow; under tail-coverts 
white. Adult female: Above dusky grayish brown, streaked, especially 
on back and middle line of crown, with pale fulvous or buffy ; beneath 


GUIRACA. 445 


pale fulvous or ochraceous, streaked on sides and flanks with dusky, 
but usually without streaks on breast; belly pale yellowish, and under 
wing-coverts clear lemon-yellow. Young: Much like adult female, but 
(especially the male) more buffy, the markings more suffused with the 
ground-color, and remiges and tail-feathers tinged with olive-greenish. 
Length 7.50-8.90, wing 3.85-4.20, tail 3.40-3.90. Eggs 1.02 x .70. Hab. 
Western United States, east to Great Plains, south into Mexico. 

596. H. melanocephala (Swarns.). Black-headed Grosbeak. 


Genus GUIRACA Swainson. (Page 383, pl. CXL, fig. 4.) 
Species. 


Common CuHaracters.—Adult males plain blue or bluish black, with or without 
rufous or chestnut wing-bands; adult females and young brownish. 


a’. Middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with chestnut, rufous, or buffy, pro- 
ducing two distinct bands across wing; first quill longer than fifth. est a 
compact, deeply cup-shaped structure, composed of dried grasses, plant-fibres, 
etc., placed in bushes, tall weeds, etc. Hggs 3-4, plain pale greenish blue or 
bluish white. (Adult males: Uniform dull ultramarine-blue; lores black; 
wings and tail blackish, the feathers edged with bluish, the former with 
two broad rufous bands. Adult females: Above fulvous-brown, beneath 
paler fulvous; wings and tail dusky, the former with two light fulvous 
bands. Young: Similar to adult female, but colors more ochraceous, the 
wing-bands more rusty, ete. immature males: The plumage of the adult 
male and female mixed, in various proportions, according to age. Adult 
males in winter: Blue of back, breast, etc., more or less obscured by light 
brownish or buffy tips to feathers.) (Guiraca SwAINs.) 

6'. Smaller; blue deeper or more purplish; wing-bands much narrower, deeper 
rufous, that across tips of greater coverts usually not more than .15 
broad (often not more than .10), and deep rufous like the other band; 
white borders to lower tail-coverts, etc., narrower, sometimes nearly ob- 
solete; female and young averaging browner or more tawny; length 
6.35-7.50, wing (male) 3.35-3.60 (3.50), tail 2.70-2.90 (2.82), exposed cul- 
men .62-.66 (.64), depth of bill at base 52-58 (.55). Eggs .80 x .66. 
Hab. More southern eastern United States; north, regularly (but very 
locally), to Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Kansas, etc., casually, much far- 
ther; west to Indian Territory (and eastern Texas?); in winter, Cuba, 
VUCaAN Cte si.occsercsesnsssanes 597. G. czerulea (Linn.). Blue Grosbeak. 

6. Larger; blue rather lighter and less purplish; wing-bands much broader, 
paler rufous, that across tips of greater coverts usually .20-.30 wide, and 
decidedly paler than the anterior band; white borders to lower tail-cov- 
erts, etc., much more conspicuous, rarely, if ever, indistinct ; female and 
young averaging grayer, or less tawny; length 7.00-8.00, wing (male) 
3.60-3.85 (3.68), tail 3.00-3.20 (3.08), exposed culmen .62-.68 (.65), depth 


446 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


of bill at base .55-.60 (.56). Hggs .90 x .65. Hab. Western United 
States, north to Colorado, California, ete., south throughout Mexico. 
597a. G. czerulea eurhyncha Cours. Western Blue Grosbeak.'! 
a. Wing-coverts without differently colored tips; first quill shorter than seventh 
(sometimes shorter than eighth). (Cyanoloxia Bonar.) 

Adult male: Entirely dull blue-black, with a superficial tinting of dull 
indigo-blue, most obvious on forehead, superciliary region, cheeks, and 
lesser wing-coverts. Adult female: Uniform rich vandyke-brown (or deep 
burnt-umber), browner above, rather lighter and brighter brown beneath. 
Length about 6.00-6.50, wing 3.00-3.30, tail 2.60-3.00, exposed culmen 
.75-.85, depth of bill at base .65-.75. Hab. Central America, north to 
Guatemala and eastern Mexico (Vera Cruz). 

G. cyanoides concreta (Du Bus). Blue-black Grosbeak.? 


Genus PASSERINA Virttior. (Page 385, pl. CXIL, fig. 5.) 


Species. 


Common CuHaArActTERS.—Adult males very brightly colored, with more or less 
of blue in the plumage, often in combination with other rich colors, as red, yellow, 
purple, or green. Adult females and young plain brownish above, beneath similar, 
but lighter. Vests in bushes. Hggs whitish, sometimes spotted with reddish brown, 
oftener plain. 


a’. Bill larger and more swollen, the lateral outlines decidedly convex, and the cut- 
ting-edge of upper mandible convex in middle portion. (Subgenus Cyano- 
compsa CABANIS.’) 

6. Gonys not more than .30; wing not more than 2.85. (Adult males dark 
blue, becoming bright rich blue on forehead, superciliary region, cheeks, 
rump, and lesser wing-coverts ; female and young brown, paler beneath, 
the throat and middle of belly whitish.) 

cl. Blue a rich dark marine-blue shade, brightening on forehead, etc., into 
azure ; length about 5.00, wing 2.60-2.85, tail 2.20-2.35, exposed cul- 
men .40—.45. Hab. Southern and eastern Mexico, north to lower 


Rio Grande Valley. 
P. parellina (Bonap.). Blue Bunting. 


c. Blue an indigo shade, brightening on forehead, etc., into cerulean-blue 
(almost turquoise on forehead); length about 5.00, wing 2.80, tail 


1 Guiraca cxrulea, var. eurhyncha Cours, Am. Nat. viii, Sept. 1874, 563. 

Although two of the three characters originally ascribed (7.e., larger size and different color of bill) fail of 
substantiation, the third (larger size), taken in connection with well-marked differences of plumage, is quite 
sufficient to characterize the western (or, rather, southwestern) bird as a well-defined race. 

2 Cyanoloxia concreta Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Brux. xxii. 1855, 150. 

3 Cyanocompsa CaB., J. f. O. 1861, 4. Type, Cyanoloxia parellina Bonap. 

4 Cyanolowia parellina Bonap., Consp. i. 1850, 502. Passerina parellina Ripew., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii. 
1880, 182. 


PASSERINA. 447 


2.55, exposed culmen .45. Hab. Western Mexico (Manzanillo 
Bay). 
P. parellina indigotica Ripaw. Turquoise-fronted Bunting.! 
b?, Gonys more than .30; wing more than 2.85. 

Young male (adult male and female unknown): Above brown (of a 
tint intermediate between bistre and raw-umber) ; beneath similar 
but paler; quills edged with ash-gray; length (skin) 5.50, wing 
2.90, tail 2.50, exposed culmen .50, gonys .32, depth of bill at base 
42, tarsus .70. Hab. Southern Mexico (Tehuantepec). 

P. sumichrasti Ripaw. Sumichrast’s Bunting.” 
a, Bill smaller and less swollen, with lateral outlines nearly straight, and cutting- 
edge of upper mandible straight, or even concave in middle portion. (Sub- 
genus Passerina VIEILL.) 
b1. Exposed culmen less than .45; depth of bill at base equal to or greater 
than length of bill from nostril. 
c. Belly blue, white, purple, or dull buffy. 

d'!, Wing with one or two white or pale buffy bands; belly pure white. 
Adult male: Head, neck, and upper parts turquoise-blue, the 
back darker and duller; middle wing-coverts broadly and 
greater coverts narrowly tipped with white (sometimes 
tinged with ochraceous); breast (sometimes sides also) 
deep ochraceous, or tawny; rest of lower parts white. 
Adult female: Above grayish brown, tinged with bluish on 
rump, the wing-coverts tipped with dull whitish or buffy; 
anterior lower parts pale dull buffy, deeper on chest, and 
fading into white on belly and lower tail-coverts. Young: 
Similar to adult female, but without blue tinge on rump. 
Length 5.00-6.25, wing 2.70-2.95, tail 2.30-2.80.  Hggs 
.74 & .55, plain bluish white, or very pale greenish blue. 
Hab. Western United States, east to Great Plains, south, 

in winter, to western Mexico. 
599. P. amoena (Say). Lazuli Bunting. 
ad. Wing without any distinct light bands; belly not white, or else 

breast more or less distinctly streaked with darker. 

e. Culmen gently curved; cutting-edge of upper mandible 
straight, or even faintly convex. Adult male: Head, neck, 
and median lower parts rich ultramarine-blue, changing 
gradually to rich cerulean-blue on rest of plumage, the 
hidden portion of wing- and tail-feathers blackish ; lores 
black. Adult female: Above brown, grayer on rump ; be- 
neath pale buffy brownish, becoming nearly or quite white 
on belly, deeper and more or less streaked with darker on 
breast and sides. Young: Similar to adult female, but 


1 New subspecies ; type No. 30142, U.S. Nat. Mus., ¢ ad., Manzanilla Bay, Feb. 1863; John Xantus. 
New species; type, No. 59683, U.S. Nat. Mus., S juv., Tehuantepec City, Oct. 28, 1869 ; F. Sumichrast. 


448 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


browner. Length 4.75-5.75, wing 2.60-2.80, tail 2.20-2.50. 
Eggs .73 X% .53, similar in color to those of P. amena (some- 
times pure white). Hab. Eastern United States and more 
southern British Provinces, west to edge of Great Plains; 
south, in winter, to Veragua. 

598. P. cyanea (Linn.). Indigo Bunting. 


e?, Culmen strongly curved; cutting-edge of upper mandible dis- 


tinctly concave. Adult male: Forehead, superciliary region, 
lesser wing-coverts, and rump lavender-blue or purplish ; 
crown and occiput wine-red, varying to vermilion; back 
and scapulars maroon-purplish; sides of head and neck, 
and lower parts, generally plum-purplish, changing to au- 
ricula-purple or maroon on chest, the throat usually more 
reddish; lores black. Adult female: Above plain brown- 
ish ; beneath entirely isabella-color, or dull grayish buff. 
jf’. Rather larger, or with longer wing and tail; adult male 
with red on occiput duller, purple of throat more 
reddish (sometimes decidedly red), flanks duller and 
grayer, and rump bluer; length about 5.50, wing 
(male) 2.65-2.80 (2.71), tail 2.30-2.50 (2.39). Eggs .78 
< .58, plain dull bluish white. Hab. Eastern Mexico, 
north to lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas, south to 
Puebla.. 600. P. versicolor (Bonap.). Varied Bunting. 
f?. Rather smaller, or with shorter wing and tail; adult 
male with red on occiput brighter, purple of throat 
less reddish (never decidedly red?), flanks brighter 
plum-purple, and rump more purplish blue, or laven- 
der; length about 5.50, wing (male) 2.50-2.65 (2.53), 
tail 2.05-2.30 (2.18). Hab. Lower California and west- 
ern Mexico (vicinity of Mazatlan)..... 600a. P. versi- 
color pulchra Rivew. Beautiful Bunting.’ 


&, Belly red or yellow. 
d'. Tail purplish brown (male) or green (female). Adult male: Head 


and neck purplish smalt-blue ; eyelids, and entire lower parts, 
including chin and throat, vermilion-red ; back and scapulars 
yellowish green; rump dull purplish red. Adult female and 
young male: Above plain olive-green, including tail; beneath 
dull olive yellowish. Young: Above dull olive, the wing-cov- 
erts indistinctly tipped with paler; beneath dull pale grayish 
buffy, the breast and sides very indistinctly clouded with gray- 
ish brown. Length 4.25-5.50, wing about 2.60-2.80, tail 2.45- 
2.60. Eggs .77 X .57, bluish white, speckled, chiefly on or round 
larger end, with reddish brown. Hab. Southern Atlantic and 


1 New subspecies; type, No. 87540, U.S. Nat. Mus. Miraflores, Lower California, April 4, 1882; L. Belding. 


SPOROPHILA. 449 


Gulf States, north to North Carolina and southern Illinois; 
south, in winter, through eastern Mexico and Central America 
to Panama................ 601. P. ciris (LinN.). Painted Bunting. 

@. Tail blue (duller in female). Adult male: Top of head bright yel- 

lowish green; rest of upper parts turquoise-blue, the back 
tinged with green; lores, eyelids, and lower parts gamboge- 
yellow, deepening into orange on chest. Adult female: Above 
grayish olive, tinged with green (especially on head), changing 
to dull grayish blue on upper tail-coverts and tail ; lores, eye- 
lids, and lower parts dull light-yellowish ; tinged with olive on 
chest and sides. Length about 4.50-5.00, wing 2.45-2.75, tail 
2.00-2.40. Hab. Southwestern Mexico (Puebla and Tehuante- 
pec to Colima). 
P. leclancheri Larr. Leclancher’s Bunting! 
&. Exposed culmen more than .45; depth of bill at base less than length of 
bill from nostril. 

Adult male: Rich cobalt-blue, more purplish on top of head, and 
changing gradually to fine cerulean-blue on posterior upper parts ; 
eyelids white; lores blackish; feathers of chest, breast, and upper 
belly bright vermilion or scarlet immediately beneath the surface ; 
lower belly, flanks, and under tail-coverts uniform delicate flesh- 
pink. Adult female: Above dull brown, changing to dull light 
grayish blue on rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail; lower parts 
light tawny brown, changing to pinkish buff on belly and lower 
tail-coverts. Length 5.25-5.55, wing 2.70-2.85, tail 2.20-2.30. Hab. 
Southern Mexico (Tehuantepec). 

P. rosite (LAwr.). Rosita’s Bunting.? 


Genus SPOROPHILA Cazanis. (Page 386, pl. CX., fig. 7.) 


Species. 


Common CuHaracters.—Adult males varied with black and white, or pale cinna- 
mon, or grayish (or all), the under wing-coverts and axillars, and spot at base of 
quills (sometimes concealed by primary coverts), always white. Adult females plain 
brownish above, the wing with or without whitish bands ; lower parts plain olive 
or dull buffy. 


a. Middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with white, forming two more or less 
distinct bands across wing. 

Adult male: Top and sides of head, back, scapulars, wings, upper tail-cov- 

erts, tail, and band across chest, black; rump brownish, or brownish 

gray ; spot on lower eyelid, chin, throat, broad collar round neck (some- 


C—O 


1 Passerina leclancherit LAFR., Mag. Zool. 1841, Ois. pl. 22. 
2 Cyanospiza rosite LAwr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. Feb. 1874, 397, 
57 


450 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


times interrupted on hind-neck), and rest of lower parts (except black 
chest-band), white or pale buffy. Adult female: Above plain olive, 
rather lighter on rump, the wings varied by two whitish bands across 
tips of middle and greater coverts; lower parts dull light olive-buffy. 
Immature male: Variously intermediate in plumage, according to age, 
between adult male and female, as described above, several years evi- 
dently being required to attain the perfect plumage. Length 3.75-4.50, 
wing 1.90-2.10, tail 1.85-2.05. Vest in bushes, composed of fine rootlets, 
dried grasses, etc., horse-hairs, etc., very thin, sometimes semi-pensile. 
Eggs (unknown). Hab. Lower Rio Grande Valley, in Texas, south 
through eastern Mexico and Central America to Costa Rica. 
602. S. morelleti sharpei Lawr. Sharpe’s Seedeater. 
a. Wing-coverts without lighter tips. 
bt. Adult male: Top and sides of head, back, scapulars, wings, upper tail- 
coverts, tail, and band across chest black; rump and lower parts, pos- 
terior to black chest-band, pale tawny or cinnamon-buff; chin, throat, 
and sides of neck white, or buffy white. Adult female: Above plain 
grayish brown; beneath pale grayish buffy, shaded with grayish brown 
across chest. Jmmature male: Similar to adult, but back, scapulars, 
wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail brownish gray, instead of black. 
Wing about 2.10-2.25, tail 1.90-2.00. Hab. Western Mexico, north to 
Mazatlan and Guanajuato, south to Tehuantepec. 
S. torqueola Bonap. Ochraceous-rumped Seedeater.! 
b*, Adult male: Entirely black, except under wing-coverts and axillars and 
a spot at base of quills (the latter sometimes concealed by primary 
coverts), which are pure white. Adult female: Uniform greenish olive, 
paler below. Wing about 2.10-2.25, tail 1.95-2.20. Hab. Eastern Mex- 
ico (Vera Cruz) and south to Costa Rica. 
S. corvina Sct. Black Seedeater.? 


Genus EUETHEIA Reicuenpacnu. (Page 386, pl. CX., fig. 8.) 


Species. 


Common CHARACTERS.—Above plain olive-green, beneath blackish, grayish, or 
whitish. Adult male with head and chest (sometimes nearly whole lower parts) 
black, the former with or without yellow markings. Adult female with the black 
and yellow wanting, or but faintly indicated, or (in £. canora) with chin and upper 
throat chestnut-rufous and a band of yellow across lower throat, extending upward 
behind ear-coverts to above eyes. 


1 Spermophila torqueola BonaP., Consp. i. 1850, 495. 

2 Spermophila corvina Scr, P. Z. 8. 1859, 879. Sporophila corvina Cass., Pr. Ac. Phil. 1865, 169. 

Nore.—A fourth Mexican species is S. parva (LAwR.),—Spermophila parva Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci. ii. 
1883, 382),—from Tehuantepec. I have seen the type, which is a female or young bird, and believe it to be a 
very distinct species, the adult male of which is unknown. ‘The type being now in Europe, I am unfortunately 
not able to include the species in the above synopsis. 


SPIZA. 451 


a. Head without trace of yellow. 

Adult male : Head and lower parts dull black, the latter becoming grayish 
posteriorly ; rest of plumage dull olive-green. Adult female: Head and 
lower parts dull olive-grayish, upper parts as in the male. Jmmature 
male: Similar to adult female, but fore-part of head, chin, throat, and 
middle of chest blackish. Length about 4.00-4.25, wing 2.00-2.10, tail 
1.75-1.80. est in bushes, composed of dried grasses, ete. Hyggs 3-5, .66 
>< .48, white or greenish white, speckled, chiefly on or round larger end, 
with umber-brown and burnt-umber. Hab. Bahama Islands; accidental 
or casual in southern Florida....... 603. E. bicolor (Liny.). Grassquit. 

a’, Head with more or less of yellow. 

b'. Adult males with patch covering chin and upper part of throat, streak or 
spot over lores, and edge of wing bright yellow, the rest of head, with 
lower throat and chest (sometimes breast and upper belly also), black ; 
adult females without chestnut on chin or throat, the plumage also devoid 
of black or sharply defined yellow markings on head. 

c'. Adult male with black of head restricted to forehead, lores, part of 
malar region, lower throat, and chest, the rest of head (where not 
occupied by yellow markings) olive-green. Hab. Greater Antilles 
(Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, and Porto Rico). 

E. olivacea (LINN.). Yellow-faced Grassquit.! 
ce’, Adult male with whole head (where not occupied by yellow markings) 
black ; black of chest continued over breast to belly. Hab. Middle 


America, from eastern Mexico to Panama. 
E. olivacea pusilla (SwAINs.). Mexican Grassquit.? 


b?. Adult male with a broad crescent of bright yellow across lower throat, the 
extremities curving upward behind ear-coverts, and forward above them 
to eye; rest of head, and a band across chest, black ; rest of lower parts 
light grayish, becoming white on crissum; upper parts olive-green. 
Adult female: Similar to male, but chin and upper throat chestnut-rufous, 
instead of black, the black on chest wanting. Hab. Cuba; accidental at 
Key West, Florida... [603.1] E. canora (GMEL.). Melodious Grassquit.’ 


Genus SPIZA Bonaparte. (Page 384, pl. CXIL., fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracrers.—Above brownish gray or grayish brown, the back and 
seapulars streaked with black; top of head, hind-neck, sides of neck, and ear- 
coverts plain dull grayish or brownish gray ; a white or yellow superciliary stripe, 
and a similar malar stripe; chin (sometimes throat also) white. 


1 Emberiza olivacea Linn., S. N. ed. 12, 1766, 309. 

2 Tiaris pusilla Swatys., Phil. Mag. i. 1827, 438, Euetheia pusilla Cas., Mus. Hein. i. 1850, 146. 

[Norz.—On the island of Cozumel, Yucatan, occurs a local race which combines perfectly the characters of 
E. olivacea and E. pusilla. This has been named by me E£. olivacea intermedia, in Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. iii. 
1885, p. 22.] 

3 Loxia canora GMEL., 8. N. i. 1788, 858.  Euetheia canora GuNDL., J. f. O. 1874, 123. 


452 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


a’. Lower parts whitish, the breast (sometimes middle of belly also) bright yellow. 
Adult male: Lesser and middle wing-coverts rufous; a black patch, of ex- 
tremely variable shape and extent, on lower part of throat, sometimes con- 
tinued posteriorly along middle line of breast, or anteriorly to the chin; 
breast extensively yellow, the forehead, superciliary stripe, and malar stripe 
more or less strongly washed or overlaid by the same. Adult female: Simi- 
lar to the male, but much duller, the yellow of breast, malar region, and 
superciliary stripe fainter and more restricted (often wanting except on 
breast); throat white, bordered along each side by dusky spots or streaks 
(the black spot of the male usually obsolete, but sometimes indicated). 
Young: Similar to adult female, but everywhere tinged with dull buffy or 
pale ochraceous. Length 5.75-6.80, wing 2.80-3.30, tail 2.35-2.90. est of 
dried grass-stems, etc., in meadows and on prairies, in bushes, low weeds, or 
near ground. ygs 3-5, .81 X .61, plain pale blue. Hab. Eastern United 
States (chiefly west of Alleghanies), west to Rocky Mountains, north to 
Massachusetts, New York, Wisconsin, and Minnesota; south, in winter, 
through Middle America to northern South America; southwest during 
migrations to Arizona and Lower California. 

604. S. americana (GmMEL.). Dickcissel. 

a?. Lower parts dark gray, becoming whitish on belly and lower tail-coverts. Adult 
male: Plumage of head, neck, and lower parts uniform slate-gray, relieved 
anteriorly by a distinct superciliary stripe, malar stripe, and broad stripe 
covering entire chin and throat, white; the two latter separated by a narrow 
series of black streaks, which continue around posterior border of the white 
throat-patch, in the gray of the chest; upper parts grayish brown, the back 
and scapulars narrowly streaked with blackish; belly and lower tail-coverts 
white, the former tinged with yellow; length about 5.75, wing 2.86, tail 
2.56. Hab. Chester County, Pennsylvania (only one specimen known). 

—. S. townsendii (Aup.). Townsend’s Bunting.’ 


Genus CALAMOSPIZA Bonaparte. (Page 384, pl. CXIL., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Adult male in summer : Uniform black, with more or less of a slaty cast, the 
middle and greater wing-coverts white, forming a very conspicuous patch on wing. 
Adult female: Above brownish gray, streaked with dusky, the white wing-patch 
smaller; lower parts white, streaked on breast and sides with dusky. Adult male 
in winter: Similar to adult female, but feathers of lower parts (especially on belly) 
black beneath the surface, this showing when feathers are disarranged. Young: 
Similar to adult female, but more buffy, the feathers of upper parts bordered with 
buffy white, and streaks on lower parts narrower. Length 6.12-7.50, wing 3.20- 
3.60, tail 2.85-3.35. West and eggs not distinguishable with certainty from those 
of Spiza americana, the average measurements of the latter being .87 X .65. Hab. 


1See page 354, A. O. U. Check List. 


EUPHONIA. 453 


Great Plains, breeding from middle Kansas northward to or beyond the United 
States boundary, migrating south and southwest, in winter, to Texas, New Mexico, 
Arizona, Lower California, and northern Mexico; occasional west of Rocky Moun- 
tains (Utah, etc.), and accidental in Massachusetts. 

605. C. melanocorys Srrsn. Lark Bunting. 


Famity TANAGRIDAL.—TueE Tanacers. (Page 321.) 


Genera. 


a’, Wing less than 3.00, tail less than 2.00; bill very short and broad at base, the 
exposed culmen less than half as long as tarsus, and less than the width of 
the bill at base; tail less than half as long as wing. 

Euphonia. (Page 453.) 

a, Wing more than 3.00, tail more than 2.50; bill moderately lengthened, not 
broader than deep at base, the exposed culmen nearly or quite as long as the 
tarsus, and much greater than width of bill at base; tail more than half as 
TIP MAS RW AN O suian, Secoin soe saeuadepessese sakeah Bente sosneette ts Piranga. (Page 453.) 


Genus EUPHONIA Desmarzest. (Page 453, pl. CXIII,, fig. 5.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Top of head and hind-neck uniform light blue; forehead dark 
rusty or chestnut, margined behind by black ; rest of head and neck, with upper 
parts generally, uniform glossy blue-black, inclining to purplish steel-blue; lower 
parts (except chin and throat) plain orange-rufous. Adult female: Top of head 
colored as in the male; upper parts olive-green, lower parts, including chin and 
throat, paler and more yellowish olive-green. Length about 4.70, wing 2.75, tail 
1.80. Hggs “creamy white, with a few scattered spots and blotches, principally at 
the larger end, of two shades of brown.” (Sciarer.) Hab. Mexico and Central 
America, south to Veragua; north to Chihuahua (and southern Texas ?). 

606. E. elegantissima (Bonap.). Blue-headed Euphonia. 


(76.) Genus PIRANGA Vietrtior. (Page 453, pl. CXIII., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Common CHaraActTERS.—Adult males with more or less of red in the plumage, 
often chiefly or entirely red. Adult females, in most species, olive-greenish above, 
yellowish beneath. Young (in nestting plumage) with lower parts distinctly streaked 
with grayish or dusky on a whitish or yellowish ground. West on trees, usually on 
lower horizontal branch, saucer-shaped, thin, constructed of wiry dead grass-stems, 
etc. Hggs 3--5, pale bluish or greenish, spotted or speckled with brown. 


a’. Wings plain-colored, without lighter bands or other markings. 
b. Wing decidedly more than 3.25 ; adult males with lower parts entirely red. 
c'. Cutting-edge of upper mandible without angle or tooth-like projection 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


on middle portion. (Adult males plain vermilion-red, darker and 
duller on upper surface. Adult females plain ochraceous-olive or 
dull olive-yellowish above, dull light saffron-yellow beneath.) 
@. Smaller, with relatively shorter bill, wings, and tail, and deeper or 
darker colors; length 7.00-7.95, wing 3.55-3.95 (3.69), tail 2.80- 
3.15 (2.99), culmen .82-.90 (.86), tarsus .70-.80 (.74). Eggs .92 
X .68, light greenish blue, speckled or spotted, chiefly on larger 
end, with purplish brown and vandyke-brown. Hab. Eastern 
United States, north regularly to New Jersey, Ohio, Illinois, 
etc., irregularly or casually to Connecticut, Ontario, and even 
Nova Scotia; west to edge of Great Plains; south, in winter, 
through western Cuba, eastern Mexico, and Central America to 
northern South America. 
610. P. rubra (Linn.). Summer Tanager. 
@. Larger, with relatively longer bill, wings, and tail, and with colors 
lighter; length 7.90-8.50, wing 3.70-4.10 (3.94), tail 3.00-3.60 
(3.26), culmen .88-.98 (.93), tarsus .75-.85 (.80). Eggs .93 x 
.69. Hab. Western Mexico and southwestern United States, 
north to Colorado (Denver) and Arizona. 
610a. P. rubra cooperi Ripcw. Cooper's Tanager. 
ce’, Cutting-edge of upper mandible with a distinct angle or tooth-like pro- 
jection in middle portion. 
d. Culmen decidedly shorter than tarsus. 

é'. Adult male: Rich, pure scarlet, with wings and tail uniform 
deep black. Adult female: Olive-green above, the wings 
and tail more grayish (sometimes dusky grayish); lower 
parts dull light greenish yellow. Length 6.50-7.50, wing 
3.55-3.90, tail 2.80-3.25, exposed culmen about .55-.60. 
Eggs 94 X .65, essentially similar in coloration to those 
of P. rubra. Hab. Eastern United States and southern 
Canada, west to edge of Great Plains; in winter, south 
through West Indies, eastern Mexico, and Central America 
to Peru and Bolivia. 

608. P. erythromelas VieItu. Scarlet Tanager. 

é. Adult male: Above dull red, strongly tinged with grayish on 
back, etc.; lower parts light vermilion, strongly shaded 
on sides and flanks with brownish gray; ear-coverts dull 
grayish red, or reddish gray, narrowly streaked with 
white. Adult female: Above olive-green, the back more 
grayish ; beneath olive-yellow, strongly shaded with olive 
on sides and flanks. Young: Above olive (more grayish 
on back), the top of head indistinctly, the back distinctly, 
streaked with dusky; lower parts pale yellow, the chest, 
breast, upper belly, sides, and flanks distinctly streaked 
with blackish. Length 7.30-8.20, wing 3.70-4.20, tail 3.20- 


PIRANGA. 455 


3.60, exposed culmen .62—.70. Hab. Mexico and Guate- 

mala, and north to southern Arizona and New Mexico. 
609. P. hepatica Swains. Hepatic Tanager. 
@. Culmen (from extreme base) not shorter than tarsus. (Tooth on 
edge of upper mandible very prominent; bill much swollen for 
basal half. Adult males uniform deep brownish red above, 
brighter brownish red beneath, the sides and flanks, however, 
like upper parts. Adult females deep olive-green above, bright 
yellowish olive beneath, the throat and sides of forehead some- 

times inclining to deep saffron-yellow.) 

é. Kar-coverts and malar region uniform deep brownish red 
(male) or olive-green (female) like crown; length about 
6.50-7.00, wing 3.40-3.65, tail 3.00-3.10, exposed culmen 
70-75. Hab. From Nicaragua to Ecuador and Bolivia. 

P. testacea Sct. & Satv. Brick-colored Tanager.! 

e*, Ear-coverts and malar region dull brownish or brownish gray 
(male) or olive-gray (female), narrowly but distinctly 
streaked with whitish ; length about 7.00-7.25, wing 3,70- 
4.00, tail 3.20-3.30, exposed culmen .65-.75. Hab. Guate- 


mala and British Honduras. 
P. figlina Satv. & GopM. Brown-red Tanager.? 


6%, Wing not more (usually decidedly less) than 3.25; adult males with red 
confined to throat and upper chest, or to throat, under wing-coverts, 
and under tail-coverts. 

c. Back, scapulars, and rump dull gray; ear-coverts lighter gray; sides 

and flanks brownish gray, middle of breast and belly dull light buffy. 

Adult male: Whole top of head and wings dull brownish red; 

throat, under wing-coverts, and lower tail-coverts pink, the latter 

inclining more to flesh-color (occasionally tinged with salmon-color). 

Adult female: Similar to male, but pink of throat and under tail-coy- 

erts very indistinct (sometimes wanting, or replaced by pale salmon- 

color), that of under wing-coverts replaced by pale yellowish, and 

brownish red of crown, wings, and tail less pronounced. Length 

about 6.00-6.50, wing 3.00-3.25, tail 2.85-2.90. Hab. Yucatan, in- 
cluding Cozumel. 

P. roseigularis CanoT. Rose-throated Tanager.$ 

¢@. Upper parts (except head, in adult male) olive-green, lower parts 

(except throat and upper chest of adult male) olive-yellow. Adult 


1 Pyranga testacea Scu. & Saty., P. Z. S. 1868, 388. 

2 Pyranga figlina Say. & Gopm., Biol. Centr.-Am. i. Dec. 1883, 293. 

Having before me, besides the type (from Belize), six adult males from Guatemala, IT am unable to detect 
any differences of coloration distinguishing this species from P. testacea, other than those given in the above 
synopsis. Only one specimen is as dull colored as the type, while two are almost identical in general colora- 
tion with a typical adult male of P. testacea from Veragua. 

3 Pyranga roseigularis Caxor, Bost. Jour. N. H. vy. 1847, 416. 


456 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


male: Head, all round, dull vermilion-red, darker on crown, paler 
on throat and upper chest. Immature male: Similar to adult, but 
sides of head chiefly olive-green. (Adult female, unknown.) Length 
about 6.00, wing 2.90-3.00, tail 2.70-2.90. Hab. Southern Mexico 
(Temiscaltepec, Guanajuato, Valley of Mexico, etc.). 

P. erythrocephala (Swarns.). Red-headed Tanager.! 


a, Wing marked with two white, yellow, or pinkish bands across tips of middle 


and greater coverts. 
6’. Wing more than 3.50. 
c’. Exposed culmen not longer than middle toe, without claw; back with- 


out streaks. Adult male: Back, scapulars, wings, and tail black, 
the wings with two broad yellow bands ; rump, upper tail-coverts, 
and lower parts gamboge-yellow; head and neck orange or red, 
brightest on crown, where sometimes almost crimson. Adult fe- 
male: Grayish olive-green above, the wing-bands dull light yellow, 
or dull yellowish white ; lower parts pale grayish yellow, becoming 
sulphur-yellow on under tail-coverts. Young: Essentially like 
adult female, but paler beneath and more or less distinctly streaked 
with grayish or dusky, both above and below. Length 6.75-7.75, 
wing about 3.50-4.10, tail 3.20-3.55. Eggs .95 x .65, clear light 
greenish blue or bluish green, finely and rather sparsely speckled, 
chiefly on larger end, with clove-brown. Hab. Western United 
States, north to British Columbia, east to edge of Great Plains, 
south, in winter, to Guatemala. 

607. P. ludoviciana (Wits.). Louisiana Tanager. 


c?. Exposed culmen longer than middle toe, without claw; back distinctly 


streaked with dusky. Adult males with head, neck, and lower parts 
red, back and scapulars dull brownish red or grayish, broadly 
streaked with blackish; wing-bands white or pale salmon-pink. 
Adult females with red of males replaced by yellow below and olive- 
greenish above. 


d'. Rather smaller, with relatively much smaller bill; red of adult 


male much deeper—often intense Chinese-orange, or almost 
orange-vermilion—the rump and ground-color of back reddish 
brown or brownish red, and wing-bands usually distinctly pink- 
ish. Adult female with yellow of lower parts and olive-green 
of upper parts deeper. Length (skins) about 7.00-7.50, wing 
3.60-3.90, tail 3.25-3.40, exposed culmen .60-.65, depth of bill at 
base .23-.38. Hab. Southern Mexico (north to Jalapa, Mirador, 


Temiscaltepec, Sonora, etc.) and south to Chiriqui. 
P. bidentata Swans. Spotted-winged Tanager.? 


d. Rather larger, with relatively much larger bill; red of adult male 


1 Spermagra erythrocephala Swatns., Philos. Mag. n. s. i. 1827, 437. Pyranga erythrocephala BonaP., 


Rey. Zool. 1851, 178. 


2 Pyranga bidentata Swarns., Philos. Mag. n. s. i, 1827, 438. 


HIRUNDINID ZZ. : 457 


paler and more orange (very nearly the tint of red-lead), the 

rump and ground-color of back olive-grayish, and wing-bands 

pure white. Adult female with yellow of lower parts and olive 

of upper parts much paler. Length (of male, before skinning) 

8.25, wing 3.85-3.95, tail 3.30-3.50, exposed culmen .70-.75, 

depth of bill at base .388-.42. Hab. Tres Marias Islands, western 

Mexico. P. flammea Ripaw. Tres Marias Tanager.! 

6%. Wing less than 3.00. (Adult males rich scarlet-vermilion, the lores, scapu- 

lars, wings, and tail deep black, the wings with two broad bands of 

pure white across tips of middle and greater coverts. Adult females 

bright olive-green above, yellow beneath; wings and tail grayish 

dusky, with olive edgings, the former with two white bands, as in 
males.) 

c. With narrower wing-bands; adult male with the red a lighter, more 
scarlet, tint; adult females with the yellow and olive less deep; 
length (skins) about 5.10-5.50, wing 2.65-2.85, tail 2.30-2.55. Hab. 
Southern Mexico (north to Jalapa, Valley of Mexico, etce.), Guate- 


mala, and Salvador. 
P. leucoptera TRUDEAU. White-winged Tanager.2 


ec, With broader wing-bands; adult males with the red of a darker tint 
(almost carmine on upper parts); adult females with the yellow and 
olive more intense; length (skins) about 4.90-5.20, wing 2.65-2.85, 
tail 2.35-2.55. Hab. Costa Rica and Veragua. 


P. leucoptera latifasciata Ripaw. Broad-banded Tanager.’ 


Famity HIRUNDINIDZE.—TuHE Swattows. (Page 322. 


Genera. 


a. Nostrils opening directly upward, and with very little membrane bordering the 
inner edge, 

b. Wing 5.00, or more; tail decidedly forked (for much more than length of 
tarsus); adult males (of North American and some tropical species) 
entirely glossy blue-black. (Largest of the Swallows.) 

Progne. (Page 458.) 

b?. Wing decidedly less than 5.00; tail nearly even (forked for much less than 
length of tarsus); adults (sexes alike in color) not black beneath. 

c. Upper parts parti-colored, the crown and back blue-black, forehead 
whitish or rusty brown, rump cinnamon or buffy; throat and sides 
of head chestnut, rest of lower parts whitish medially, grayish 
brown laterally ; edge of outer quill normal. 

Petrochelidon. (Page 459.) 


1 New species; type, No. 50824, ¢ ad., Tres Marias; Col. A. J. Grayson. (Four specimens—two adults of 
each sex.) 

2 Pyranga leucoptera TRUDEAU, Jour. Ac. Sci. Phil. viii. 1839, 160. 

8 New subspecies. 


58 


458 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


c’. Upper parts plain grayish brown; lower parts similar, but lighter, be- 
coming white on belly; edge of outer quill roughened with stiff, 
recurved hooked tips to the barbs... Stelgidopteryx. (Page 463.) 
a’. Nostrils opening laterally, and bordered above by a broad membrane, or over- 
hanging scale. 
b. Tail forked for much more than length of tarsus. 
cl. Tail forked for about half its total length, the outer pair of feathers 
abruptly narrowed for terminal portion, and inner webs of all (ex- 
cept middle pair) marked with a large whitish spot; lower parts 
cinnamon or buffy, the throat darker, more rusty. 

Chelidon. (Page 460.) 
ce. Tail forked for much less than half its total length, the outer pair of 
feathers not abruptly narrowed terminally; inner webs of  tail- 

feathers without white spots; lower parts entirely pure white. 
Callichelidon. (Page 462.) 

b?. Tail forked for less than length of tarsus. 

cl. No feathers on hind part of tarsus; entirely white beneath, the adults 
brightly colored above.c2.tiiccccoctese nes Tachycineta. (Page 461.) 
c. A small tuft of feathers on lower portion of tarsus, behind; lower 
parts white, interrupted by a broad band of grayish brown across 
chest ; upper parts grayish brown............ Clivicola. (Page 462.) 


Genus PROGNE Bors. (Page 457, pl. CXIV., fig. 1.) 
Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Adult males with upper parts uniform glossy blue-black 
or dark steel-blue (sometimes inclining to violet); lower parts similar to upper 
surface, or with belly white and elsewhere glossy blue-black, or with anterior por- 
tions grayish, the posterior white. Adult females with upper parts plain glossy 
blue-black (sometimes interrupted by a grayish collar), the lower parts dull gray- 
ish anteriorly and white posteriorly. Young: Similar to adult female (the male 
two years, or more, in attaining the full plumage). 


a, Adult males with lower parts wholly glossy blue-black, like the upper; adult 
females with steel-blue of upper parts duller and less continuous, usually 
broken by more or less distinct grayish borders to feathers, the forehead and 
hind-neck dull grayish; anterior lower parts dull light grayish, or grayish 
white (centres of feathers darker); sides and flanks similar, but darker; 
belly and under tail-coverts white. 

b. Larger, with broader tail-feathers. Adult male with feathers of ventral re- 
gion entirely sooty grayish beneath surface. Adult females and immature 
males with anterior and lateral lower parts pale gray, the feathers, espe- 
cially on chest, with distinctly darker (sooty grayish) centres. Length 
7.25-8.50, wing 5.65-6.20, tail 3.00-3.40 (forked for .70-.90). Vest in holes 
of trees or about houses, in boxes, ete. Hggs 3-5, .97 x .72, plain pure 


PETROCHELIDON. 459 


white. Hab. Whole of temperate North America; south, in winter, 
into Mexico (as far as Guanajuato, Tepic, Mazatlan, etc.). 
(77-) 611. P. subis (Linn.). Purple Martin. 
b?. Smaller, with narrower tail-feathers, and, relatively, more deeply forked 
tail. Adult male with feathers of ventral region marked, beneath sur- 
face, with a broad spot, or bar, of white. Adult female and immature male 
with whole under portion and sides of head and neck, chest, sides, and 
flanks, uniform sooty grayish brown, in marked contrast with pure 
white of belly, anal region, and under tail-coverts. Length about 7.60, 
wing 5.35-5.60, tail 2.90-3.25 (forked for .65-.90). Hab. Cuba and 
southern Florida; Honduras ? 
611.1. P. cryptoleuca Bairp. Cuban Martin.’ 
@, Adult males with anterior and lateral lower parts smoky grayish brown (the 
feathers with more or less distinctly paler tips), the belly, anal region, and 
lower tail-coverts white; adult females similar to adult males, but upper 
parts less glossy, the forehead always (sometimes whole top of head) dull 
dark smoky grayish brown. 

Adult male with upper parts uniform glossy blue-black, or dark violaceous 
steel-blue (rather less violaceous than in P. subis and P. cryptoleuca) ; 
length (skin) about 6.30-7.00, wing 5.10-5.40, tail 2.65-2.90. Hab. 
Southern Mexico (north to Vera Cruz), Central America, and northern 
South America, south to Tobago, Guiana, and western Ecuador. 

P. chalybea GMEL. Gray-breasted Martin.? 


Genus PETROCHELIDON Cazanis. (Page 457, pl. CXIV., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Adults: Forehead white, pale brownish, or chestnut; 
top of head uniform glossy blue-black; hind-neck brownish gray, with more or less 
of chestnut on upper portion; back and scapulars glossy blue-black, the first 
streaked, more or less, with white; rump cinnamon or cinnamon-buff; upper tail- 
coverts grayish brown, margined with paler; wings and tail plain dusky ; lores 
black; rest of head (except as described above), including chin and throat, rich 
chestnut or light cinnamon; sides and flanks (sometimes chest also) grayish 
brown, more or less tinged with cinnamon; longer under tail-coverts grayish 
dusky, bordered with white. Young: Essentially like adults, but colors much 
duller, with pattern less sharply defined. Nest a gourd- or retort-shaped structure 
composed of pellets of mud, mixed with a few straws and lined with soft feathers, 


1 Progne cryptoleuca BAirD, Review Am. B. i. May, 1865, 277. 

Six Cuban and two Floridan specimens of this well-marked species are before me. The adult females and 
immature males (of which there are four from Cuba and two from Florida in the National Museum collection— 
the latter from Cape Florida and Clearwater) are exceedingly distinct in plumage from those of P. subis. In 
fact, they resemble so closely the corresponding plumages of P. dominicensis Gueu. that I am unable to state 
how they can be distinguished. P. dominicensis has not yet been taken, however, in Cuba. 

2 Hirundo chalybea GuE.., S. N. i. 1788, 1026. Progne chalybea Bork, Isis, 1844, 178. 


460 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


attached to the face of overhanging cliffs or underneath the eaves of buildings. 

Eggs 3-5, white, speckled or spotted with brown and lilac. 

a’, Chin, throat, and sides of head rich chestnut, the lower part of throat with a 
spot or patch of glossy blue-black. 

b'. Larger, with forehead white or pale isabella-color; rump light cinnamon, 
or cinnamon-buff; young with chin and throat (often other parts of the 
head) usually more or less mixed or spotted with white; tertials and 
tail-coverts margined with pale rusty or cinnamon; chestnut of head 
wanting or only faintly indicated, top of head, back, etc., dull blackish, 
ete.; length 5.00-6.00, wing 4.05-4.55, tail 2.00-2.20. Eggs .81 x .55. 
Hab. Whole of North America in summer; in winter, Middle America 
(and portions of South America ?). 

612. P. lunifrons (Say.). Cliff Swallow. 

b?. Smaller, with forehead rich chestnut, like throat and sides of head (rarely 
fawn-colored), and rump deeper cinnamon ; length about 4.50-5.00, wing 
3.95-4.30, tail 2.00-2.20. Hab. Mexico and Guatemala. 

P. melanogaster (SwaIns.). Mexican Cliff Swallow.) 
a’, Chin, throat, and sides of head pale cinnamon, the lower part of throat without 
black spot. 
Forehead deep chestnut, and rump deep cinnamon, as in P. melanogaster ; 
length about 4.50-4.75, wing 4.00-4.10, tail 1.90-2.00. Hab. Hayti, 
Cuba (and Yucatan ?); accidental in Florida. 
[612.1.] P. fulva (VreILu.). Cuban Cliff Swallow.’ 


Genus CHELIDON Forster. (Page 458, pl. CXIV., fig. 2.) 
Species. 


Common Cuaracters.— Adults: Above glossy dark steel-blue, sometimes tinged 
with violet, the forehead rusty chestnut; quills and tail-feathers blackish, with a 
faint dull greenish lustre, the inner webs of the latter (except middle pair) marked 
with a large spot of white, or very pale rusty; chin, throat, and chest deep cinna- 
mon-rusty, the sides of the chest dark steel-blue or blue-black, sometimes confluent 
in the middle, thus forming a narrow collar; rest of lower parts varying from rich 
rusty cinnamon to pale cinnamon-buffy. Young: Much paler beneath and duller 
above than adult, with chin, throat, and chest light rusty, and rusty of forehead 
indistinct or obsolete. Nest a cup- or bowl-shaped structure, entirely open above, 
composed of pellets of mud, mixed with straws, etc., and lined with soft feathers, 
attached by one side to the sides or roof of a cave or to timbers within barns and 
other outbuildings. Eggs 3-5, white, speckled with brown and lavender. 


1 Hirundo melanogaster SwAtns., Philos. Mag. n. s. i. 1827, 366. Petrochelidon melanogaster CaB., Mus. 
Hein. i. 1850, 47. 

2 Hirundo fulva Viettu., Ois. Am. Sept. i. 1807, 62, pl. 30. Petrochelidon fulva Cas., Mus. Hein. i. 1850, 
47. 

With five adults of true P. fulva from Cuba, and eight of P. fulva peciloma (Gossz) from Jamaica and 
Porto Rico, I have no difficulty in easily distinguishing the two forms by the characters pointed out by Professor 
Baird in “ Review of American Birds” (p. 292). 


TACHYCINETA. 461 


a’. Paler: Lower parts tawny cinnamon or pale rusty in adult male (the chin 
and throat rusty cinnamon), pale cinnamon-buffy in adult female; length 
5.75-7.75, wing about 4.60-4.90, tail 3.70-4.10, forked, in adult male, for 
about 1.85-2.10. Eggs .77 x 54. Hab. Whole of North America; south, 
in winter, through Middle America and West Indies to various parts of 
DOUbh AM STICAse.c.cesesee sess 613. C. erythrogaster (Bopp.). Barn Swallow. 

a. Darker: Lower parts bright cinnamon-rusty (much like throat of C. erythro- 
gaster), the chin and throat rich rusty chestnut; length about 7.00-8.00, 
wing 4.60-4.80, tail of adult male 4.15-4.80, forked for 2.25-2.85. Hab. 


Kamtschatka and eastern Siberia in summer; south, in winter, to India. 
C. tytleri (JERD.). Kamtschatkan Barn Swallow.! 


Genus TACHYCINETA Cazanis. (Page 458, pl. CXIV., fig. 6.) 


Species. 


Common CHARACTERS.—Lower parts entirely white. Adults glossy dark steel- 
blue above, or else rich soft velvety bronze-green, varied with tints of purplish, 
violet, etc., the females usually considerably duller than the males; in winter, the 
secondaries (especially tertials) conspicuously margined with white, but otherwise 
asinsummer. Young: Above dull brownish slate. Vest in holes, usually of trees, 
sometimes in cliffs or buildings. ggs 3-6, plain pure white. 


a’, Ear-coverts dark steel-blue, or dusky, like upper parts; feathers of lower parts 
entirely pure white, except at extreme base; upper parts in adult uniform 
glossy steel-blue, varying to greenish. (Subgenus Jridoprocne Cours.) 

b'. Rump steel-blue (adult) or dull slate (young) like rest of upper parts; no 
white on sides of forehead. 

Adult male: Above rich burnished steel-blue (varying much in shade), 
the larger wing-feathers and tail blackish, faintly glossed with dull 
greenish ; lores deep black; entire lower parts pure white. Adult 
female: Usually duller above than male, but often undistinguish- 
able. Young: Above entirely dull brownish slate. Length 5.00- 
6.25, wing about 4.50-4.80, tail 2.30-2.50. Eggs .75 « .52. Hab. 
Whole of North America; wintering from southern Florida, Cuba, 
and Gulf coast, south to Guatemala. 

614. T. bicolor (VIEILL.). White-bellied Swallow. 
6. Rump white (the feathers with fine blackish shaft-streaks) ; a white line 
on each side of forehead, along upper edge of lores. 

Otherwise like J. bicolor, but much smaller; length about 4.10-4.80, 
wing 3.75-3.90, tail 1.80-1.90. Hab. Coasts of Central America and 


1 Hirundo tytleri Jerv., B. Ind. iii. App. 1864, 870. (H. saturata Rinew. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1883, 95.) 
2 [ridoproene Coves, B. Col. Val. 1878, 412. Type, Hirundo bicolor ViriLtu. (See Barrp, Review Am. B. 
i, 1865, p. 296.) 


462 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


southern Mexico, from Isthmus of Panama to Mazatlan and British 
Honduras. 
T. albilinea LAwr. White-rumped Swallow.! 
a®*, Ear-coverts partly or mainly white; feathers of lower parts abruptly grayish 
beneath the surface; upper parts in adult soft, metallic (but not burnished), 
green or greenish bronze, varied with tints of purplish, purplish bronze, 
violet, ete. (Subgenus Tachycineta.) 

Adult male: Top of head, hind-neck, back, and scapulars rich green, either 
the head and neck or dorsal region, or both, usually overlaid by a more 
or less distinct wash of bronze or purple; rump and upper tail-coverts 
rich bluish green or bluish, usually mixed with rich plum-purple; a 
white patch on each side of rump, these in life often brought close to- 
gether so as apparently to form a continuous white band; entire lower 
parts, including ear-coverts and line above posterior half (or more) of 
eye, pure white, but the feathers immediately beneath surface grayish. 
Adult female: Similar to the male, but much duller, the ear-coverts and 
hind-neck dull grayish, the former, however, more or less mixed with 
white. Young: Similar to same stage of T. bicolor, but with feathers 
of lower parts distinctly grayish beneath the surface, this showing 
through on anterior portions, especially on breast. Length 4.75-5.50, 
wing about 4.30-4.75, tail 1.95-2.20. Eggs .73 x 51. Hab. Western 
United States, east to Rocky Mountains, south, in winter, to Costa Rica. 


615. T. thalassina (Swains.). Violet-green Swallow. 
Genus CALLICHELIDON Bryant? (Page 458.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Above soft dull metallic green (not burnished), changing to more 
bluish green on wings, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail; entire lower parts, in- 
cluding sides of head below level of eyes, pure white. Adult female: Similar to male, 
but suborbital region and ear-coverts mottled grayish. Length about 5.50-5.70, 
wing 4.30-4.50, tail 2.60-2.85, forked for .85-.95. Hab. Bahamas; accidental in 
Florida (Dry Tortugas)... [615.1.] C. cyaneoviridis Bryant. Bahaman Swallow.’ 


Genus CLIVICOLA Forstrr. (Page 458, pl. CXIV., fig. 4.) 
Species. 


Adult : Above dull grayish brown or brownish gray, darker on head and wings, 
paler on rump and upper tail-coverts; beneath white, interrupted by a broad band 
of brownish gray across chest, this continued along sides; usually, a more or less 


1 Petrochelidon albilinea LAwn., Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1863, 2. Tachycineta albilinea Lawr., Mem. Bost. 
Soe. ii. 1874, 271. 


2 Callichelidon “ Bryant, MSS.” Barrp, Review Am. B.i. May, 1865, 303. Type, Hirundo cyaneoviridis 
Bryant. 


3 Hirundo cyaneoviridis Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. 1859, 111. 


STELGIDOPTERYX. 463 


extensive spot of same in middle of breast. Young: Similar to adult, but wing- 
coverts, secondaries, upper tail-coverts, and feathers of rump more or less distinctly 
bordered with buffy or whitish. Length about 4.75-5.50, wing 3.70-4.25, tail 2.10- 
2.25. Nest in horizontal holes or burrows excavated in sand-banks, banks of 
streams, etc. Eggs 3-6, .70 x 49, pure white. Hab. Northern hemisphere in gen- 
eral; in America, south in winter to Cuba and Jamaica, and through Middle 
America to Brazil...........ccscesesesceesoeeeees 616. C. riparia (LINN.). Bank Swallow. 


Genus STELGIDOPTERYX Barrp. (Page 458, pl. CXIV., fig. 5.) 


Species. 

Adult: Above plain grayish brown, darker on wings and tail, the tertials usu- 
ally margined with paler brownish gray; beneath plain brownish gray, the belly, 
anal region, and lower tail-coverts white. Young: Much like adult, but wing- 
coverts broadly tipped and tertials broadly margined with cinnamon, the plumage 
in general more or less tinged or suffused with this color. Length 5.00-5.75, wing 
4,004.70, tail 2.05-2.35. Nest in holes, usually in banks (as in Clivicola riparia), 
but often in abutments of bridges, ete. Eggs 3-6, .72 x .51, plain pure white. 
Hab. United States (except extreme northern border, and New England except 
Connecticut), south, through Mexico, to Guatemala. 

617. S. serripennis (Aup.). Rough-winged Swallow. 


Famity AMPELIDAL.—TuHE Waxwincs, ETc. (Page 322.) 


Genera. 


a’, Wings pointed (first or second quill longest), decidedly longer than the short, 
even tail; primaries apparently only nine, the first being excessively minute, 
nearly or quite concealed; of those normally developed, the first or second 
longest ; rictal bristles obsolete; frontal feathers filling completely the nasal 
fosse, and concealing the nostrils ; young with lower parts streaked. (Sub- 
family Ampeling.).......c.cescsessoccccsrecsorcccscsessoccsccees Ampelis. (Page 464.) 

a’, Wings much rounded, shorter than the rounded, emarginated or graduated 
tail; primaries obviously ten, the first always very evident; of the remain- 
der, the third to fifth (actually, fourth to sixth) longest; rictal bristles very 
distinct; frontal feathers not encroaching on nasal fosse; young not streaked 
beneath. (Subfamily Ptilogonatine.") 

b'. Bill narrow, the width of upper mandible at posterior extremity of nos- 
trils decidedly less than length from nostril to tip; crest springing from 
centre of crown composed of narrow, somewhat recurved, feathers; 
adult male glossy black, with white on inner webs of quills; adult fe- 
male dull brownish gray, with white edgings on wings. 

Phainopepla. (Page 465.) 


1In reality a very distinct family (Ptilogonatidx), peculiar to Mexico and Central America, and repre- 
sented by several strongly characterized genera, 


464 ' NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


b?. Bill broad, the width of upper mandible at posterior extremity of nostrils 
decidedly greater than length from nostril to tip; crest covering whole 
top of head, composed of broad, loose-webbed, blended feathers; adult 
males plumbeous, with black quills and tail, bright yellow under tail- 
coverts, and large white spaces on inner webs of tail-feathers; adult 
females like males, but plumbeous replaced by brownish or olive. 

Ptiliogonys. 


Genus AMPELIS Linyavus. (Page 463, pl. CXIII., fig. 4.) 


Species. 

Common Cuaracters.—Crown with a lengthened, pointed crest, of soft, blended 
feathers; plumage very soft, the feathers of head, neck, and body perfectly blended, 
the prevailing color a soft fawn-color of vinaceous grayish brown, changing to ashy 
on rump and upper tail-coverts ; prevailing color of wings and tail slaty, the latter 
sharply tipped with yellow or red, preceded by blackish; frontal points, lores, 
streak through eye (running beneath crest, on occiput), and chin (sometimes 
throat also) velvety black; anterior portion of malar region white. Young much 
duller than adult, the lower parts streaked with brownish or dull grayish on a 
whitish ground. Vest in trees, bulky, constructed of small twigs, rootlets, etc., 
mixed and lined with feathers and other soft materials. Eggs 3-5, pale dull bluish 
or pale purplish gray, spotted and dotted with dark brown, black, and purplish. 


a. Tail tipped with gamboge-yellow; tips of secondaries sometimes with horny 
appendages resembling red sealing-wax. 

b.. Larger (wing more than 4.25); lower tail-coverts, forehead, and cheeks 
deep cinnamon or cinnamon-rufous; flanks brownish gray; primary 
coverts and outer webs of secondaries tipped with white; outer webs of 
quills tipped with white or yellow; length about 7.40-8.75, wing 4.40- 
4.60, tail 2.75-2.90. Eggs .92 x .65. Hab. Northern portions of northern 
hemisphere; in America, south to northern border of United States in 
winter, breeding far northward (and in northern Rocky Mountains ?). 

618. A. garrulus Linn. Bohemian Waxwing. 

b%. Smaller (wing less than 4.00); lower tail-coverts white; forehead and 
cheeks same color as crest; flanks yellowish olive; wings entirely 
plain slate-gray (except the wax-like tips to secondaries, in some speci- 


1 Ptiliogonys Swatns., Philos. Mag. n. s., i. 1827, 368. Type, P. cinereus SWAINS. 

The male of the single Mexican species (P. cinereus) is uniform plumbeous, becoming ashy on head, which 
fades to nearly white anteriorly; flanks bright golden olive, or oil-yellow, the under tail-coverts rich gam- 
boge-yellow; eyelids white; ear-coverts and occiput (beneath crest) soft grayish brown. The female is grayish 
brown where the male is plumbeous, the flanks wholly light brown, the wings and tail duller black, white spots 
on inner webs of tail-feathers more restricted, ete. An allied Guatemalan race (P. cinereus molybdophanes, 
new subspecies) differs in having the plumbeous decidedly deeper, the flanks olive-green instead of oil-yellow, 
ete. The dimensions are nearly the same (length about 7.75-8.00, wing 3.70, tail 4.00-4.25). A very fine 
Costa Rican species (P. caudatus Cax,), with long and much graduated tail but very similar plumage, is the 
type of the subgenus Sphenotelus Barrp (Rev. Am. B. i. May, 1866, 412). 


PHAINOPEPLA. 465 


mens); length 6.50-7.50, wing about 3.60-3.90, tail 2.30-2.60. Eggs .87- 
61. Hab. Whole of temperate North America, south (in winter only ?) 
to Guatemala and West Indies. 
619. A. cedrorum (VIEILL.). Cedar Waxwing. 
a. Tail tipped with rose-red ; tips of secondaries never with sealing-wax-like tips. 
Greater wing-coverts dull red; otherwise much like A. garrulus, but with- 
out yellow tips to quills, but these, as also sometimes the secondaries, 
usually tipped with rose-red. Hab. Japan. 


A. japonicus (SIEB.). Japanese Waxwing.! 


Genus PHAINOPEPLA Sctarter. (Page 463, pl. CXIII,, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Uniform glossy blue-black, the inner webs of quills chiefly white ; 
in winter, many feathers bordered with whitish. Adult female: Plain brownish 
gray, rather paler below, the wing-coverts, secondaries, and lower tail-coverts mar- 
gined with white; white on inner webs of primaries more restricted and less 
sharply defined than in male. Young: Similar to adult female. Length 7.00-7.75, 
wing 3.60-3.80, tail 3.80-4.10. Nest saucer-shaped, compact, of plant-fibres, etc., on 
small trees. Eggs 2-3, .87 X .63, light grayish or dull grayish white, thickly 
speckled with neutral tint, dark brown, and blackish. Hab. Arid region of Mexico, 
and contiguous portions of United States, from western Texas to southern Cali- 
ROMMEL Ieee ame sec's Aoeicaisc'ss sh enssenhaenesodaarsecous 620. P. nitens (Swarns.). Phainopepla. 


Famity LANIIDAZ.—Tue Surixes, (Page 323.) 


Genera. 


(Characters same as those given for the Family)....... Lanius. (Page 465.) 


Genus LANIUS Linnaus. (Page 465, pl. CXIII., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Common CuHaracters.—Adults plain gray above, the sides of the head, wings, 
and tail black; the wings with a white patch at base of quills and tail, with much 
white on exterior feathers and tips of others; lower parts whitish. Young essen- 
tially similar to adults, but colors less strongly contrasted, the gray and white more 
or less tinged with brownish, and more or less vermiculated, or “waved,” with 
narrow dusky bars; wing-coverts tipped with dull light buffy. Vest a very bulky 
structure, composed of sticks, dried grass-stems, wool, feathers, etc., placed in small 
(usually thorny) trees or hedges. Eggs 4-7, dull whitish, spotted with light brown 
or olive. 


1Bombicyvora japonica SEBO, Hist. Nat. Jap. Stat. 1824, No. 2. Ampelis japonica Gray, Gen. B. i. 
1846, 278. 


59 


460 


a. Inner webs 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


of secondaries dusky next to shaft for much the greater part of 


their length ; tail-feathers (except sometimes middle pair) white at base; bill 
from nostril not more than .55. 

6’. Wing 4.35, or more; lores never wholly deep black; nasal tufts always 
whitish or grayish on top; basal half of lower mandible light-colored, 
except in summer adults. 

c'. A more or less distinct whitish spot on lower eyelid ; adult (and young) 


ec. No 


with breast distinctly undulated, or narrowly barred with grayish. 
Summer adult: Above pale ash-gray, becoming white or grayish 
white on forehead, superciliary region, hinder scapulars, lower 
rump, and upper tail-coverts; lores chiefly blackish gray, but black 
anteriorly and immediately next to eye; beneath white, the breast 
and anterior portion of sides narrowly barred or undulated with 
grayish. Winter adult: Similar, but basal half of lower mandible 
light brownish (horn-grayish in life), and lores chiefly light grayish 
(sometimes even mixed with whitish). Young in first winter: 
Above dull grayish brown, sometimes tinged with light umber- 
brown; wings and tail much duller black; greater wing-coverts 
tipped (sometimes also narrowly edged) with pale brownish buffy ; 
white at base of quills indistinct (sometimes obsolete); ear-coverts 
dusky brownish; lower parts brownish white, more strongly tinged 
with brown laterally, everywhere (except on chin and under tail- 
coverts) very distinctly waved or narrowly barred with dusky 
grayish. Young: Hssentially like preceding, but hinder scapu- 
lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts more or less distinctly undulated 
with dusky, the greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and middle tail- 
feathers tipped with pale rusty, and anterior lower parts (in- 
cluding whole breast and anterior portion of sides) nearly uniform 
pale grayish brown, the darker undulations appearing only on close 
inspection. Length 9.25-10.75, wing 4.35-4.60, tail 4.50-4.70, bill 
from nostril .50-.55, tarsus 1.02-1.05. Eggs 1.05 x .76. Hab. 
Northern North America; south, in winter, to Potomac and Ohio 
Valleys, Kansas, Colorado, Nevada, northern California, and even 
IATAZONG).Ascalenck ossaeeeacess 621. L. borealis Vieru. Northern Shrike. 
trace (?) of white on lower eyelid; adult without grayish undula- 
tions or bars on breast or other lower parts; otherwise not obvi- 
ously different from LZ. borealis; wing 4.35-4.50, tail 4.30-4.60, bill 
from nostril .52—.55, tarsus 1.00-1.10. Hab. Northern Asia and 
northern and eastern Europe. 

L. borealis sibiricus Boap. Siberian Shrike.} 


&. Wing less than 4.25; lores and nasal tufts always wholly black in adult; 


1 Lanius borealis sibiricus Bogpanow, “ Russian Shrikes, etc., p. 102, 1881.” (Gapow.) JL. major Pau. 
et Auct., nec WILKES. 
Said to have been procured at Chilcat, Alaska (ef. ScHALow, Auk, i. 1884, 292), but the correct identifi- 


cation perhaps open 


to doubt. 


LANIUS. 467 


basal half of lower mandible never light-colored, except in young. 
(Adults above ash-gray or slate-gray (varying much in shade), the 
scapulars, lower rump, and upper tail-coverts usually paler, sometimes 
nearly white; lower parts white, sometimes tinged with grayish later- 
ally, usually not undulated or otherwise marked.) 

c'. Adults pure white beneath, rarely much tinged laterally with grayish, 
and very rarely with obvious grayish undulations or bars on breast ; 
gray of upper parts of a pure ash- or slate-gray cast. 

d'. Darker, the upper tail-coverts usually not distinctly paler than 
rump, and never (?) whitish; sides usually faintly tinged with 
gray ; wing, tail, and tarsus averaging shorter, and bill larger ; 
length 8.50-9.50, wing 3.75-4.00 (3.83), tail 3.65-4.25 (3.97), bill 
from nostril .43-.50 (.47), depth of bill at base .34-.38 (.35), tar- 
sus 1.00-1.10 (1.05). Eggs .97 & .73. Hab. More southern por- 
tions of eastern United States, but north, irregularly, to Ohio, 
Vermont, etc., regularly to Virginia and southern Illinois. 

622. L. ludovicianus Linn. Loggerhead Shrike. 

@. Paler, the upper tail-coverts usually more or less distinctly 
whitish, the scapulars more extensively white, the sides usu- 
ally very faintly, if at all, tinged with gray ; wings, tail, and 
tarsus averaging longer and bill smaller; length 8.00-10.00, 
wing 3.75-4.10 (3.94), tail 3.75-4.30 (4.06), bill from nostril 
.42-.50 (.46), depth at base .30-.35 (.32), tarsus 1.00-1.15 (1.09). 
Eggs .97 X .72. Hab. Central region of North America, north 
to the Saskatchewan, south over table-lands of Mexico, west 
to Lower California, Arizona, Nevada, etc., east across Great 
Plains, and, sporadically, through basin of the Great Lakes to 
northern New York.... 622a. L. ludovicianus excubitorides 

(Swains.). White-rumped Shrike. 

ce, Adults dull white or grayish white beneath, strongly gray laterally, 

the breast usually distinctly undulated or narrowly barred with 

grayish, under parts sometimes strongly tinged with pale brown or 

dull vinaceous; gray of upper parts having a more or less decided 
brownish, or less bluish, cast. 

About as dark above as ZL. ludovicianus (sometimes darker, es- 
pecially on head), the upper tail-coverts, however, sometimes 
abruptly light grayish, or even whitish, as in L. excubitorides ; 
tail averaging longer than in either of the more eastern forms, 
the average length of wing intermediate; length 8.00-10.00, 
wing 3.70-4.00 (3.89), tail 3.75-4.50 (4.11), bill from nostril 
.43-.48 (.46), depth at base .30-.35 (.33), tarsus 1.05-1.15 (1.09). 
Hab. California, especially coast district. 

6225. L. ludovicianus gambeli Rinaw. California Shrike. 


———_ 


1 ew subspecies. It is with extreme reluctance that I have concluded to name, and attempt to character- 
ize, a third race of this species, yet I have felt compelled to do so, or else drop LZ. excubitorides. Typical exam- 


468 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


a’, Inner webs of secondaries white quite to the shaft for about the basal half, the 
~ white then abruptly narrowed to less than half the width of inner web, but 
very abruptly defined against the dusky ; tail-feathers without any white at 

base; bill from nostril .60. 

Adult: Above very dark slate-gray, including upper tail-coverts, darker on 
head, where not becoming lighter next to black of lores and frontlet, the 
longer scapulars, however, passing terminally or exteriorly into whitish ; 
lower parts bluish gray, becoming white along median line, including 
whole chin and throat and under tail-coverts; length (mounted speci- 
men) about 8.75, wing 4.20, tail 4.40, exposed culmen 1.00, bill from nos- 
tril .60, depth at base .39, tarsus 1.20. Hab. Said to be California, but 
possibly some portion of the Old World. 

L. robustus (BAIRD). Baird’s Shrike.! 


Famity VIREONIDAL.—TuHE Vireos. (Page 323.) 


Genera. 


a. Lateral toes very unequal in length, the inner one, with its claw, not reaching 
beyond base of middle claw; legs and feet weaker. 

b’. Wing shorter than tail, extremely rounded, the fifth or sixth quill longest, 
and second shorter than secondaries ; tail much rounded, the difference 
between longest and shortest feathers nearly equal to length of bill from 
nostril ; bill weaker, relatively broader and more depressed at base. 
(The single known species with whole top of head and _ hind-neck, 
wings, and tail bright olive-green; back, scapulars, rump, throat, 
breast, sides, and flanks uniform slate-gray ; chin and belly white; wing 
BOULEZ SUM eon taceate costeaee snes sees sho dae shtuiecbinonemeneaes oe ssceses IVGOCKIOER 

b. Wing equal to or longer than tail, less rounded, thie third or fourth quill 
longest, and second much longer than secondaries; tail nearly even, or, if 
rounded, the difference between longest and shortest feathers much less 
than length of bill from nostril; bill stouter, and relatively narrower and 
higher at base. (Coloration very variable, but never at all resembling 
UIVEOCIRNOG) siacaseccn sine shcaas ccestet tac: emer se eseeeeErerces Vireo. (Page 469.) 

a. Lateral toes nearly equal in length, the inner one, with its claw, reaching de- 
cidedly beyond base of middle claw; legs and feet stouter. 


ples of the Californian bird certainly cannot be matched by specimens from any portion of the country east of 
the Sierra Nevada, while there is not more of individual variation than exists in the other two forms. The re- 
semblance is, on the whole, closer to the darker-colored specimens of true L. ludovicianus (from the Gulf States), 
but the under parts are constantly much darker, and, in seventeen of the twenty-one specimens now before me, 
very perceptibly (sometimes distinctly) undulated on the breast with grayish, this character being very excep- 
tional in L. Zudovicianus and still more rarely observable in L. excubitorides. 

1 Lanius ludovicianus, var. robustus Barrp, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 608. Lanius robustus GApow, Cat. B. Brit. 
Mus. viii. 1883, 248. (See especially the important paper by Leonhard Stejneger in Proc. Philad. Acad. 1885, 


pp. 91-96.) 
2 Neochloe ScuaTER, P. Z. S. 1857, 213. Type, N. brevipennis Scr. (Hab. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.) 


VIREO. 469 


b'. Smaller (wing less than 2.50); bill small, nearly as broad as high at base, 
and tapering rapidly to the slender, slightly hooked tip. (Color olive- 
green or russet-olive above, with top of head and neck ash-gray or else 
with tail russet; lower parts neither yellow nor green.) 

Hylophilus. (Page 478.) 

b?, Larger (wing not less than 3.00) ; bill stout, much deeper than wide at base, 
the culmen curving rather abruptly toward the strongly hooked tip. 

ce. Depth of bill at base only about half the exposed culmen. (Lower 
parts green, becoming yellow on throat, or else white with rufous 
band across chest; upper parts bright green, with top of head sky- 
blue, or else olive, the sides of head striped with yellow, slate-color, 
wate, and vplacke yer cane cuseessmactccecs sss ciscccesebeseciaces cscs Vireolanius.! 
ce. Depth of bill at base much more than half the exposed culmen. (Lower 
parts yellow; upper parts plain olive-green, becoming ash-gray on 

head and neck, the forehead and broad superciliary stripe rufous.) 
Cyclorhis? 


Genus VIREO Vieittor. (Page 468, pl. CXV., figs. 1-3, 5.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaractrers.—Above plain olive-green or olive-grayish, with or with- 


out white wing-bands; beneath whitish or yellowish, or both. Vest a very beau- 
tiful basket-shaped structure suspended from a forked twig, composed of mosses, 
lichens, fine strips of bark, ete. Eggs white, usually more or less dotted or 
sparsely speckled round larger end with brown and blackish. 


a’. Spurious primary, if present, very narrow and pointed, and decidedly shorter 


—_— 


than tarsus. 
. Wing without light bands or other distinct markings. (Subgenus Vireosylva 
Bonap.) 
c'. Without any spurious primary, or else, if present, the exposed culmen 
.50, or more. 
d'. Exposed culmen .50, or more; middle of chest white. 
e'. A distinct dusky streak along each side of throat. 

Above plain dull olive-greenish, becoming gray on top of 
head, which has a more or less distinct dusky streak 
along each side of crown; a conspicuous superciliary 
stripe of dull whitish, bordered below by a distinct 
dusky streak through the eye; cheeks dull grayish 
white or pale brownish gray (whole side of head, 
including superciliary stripe, sometimes strongly suf- 
fused with dull brownish buffy); lower parts white, 


1 Vireolanius Bonap., Consp. i. 1850, 330. Type, V. melitophrys Du Bus. 
2 Cyclorhis Swarns., Zool. Jour. iii. 1828, 162. Type, Tanagra guianensis GMEL. 
3 The exception is V. olivaceus, which is said to have sometimes (but very rarely) a spurious primary. 


470 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


tinged with olive laterally, the axillars and under 
tail-coverts yellowish white, or very pale sulphur- 
yellow. Length about 5.50-5.75, wing 3.00-3.25, tail 
2.20-2.50, exposed culmen .57-.65. Hggs .78 x .58. 
Hab. Cuba, Bahamas, and southern Florida. 
623. V. altiloquus barbatulus (Cas.). 
Black-whiskered Vireo. 
é. No trace of dusky streak along side of throat. 

f*. Top of head dull ash-gray, margined along each side by a 

dusky streak ; rest of upper parts olive-greenish. 

g. Sides and flanks tinged with grayish olive; axillars 
and under tail-coverts white, or very faintly tinged 
with sulphur-yellow ; length 5.50-6.50, wing about 
3.10-3.30, tail 2.15-2.30, exposed culmen .50-.55. 

Jest usually in small trees, in woods, usually less 
than ten feet from ground. KHggs .81 x .56. Hab. 
EKastern North America, north to Hudson’s Bay, 
etc., west to Rocky Mountains or beyond; in 
winter, south through eastern Mexico and Central 
America to northern South America. 

624. V. olivaceus (Linn.). Red-eyed Vireo. 
gj. Sides and flanks bright olive-yellow; axillars and 
under tail-coverts clear sulphur-yellow; length 
about 6.25-6.75, wing 2.80-3.20, tail 2.05-2.50, ex- 
posed culmen .55-.60. Hab. Mexico and Central 
America, north to Lower Rio Grande Valley, in 
Texas (accidentally to Godbout, Province of Que- 

bec), south to Ecuador and upper Amazon. 
625. V. flavoviridis (Cass.). 
(78.) Yellow-green Vireo. 
f?. Top of head dull brownish gray or grayish brown, like 

the back and other upper parts. 

g'. Above dull brownish gray; wing 2.90-3.00, tail 2.35, 
exposed culmen .60-.65. Hab. Island of Cozumel, 
Yucatan. 

V. cinereus Rip@ew. Cozumel Vireo.! 

g?. Above dull brownish olive; lower parts duller white 
medially, deeper olivaceous laterally ; wing 3.05, 
tail 2.40, exposed culmen .65. Hab. Coast of 
British Honduras. 

V. magister BarrpD. Belize Vireo.” 


1 Vireosylvia cinerea Ripew., Descr. N. B. Cozumel, 1885, 2. Vireo cinereus Ripew., Proc. U. S. Nat. 
Mus. viii. 1885, 565. 

2 Vireosylvia magister “ BarrD, n. s.” Lawr., Ann. Lye. N.Y. x. 1871, 20. Vireo magister Satv. & GopM., 
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. 1881, 191. 


VIREO. 471 


@. Exposed culmen not more than .40. 

Above grayish olive-green, becoming more decidedly gray- 
ish on top of head; a whitish superciliary stripe; lower 
parts very pale sulphur-yellow, deepest on chest, the chin 
and belly white; length about 4.80, wing 2.50-2.75, tail 
1.90-2.20, exposed culmen .38-.40. Hab. Eastern North 
America, north to Manitoba and Hudson’s Bay (breeding 
chiefly north of United States) ; south, in winter, to Guate- 
mala, Costa Rica, and Chiriqui (but not yet recorded 
either from Mexico or from any part of West Indies). 

626. V. philadelphicus (Cass.). Philadelphia Vireo. 
c2, Wing with a well-developed spurious primary, longer than bill; exposed 
culmen much less than .50. 

@, Top of head dull ash-gray, not distinctly different from the grayish 
olive, or olive-gray, of back. (Adult: Above olive-grayish, 
becoming more decidedly gray on top of head, more tinged 
with pale olive-greenish on rump and upper tail-coverts; a 
whitish loral streak, extending back over eye, but scarcely 
beyond it; malar region, ear-coverts, and sides of neck pale 
brownish gray or pale grayish buffy; lower parts dull white, 
more or less tinged with olive-yellowish laterally. Young: Top 
of head and hind-neck very pale grayish buff, the lores and 
superciliary region white; ear-coverts still paler buffy ; back, 
scapulars, rump, and lesser wing-coverts buffy grayish ; lower 
parts entirely pure white, except under tail-coverts, which are 
pale yellow; wings and tail as in adult, but greater wing- 
coverts tipped with dull grayish buffy.) 

é. Larger, with stouter bill; upper parts (especially top of head) 
averaging rather paler and clearer grayish, the flanks more 
yellowish (or less olivaceous), the colors generally clearer 
or “cleaner”; length 5.00-5.50, wing 2.65-2.95 (2.84), tail 
2.10-2.40 (2.22), bill from nostril .80-.32 (.31), depth at 
base .15-.18 (.16), tarsus .68-.72 (.70). West in trees, usu- 
ally at a considerable height, in open copses, along banks 
of streams, or in shade-trees along streets in towns and 
cities. Eggs .75 < .55. Hab. Eastern North America, 
north to Fort Simpson and Hudson’s Bay, west to Great 
Plains; south, in winter, to eastern Mexico. 

627. V. gilvus (VrerLt.). Warbling Vireo. 

f, Smaller, with slenderer bill; upper parts (especially top of 
head) averaging rather darker and duller grayish, flanks 
more olivaceous, the colors generally less clear ; length 4.75- 
5.40, wing 2.55-2.85 (2.69), tail 2.00-2.30 (2.14), bill from 
nostril .29-.31 (.30), depth at base .15-.16 (.15), tarsus 
.65-.70 (.68). Nest as in V. gilvus. Eggs .73 X 51. Hab, 


472 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Western United States, east to Rocky Mountains; south 
through central and western Mexico in winter. 
—. V. gilvus swainsoni (Bairp). 
Western Warbling Vireo.’ 
6%. Wing with two distinct white bands across tips of middle and greater 
coverts. (Subgenus Lanivireo BairD.) 
c. No spurious primary ; loral streak, orbital ring, chin, throat, and breast 
yellow ; top of head olive-green. 
Posterior under parts white; rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapu- 
lars ash-gray ; hind-neck and back olive-green ; tertials broadly 
edged with white; length 5.00-5.85, wing 3.00-3.20, tail 2.00- 
2.30. Nest in woods, usually at a considerable height from 
ground. Hggs .79 x .58, usually more heavily spotted than in 
other species. Hab. Eastern United States, west to edge of 
Great Plains; south, in winter, to Costa Rica. 
628. V. flavifrons Virm1L. Yellow-throated Vireo. 
ec. A more or less distinct spurious primary; loral streak, orbital ring, 
chin, throat, etc., white; top of head ash-gray or plumbeous (more 
brownish in winter). 

d'. Spurious quill minute (much shorter than exposed culmen); hind- 
part and sides of neck olive-green, like back and scapulars ; 
chest and breast (especially sides of the latter) strongly washed 
with sulphur-yellow. (Otherwise much like JV. solitarius.) 
Wing 3.05, tail 2.20, bill from nostril .30, tarsus .72. Hab. 
Highlands of Guatemala (Coban, Vera Paz). 

V. propinquus (Barrp). Vera Paz Vireo.” 

@. Spurious quill well developed (much longer than exposed culmen) ; 
hind-part and sides of neck grayish, like top of head and ear- 
coverts ; chest and breast without yellow tinge. 

e’. Sides and flanks conspicuously olive or olive-green, distinctly 
tinged with yellow ; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive- 
green. (Young in first winter with anterior upper parts 
dull grayish brown, the lower parts dull buffy white, the 
general aspect quite different from full adult plumage.) 

j*. Smaller (wing not more than 3.00, tail rarely more than 
2.20). 

g'. Back, ete., brighter olive-green, more abruptly con- 
trasted with plumbeous-gray of head and neck, 
the latter deeper and clearer; gray of cheeks more 
abruptly contrasted with white of throat; sides 
and flanks usually more strongly tinged with 


1 Vireo swainsoni Barrp, B. N. Am. 1858, 336 (in text). Vireo gilvus, var. swainsoni CovEs, Key, 1872, 121. 

2 Vireosylvia propinqgua BatrD, Review Am. B. i. May, 1866, 348. 

This is either a very distinct species or else, as suggested by Messrs. SALviIN & GopMAN (Biol. Centr.-Am., 
Aves, i. p. 197) a hybrid between V. solitarius and V. flavifrons. 


(79.) 


VIREO. 473 


olive-green and yellow; length 5.00-6.00, wing 
2.90-3.00 (2.94), tail 2.10-2.20 (2.19), bill from 
nostril .28-.30 (.29), tarsus .70-.73 (71). Vest in 
woods, in undergrowth or lower branches of small 
trees. Eggs .79 x 57. Hab. Eastern North 
America, north to Fort Simpson and Hudson’s 
Bay, breeding chiefly north of United States; 
south, in winter, through eastern Mexico to 
Guatemala. 

629. V. solitarius (Wits.). Blue-headed Vireo. 


g*. Back, etc., more grayish olive-green, less abruptly 


(if at all) contrasted with the duller ash-gray 
of head and neck; gray of cheeks less abruptly 
contrasted with white of throat; sides and flanks 
less strongly tinged with olive-green and yellow. 
(Young in first winter much browner than cor- 
responding stage of V. solitarius.) Length 5.00- 
5.60, wing 2.85-3.00 (2.90), tail 2.10-2.30 (2.16), 
bill from nostril .28-.31 (.30), tarsus .70-.78 (.74). 
Eggs .79 X .55. Hab. Western United States, 
east to Rocky Mountains, but chiefly Gf not ex- 
clusively) Pacific coast in summer; in winter, 
south through western Mexico..... 629a. V. soli- 

tarius cassinii (XanTUs). Cassin’s Vireo. 


f?. Larger (wing decidedly more than 3.00, tail not less than 
2.20). 
Similar in plumage to JV. solitarius, but upper parts 


much darker (“nearly uniform blackish plum- 
beous, with only a faint tinge of greenish on the 
back, which is essentially concolor with the 
crown”); wing 3.03-3.30, tail 2.21-2.31, bill from 
nostril .30-.36, tarsus .72-.75. Hab. Higher 
southern Alleghanies (western North Carolina, 
OUC.)iseseceeses 629c. V. solitarius alticola Brewsr. 

Mountain Solitary Vireo.’ 


@. Sides and flanks tinged with plumbeous-gray, but with little 
if any olivaceous or yellowish tinge; back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts plumbeous-gray, very slightly, if at all, 
tinged with olive-green. 

Above plumbeous, or plumbeous-gray, with the usual 
white markings on wings and sides of head ; lower 
parts white, the sides and flanks strongly tinged with 
plumbeous-gray ; length 5.75-6.15, wing 3.05-3.30 


1 Vireo solitarius alticola Brewst., Auk, iii. Jan. 1866, 111. 


60 


474 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


(3.16), tail 2.30-2.55 (2.41), bill from nostril .30-.35 
(.31), tarsus .72-.79 (.75). Hggs .79x 59. Hab. 
Rocky Mountain district of United States; south, in 
winter, through central Mexico.... 629). V. solitarius 
plumbeus (Cougs). Plumbeous Vireo. 
a’, Spurious primary always present and well developed, equal to or longer than 
tarsus, and broad, like other quills; wing more rounded. (Subgenus 
7re0.) 
6’. Wing much longer than tail (the difference equal to or greater than length 
of bill from nostril). 
c’. Sides olivaceous or yellowish. 
d‘. Median lower parts pure white or buffy white, in marked contrast 
with olive-greenish or yellowish of sides and flanks. 

e’. Wings blackish or dusky, the middle and greater coverts 
broadly and sharply tipped with white or pale sulphur- 
yellow. 

jf’. Lores and orbital ring white; cheeks and ear-coverts 
black or deep brownish gray, in marked contrast with 
pure white or buffy white of throat. 

Adult male: Top and sides of head deep black, the 
lores and orbital ring pure white; lower parts 
pure white, the sides and flanks olive-greenish, 
tinged with yellow; upper parts olive-green, the 
wings and tail black, with pale olive-yellow 
edgings. Adult female similar to male, but black 
of head usually duller, more slate-colored. Young 
in first autumn and winter: Top and sides of head 
dull grayish brown; lores, orbital ring, and lower 
parts dull buffy white, or pale dull buffy, the 
sides brown-olive; upper parts more brownish 
than in adult. Length 4.40-4.75, wing 2.15-2.30, 
tail 1.80-2.00. Nest 3-5 feet from ground, in 
bushes or small trees. Hggs usually 4, .72 x .51, 
plain white. Hab. Southern portion of Great 
Plains, north to Kansas; in winter, south into 
Mexico (Mazatlan, etc.)...... 630. V. atricapillus 

Woopu. Black-capped Vireo. 

f?. Lores and orbital ring yellow; cheeks and ear-coverts 
grayish, fading gradually into grayish white of 
throat. (Above olive-green, usually tinged, more or 

less, with ashy on hind-neck ; wings and tail dusky, 

with light olive-green edgings; chin, throat, and chest 
grayish white; belly and under tail-coverts pure white, 

the latter usually faintly tinged with sulphur-yellow ; 

sides and flanks sulphur-yellow, tinged with olive. 


VIREO. 47D 


Young: Above plain olive-gray, becoming more oliva- 
ceous posteriorly; middle and greater wing-coverts 
broadly tipped with pale buff, tertials broadly edged 
with yellowish white, secondaries narrowly edged with 
olive-yellowish, and primaries with pale grayish or 
grayish white; lower parts white, passing into very 
pale buffy yellow on flanks and under tail-coverts ; 
head-markings as in adult, but supraloral streak white, 
passing into pale yellowish over eye, and lores dull 
grayish.) 

g. Smaller and brighter colored, the supraloral streak, 
etc., deeper yellow, the sides and flanks bright 
sulphur-yellow ; length 4.50-5.00, wing 2.35-2.50, 
tail 1.90-2.10, culmen (from base) .55-.58, bill from 
nostril .27-.30, tarsus .72-.78. Vest in bushes, in 
thickets or along borders of woods or swamps. 
Eggs .75 x 55. Hab. Eastern United States, 
west to Rocky Mountains; south, in winter, 
through eastern Mexico to Guatemala; resident 
in Bermudas.. 631. V. noveboracensis (GMEL.). 

White-eyed Vireo. 

g. Larger and duller colored, the yellow everywhere 
paler, that on sides and flanks sometimes a 
mere tinge of pale sulphur-yellow; length about 
5.00, wing 2.35-2.50, tail 2.10-2.20, culmen (from 
base) .60-.65, bill from nostril .32-.35, tarsus 
.78-.82. Hab. Key West, Florida. 

63la. V. noveboracensis maynardi Brewst. 

Key West Vireo.’ 

é. Wings dull dusky grayish, the middle and greater coverts 
narrowly and not very sharply tipped with dull white. 

Top of head and hind-neck dull brownish gray, gradually 

changing to grayish olive-green on back, scapulars, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts; a rather indistinct loral 
streak and interrupted orbital ring, dull white; cheeks 
and ear-coverts light brownish gray, fading gradually 
into dull white or buffy white of throat ; median lower 
parts white, the breast usually faintly tinged with 
sulphur-yellow; sides and flanks  sulphur-yellow, 
tinged with olive ; under tail-coverts and under wing- 
coverts clear pale sulphur-yellow; length 4.20-5.25, 
wing 2.05-2.30 (2.18), tail 1.80-1.95 (1.88), bill from 
nostril .28-.30 (.29), tarsus .70-.75 (.72). Nest in 


1 Vireo noveboracensis maynardi Brewst., MS. 


476 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


bushes, in thickets. Eggs .68 x .48. Hab. Great 
Plains, and prairie districts of Mississippi Valley, 
north to Wyoming, Dakota, and Minnesota, east 
across Illinois; south, in winter, to southern Mexico. 

633. V. bellii Aup. Bell’s Vireo. 


d?, Median lower parts same color as sides and flanks, only (usually) 
paler. 
e!. Lores and orbital ring yellow. 
J‘. Larger (wing 2.40, or more). (Length about 5.00, wing 


2.40-2.60, exposed culmen .45-.52.) 
g. Beneath dull whitish, tinged with olive-yellowish ; 
above grayish olive, varying to dull olive-gray, 
Hab. Bahamas (New Providence, Abaco, Green 

Cay, Cat Island, and Eleuthera Island). 

V. crassirostris (BRYANT). Large-billed Vireo.! 
g. Beneath deep sulphur-yellow or “King’s yellow;” 
above olive-green. Hab. Bahamas (Concepcion 
Island, Cat Island, Green Cay, Rum Cay, and 

Galding Key, Andros Island). 


V. crassirostris flavescens Rripaw. Yellow Vireo.” 


f?. Smaller (wing not more than 2.25). 


In coloration intermediate between JV. crassirostris 
and V. crassirostris flavescens; wing 2.10-2.25, 
tail 1.85-2.00, exposed culmen .40-.45. Hab. 
Southern Mexico, Honduras, and Guatemala; 
north to Yucatan and Mazatlan. 

V.ochraceus SALY. Ochraceous Vireo. 


e. Lores and orbital ring dull whitish, the latter interrupted 


on upper eyelid. (Above plain olive or olive-grayish, 
becoming more decidedly olivaceous on rump, upper 
tail-coverts, and edges of secondaries and tail-feathers ; 
middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with 
white, producing two very conspicuous bands across 
wing; lower parts dull olive-whitish, the sides and 
flanks more decidedly, but never conspicuously, tinged 
with olive.) 


fi. Darker colored, with shorter wing and tail and, usually, 


stouter bill; above decidedly olive, becoming more 


1 Lanivireo crassirostris BRYANT, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. 1859, 112. Vireo crassirostris Bairp, Review 
Am. B. i. 1866, 368. 
2 New subspecies. Although occurring together with true V. crasstrostris on several islands, this form 


occurs exclusively on Rum Cay and Concepcion Island, while only the true V. crassirostris is found on Abaco 
and New Providence. The separation is based upon a very extensive collection (about 75 specimens), em- 
bracing large series from several of the islands above named. 


3 Vireo ochraceus SALv., P. Z. 8. 1863, 188. 


(80.) 


VIREO. 477 


greenish posteriorly ; beneath decidedly tinged later- 
ally with olive-yellow; wing-bands narrow, tinged 
with olive-yellow; length 4.25-4.75, wing 2.40-2.45 
(2.43), tail 2.00-2.10 (2.06), bill from nostril .26-.29 
(.28), tarsus .72-.76 (.75). Hab. California (resident). 

632. V. huttoni Cass. Hutton’s Vireo. 


f?. Paler and grayer, with longer wings and tail and 


(usually) more slender bill; above olive-gray, tinged 
with olive-green posteriorly; beneath very faintly 
tinged laterally with olive-yellowish; wing-bands 
broader, pure white; length 4.90-5.20, wing 2.50-2.65 
(2.58), tail 2.10-2.20 (2.16), bill from nostril .25-.30 
(.28), tarsus .70-.75 (.72). Hab. Mexico, western 
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Lower California. 
632a. V. huttoni stephensi Brewst. 
Stephens’s Vireo. 


c?, Sides (from ear-coverts to flanks, inclusive) light tawny. 

Above light brown, becoming more tawny on forehead, the sec- 
ondaries, primaries, and tail-feathers edged with pale olive ; 
two bands across wing, and edges of tertials, white; lores, 
orbits, and median lower parts white; wing about 2.50, tail 
about 2.15. Hab. Island of Cozumel, Yucatan. 


V. bairdi Ripaw. Baird’s Vireo.! 


b%. Wing not much longer than tail (the difference less than length of exvosed 
c. Lower parts white ‘usually more or less tinged with grayish or olive 


d. Wing less than 2.50, tail less than 2.25. 
el. Middle wing-coverts not distinctly, if at all, tipped with white; 
bill from nostril less than .30. 
Above plain gray, more or less tinged with olive-green- 


ish posteriorly (sometimes on back also); greater wing- 
coverts (sometimes middle coverts also) narrowly, and 
not very distinctly or abruptly, tipped with white; a 
rather indistinct supraloral streak and orbital ring 
grayish white, the lower portion of lores (from bill to 
eye) grayish or dusky; lower parts white, the sides 
and flanks tinged, more or less strongly, with olive- 
grayish and pale yellow; length 4.80-5.25, wing 2.10- 
2.30 (2.17), tail 2.03-2.20 (2.09), bill from nostril .25- 
.29 (.27), tarsus .70-.80 (.72). Nest in bushes, in 
thickets. Eggs .67 X 48. Hab. Southern and central 


1 Vireo bairdi Rivew., Descr. New Sp. B. Cozumel, Feb. 26, 1885, 2; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. 1885, 


565. 


478 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


California (north through Sacramento Valley), Lower 
California, and Arizona. 
633a. V. pusillus Cours. Least Vireo.1 
e*. Middle wing-coverts distinctly tipped with white, like greater 
coverts; bill from nostril more than .30. 

Colors as in V. pusillus, except as described above; wing 
2.20-2.30, tail 1.90-2.00, bill from nostril .33, exposed 
culmen .48, tarsus .78. Hab. West coast of Nicaragua 
and Costa Rica. 

V. pallens Saty. Pale Vireo.? 
d?. Wing 2.50, or more, tail 2.40, or more. 
Colors as in V. pusillus, but lores entire:y grayish white, 
and band across tips of greater wing-coverts less distinct 
(sometimes obsolete), the middle coverts never tipped with 
white; length about 5.60-5.75, wing 2.50-2.60, tail 2.40- 
2.55, tarsus .70-.78. Nest in thorny bushes. Eggs .73 X 
56. Hab. Southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, 
western Texas, and northwestern Mexico. 
634. V. vicinior Cours. Gray Vireo. 
ce. Lower parts yellow. 

ad‘, Above dull grayish olive, the wings with two very narrow whittsa 
or pale yellowish bands; lores, orbital ring, and lower parts 
pale yellow, becoming distinctly olive-gray on sides; wing 2.15- 

2.30, tail 2.20-2.30, tarsus .80-.90. Hab. Cuba. 
V. gundlachi Lems. Cuban Vireo. 
d@’. Above bright yellowish olive-green; wings without trace of light 
bands; superciliary stripe and lower parts bright yellow, the 
sides tinged with olive ; length about 5.50, wing 2.55-2.65, tail 
2.40-2.60. Hab. Southwestern Mexico (Oaxaca to Tres Marias). 
V. hypochryseus Sci. Yellow Vireo.4 


Genus HYLOPHILUS Temmincx.’ (Page 469, pl. CXV., fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Common CHARACTERS.—Above mostly or partly plain olive or olive-green, the 
head more or less different in color from other portions; beneath plain light olive 
or olive-greenish, the throat (in one species whole of median lower parts) dull 
whitish. 


1 Unquestionably a good species, which should stand as V. pusillus Cours. Ina series of 22 specimens at 
this moment before me, including 1] from Arizona (embracing several so-called “ intermediate” examples), 
there is not the slightest suggestion of intergradation with V. bedlit. 

2 Vireo pallens SAtv., P. Z. 8. 1863, 188. 

3 Vireo gundlachi LemBeyre, Aves de la Cuba, 1850, 29, pl. 5, fig. 1. 

£ Vireo hypochryseus Scu., P. Z. S. 1862, 390, pl. 46. 

5 Hylophilus Temm., Pl. Col. iii. Livr. 29, 1823, text, and pl. 173, fig. 1. Type, H. thoracicus TEMM. 


CERTHIOLA. 479 


a’. Top of head and hind-neck ash-gray ; rest of upper parts uniform olive-green ; 
lower parts dull whitish, the sides and flanks olive-green, and under tail- 
coverts pale yellow; length (skins) about 3.75-4.00, wing 2.00-2.20, tail 1.55- 
1.70. Hab, Eastern Mexico and Guatemala, north to southern Texas (?). 

H. decurtatus (Bonap.). Short-winged Hylophilus.! 

a’. Top of head tawny, brighter or more ochraceous on forehead ; rest of upper 
parts olive-tawny, mixed with olive on rump, the tail deep tawny brown; 
chin and throat light grayish; rest of lower parts pale yellowish olive, 
sometimes tinged with tawny on breast; length (skins) about 4.00, wing 
2.15—-2.25, tail 1.80-1.90. Hab. Southern Mexico (Oaxaca, etc.) and south to 
Costa Rica. 

H. ochraceiceps Sct. Ochraceous-fronted Hylophilus.? 


Famity COAREBIDA-.—Tue Honey Creepers. (Page 322.) 


Genera. 
(Characters same as those given for the Family)........ Coereba. (Page 479.) 


Genus CCEREBA Virrnior. (Page 479, pl. CXIV.,, fig. 7.) 
Species. 


Common CHaracters.— Adults: Above plain dusky, or brownish slate, with top 
of head black, the rump always yellow or yellowish olive; a more or less extensive 
white spot at base of longer quills ; ear-coverts blackish, like top of head, but sep- 
arated from the latter by a conspicuous superciliary stripe of white; chin, throat, 
and malar region (sometimes chest also) uniform white, grayish white, or gray ; 
breast (sometimes also belly and sides) bright yellow; outer tail-feathers more or 
less broadly tipped with white. Young: Above (including top of head) dull olive- 
brownish or dull brownish gray, the wings and tail marked with white as in adult ; 
superciliary stripe indistinct (sometimes obsolete) ; lower parts dull whitish, strongly 
tinged on breast, etc., with pale yellow (sometimes entirely dull yellowish). Vest in 
bushes or small trees, oven-shaped, with entrance in one side, composed exteriorly 
of dried grass-stems, etc., lined with softer materials. Eggs 2-4, white or buffy 
white, finely speckled or sprinkled, chiefly on or round larger end, with umber- 
brown. 


a‘. Adults with chin, throat, cheeks, and upper part of chest white, or grayish 
white ; back, scapulars, etc., very dark sooty slate, or blackish, not distinctly, 
if at all, different from top of head; rump yellow. Young with chin and 
throat dull whitish, and upper parts dull brownish gray. 


1 Sylvia decurtata Bonap., P. Z. 8. 1837, 118. Hylophilus decurtatus Barrp, Review, i. 1866, 380. (He- 
linai brevipennis Grraup, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1850, 40. ‘ Mexico and Texas.”’) 
2 Hylophilus ochraceiceps Scu., P. Z. S. 1859, 375. 


480 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


6’. Black loral streak narrower than the white above it; cheeks white almost 
up to the eye; white of throat extended over almost whole of chest, 
and yellow of breast not extended over flanks, which are pale grayish, 
sometimes faintly tinged with yellow; rump usually pure gamboge-yel- 
low ; lower tail-coverts and anal region pure white; length about 4.25- 
4.75, wing 2.30—2.65, tail 1.65-1.95, exposed culmen .55-.65, tarsus .75-.80. 
figgs 67 X 50. Hab. Bahamas, Florida Keys, and portions of adjacent 
coast of southern Florida, north to Charlotte Harbor. 

635. C. bahamensis (Reicu.). Bahama Honey Creeper. 

6’. Black loral streak as wide as or wider than white above it, and continued 
backward broadly beneath eye; white of throat extended over only 
upper part of chest; yellow of breast continued backward over flanks, 
and even tingeing anal region and lower tail-coverts; yellow of rump 
usually perceptibly tinged with olive, and upper parts in general aver- 
aging somewhat darker; dimensions essentially the same as in C. baha- 
mensis. Hab. Cozumel Island, coast of Yucatan. 

C. caboti (Barrp). Cozumel Honey Creeper.! 

a’. Adult with chin, throat, and malar region deep ash-gray ; back, scapulars, etc., 

dull grayish olive or smoky slate, in marked contrast with black of top of 

head; rump yellowish olive. Young: Chin, throat, ete., dull light grayish 

yellow, scarcely different from color of other lower parts; upper parts dull 
smoky olive. 

White spot at base of quills much reduced in size; rump yellowish olive- 
green, or olive-yellow; entire lower parts posterior to throat oil-yellow, 
becoming paler and much duller on flanks and under tail-coverts ; length 
(skins) about 3.60-3.75, wing 2.05-2.30, tail 1.35-1.55. Hab. Middle 
America, from eastern Mexico to Chiriqui. 

C. mexicana (Scu.). Mexican Honey Creeper.? 


Famity MNIOTILTIDA.—Tue Woop Wars ters. (Page 322.) 


Genera. 


a‘. Gape with very small bristles, or none. 

6’. Hind-toe, with claw, as long as naked portion of tarsus in front; claw of 

middle toe on the same line, vertically, with the toe. 
Plumage striped with black and white, the latter prevailing on lower 
PATUBiccas Lent ccccaets Menwaseriars sacaaumetee took es Mniotilta. (Page 483.) 
6’. Hind-toe, with claw, much shorter than naked portion of tarsus, in front; 
claw of middle toe (looking from above) set obliquely to the axis of the toe. 
c’. Middle toe, with claw, as long as or longer than tarsus, in front, the 

wing without white bands or other markings. 


1 Certhiola caboti “ Batrp, MS.” Finscn, Verh. der K. K. Zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871, 790. 
2 Certhiola mexicana Scou., P. Z. 8. 1856, 286. 


MNIOTILTIDZ. 481 


@. Inner webs of tail-feathers chiefly white; prevailing color yellow, 
the wings and tail bluish gray, back olive-green, and under tail- 
COMETUSWW NEbC, <tc sus iase acne se <eetince wee . Protonotaria. (Page 484.) 

@. Inner webs of tail-feathers without white; color plain brownish 
or olive above (the head sometimes striped), whitish or butfy 
beneath. 

e. Bill very much compressed; culmen straight, with basal por- 
tion elevated into a distinct narrow ridge; top of head 
plain brown (sometimes with an indistinct paler spot in 
MMIC MLS Ol; CLOW) 25. ccscnis cide aeee = vee «i Helinaia. (Page 484.) 

e?. Bill very slightly compressed ; culmen gently curved, its base 
not compressed nor elevated; top of head with two black 
stripes separated by a broader one of buff. 

Helmitherus. (Page 485.) 
c. Middle toe, with claw, shorter than tarsus in front, or else wing with 
two white bands." 

d'. Gape without obvious bristles; bill very acute, usually without 
notch, and with straight outlines, very rarely slightly decurved 
at tip. 

e'. Difference between length of wing and tail equal to or greater 
than length of tarsus in front. 

Helminthophila. (Page 485.) 

e’. Difference between length of wing and tail decidedly less than 
length OF TATSUS 1M THONG... cccosacavesiesvorce scccaten Oreothlypis.? 

d’, Gape with distinct bristles; bill variable, but rarely as above. 

ée’. Bill elongate-conical, with straight outlines, and without dis- 
tinct (if any) notch; wing not more than 2.30. 

Above bluish or grayish, with triangular patch of olive- 
green on back; wings usually with two white bands, 
and inner webs of onter tail-feathers with white spots; 
under parts with at least anterior half yellow. 

Compsothlypis. (Page 490.) 

e’. Bill variable, but always with decidedly curved outlines, and 
usually with distinct notch ; wing not less than 2.30 (usu- 
ally more than 2.50). 


1 The exception is Dendroica dominica (Linn.). 

2? Oreothlypis Ripew., Auk, i. April, 1884, 169. Type, Compsothlypis gutturalis Cas. 

The type of this genus is slate-gray or plumbeous above, with a triangular patch of black on the back ; 
chin, throat, and breast intense cadmium-orange; sides and flanks plumbeous, middle line of belly white. A 
Mexican species, which probably occurs within our borders, in western Texas or New Mexico, is very different 
from the type in coloration. The head and neck (except beneath) are plumbeous-gray, relieved by a broad 
white superciliary stripe; back and rump bright olive-green; wings and tail plumbeous-gray ; chin, throat, 
and breast yellow, the chest with a chestnut spot; posterior lower parts white, the flanks tinged with gray. 
This is 0. superciliosa (Conirostrum superciliosum HArtL., Rey. Zool. 1844, 215). In both species the sexes 
are essentially alike in coloration. 

61 


483 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


ji. Bill slender, its greatest depth less than half the distance 
from nostril to tip, or else’ width at base much greater 
than its depth, and tarsus with whole of outer side 
very distinctly scutellate. 

g. Tail even or emarginate, usually very much shorter 
than wing (the difference usually exceeding length 
Of HaTSUB)*...sccc-cecesaees Dendroica. (Page 492.) 

g’. Tail more or less rounded or graduated (or else with 
basal two-thirds hidden by coverts), never very 
much shorter than wing (sometimes longer), the 
difference never exceeding length of tarsus. 

h'. Lower parts whitish, conspicuously streaked with 
grayish brown or dusky, above plain brown 
or dusky, the head sometimes striped. 

Seiurus. (Page 518.) 

h?. Lower parts yellow or buffy, sometimes ashy, or 
mixed ashy and black, anteriorly ; above plain 
olive, olive-green, or grayish. 

@, Bill straight; above olive or olive-green, the 
head sometimes grayish. 
Geothlypis. (Page 520.) 
@, Bill decidedly curved; above gray (the head 
yellowish olive-green in one species). 
Teretistris. 
f?. Bill stout but much compressed, its greatest depth not less 
than half its length from nostril to tip; width at base 
not greater than depth; outer side of tarsus smooth 
or “booted” for upper half, at least. 

g. Wing 2.90, or more; above, including tail, olive or 
olive-green; beneath yellow for anterior, white 
for posterior, half; no white on tail-feathers. 

Icteria. (Page 526.) 

g. Wing less than 2.75; above plumbeous, the tail black, 
with much white on outer feathers; beneath red 
and white in males, whitish or buffy, tinged with 
red, in females........ sadddengbwsisnaseatsaltmia ran yUuen aie 


ee 


1 The single exception is “ Geothlypis” poliocephala Barrp. 

2 Notable exceptions to the last character are D. dominica (Liny.) and D. palmarum (GMEL.), one or both 
of which should in strictness be removed from Dendroica. 

3 Teretistris Ca. J. f. 0. iii, 1855, 475. Type, Anabates fernandine Lump. (Only two species known, 
both peculiar to Cuba.) 

4 Granatellus “Du Bus, Esq. Orn. (1850?) sub tab. 24.” Type, G. venustus Du Bus. 

Four very beautiful species of this genus occur in Mexico, as follows: (1) @. venustus Du Bus, in Colima, 
Tehuantepec, ete.; (2) G. francesce BARD, from Tres Marias; (3) @. sallei (Bonap.), from Cordova, ete. ; and 
(4) G. boucardi Ripew., from Yucatan. A fifth species, @. pelzelni Sct, is found in the Amazon Valley. 


MNIOTILTA. 493 


a, Gape with very distinct oristles. 
b. Top of head without distinct stripes or yellow crown-patch. 
c. Lower parts yellow (throat sometimes black); tail not longer than 
WANS, NEATLY OVEN... .0ce-ssvecsee essere cosesees Sylvania. (Page 527.) 
c?. Lower parts without yellow (except in Central and South American 
species of Setophaga). 
d'. Bill broad and much depressed at base (as in certain Flycatchers) ; 
tail parti-colored, decidedly rounded, usually longer than wing. 
Plumage with more or less of red and black (except in female 
and young of S. ruticilla)......... Setophaga. (Page 529.) 
d’?. Bill smaller, narrow and deep at base (as in some Titmice); tail 
unicolored, slightly emarginated, about as long as wing, or a 
little shorter. ; 
e. Gray above, with white rump and black crown; face and 
throat red, rest of lower parts whitish. 
Cardellina. (Page 530.) 
e?, Prevailing color red, with white ear-coverts, or else with 
whitish tips to feathers of head and neck. 
Ergaticus. (Page 531.) 
6. Top of head distinctly striped, or else with a yellow crown-patch. (Lower 
parts at least partly yellow.) 
ct. No white on tail; a black stripe on each side of crown, enclosing a 
broader one of light olive, ochraceous-orange, or chestnut ; wing and 
atl less! Chai 00 sis sec ccuseetasse sce seie<si Basileuterus. (Page 531.) 
c’. Tail-feathers (except middle pair) tipped with a white spot; top of 
head black, with a yellow crown-patch; wings and tail about 3.00. 
Huthlypis." 


Genus MNIOTILTA Vieitior. (Page 480, pl. CXV., fig. 7.) 


Species. 


Plumage black striped with white above, beneath white with black streaks; 
wing with two white bands, and two outer tail-feathers with white spot near end 
of inner webs. Adult male: Throat thickly streaked with black, the latter some- 
times nearly uniform. Young male: Throat pure white, without streaks ; other- 
wise like adult. Adult female: Similar to young male, but colors duller, the black 
less intense, and white of lower parts tinged with brownish, especially along sides. 
Nestling: Similar to adult female, but colors much duller and less sharply defined, 
the head-stripes dull grayish instead of black, and the white parts tinged with 
fulvous. Length 4.55-5.50, wing 2.60-2.90, tail 1.95-2.25. Nest embedded in 


1 Zuthlypis Can., Mus. Hein. i. 1850, 18. Type, E. lachrymosa Cas. 

The single species of this genus is 5.50-6.00 long (wing and tail each about 3.00); upper parts, except as 
described above, dark slate-color ; lower parts yellow, deepening into tawny ochraceous on chest, the lower tail- 
coverts whitish ; a white spot on lores, and asmaller white spot on each eyelid. It occurs as’ far north as Cordova 
and Mazatlan, perhaps farther. 


484 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


ground in woods. Eggs 3-5, .67 x .57, creamy white, thickly speckled, chiefly on 
larger end, with reddish brown. Hab. Eastern North America (north to Fort 
Simpson, Hudson’s Bay, etc.) in summer; Gulf States, West Indies, Middle Amer- 
ica, and northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela) in winter; accidental in 
California (Farallon Islands)... 636. M. varia (LInN.). Black and White Warbler.’ 


Genus PROTONOTARIA Bairrp. (Page 481, pl. CXYV., fig. 8.) 


Species. 


Head and lower parts, except lower tail-coverts, yellow; lower tail-coverts, 
lining of wing, and inner webs of tail-feathers, white; back, scapulars, ramp, and 
sometimes top of head, olive-green; wings plain bluish gray or plumbeous. Adult 
male: Head, neck, and lower parts (except tail-coverts) intense cadmium-yellow, 
sometimes tinted with orange, the top of the head sometimes olive-greenish. Adult 
female: Similar to the duller-colored males, but yellow appreciably less pure, the 
top of the head always olive-greenish, and gray of wings and tail less bluish; size 
somewhat less. Nestling: Head, neck, chest, fore-part of sides, and back olive, 
lighter on lower parts; no yellow beneath, except after moult has commenced ; 
otherwise much like adult female. Length about 5.00-5.50, wing 2.90-3.00, tail 
2.25. Nest of mosses, built in deserted woodpeckers’ holes or other cavities in 
trees or stumps standing in or near water. yggs 3-7, .68 x .55, glossy white, 
creamy white, or creamy buff, thickly spotted with rich madder-brown and pur- 
plish gray. Hab. Willow swamps and borders of ponds and streams, in bottom- 
lands of the Mississippi Valley and Gulf States, north regularly to Iowa, Llinois, 
Indiana, ete., but rare or casual on the Atlantic coast north of Georgia; in winter, 
Cuba, Central America, and northern South America (Colombia and Venezuela). 

637. P. citrea (Bopp.). Prothonotary Warbler. 


Genus HELINAIA Avpupon. (Page 481, pl. CXVI.,, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Adult: Above plain olive-brownish, more reddish brown on top of head and 
nape, sometimes on wings and tail also; lower parts whitish, more or less tinged 
with yellowish, the sides more olivaceous; a dusky loral streak, continued behind 
the eye, bordered above by a distinct superciliary stripe of brownish white ; fore- 


1 Two geographical races have been recognized, their principal characters consisting chiefly of differences 
in proportions, as follows : 

Atlantic coast and West Indian specimens.—Male : Wing 2.72-2.88 (2.78), tail 1.92-2.20 (2.07), culmen 
.45-.50 (.48), bill from nostril .32-.40 (.37), tarsus .60-.68 (.65), middle toe .50-.58 (.54). Female: 2.70, 2.00- 
2.05 (2.02), .45-.48 (.46), .86-.38 (.37), .68-.70 (.69), .50. (True M. varia.) 

Mississippi Valley and Middle American specimens.—Male: Wing 2.70-2.90 (2.80), tail 2.00-2.24 
(2.09), culmen .40-.48 (.44), bill from nostril .30-.38 (.32), tarsus .62-.65 (.63), middle toe .49-.58 (.52). Female: 
2.60-2.75 (2.65), 1.92-2.00 (1.96), .40-.45 (.42), .82, .66, .50-.56 (.53). (M. varia borealis Nutt.? Mniotilta 
borealis Nutt., Man. 1. b. 2d ed. 1840, 705.) 

Further examination of extensive material is necessary to decide the question of whether the distinction can 
be maintained. 


HELMITHERUS. 485 


head usually with a more or less distinct median streak of pale yellowish or 
whitish; bill light brownish; iris brown; legs and feet flesh-color. Nestling : 
General color uniform dull cinnamon-brown, including head, neck, and lower parts, 
except belly, which is dirty white; wings (except coverts) and tail essentially as 
in adult. Length 5.15-6.50, wing 1.85-2.13, tail 1.85-2.17, culmen .65-.74, tarsus 
.65-.75. Nest bulky and loosely constructed, of dry leaves, fine grasses, etc., placed 
usually 4-8 feet up in cane (Arundinaria) stalks, near or over water. Hggs 1-3, .75 
X .58, white, usually plain, but sometimes speckled or spotted with lilac or pale 
brown. Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf States, from South Carolina and Florida to 
eastern Texas (Navarro County), and lower Mississippi Valley; north to Dismal 
Swamp, Virginia, the lower Wabash (Knox County, Indiana), and southeastern 
Missouri; Jamaica in winter........ 638. H. swainsonii Aub. Swainson’s Warbler. 


Genus HELMITHERUS RarinesqueE. (Page 481, pl. CXVLI.,, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Adult: Head, neck, and lower parts buff, the first with two broad black stripes 
on the pileum and a narrower black postocular streak; upper parts plain olive- 
green; upper mandible dark brown, lower paler; iris dark brown; legs and feet 
pale brownish flesh-color. Westling: Head, neck, and lower parts deep buff, the 
black head-stripes of the adult indicated by indistinct stripes of dull brown; back, 
scapulars, rump, and wing-coverts dull light brown, tinged with cinnamon, the 
greater coverts tipped with buff. Length about 5.00-5.75, wing 2.65-2.90, tail 
1.90-2.20, culmen .60-.65, tarsus .70; female averaging slightly smaller. West em- 
bedded in ground, among dead leaves, ferns, etc. Hggs 2-5, .68 x .52, creamy white, 
or pinkish white, finely speckled, chiefly on or round larger end, with reddish brown. 
Hab. Eastern United States, north to Connecticut Valley, Great Lakes, ete., but 
chiefly south of 40°; south, in winter, to Cuba, Jamaica, Yucatan, and through 
Central America to Panama.. 639. H. vermivorus (GMEL.). Worm-eating Warbler. 


Genus HELMINTHOPHILA Riveway. (Page 481, pl. CXVL, fig. 5.) 


Species. 


Common CuHaracters.—Length about 3.95-5.25. Nest on or very close to 
ground, in woods or thickets, composed of fine grasses, rootlets, etc., deeply cup- 
shaped, open above (in H. lucie in holes or behind bark of trees, stumps, etc.). 
iggs 3-5, white, speckled, more or less, with brown. 


a, Middle and greater wing-coverts tipped, more or less broadly, with yellow or 
white. (A black or dusky streak from bill to eye; inner webs of three outer 
tail-feathers extensively white ; forehead yellow.) 

b'. Throat and ear-coverts black in adult males, deep gray or dusky olive in 
females. 

c’. Cheeks and median lower parts white, or only slightly tinged with 

yellow, the sides and flanks ash-gray; back, scapulars, and rump 

ash-gray (sometimes tinged with olive-green); wing-bands yellow, 


486 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


usually nearly confluent, producing a nearly continuous patch; 
adult female with throat and ear-coverts deep gray. Eggs .64 x .53, 
white, finely—usually sparsely and rather minutely—speckled with 
brown, chiefly on or round larger end. Hab. Eastern United States 
and British Provinces, breeding from about 40° northward; winter- 
ing in Cuba, eastern Mexico, Central America, and Colombia. 

642. H. chrysoptera (LInnN.). Golden-winged Warbler. 


2 2 > 2 ° ; 1 7 : 
c’, Cheeks and lower parts pure gamboge-yellow, the sides tinged with 


olive; back, scapulars, and rump bright olive-green; wing-bands 
(usually, at least) white, narrower and more widely separated ; 
adult female with throat and cheeks dusky olive-greenish. Hab. 
Northeastern United States (New Jersey, etc.). 

—. H. lawrencei (Herrick). Lawrence’s Warbler. 


6. Throat entirely pure yellow or white, in both sexes; ear-coverts olive green 
or light ash-gray for upper half, pure yellow or white for lower half; a 
narrow black streak behind eye. 

c'. Hind-neck, back, scapulars, and rump bright olive-green; lower parts 


(including sides of head, except as described) pure gamboge-yellow, 
the sides and flanks tinged with olive-green; wing-bands usually 
white, extremely variable as to width (sometimes nearly confluent, 
more rarely almost obsolete). Hyggs .60 X .48, white, finely—usually 
minutely and rather sparsely—speckled with brown and _ black, 
chiefly on or round larger end. Hab. Eastern United States, north 
to Connecticut Valley, southern New York, the Great Lakes, and 
Minnesota (but chiefly west of Alleghanies, except north of 40°); 
south, in winter, through eastern Mexico to Costa Rica. 

641. H. pinus (Linn.). Blue-winged Warbler. 


c, Hind-neck, back, scapulars, and rump ash-gray ; lower parts, including 


sides of head, upward nearly to eye, pure white, usually tinged on 
breast (sometimes on chin also) with yellow, the sides and flanks 
tinged with ash-gray; wing-bands either yellow or white, broad or 
narrow. Hab. Eastern United States (Virginia, New Jersey, New 
York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Michigan, etc.). 

—. H. leucobronchialis (Brewst.). Brewster's Warbler.’ 


1 Doubtless either a hybrid of H. chrysoptera and H. pinus, or else a yellow dichromatic phase of the 


former. The latter supposition seems, in the light of recently studied material, to be the more probable solu- 


tion of the case. 
2 This puzzling bird apparently bears the same relation to H. pinus that H. lawrencei does to H. ehrysop- 


_ tera. In a large series of specimens, every possible intermediate condition of plumage between typical H. 
pinus and H. leucobronchialis is seen, just as is the case with H. chrysoptera and H, lawrencei. If we assume, 
therefore, that these four forms represent merely two dichroic species, in one of which (H. pinus) the xan- 
thochroie (yellow) phase and in the other (H. chrysoptera) the leucochroic (white) phase represents the 
normal plumage,—and admitting that these two species. in their various conditions, hybridize (which seems to 
be an incontrovertible fact),—we have an easy and altogether plausible explanation of the origin of the almost 
interminably variable series of specimens which have found their way into the “ waste-basket” labelled “H. 


leucobronchialis.” 


HELMINTHOPHILA. 487 


a, Wings plain olive-green or gray. 
b. Inner webs of three outer tail-feathers marked with a large white spot, 
extending to the shaft. 

Adult male: Forehead and lower parts yellow; a large patch of black 
covering lower throat, chest, and upper breast; band across an- 
terior part of crown black; rest of crown, with occiput, rather 
dull ash-gray; rest of upper parts, including ear-coverts, uniform 
olive-green; anterior half of lesser wing-covert region lemon-yel- 
low; quills dusky, edged with light ash-gray. Adult female: With- 
out black on crown, and that of throat and chest replaced by dusky 
olive; otherwise much like male. Length about 3.95-4.50, wing 
2.40, tail 1.95. (Bill more acute and decurved at tip than in other 
Helminthophile.) Nest said to be placed “in low trees.” Hggs (re- 
puted) 4, about .74 xX .60, dull white, heavily wreathed round 
larger end with dark brown. (H., B. Bailey, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 
viii. 1883, p.38.) Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf States, from southern 
Virginia and South Carolina to Louisiana; western Cuba in winter. 

640. H. bachmani (Aup.). Bachman’s Warbler. 
b?. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers without white spot Gf with broad white 
edging, this not extending nearly to shaft). 
cl. Upper tail-coverts olive-green; wing 2.40, or more. 

d'. Lores and part of ear-coverts black. 

Adult male: Above olive-green ; lower parts (including under 
tail-coverts), suborbital spot, and forehead pure gamboge- 
yellow; length 4.75, wing 2.55, tail 2.00, exposed culmen 
.55, tarsus .75. Hab. Vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio. 

—. H. cincinnatiensis (LANep.). Cincinnati Warbler. 

d?, Lores and ear-coverts without any black. 

e’. Under tail-coverts and axillars pure white ; no rufous or chest- 
nut on crown, in any stage; first quill equal to or longer 
than fourth (usually longer, and sometimes longest). 

Adult male in spring: Top of head and hind-neck pure 
ash-gray ; rest of upper parts plain olive-green ; quills 
dusky, edged with light ash-gray; sides of head 
whitish, relieved by a gray postocular streak, or 
mostly ash-gray, relieved by a superciliary streak and 
less distinct suborbital space of white; lower parts 
white, the sides and flanks tinged with ash-gray 
(most strongly on sides of breast). Adult female in 
spring: Similar to male, but gray of head and neck 
usually more or less tinged with olive-green, and white 


1 Helminthophaga cincinnatiensis LAN@Don, Jour. Cine. Soc, Nat. Hist. July, 1880, 119, 120, pl. 4. 
There are strong grounds for believing this bird to be a hybrid between H. pinus and Oporornis formosa. 
(See on this point Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. 1889, p. 237.) 


488 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


of lower parts usually more or less stained with pale 
olive-yellowish, especially on sides. Young in first 
autumn: Upper parts entirely olive-green; lower parts 
(except under tail-coverts) strongly tinged with olive- 
yellow (chin, throat, chest, and sides sometimes uni- 
form pale olive-yellow or greenish sulphur-yellow). 
Hab. Northern North America, east of Rocky Moun- 
tains, breeding from Maine, northern New York, etc., 
to Fort Simpson and Hudson’s Bay; migrating 
through eastern United States, chiefly west of Alle- 
ghanies (west to Rocky Mountains), south through 
eastern Mexico and Central America to Colombia. 
647. H. peregrina (Wits.). Tennessee Warbler. 
e*. Under tail-coverts yellow; axillars yellow (except in H. vir- 
ginie); adult male (sometimes female also) with a con- 
cealed patch of orange-rufous or chestnut on crown; first 
quill shorter than fourth. 
fi. Axillars and under wing-coverts yellow; upper parts 
olive-green (the head and neck sometimes ashy) ; 
lower parts chiefly yellowish. 

g. No distinct orbital ring; lower tail-coverts pale, 
rather greenish, or olivaceous, yellow, the longer 
ones with a concealed grayish central streak ; 
rest of lower parts pale yellow, more or less 
tinged or indistinctly streaked with olivaceous 
or olive-grayish; crown-patch, when present, 
orange-rufous. 

hi. Above dull olive-green, sometimes tinged with 
gray, especially on head; lower parts pale 
yellow (becoming white on anal region), the 
darker indistinct streaks grayish; length 
4.60-5.30, wing 2.31-2.52 (2.41), tail 1.92-2.10 
(1.98). Eggs 63 x 49, white, or creamy 
white, finely speckled, chiefly on larger end, 

with reddish brown. Hab. Northern North 
America, breeding from Rocky Mountains to 

coast of Alaska (north of the peninsula) and 
Mackenzie River district; migrating south 
through Mississippi Valley (more sparingly 

east of Alleghanies) to south Atlantic and 

Gulf States and eastern Mexico....... 646. H. 
celata (Say). Orange-crowned Warbler. 

h?. Above bright olive-green, beneath bright green- 
ish yellow (nearly pure gamboge-yellow along 
median line), the darker indistinct streaks 


(81.) 


HELMINTHOPHILA. 489 


olive-greenish ; length about 4.70-5.00, wing 
2.22-2.44 (2.38), tail 1.82-2.00 (1.95). Eggs 
.63 X .49, colored like those of H. celata. 
Hab. Pacific coast, breeding from coast 
ranges of southern California to Kadiak; 
south, in winter, to Lower California and 
western Mexico, and eastward during mi- 
grations to Colorado, Arizona, ete. 
646a. H. celata lutescens Ripew. 
Lutescent Warbler. 
g. A distinct white, or yellowish white, orbital ring; 
lower tail-coverts pure (though sometimes rather 
pale) gamboge-yellow, without concealed grayish 
streaks; rest of lower parts pure gamboge-yellow 
in adults (females with belly and flanks whitish), 
paler and duller yellow (deepest on breast), but 
without indication of streaks, in immature speci- 
mens; crown-patch, when present, chestnut. 

W'. Less brightly colored, the rump and upper tail- 
coverts less yellowish olive-green, and lower 
parts less intense yellow; wings and tail 
shorter. Young: Plain greenish olive above 
(duller anteriorly), the middle and greater 
wing-coverts distinctly tipped with pale olive- 
buffy ; anterior and lateral lower parts plain 
light olive, the belly and lower tail-coverts 
pale buffy yellow. Length about 4.20-5.00, 
wing (male) 2.30-2.45 (2.37), tail 1.85-1.90 
(1.87). Eggs .61 X .47, colored like those of 
H. celata. Hab. Eastern North America, 
breeding from northern United States north 
to Hudson’s Bay and interior of British 
America; accidental in Greenland ; in winter, 
south to eastern Mexico and Guatemala. 

645. H. ruficapilla (Wrts.). 
Nashville Warbler. 

h?. More brightly colored, the rump and upper tail- 
coverts more yellowish olive-green, the lower 
parts richer gamboge-yellow; wings and tail 
longer; length about 4.75, wing (male) 2.40- 
2.55 (2.47), tail 1.90-2.00 (1.97). Hab. Western 
United States, from Rocky Mountains to Pa- 
cific coast; in winter, south to western Mexico. 

645a. H. ruficapilla gutturalis Ripew. 
Calaveras Warbler. 
62 


490 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


f®. Axillars and under wing-coverts pure white (tinged with 
buff in young); upper parts ash-gray, changing to 
yellowish olive-green on rump and upper tail-coverts ; 
lower parts chiefly white, the under tail-coverts and 
patch on chest (sometimes extended over throat) pure 
gamboge-yellow. 

Crown-patch (wanting in immature birds and some 
adult females) chestnut. Adult female with yellow 
of chest, etc., paler (and usually more restricted) 
than in male, and chestnut crown-patch usually 
less distinct (sometimes wanting). Young : Some- 
what like adult female, but browner, the lower 
parts tinged with buffy, the wing-coverts tipped 
with pale grayish buff, yellow of chest wanting, 
and no chestnut on crown. Length 4.75-5.00, 
wing about 2.30-2.50, tail 1.90-2.00. Hggs .61 x 
A7, creamy white, finely and rather densely 
speckled round larger end with chestnut and 
purplish gray. Hab. Mountain districts of west- 
ern United States (except Pacific coast), north to 
Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada; south 
through central Mexico to Guanajuato. 

644. H. virginize (Barrp). Virginia’s Warbler. 
ce’. Upper tail-coverts chestnut (pale tawny in young); wing not more 
than 2.30. 

Adult (sexes alike): Above ash-gray, the rump and upper tail- 
coverts and patch on crown (except sometimes in female) 
chestnut; orbital ring and lower parts white or buffy white. 
Young: Essentially like adult, but no chestnut on crown, the 
rump and upper tail-coverts pale tawny, and wing-coverts tipped 
with buffy. Length 4.00-4.65, wing about 2.20-2.30, tail 1.70- 
1.90. Nest in holes or behind bark of trees, stumps, ete. Eggs 
3-4, .57 x .44, white or creamy white, finely speckled, usually 
in dense ring round larger end, with reddish brown. Hab. 
Valleys of lower Colorado and Gila Rivers, in Arizona and 
southeastern California, and south into Sonora. 

643. H. lucize (Coor.). Lucy’s Warbler. 


Genus COMPSOTHLYPIS Casanis. (Page 481, pl. CXVL,, fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Common CHaracters—Above gray, bluish gray, or grayish blue, the back 
with a triangular patch of olive-green ; wings usually with two white bands; inner 
webs of outer tail-feathers marked with a white spot (except sometimes in C. insu- 


COMPSOTHLYPIS. 491 


laris); lower parts yellow, for anterior half at least, the color usually deepening 
on chest into orange-brownish. (Females and immature males of certain species 
with whole upper parts tinged, more or less, with olive-green, and yellow of lower 
parts paler.) 


a’. Eyelids white; yellow of lower parts not extending farther back than breast, 
the sides and flanks white, tinged with bluish gray and rusty brown. 

Adult male: Above bluish gray (more blue on head), the back bright 
olive-green ; wing with two broad white bands; chin, throat, and breast 
yellow; chest more or less tinged with orange-brown, this often bor- 
dered anteriorly by a blackish band across lower throat; rest of lower 
parts white, the sides tinged with bluish gray and reddish brown. 
Adult female: Similar to the male, but paler, all the colors less pro- 
nounced. Young in first autumn: Upper parts in general tinged with 
olive-green; yellow of lower parts paler. Young: Yellow of lower 
parts replaced by light grayish, the chin tinged with yellow; above 
dull grayish, more olive on back, the wings and tail much as in adult 
female, but duller grayish. Length 4.12-4.95, wing about 2.20-2.40, 
tail 1.60-1.85. West placed within hanging tufts of lichens or “ beard- 
mosses,” or bunches of dead leaves and other rubbish caught on hang- 
ing branchlets during freshets. Eggs 3-5, .64 x .46, white, or creamy 
white, thickly speckled with reddish brown, chiefly round larger end. 
Hab. Eastern United States and Canada, breeding throughout; in win- 
ter, southern Florida, more northern West Indies, eastern Mexico, and 
Gus boOmala......csaeczcvee0 648. C. americana (Linn.). Parula Warbler. 

a’, Kyelids dusky; yellow of lower parts extending back over sides and upper 
part of belly (sometimes over whole surface except under tail-coverts). 
b. Belly chiefly, or entirely, white ; wing with two broad white bands. 
ce. White spot on inner web of outer tail-feather extending quite to shaft, 
for greater part of its extent, in adult male, and very nearly to shaft 
in female. 

Adult male: Above bluish gray, or plumbeous, relieved by olive- 
green patch on back and two broad white wing-bands; lores 
deep black; chin, throat, chest, breast, and sides gamboge-yel- 
low, deepening into a more saffron tint on chest ; rest of lower 
parts white, the flanks usually tinged with brown. Adult fe- 
male: Much duller than male, the upper parts tinged with 
olive-green, lores dull grayish dusky, yellow of lower parts 
paler and duller, ete. Length 4.25-4.75, wing 2.00-2.20, tail 
1.58-1.75. Hab. Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas (and, 
doubtless, adjacent portions of Mexico). 

649. C. nigrilora (Cours). Sennett’s Warbler. 

ce. White spot on inner web of outer tail-feather scarcely if at all touching 
shaft in adult male, and nearly obsolete in female. 

d', Otherwise similar in color to C. nigrilora, but rather less bluish 


492 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


gray above, the lores less deeply black in male and more de- 
cidedly grayish in female; wing 2.15-2.30, tail 1.90-2.00. Hab. 
Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico. 

C. insularis (LAwr.). Tres Marias Parula.l 

@’. Above dull slate-gray (tinged with olive in females), the back dull 

olive-green; lores dull grayish; white wing-bands much nar- 
rower (nearly obsolete in some females) ; yellow and white of 
lower parts both much duller; white spots on inner webs of 
outer tail-feathers reduced to a mere edging (except in a few 
males, in which the white oblique spot is much smaller than 
in C. insularis); wing 2.10-2.20, tail 1.90-2.00. Hab. Socorro 
Island, off coast of northwestern Mexico. 
C. graysoni Ripaw. Socorro Warbler.? 
6°. Belly wholly yellow; wing without white bands, or with mere indications 
of them. 

Adult (sexes apparently alike in color) : Above dark grayish blue (almost 
indigo on top of head) ; lores deep black; lower parts, except under 
tail-coverts, rich gamboge-yellow, deepening into rich saffron (some- 
times rufous-orange) on chest; wing about 2.00-2.15, tail 1.60-1.75. 
Hab. Guatemala to Peru. 

C. inornata Barrp. Central American Parula.$ 


Genus DENDROICA Gray. (Page 482, pl. CXVL, figs. 4, 6, 7; pl. CXVIL., 
figs. 1, 2.) 


Species and Subspecies. 


a’. Bill very acute, the tip very appreciably decurved ; tongue with the terminal 
half having the edges folded cver upon the upper surface, the terminal por- 
tion deeply cleft and fringed. (Subgenus Perissoglossa BatrD.) 

bd’. Inner webs of exterior tail-feathers with large white patch. Adult male: 
Top of head blackish; sides of head and neck, rump, and lower parts 
gamboge-yellow, becoming much paler (sometimes white) on under tail- 
coverts; ear-coverts chestnut or rusty, and throat sometimes tinged 
with same; a black line from bill to eye, continued behind the latter; 


1 Parula insularis LAwr., Ann. Lye, N. Y. x. Feb. 1871, 4. Compsothlypis insularis Srmsn., Auk, i. Apr. 
1884, 170. 

2 New species. Although Mr. Lawrence mentioned both Tres Marias and Socorro specimens in his original 
description of Parula insularis, his description and measurements were taken from a specimen from the former 
locality, which may, therefore, be considered the type. With the same material before me as that which Mr. 
Lawrence examined, I am able to appreciate readily the differences of plumage which he pints out as dis- 
tinguishing the birds from Socorro. In fact, I am somewhat surprised that he considered them the same 
species. The Socorro bird is, upon the whole, more different from C. insularis than the latter is from C. nigri- 
lora. - 
3 Parula inornata Barrp, Review, i. 1866, 171. Compsothlypis pitiayumi inornata StesN., Auk, i. Apr. 
1884, 170. 


DENDROICA. 493 


throat, chest, and sides streaked with black; back olive-greenish; a 
white patch on wings, covering middle and greater coverts. (Jn autumn, 
markings much obscured by grayish and olive suffusion.) Adult female: 
Grayish olive above, brighter on rump, the wing-coverts merely edged 
with whitish ; beneath dull yellowish white (sometimes deeper yellow- 
ish), streaked on chest, ete., with dusky; white tail-spots much re- 
stricted. Length 4.70-5.65, wing 2.85, tail 2.15. Nest a very neat cup- 
shaped structure, about 2.25 deep and 3.00 across outside, with cavity 
1.25 deep by 1.75 wide, composed of dried spruce twigs, grasses, spiders’ 
webs, etc.; placed in evergreen trees or bushes, usually not far from 
ground. Eggs 34, .70 < .52, dull white, buffy white, or grayish white, 
speckled or spotted round larger end with dark brown or reddish brown 
and lilac-gray, occasionally mixed with a few smaller markings of black- 
ish. Hab. Eastern North America, north to Hudson’s Bay, Lake Win- 
nipeg, etc., breeding from northern New England northward (also in 
mountains of Jamaica); winters in Greater Antilles. 
650. D. tigrina (GMEL.). Cape May Warbler. 
6. Inner webs of tail-feathers without white spots. Adult male: Whole top 
of head and broad streak on side of head black; back and lesser wing- 
coverts dusky olive spotted or broadly streaked with black; middle 
wing-coverts tipped with yellow, greater coverts with white; rump, 
upper tail-coverts, and tail yellowish olive-green; rest of plumage gam- 
boge-yellow, tinged with dusky olive on sides, the sides of chest, etc., 
streaked with black; length 4.75, culmen .45, tarsus .75. Hab. Ken- 
tucky (Henderson; known only from Audubon’s plate and descrip- 
UPON) Midis sc eslesecaceseese —. D. carbonata (Aup.). Carbonated Warbler. 
a’, Bill not very acute nor distinctly decurved at tip; tongue gradually tapering to 
the slightly cleft and fringed tip.’ 
bt. A white spot at base of quills, in combination with other white markings 
on wings; wing half as long again as tail. (Subgenus Peucedramus 
COovES.) 
Adult male: Head, neck, and chest orange-rufous, or deep ochraceous, 
sometimes tinged with olive; lores and ear-coverts black, forming 
a conspicuous patch on side of head ; back, scapulars, and rump plain 
olive or dull olive-gray; middle and greater wing-coverts broadly 
tipped with white; belly dull white. Adult female (and male in first 
year) : Head, neck, and chest dull buffy or yellowish, the top of the 
head and hind-neck tinged with olive-green, and black patch on 
side of head in male replaced by a much less distinct one of dusky 
(usually confined to ear-coverts); otherwise similar to male, but 
duller. Length 4.60-5.40, wing averaging about 3.00, tail about 


—L— <= 
1 This character has not been tested in all the species referred to this group, and may not prove diagnostic 
in the case of some of those not examined ; the indications, however, are strongly in favor of the probability that 
essentially the same style of tongue will be found in them all. 


494 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


2.30. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico, north to southern 
border of United States (Texas to Arizona). 
651. D. olivacea (GrrAavpD). Olive Warbler. 
b?. No white spot at base of quills, or else no other white markings on outer 
surface of wings; wing less than half as long again as tail. (Subgenus 
Dendroica GRAY.) 
c'. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers with a large patch or broad edging of 
yellow, but without white. 

d', Tarsus not more than .75 (usually much less); adult male with 
crown olive-yellow or yellowish olive-green, without distinct 
orange-rufous suffusion. (Adult males: Above bright yellowish 
olive-green, the wing-feathers broadly edged with yellow; rest 
of plumage pure gamboge-yellow, the chest and sides streaked 
with chestnut-red. Adult females: Colors duller, the yellow 
paler, and reddish streaks on lower parts very indistinct or 
(usually) altogether wanting. Young: Somewhat like adult 
female, but still duller, the lower parts sometimes dull whitish, 
the upper parts more grayish. Length about 4.50-5.25, wing 
2.35-2.65, tail 1.80-2.10. Mest a compact cup-shaped structure 
of grayish plant-fibres, spiders’ webs, etc., lined with plant- 
down and soft feathers, built in trees (often in orchards or 
shade trees). Hggs 2-6, .66 < .48, greenish white or very pale 
greenish, spotted, usually in wreath round larger end, with 
umber-brown, blackish, and lilac-gray.) 

e'. Deeper colored, the adult male with chestnut streaks on breast 
and sides much broader and richer, the adult female de- 
cidedly deeper yellow. Hab. Eastern and northern North 
America, east of Rocky Mountains; in winter, south 
through eastern Mexico and Central America to northern 
South America. 

652. D. estiva (GmEL.). Yellow Warbler. 

é. Paler, the adult male with chestnut streaks on breast and sides 
averaging much narrower and paler, the adult female de- 
cidedly paler yellowish. Hab. Western North America, 
east to Rocky Mountains; in winter, south through west- 
ern and central Mexico and south at least to Panama. 

—. D. estiva morcomi CoALE. Western 
(82.) Yellow Warbler.’ 

d?, Tarsus not less than .75 (usually decidedly more). 

é. Adult males with top of head yellow, the crown sometimes 
more or less strongly tinged with orange-rufous. 

fi. Wing (male) 2.80, tail 2.45; above light yellowish olive- 
green, becoming nearly pure lemon-yellow on top of 


1 Dendroica xstiva morcomi Coats, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club Chic., No. 2, April, 1887, 82. 


DENDROICA. 495 


head, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the latter broadly 
streaked mesially with olive-greenish ; beneath lemon- 
yellow, the breast and sides very sparsely and nar- 
rowly streaked with chestnut. Hab. Central Mexico 
(Guanajuato). 
D. dugesi CoaALE. Dugés’s Yellow Warbler.! 
f?, Wing (male) 2.40-2.60, tail 2.00-2.20 ; above much darker 
olive-green, scarcely, if at all, more yellowish poste- 
riorly, the top of head usually more or less strongly 
tinged with orange-rufous; beneath rich gamboge- 
yellow, the breast and sides broadly streaked with 
bright reddish chestnut. Hab. West Indies in gen- 
eral, including Bahamas ; Cozumel Island, Yucatan. 
D. petechia (Linn.). Antillean Yellow Warbler.? 
e. Adult males with whole head chestnut or chestnut-rufous. 
(Adult males : Head rich tawny rufous or chestnut, lighter, 
or more orange-tawny, on throat; above olive-green, the 
wings dusky, with broad greenish yellow edgings; lower 
parts pure gamboge-yellow, the chest and sides usually 
narrowly streaked, more or less, with rufous or orange- 
tawny. Adult females: Above grayish olive-green, beneath 
pale yellow, more or less tinged with olive, especially on 
sides and flanks. Young: Like adult females, but lower 
parts dull yellowish white (some specimens dull ash-gray 
above, yellowish white beneath, the throat, etc., streaked 
with rufous). Length about 5.00-5.50, wing 2.50-2.70, 
tail 2.10-2.25, tarsus about .80.) 

d@. Adult male with head bright orange-chestnut or orange-tawny 
above, paler orange-tawny beneath. Hab. Coast of Honduras 
and Yucatan. D. bryanti Rripew. Bryant’s Yellow Warbler.’ 

d?, Adult male with head rich chestnut. Hab. Lower California, and 
adjacent coast of western Mexico. 

653. D. bryanti castaneiceps Rinaw. Mangrove Warbler. 
c?. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers with a large spot of white (more re- 
stricted in females and young). 

d', Outer surface of wing without lighter markings except a white 
spot at base of quills, and this sometimes obsolete in females 
and young. 


1 Dendroica dugesit CoaLE, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club Chic., No. 2, April, 1887, 83. Type, No. 105468, U. S. 
Nat. Mus. & ad., Moro Leon, Guanajuato; A. Dugés. 

2 Motacilla petechia Lryn., S. N. ed. 12, i. 1766, 334. Dendroica petechia Scu., P. Z. S. 1861, 71. 

This species, which inhabits the West Indies at large, is split up into many local races, more or less differ- 
ent from the typical form. The latter belongs to Jamaica. That occurring in Cuba and the Bahamas (and 
therefore not unlikely to reach occasionally our limits in Florida) is D. petechia gundlachi (D. gundlachi 
Bairp, Review Am. B. i. 1865, 197). 

3 Dendroica vieilloti, var. bryanti Ripew., Am. Nat. vii. Oct. 1873, 606. 


496 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Adult male: Above dark dull blue, the back sometimes indis- 
tinctly spotted with black; sides of head, chin, throat, 
chest, sides of breast, and sides, uniform deep black; rest 
of lower parts white. (/n winter, upper parts tinged with 
olive-green, the chin and throat varied, more or less, with 
white, and white of flanks tinged with brownish.) Adult 
female: Above plain dull olive or grayish green, sometimes 
tinged with blue; lower parts (including the portions 
which are black in the male) plain pale greenish buff. 
Young: Above dull brown, the wings (except coverts) and 
tail as in adults ; a dull yellowish white superciliary stripe ; 
below this, sides of head blackish in male, dull grayish 
brown in female; lower parts yellowish white, more 
brownish anteriorly. Length 4.70-5.50, wing 2.50-2.65, 
tail 2.05-2.25. Nest on bushes in open coniferous woods, 
compact, composed of fine dry grasses, spiders’ webs, lichens, 
strips of fine bark, etc., the cavity 1.40 deep by 2.00 across. 
Eggs usually 4, .68 x .49, buffy whitish or greenish white, 
more or less heavily spotted or blotched with reddish brown. 
Hab. Eastern North America, breeding from northern New 
England and New York northward, and southward along 
higher Alleghanies; in winter, Florida, Bahamas, and 
Greater Antilles; accidental in California (Farallon Islands). 
654. D. czerulescens (GMEL.). 
Black-throated Blue Warbler. 
d. Outer surface of wings with more or less distinct lighter markings, 
but without white spot at base of quills. 
e’. Rump yellow. 
#1. Crown with a yellow patch (partly concealed). 

g. Adult male: Lower parts, including chin and throat, 
white, the chest and sides broadly streaked with 
black (these streaks sometimes more or less con- 
fluent, forming a broken patch), and the sides 
of the breast with a yellow patch; upper parts 
bluish gray, becoming blackish on sides of head, 
which are marked by white supraloral and post- 
ocular streaks ; back broadly streaked with black ; 
wing with two white bands across tips of middle 
and greater coverts. Adult female: Similar to 
male, but much duller in color, with markings 
less conspicuously contrasted. Winter plumage 
(sexes essentially alike): Upper parts strongly 
washed with umber-brown, and lower parts more 
or less suffused with a paler wash of the same— 
the pattern of the summer plumage being thereby 


DENDROICA. 497 


much obscured ; streaks on chest, etc., and yellow 
patches indistinct. Young: No yellow anywhere, 
except sometimes on rump; whole plumage 
thickly streaked, above and below, with dusky 
and grayish white; tail much asin adult. Length 
5.00-6.00, wing 2.75-2.85, tail 2.20-2.30. Vest usu- 
ally low down, in coniferous trees. Eggs .70 
.03, creamy white, pale creamy buff, or dull white, 
spotted or blotched, chiefly on or round larger 
end, with brown and lilac-gray, sometimes mixed 
with smaller markings of blackish. Hab. Whole 
of North America, but rare west of Rocky Moun- 
tains, except along Pacific coast; breeding from 
northern border of United States northward ; win- 
tering from about 40° southward to West Indies 
and through Middle America to Panama; breeds 
in Jamaica. 
655. D. coronata(Linn.). Myrtle Warbler. 
g. Similar to D. coronata, but throat yellow, and sides 
of head dark plumbeous, without the white supra- 
loral and postocular streaks, there being instead a 
white spot on each eyelid. Adult male with mid- 
dle and greater wing-coverts white, producing a 
large patch on wing. Adult female with chest 
ashy, more or less spotted with black, the wing 
with two separated white bands. Length 5.12- 
6.00, wing 2.85-3.20, tail 2.25-2.55. West in pine or 
spruce trees, composed of strips of fine bark, pine- 
needles, etc., lined with fine roots and hairs and a 
few soft feathers. Hggs .67 x .52, dull olivaceous- 
white, greenish white, or very pale dull greenish, 
sparsely spotted and dotted with black, brown, and 
lilac-gray. Hab. Western North America, north 
to British Columbia, east to eastern base of Rocky 
Mountains (accidentally to Massachusetts) ; win- 
tering in valleys of western United States and 
south through western Mexico to Guatemala. 
656. D. auduboni (Towns.). Audubon’s Warbler. 
f?. Crown plain grayish, without yellow spot. 

Adult male: Top of head plain bluish gray, lighter 
around border (the superciliary region whitish) ; 
lores and ear-coverts deep black; back black, 
sometimes mixed with yellowish olive-green ; 
wings black, with a large white patch covering 
both rows of coverts; lower parts rich gamboge- 

63 


498 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


yellow, the chest and sides boldly striped with 
deep black. Adult female: Similar to male, but 
colors duller, the back mainly (sometimes en- 
tirely) olive-green, wing-coverts with two sepa- 
rated white bands, streaks on lower parts nar- 
rower, etc. Autumnal plumage: Above olive, 
becoming grayish on head and greenish on back; 
throat pale grayish; no streaks across chest. 
Young: Above dull brown, very indistinctly 
clouded with darker; wings dusky, with two 
pale dingy yellowish or yellowish white bands 
across tips of coverts; chest smoky brown, indis- 
tinctly streaked with lighter; chin and throat 
lighter brownish; rest of lower parts pale sul- 
phur-yellow, broadly streaked with dusky, except 
on belly and under tail-coverts. Length 4.35- 
5.00, wing 2.25-2.45, tail 1.85-2.05. Vest of fine 
twigs, grass- and weed-stalks, etc., lined with fine 
black rootlets, in small spruces or hemlocks, 3-35 
feet from ground. Eggs .63 X .48, creamy white, 
blotched with rich brown, paler brown, and lilac 
(sometimes more finely spotted). Hab. Eastern 
North America, west to base of Rocky Mountains, 
breeding from northern parts of New England, 
New York, and Michigan to region about Hud- 
son’s Bay; in winter, south to Bahamas, Cuba, 
and eastern Middle America, to Panama. 

657. D. maculosa (GmEL.). Magnolia Warbler. 


e?. Rump not yellow. 
f'. Wing with two distinct white or whitish bands (light 
brownish in some specimens of D. vigorsii). 
gi. Wing-bands very distinct and decidedly white in all 


stages (though sometimes tinged with sulphur- 
yellow). 


ht. White on inner web of outer tail-feather occupy- 


ing not more than half the total area of the 
web. 

@. Back usually streaked, never plain bluish 
gray or ashy; throat never bright yel- 
low. 

j. Wing less than 2.75. 

, Adult male: Above grayish blue, the 
back streaked with black, and 
sides of crown tinged or clouded 
with same; beneath pure white, 


DENDROICA. 


499 


the sides broadly streaked with 
grayish blue and dusky, and 
chest crossed by a band of the 
Same (sometimes interrupted in 
middle). Adult female: Above 
grayish olive-green, glossed with 
bluish, especially on crown; su- 
perciliary stripe (this sometimes 
obsolete) and lower parts pale 
greenish yellow or pale greenish 
buffy, the throat and belly nearly 
(sometimes quite) white; sides 
streaked with color of back, but 
no band across chest. Young 
male in first autumn: Similar to 
adult female, but whiter beneath 
and more bluish above. Young: 
Above brownish gray, the crown 
divided by a median stripe of 
whitish ; sides of head and lower 
parts white, the first with a nar- 
row dark brownish gray streak 
through eye. Length 4.00-5.00, 
wing 2.40-2.70, tail 1.70-1.90. 
Nest in trees in high deciduous 
woods, 20-50 feet, or more, from 
ground, compact, cup-shaped, 
composed of plant-fibres, strips 
of fine bark, spiders’ webs, ete. 
Eggs about .69 x .53, white, or 
dull greenish white, speckled 
with brown, chiefly round larger 
end. Hab. Eastern United States 
(west of Alleghanies) and south- 
ern Canada, east to central New 
York ; south, in winter, to west- 
ern Cuba, Yucatan, and Guate- 
mala, and thence to Colombia, 

Peru, and Bolivia. 
658. D. czrulea (Wits.). 
Cerulean Warbler. 


kK, Adult male: Top of head yellow, 


bordered laterally with black; 
ear-coverts, sides of neck, and 
lower parts pure white, the lat- 


500 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


ter bordered on each side by a 
broad stripe of rich chestnut ex- 
tending continuously from sides 
of neck to flanks; lores and a tri- 
angular patch on cheeks (touch- 
ing the chestnut stripe) black ; 
back striped with black and 
light olive-grayish, more or less 
mixed with light olive-yellowish. 
Adult female: Similar to male, 
but duller, the upper parts more 
decidedly olive-green (even on 
crown), the black markings on 
head indistinct, and chestnut on 
sides more restricted. Young in 
Jirst autumn: Above bright olive- 
green, the wing-bands strongly 
tinged with sulphur-yellow; 
sides of head and thence back- 
ward to flanks plain ash-gray ; 
an orbital ring and median lower 
parts white. Length 4.60-5.25, 
wing 2.40-2.65, tail 1.95-2.10. 
Nest in small trees or under- 
growth in edge of woods, often 
near cultivated fields. Eggs .65 
< .49, white, or creamy white, 
speckled, chiefly on or round 
larger end, with rusty brown, 
madder-brown, and _ lilac-gray, 
occasionally mixed with a few 
smaller black markings. Hab. 
Eastern United States and Can- 
ada, breeding north of 40°, except 
in higher mountains ; in winter, 
south to Bahamas, eastern Mex- 
ico, and Central America, as far 
as Panama...... 659. D. pensyl- 
vanica (Linn.). Chestnut- 
sided Warbler. 


7. Wing more than 2.75. 
. Under tail-coverts pale buff; upper 


tail-coverts and edges of quills 
bluish gray. Adult male: Top 
of head chestnut, bordered an- 


DENDROICA. 


501 


teriorly and laterally with black; 
sides of head dull blackish; sides 
of neck buff; chin, throat, and 
sides deep cinnamon or chest- 
nut; rest of lower parts light 


_ buff; back streaked with black 


and grayish. Adult female: 
Above olive, streaked with black 
(crown sometimes tinged or 
streaked with chestnut); beneath 
buffy, the sides (especially of 
breast) more or less tinged with 
rusty, the throat also sometimes 
tinged with same. Young male 
in first autumn: Above olive- 
green, streaked, especially on 
back, with black; rump and 
upper tail-coverts grayish, simi- 
larly streaked; lower parts pale 
buffy, tinged with olive laterally, 
the flanks strongly tinged with 
rusty or pale chestnut. Young 
female in first autumn: Similar to 
male, but plain olive-green above 
(the back sometimes indistinctly 
streaked), and flanks usually 
without distinct rusty tinge. 
Length 5.00-6.00, wing 2.75-3.00, 
tail 2.15-2.25. Mest in hemlock 
or other coniferous trees, 15-20 
feet from ground. Eggs .71 
.51, white, finely speckled on or 
round larger end with brown. 
Hab. Eastern North America, 
breeding from northern New 
England and northern Michigan 
to Hudson’s Bay; in winter, 
south through eastern Mexico 
and Central America to Colom- 
bia.. 660. D. castanea (WILS.). 

Bay-breasted Warbler. 


k*. Under tail-coverts pure white; up- 


per tail-coverts and edges of 
quills olive or olive-green. Adult 
male: Top of head uniform glossy 


562 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


black ; back streaked with black, 
grayish, and grayish white; sides 
of head and lower parts white, the 
sides and flanks broadly streaked 
with black, and sides of throat 
with a series of blended black 
streaks, converging to an angle 
on chin. Adult female: Above 
olive or olive-grayish, every- 
where streaked with black ; be- 
neath white (usually tinged with 
olive-yellowish anteriorly), and 
streaked laterally with dusky. 
Young in first autumn: Like cor- 
responding stage of D. castanea, 
but under tail-coverts pure 
white, upper tail-coverts and 
edges of quills olive or olive- 
greenish, and lower parts rather 
olive-yellowish, or dirty sulphur- 
yellow, than buffy. Young: 
Above dull grayish, everywhere 
streaked with black; beneath 
dull white, everywhere spotted 
with black, the spots triangular 
on breast, etc., but assuming a 
transverse shape on flanks and 
belly. Length 5.00-5.75, wing 
2.80-2.90, tail 2.05-2.25. Nest on 
lower branches of coniferous 
trees (farther north often on 
ground), rather bulky, warmly 
lined with soft feathers. Eggs 
.72 X .53, white, creamy white, 
or light creamy buff, spotted, 
speckled, or blotched (often 
wreathed) with brown and lilae- 
gray, sometimes mixed with a 
few small black specks. Hab. 
Eastern and northern North 
America, breeding from north- 
ern New England, Labrador, 
etc., to coast of Alaska (north 
of the peninsula) and of Arctic 
Ocean ; accidental in Greenland ; 


DENDROICA. 503 


in winter, south to Bahamas, 
Cuba, and northern South Amer- 
ica (but not recorded from any 

portion of Middie America). 
661. D. striata (Forsr.). 
Black-poll Warbler. 
#. Back plain bluish gray or ash-gray; throat 
bright yellow. (Adult—sexes alike: Above 
plain bluish gray, becoming black on fore- 
head or sides of crown, or both; a super- 
ciliary stripe, sides of neck, broad wing- 
bands, and lower parts posterior to chest, 
pure white; chin, throat, and chest, some- 
times also anterior portion of superciliary 
stripe, pure gamboge-yellow; lores and 
large triangular patch covering cheeks 
and ear-coverts, enclosing white spot on 
lower eyelid, deep black ; sides and flanks 
broadly streaked with black. Young in 
first autumn: Essentially like adult, but 
gray of upper parts and white of lower 
parts much tinged with brown, black 
markings of head, etc., less distinct, and 

yellow of throat paler.) 

7. Larger, with relatively longer bill; su- 
perciliary stripe usually distinctly 
yellow anteriorly ; length 4.70-5.75, 
wing 2.45-2.75 (2.62), tail 2.00-2.30 
(2.13), exposed culmen .42-.55 (.49). 
Nest usually (?) placed upon branches 
of pine trees ; “ externally 2.80 inches 
in diameter by 1.70 in depth; inter- 
nally 1.77 in diameter by 1.30 in 
depth,” composed of strips of bark, 
small twigs, plant-down, etc.; not un- 
frequently concealed within pendent 
tufts of “Spanish” moss. Eggs .69 
X .52, dull greenish white or gray- 
ish white, spotted, chiefly round 
larger end, with various shades of 
umber-brown and lilac-gray. Hab. 
Southern Atlantic States, north, 
regularly, to Maryland (near sea- 
coast), casually to New York, Mas- 
sachusetts, etc.; in winter (only?) 


504 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


south to Bahamas, Cuba, Hayti, and 
Jamaica.. 663. D. dominica (Linn.) 
Yellow-throated Warbler. 
jy. Smaller, with relatively shorter bill; su- 
perciliary stripe usually entirely (?) 
white; length 4.50-5.50, wing 2.50- 
2.70 (2.57), tail 2.00-2.20 (2.09), ex- 
posed culmen .40-.49 (.45). Hab. Mis- 
sissippi Valley, north to the Great 
Lakes; south, in winter, to Gulf 
States, Mexico (both coasts), Yuca- 
tan, Honduras, and Guatemala. 
663a. D. dominica albilora Barrp. 
Sycamore Warbler. 
h?. White on inner webs of outer tail-feathers occu- 
pying more than half the total area of the 
web (in adult males of some species occupy- 
ing almost the whole of inner web). 
i’. Throat yellow or orange, without admixture 
(superficial or concealed) of black. 
j. Crown with a central spot of yellow or 
orange (indistinct in young). 

Adult male: Top of head (except 
crown-spot), hind-neck, streak 
across lores, ear-coverts, and 
general color of upper parts, 
deep black; rest of head, in- 
cluding chin, throat, and chest, 
pure cadmium-orange, most in- 
tense on throat and chest; rest 
of lower parts pale yellow, or 
yellowish white, the sides 
streaked with black; back 
streaked with whitish and 
grayish; wing with a large 
white patch covering both rows 
of coverts. Adult female: Simi- 
lar to male, but the black por- 
tions replaced by grayish brown, 
streaked with dusky (ear-coy- 
erts plain grayish brown), 
orange paler, and posterior 
lower parts white. Young male 
in first autumn: Similar to adult 
female, but darker above, wing 


DENDROICA. 


505 


with two white bands, and pos- 
terior lower parts pale yellow. 
Young female in autumn similar 
to male, but paler and duller in 
color, the upper parts more 
brown, with crown-spot nearly 
obsolete, the throat, etc., some- 
times pale buffy and streaks 
on sides dull grayish brown. 
Length 4.25-5.50, wing 2.50- 
2.80, tail 1.90-2.10. Nest in 
evergreen trees, rather bulky, 
composed of downy materials, 
especially down of the cat-tail 
(Typha latifolia), lined with fine 
lichens, horse-hairs, etc.; 4.92 
across by 1.65-2.16 deep out- 
side, the cavity 2.16 wide by 
1.14 deep. Hggs .68 X .50, 
greenish white, or very pale 
bluish green, speckled or spot- 
ted, chiefly on or round larger 
end, with brown or reddish 
brown and lilac-gray. Hab. 
Eastern North America (west, 
casually, at least, to Utah and 
New Mexico), breeding from 
more northern United States 
northward; accidental in Green- 
land; in winter, south through 
Bahamas, eastern Mexico and 
Central America to Venezuela, 
Colombia, Peru, ete. 
662. D. blackburnize (GMEL.). 
Blackburnian Warbler. 


;?. Crown without trace of central yellow 
spot. (Adult—sexes alike: Above, 
including ear-coverts and sides of 
neck, ash-gray, the crown and back 
narrowly streaked with black; su- 
perciliary stripe, spot on lower eye- 
lid, malar region, chin, throat, and 
chest, gamboge-yellow ; rest of lower 
parts white, the sides streaked with 
black.) 


64 


506 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


k'. Larger, with superciliary stripe ex- 
tended beyond the eye, the pos- 
terior portion lighter yellow or 
even sometimes white; yellow 
of chest ending rather abruptly; 
wing-bands broader. Young: 
Above uniform dull grayish 
brown, without streaks either 
on head or back; lower parts 
entirely dull grayish, the breast 
and sides streaked with dusky; 
no distinct markings about head. 
Length 4.90-5.25, wing 2.40- 
2.70, tail 2.10-2.30. Hab. South- 
ern Arizona and New Mexico, 
and south into Mexico. 

664. D. gracize Cougs. 
Grace’s Warbler. 

K*. Smaller, with superciliary stripe not 
continued beyond posterior angle 
of eye, and wholly rich yellow; 
yellow of chest extended over 
breast, where fading gradually 
into the white; wing-bands nar- 
rower; length about 4.00-4.50, 
wing 2.20, tail 1.80-1.90. Hab. 
Southern Mexico (Zapotitlan), 
Honduras, and Guatemala. 

D. decora (Ripew.). Decorated 

Warbler.! 

. Throat entirely black in adult males, mixed 

black and yellow, or black and white, in 

adult females and young males (rarely 

white or yellow without any superficial 
black in immature females).? 

j. Sides of head white and black, or white 

and dull grayish. 

Adult male: Top and sides of head, 

chin, and throat deep black; 

broad stripe above ear-coverts, 


1 Dendroica graciz, var. decora Ripew., Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 608. Dendreca decora Saty. & GopM., Biol. 
Centr.-Am., Aves, i. 1881, 136, pl. x., fig. 1. 

2In such, the feathers of the throat are always dusky at base, and there is a conspicuous superciliary 
stripe of yellow or white, in the latter case yellow anteriorly. 


DENDROICA. 


507 


broad malar stripe (widening 
behind), and lower parts, pure 
white; sides broadly streaked 
with black; a yellow spot or 
streak above lores; upper parts 
bluish gray, the back streaked 
with black. Adult female: Simi- 
lar to male, but colors duller, 
and black of throat more or less 
mixed with white (the latter 
sometimes prevailing). Young 
in first autumn: Essentially like 
adults, but upper parts much 
tinged with brown, the top of 
head grayish like back (some- 
times streaked with black), back 
with black streaks indistinct or 
concealed, and throat sometimes 
entirely white superficially. 
Young : Above plain dull brown- 
ish gray ; lower parts plain dull 
gray anteriorly, white posteri- 
orly. Length 4.70-5.40, wing 
2.35-2.65, tail 2.15-2.35. Eggs 
.61 x .50, white, pinkish white, 
or creamy white, spotted or 
speckled, chiefly on or round 
larger end, with reddish brown 
and lilac-gray, usually mixed 
with a few darker specks. Hab. 
Western United States, in moun- 
tains, north to Colorado, Oregon, 
etc.; south, in winter, into Mex- 
ico, as far as Oaxaca, Guana- 
juato, and Orizaba.. 665. D. ni- 
grescens (Towns.). Black- 
throated Gray Warbler. 


j. Sides of head yellow and black or yellow 
and olive. 
k*, Sides broadly streaked with black ; 


black of chest extending farthest 
back on sides. 


P. Breast white, or merely tinged 


with yellow; ear-coverts at 
least partially yellow, never 


508 


(83.) 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


uniform black or deep olive, 

strongly contrasted with 

yellow of adjacent parts. 
m'. Upper parts with more or 


less of black (in adult 
male entirely black) ; 
breast and belly pure 
white ; scapulars black 
or ash-gray. Adult 
male: Above black, the 
feathers of back usually 
edged with olive-green. 
Adult female not seen, 
and has not been de- 
scribed; but probably 
much like the male, 
with greater admix- 
ture of olive-green on 
upper parts and with 
black of throat more 
or less broken by ad- 
mixture of yellow. 
Young in first autumn: 
Above olive-green, 
slightly mixed with 
blackish; scapulars and 
upper tail-coverts ash- 
gray, the latter with 
black centres; chin 
whitish; upper throat 
yellow, lower throat 
and chest grayish white 
superficially, but black 
beneath surface. 
Length about 4.50- 
5.20, wing 2.50, tail 
2.05-2.20. Nest usually 
in red cedar trees, 10- 
20 feet up, composed of 
strips of inner bark of 
red cedar, fastened to- 
gether with spiders’ 
webs, lined with hair 
and feathers; placed 
between upright 


DENDROICA. 


509 


branches; cavity, 1.50- 
1.60 across by 1.50-2.00 
deep. Eggs .75 X .58, 
white, sprinkled, 
speckled, or spotted 
with reddish brown, 
sometimes mixed with 
pale lavender. Hab. 
Central Texas, and 
south to highlands of 
Guatemala...... 666. D. 
chrysoparia Sci. & 
Satv. Golden-cheeked 
Warbler. 


m?. Upper parts (‘e., top of 


head, hind-neck, back, 
scapulars, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts) 
without any black (ex- 
cept, rarely, a few incon- 
spicuous streaks); breast 
and belly usually yellow- 
ish white (rarely pure 
white), the former some- 
times strongly tinged 
with yellow. Adult 
male: Above bright 
olive-green; sides of 
head pure gamboge-yel- 
low, relieved by an olli- 
vaceous streak through 
eye, and, usually, more 
or less of olive on ear- 
coverts; throat and 
chest “solid” black. 
Adult female: Similar 
to the male, but black 
of throat and chest 
more or less broken by 
yellowish and whitish 
tips to feathers, the 
chin and upper throat 
sometimes entirely yel- 
low or yellowish white 
superficially (rarely, 


510 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


nearly the whole throat 
and chest yellow or 
yellowish white). Young 
in first autumn: Similar 
to adult female, but 
more tinged with yel- 
low below, and with 
black on throat and 
chest usually almost 
wholly concealed. 
Length 4.35-5,40, wing 
2.40-2.55, tail 1.90-2.05. 
Nest in trees, usually 
at considerable height. 
Eggs 67 xX 49, white, 
or creamy white, spot- 
ted with reddish brown 
and lilac-gray, mixed 
with a few darker 
specks. Hab. Eastern 
North America, breed- 
ing from northern Uni- 
ted States northward; 
casual in Greenland; in 
winter, south through 
eastern Mexico and 
Central America to 
Panama; also to Cuba, 
Jamaica, and Dominica. 
667. D. virens (GMEL.). 
Black-throated Green 
Warbler. 


?. Breast bright yellow, like sides 


of head ; ear-coverts entirely 
black or deep olive, very 
strongly contrasted with 
yellow of adjacent parts. 
Adult male: Whole top of 


head, broad stripe on 
side of head, and patch 
covering chin, throat, 
and upper part of chest, 
uniform deep black; 
broad superciliary 
stripe, broader malar 


DENDROICA. 


dls 
stripe, and whole breast, 
rich gamboge-yellow ; 
belly and under tail- 
coverts white, the lat- 
ter, also sides and flanks, 
broadly streaked with 
black ; back, scapulars, 
and rump olive-green, 
more or less conspicu- 
ously spotted, or 
broadly streaked, with 
black. Adult female: 
Similar to male, but 
black of head more or 
less mixed with olive- 
green, and that of throat 
and chest more or less 
broken by yellow tips 
to feathers (sometimes 
almost entirely con- 
cealed). Young in first 
autumn: Similar to 
adult female, but yellow 
paler, olive of upper 
parts almost (some- 
times quite) plain (top 
of head always 
streaked, however ?), 
and throat and chest 
entirely yellow super- 
ficially in some females. 
Length 4.90-5.30, wing 
2.45-2.70, tail 2.00-2.20. 
Vest in coniferous trees. 
Eggs .61 X .51, buffy 
white, speckled round 
larger end with brown, 
black, and lilac-gray. 
Hab. Western North 
America (chiefly near 
Pacific coast), north to 
Sitka, east, during mi- 
grations, to Rocky 
Mountains (casually to 
Pennsylvania) ; in win- 


512 NORTH AMERICAN SIRDS. 


ter, from southern Cal- 

ifornia to Guatemala. 
668. D. townsendi 
(Nurr.). Townsend’s 
Warbler. 
k*, Sides without distinct streaks (ex- 
cept, sometimes, in young); black 
of throat scarcely extending over 
chest, and with a decidedly con- 

vex posterior outline. 

Adult male: Top and sides of 
head gamboge-yellow, the 
occiput (sometimes crown 
also) spotted with black ; 
chin and throat black; rest 
of lower parts white, usu- 
ally somewhat tinged with 
grayish on sides; back, scap- 
ulars, and rump gray, 
broadly streaked or spotted 
with black, this prevailing 
on back and usually quite 
uniform on hind-neck. Adult 
female : Similar to male, but 
black of throat more or less 
broken or mixed with yel- 
low, yellow of head duller, 
top of head more profusely 
spotted with black, and black 
markings of upper parts 
much less extensive, the 
gray decidedly predominat- 
ing. Young in first autumn: 
Top of head olive super- 
ficially, but feathers yellow 
beneath surface; sides of 
head tinged with olive; chin 
and throat brownish white 
superficially, but black or 
dusky grayish immediately 
beneath surface ; back, ete., 
dull grayish brown or gray- 
ish olive, usually more or 
lessstreaked, narrowly, with 
dusky ; white of lower parts 


DENDROICA. 513 


tinged with brownish, es- 
pecially on sides. Young: 
Above plain ash-gray; be- 
neath plain brownish gray, 
the belly and lower tail- 
coverts white, Length 4.70 
-5.25, wing 2.45-2.70, tail 
2.10-2.25. Nest in conifer- 
ous trees. Hggs .61 x .51, 
dull white, or grayish white, 
spotted or blotched with 
hair-brown, umber, and lilac- 
gray. Hab. Western United 
States, chiefly near Pacific 
coast, east during migra- 
tions to Rocky Mountains; 
south, in winter, to high- 
lands of Guatemala. 
669. D. occidentalis 
(Towns.). Hermit 
Warbler. 
g. Wing-bands distinct only in adult male, and dull 
white or grayish white; in females and young 
less distinct, and more decidedly grayish. 

Adult male: Above plain bright olive-green, 1n- 
cluding sides of head and neck; wings and 
tail dusky grayish, with paler grayish edg- 
ings, the former with two broad dull white or 
grayish white bands, the latter with much 
white on terminal portion of inner webs of 
two outer feathers; streak over lores, eye- 
lids, chin, throat, chest, and breast (sometimes 
belly and flanks also), gamboge-yellow, the 
sides of breast more or less distinctly streaked 
with olive-green; lower tail-coverts (usually 
lower belly and hinder flanks also) dull white. 
Adult female: Above dull olive-gray or gray- 
ish olive, the wings and tail much as in male, 
but bands on former narrower and more de- 
cidedly grayish ; beneath soiled grayish white, 
the breast usually more or less tinged with 
yellow, or with anterior half of lower surface 
pale yellow, more or less streaked with olive. 
Male in winter with yellow richer and upper 
parts browner than in summer. Female in 

65 


o14 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


winter grayish brown above, brownish buffy 
white beneath (usually tinged with yellow on 
breast. Young: Above plain dull brownish ; 
beneath pale dull grayish brown, or brownish 
white; wing-coverts edged with light brown- 
ish. Length 4.95-5.60, wing 2.70-3.00, tail 
2.10-2.45. Nest in trees in high woods, usu- 
ally at considerable height. Eggs .69 x .53, 
dull white, grayish white, or dull purplish 
white, speckled or spotted with madder- 
brown and lilac-gray, usually most heavily 
round larger end. Hab. Eastern United 
States, north to Ontario and New Bruns- 
wick; wintering in more southern States 
and Bahamas; Bermudas. 

671. D. vigorsii (Aup.). Pine Warbler. 


#?, Wing without any distinct white bands. 
g'. Back conspicuously streaked with black. 
Adult male: Upper parts, including sides of 


head and neck, bluish gray or plumbeous, 
the back more brownish gray, and broadly 
streaked with black; wings and tail black, 
with brownish gray edgings; lores and nar- 
row frontal band black ; a white spot on each 
eyelid ; lower parts plain yellow (varying in 
tone from “primrose” to ‘“ King’s” yellow), 
fading into white on chin and under tail- 
coverts, the sides streaked with black. Adult 
female: Essentially like male, but gray of 
head, neck, rump, etc., much duller, lores dull 
grayish, and yellow of lower parts paler, the 
chest sometimes (in younger specimens ?) 
sparsely speckled with dusky. Young in 
jirst autumn: Similar to adult female, but 
above everywhere decidedly browner gray, 
lores light brown or grayish, lateral lower 
parts tinged with brown, and the chest 
always (?) speckled with dusky. Length 
about 5.30-6.00, wing 2.60-2.90, tail 2.25- 
2.50. Hab. Eastern United States (Ohio, 
Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Missouri, etc.), 
during migrations, Bahamas, in winter; sum- 

mer residence unknown. 
670. D. kirtlandi (Barrp). Kirtland’s 
Warbler. 


DENDROICA. Br5 


g*. Back without black streaks. 

h'. Above ash-gray, including sides of head, the 
latter without distinct markings: under tail- 
coverts and belly white. 

Adult male: Forehead and crown olive- 


green; rest of upper parts, including 
sides of head and neck, plain ash-gray, 
the wings with two dull grayish white 
bands; throat and chest pale yellow, this 
bordered laterally by an interrupted se- 
ries of black streaks, most distinct on 
sides of breast; rest of lower parts 
white, shading into grayish on sides; 
length (skin) about 4.50, wing 2.30, tail 
2.20, tarsus .66. Hab. Cuba. 

D. pityophila (GuNDL.). 

Cuban Pine Warbler.! 


kh’, Above olive-green or brownish (always olive- 
green on rump and upper tail-coverts, at 
least), the sides of head with distinct yellow 
or whitish markings; under tail-coverts or 

belly (or Voth) yellow. 
i! Above plain olive-green, the back spotted 


chestnut in adult male; inner web of 
outer tail-feather with more than termi- 
nal third white, this with anterior out- 
line very oblique. 

Adult male: Superciliary stripe, spot 
beneath eyes, and entire lower parts 
rich gamboge-yellow ; streak across 
lores, a broader one across cheeks, 
from corner of mouth, and broad 
Streaks along sides, deep black. 
Adult female: Essentially like male, 
but much duller, the chestnut on 
back obsolete or indistinct, yellow 
paler, and black markings less dis- 
tinct (sometimes replaced by dull 
grayish ones). Young in first au- 
tumn: Similar to adult female, but 
tinged with ashy about head, where 
the yellow markings sometimes in- 
cline to whitish. Young: Above 


1 Sylvicola pityophila Gunpu., Ann. N. Y. Lye, Oct. 1855, 160. Dendroica pityophila Barrp, Review, i. 


1865, 208, 


dL6 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


dull brownish gray, the wing-cov- 
erts tipped with light buffy; chin and 
throat whitish; rest of lower parts 
yellowish white, the chest and sides 
streaked with color of back, this 
nearly uniform on chest. Length 
4.25-5.00, wing 2.10-2.30, tail 1.90- 
2.10. Nest in bushes or small trees 
(often in young cedars) in open 
situations. Hygs .63 x .47, white or 
buffy white, speckled, chiefly on or 
round larger end (often wreathed), 
with burnt-umber or vandyke-brown 
and lilac-gray. Hab. Eastern United 
States, north to Michigan and south- 
ern New England; in winter, southern 
Florida, Bahamas, and most of West 
Indies... 673. D. discolor (VIEI11.). 

Prairie Warbler. 


‘r. Above olive-brown, passing into olive-green 


on rump and upper tail-coverts, the back 
narrowly streaked with darker; top of 
head chestnut in adults; tips of wing- 
coverts paler than general color, but not 
forming obvious bands; a continuous 
superciliary stripe of yellow or dull 
whitish ; inner web of outer tail-feather 
with less than terminal third white, this 
with anterior outline only moderately 
oblique (often nearly transverse). (Win- 
ter adults with chestnut of crown ob- 
scured or even sometimes concealed by 
brownish tips to feathers; immature 
birds with chestnut wanting, the crown 
dull grayish brown or  olive-brown, 
streaked with dusky.) 


j. Smaller and much duller colored, with 


bright or continuous yellow of lower 
parts confined to throat, chest, and 
under tail-coverts in adult, to the 
latter alone in immature birds; mid- 
dle portion of lower parts (belly, 
etc.) mixed yellow and dull whitish, 
the latter usually prevailing ; imma- 
ture birds with superciliary stripe 


DENDROICA. 51 


and lower parts (except under tail- 
coverts) dull whitish (sometimes 
slightly tinged with yellow), the 
chest and sides streaked with gray- 
ish brown. Length 4.50-5.50, wing 
2.35-2.65 (2.52), tail 2.05-2.45 (2.24), 
tarsus .71-.80 (.76). Hab. Interior 
of North America, north to Great 
Slave Lake in summer (southern 
breeding limit unknown) ; migrating 
south through Mississippi Valley to 
Gulf States, Florida, Bahamas, and 
Greater Antilles; occasional (or 
casual) during migrations, east of 
Alleghanies ....... 672. D. palmarum 
(GMEL.). Palm Warbler. 

7. Larger, and much more brightly colored, 
with entire lower parts bright yellow 
in all stages (except nestling plu- 
mage); upper parts richer or less 
grayish olive than in true palmarum. 
Young: Above dull grayish brown 
and olive, broadly streaked with 
blackish; wing-coverts narrowly 
tipped with light brown; lower 
parts dull whitish, broadly streaked 
with dusky, the under tail-coverts 
gamboge-yellow. Length 4.90-5.75, 
wing 2.50-2.80 (2.69), tail 2.25-2.55 
(2.43), tarsus .75-.80 (.79). West on 
ground, in open situations.  Hgqs 
.67 X .52, buffy white, speckled on 
larger end with brown and lilac- 
gray. Hab. Atlantic coast of North 
America, breeding from New Bruns- 
wick and Nova Scotia to Hudson’s 
Bay; in winter, southward east of 
Alleghanies to Florida, and thence 
westward to Louisiana. (Not yet 
found in Bahamas or other portions 
of West Indies.*)...... 672a. D. pal- 
marum hypochrysea Ripew. 
Yellow Palm Warbler. 


1 The very distinct winter range of the two races of Palm Warbler shows the necessity of recognizing such 
geographical forms. The National Museum possesses specimens of true D. palmarum from Cuba, Haiti, and 


518 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus SEIURUS Swainson. (Page 482, pl. CXVILI., fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Above plain dusky, brownish, or olive, the top of the 
head, in one species, striped with blackish and orange-rufous ; lower parts white, 
streaked with brown or dusky. Vest on ground or in hollow stumps or logs near 
ground, well hidden, very bulky, loosely put together, the exterior composed of 
dead leaves, etc., the lining of fine rootlets, grasses, etc. Hggs 3-6, pure white or 
creamy white, spotted with reddish brown and lilac-gray. 


a’, Top of head with two lateral stripes of blackish, enclosing a median one of orange- 
rufous ; no white superciliary stripe, but with a distinct whitish orbital ring. 
Adult: Above greenish olive, beneath pure white, the breast and sides 
streaked with dusky or black. Young: Above fulvous brown, the 
wing-coverts tipped with lighter fulvous, or buffy; lower parts pale 
fulvous, or buffy, very narrowly streaked on breast, etc., with dusky ; 
stripes on top of head very indistinct, or obsolete. Length about 5.40- 
6.50, wing 2.75-3.00, tail 2.00-2.25. Nest in dry woods, embedded in 
ground, well concealed, the top usually roofed over or covered, the en- 
trance more or less to one side. Eggs .80 x .61. Hab. Eastern North 
America, north to Hudson’s Bay and Alaska, breeding from 38°, or 
lower, northward; west to eastern base of Rocky Mountains; south, in 
winter, to southern Florida, West Indies (including Bahamas), Mexico 

(both sides), and Central America, nearly to Panama. 
674. S. aurocapillus (Linn.). Oven-bird. 
a’. Top of head plain brown, or dusky like back (sometimes with indication of a 
paler median streak anteriorly) , a distinct whitish or pale fulvous super- 
ciliary stripe; with a dusky or brownish stripe beneath it, through eye; 

no whitish orbital ring. 

6. Superciliary stripe more or less fulvous; streaks on lower parts darker than 
upper surface ; throat always (?) distinctly speckled ; longer under tail- 
coverts with nearly whole of concealed portion (both webs) brownish or 
dusky ; lower parts never tinged with buffy laterally or posteriorly, but 
often uniformly tinged with sulphur-yellow; wing exceeding tail by a 
little less than length of tarsus. Young: Similar to adult, but feathers 


. Jamaica, and has received in one collection from the Bahamas more than fifty specimens, representing most of 
the islands in the group; yet every one in this large series, and also among those from Key West, is absolutely 
typical. D. hypochrysea has not yet been traced farther south than Hibernia, northern Florida, its winter 
range being apparently restricted to the southern Atlantic and Gulf States. It would thus appear that the 
respective migrations of the two forms intersect, though it may be that both occur together, to some extent, 
during winter. The only examples of D. hypochrysea I have seen from any locality west of the Atlantic coast 
(an adult and a young of the year from “ Mississippi River, Louisiana,” February 5 and 21, 1870, in Mr. Hen- 
shaw’s collection) are in every respect typical of that form. 


SEIURUS. 519 


of upper parts tipped with light fulvous, producing a spotted appear- 
ance, and streaks on lower parts much less distinct than in adult. 

c’. Smaller, browner above, superciliary stripe usually more distinctly 
fulvous, and lower parts usually distinctly yellowish; length 5.00- 
6.00, wing 2.80-3.10 (2.94), tail 2.00-2.25 (2.14), exposed culmen 
.43-.50 (.47), tarsus .80-.88 (.83). Vest on or near ground in wet 
woods or on border of swamps, open above. Eggs .75 & .57. Hab. 
Eastern North America, breeding from northern United States 
northward ; west to Mississippi Valley (but chiefly east of Allegha- 
nies ?), south, in winter, to Gulf States, West Indies, and northern 
South America.. 675. S. noveboracensis (GMEL.). Water-Thrush. 

e. Larger, darker and sootier above, superciliary stripe less distinctly 
fulvous, and lower parts much less often distinctly yellowish; 
length 5.50-6.50, wing 2.90-3.25 (3.14), tail 2.10-2.50 (2.35), ex- 
posed culmen 44-55 (.51), tarsus .82-.90 (87). Hab. Western 
North America (chiefly in the interior), north to Alaska, east to 
Mississippi Valley (as far as western Indiana, Illinois, etc.) ; south, 
in winter, to Lower California, Mexico, and Central America. 

675a. S. noveboracensis notabilis (GrINN.). 
Grinnell’s Water-Thrush. 
8’. Superciliary stripe white; streaks on lower parts not darker than upper 
surface ; throat usually immaculate; longer under tail-coverts entirely 
white or pale buff, or else with only the basal portion of one web brown- 
ish ; lower parts always more or less tinged with buff laterally and pos- 
teriorly, but never with sulphur-yellow ; wing exceeding tail by more 

than length of tarsus. 

Above grayish brown, rather lighter and more olivaceous (or less 
brownish) than in S. nevius ; superciliary stripe and lower parts 
white, the latter changing to buffy posteriorly and laterally ; breast, 
sides, and flanks broadly streaked with the color of the back. Young: 
Similar to adult, but upper parts browner, wing-coverts tipped with 
dull rusty, and streaks on lower parts much less distinct (nearly 
obsolete) on sides and flanks. Length 5.75-6.40, wing 3.00-3.25 
(3.15), tail 2.10-2.30 (2.15), exposed culmen .50-.56 (.53), tarsus .87- 
201 4689). Jest a bulky structure of dried leaves, fine rootlets, 
grasses, etv., carefully hidden in crevices among roots of upturned 
trees, old logs, stumps, or mossy banks—always in moist or swampy 
woods. Hggs .73 x .59. Hab. Eastern United States, north to the 
Great Lakes and southern New England, west to Great Plains; in 
winter, from Gulf States to West Indies, eastern Mexico, and Central 
America.... 676. S. motacilla (ViEeILL.). Louisiana Water-Thrush. 


520 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Gzmnus GEOTHLYPIS Cazanis. (Page 482, pl. CXVIL., figs. 4-7.) 
Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—A bove plain olive or olive-green, the head usually more 
or less different in color; beneath yellow, the anterior portions sometimes grayish 
or biackish, and belly sometimes whitish ; adult males of some species with black 
patch on sides of head. West on or near ground, among bushes or weeds. Eggs 
white, speckled, more or less, with brownish. 


a’. Bill slender, little if any deeper than broad, its greatest depth much less than 
half its length from nostril, the culmen only slightly or moderately curved. 
b'. Tail decidedly shorter than wing, with more than the basal half concealed 
by the coverts; first quill longer than fifth (sometimes longest); out- 
stretched feet reaching nearly (sometimes quite) to end of tail. (Sub- 
genus Oporornis Bair.) 

c’. Entire lower parts pure gamboge-yellow; forehead and sides of head 
black, with a bright yellow superciliary stripe, involving hinder as 
well as upper border of eye; feathers of crown tipped with slate- 
gray. (Sexes alike in color.) 

Adult: Above plain bright olive-green (except as described 
above), beneath continuous pure gamboge-yellow; in winter, 
similar, but gray tips to feathers on top of head more tinged 
with brown, and black on side of head somewhat obscured by 
grayish brown tips to the feathers. Young: Above olive-brown 
(including top and sides of head), the back and scapulars more 
decidedly brown ; wing-coverts tipped with light tawny brown ; 
wings otherwise, and tail, as in adult; beneath plain light dull 
olive, paler and more yellowish posteriorly ; no black nor yel- 
low on sides of head. Length 5.00-5.85, wing 2.55-2.80, tail 
1.90-2.20, tarsus .80-.90. West a very bulky structure of dried 
leaves, etc., lined with fine (usually black ?) rootlets, on ground, 
in woods. Eggs .72 * .56, white, or creamy white, speckled or 
spotted with brown, reddish brown, and lilac-gray. Hab. Kast- 
ern United States (chiefly west of Alleghanies), north to Great 
Lakes and southern New England; in winter, south to Cuba, 
and through eastern Mexico and Central America to Panama. 

677. G. formosa (Wits.). Kentucky Warbler. 

ce. Only the breast, belly, and under tail-coverts pure yellow, the chin, 

throat, and chest grayish (sometimes mixed with black) in adult 

males, light grayish, dull light smoky buff, or dingy yellowish in 

adult females and immature birds; no yellow on sides of head, nor 

black on tep or sides of head, except sometimes on lores. (Sexes 
decidedly different in color.) 


GEOTHLYPIS. 521 


d', Wing 2.65, or more, and exceeding length of tail by at least two- 
thirds the length of the tarsus. 

Adult male: Head, neck, and chest ash-gray, darkest on chest 
and top of head; a continuous white orbital ring; rest of 
lower parts pale yellow. Adult female: Top of head gray- 
ish olive, sides of head more grayish; chin and throat 
brownish white or dull light buffy, deepening into grayish 
brown or brownish gray on chest; orbital ring brownish 
white; otherwise like male. Young in first autumn : Simi- 
lar to adult female, but more tinged with brownish. 
Length 5.20-6.00, wing 2.65-3.00, tail 1.90-2.20, tarsus .75- 
90. West on ground, in swampy woods, very compact. 
Eggs .76 x .54, colored much like those of G. formosa and 
G. philadelphia. Hab. Kastern North America, breeding 
chiefly (entirely?) north of United States; winter resi- 
dence unknown. 

678. G. agilis (Wius.). Connecticut Warbler. 
uv. Wing not more than 2.55, and exceeding length of tail by less than 
half the length of the tarsus. 

e'. No white on eyelids (except sometimes a slight indication in 
females or immature birds). Adult male: Head, neck, and 
chest deep ash-gray, the throat and chest more or less 
mixed with black, this often forming a distinct patch pos- 
teriorly ; lores dusky or dusky grayish ; rest of lower parts 
pure gamboge-yellow. Adult female: Similar to male, but 
chin and throat dull whitish or brownish white (some- 
times tinged with yellow), the chest dull ash-gray or 
grayish brown (sometimes inclining to dull yellowish); 
rest of head and neck dull gray, brownish gray, or olive. 
Young in first autumn: Similar to adult female, but more 
tinged with brownish, the throat and chest more suffused 
with yellowish. Length 4.90-5.75, wing (male) 2.30-2.55 
(2.42), tail 2.00-2.25 (2.13), tarsus .79-.84 (.81); female 
somewhat smaller (wing 2.15-2.50, tail 1.80-2.05). Nest 
on or near ground, in woods. ggs .71 x .54, colored like 
those of G. formosa and G. agilis. Hab. Eastern North 
America, breeding from higher Alleghanies, New York, 
New England, Michigan, etc., northward; in winter, south 
to Costa Rica and Colombia (but not Mexico or West 
Indies) ; accidental in Greenland. 

679. G. philadelphia (Wits.). Mourning Warbler. 

e?, A distinct white spot on each eyelid, in both sexes. Adult 
male : Similar to same sex of G. philadelphia, but lores deep 
black, in conspicuous contrast with the gray, feathers of 
throat and chest margined with paler gray, and chest 

66 


bo 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


without black patch. Adult female and immature birds 
similar to corresponding stages of G. philadelphia, but eye- 
lids with a distinct whitish mark. Length 5.00-5.75, 
wing (male) 2.30-2.50 (2.38), tail 2.10-2.55 (2.28), tarsus 
-80-.87 (.85); female somewhat smaller (wing 2.25-2.30, 
tail 2.10-2.30). Nest near ground, in clumps of weeds, 
often in open places, in mountains. Eggs .71 x .53, white, 
or buffy white, speckled on larger end with dark brown 
and lilac-gray, often mixed with a few fine black “pen- 
lines,” and sometimes touched with rusty stains. (Much 
like eggs of G. trichas.) Hab. Western North America 
(chiefly in mountains) north to British Columbia; in win- 
ter, south through whole of Mexico and Central America to 
Panama. 
680. G. macgillivrayi (Aup.). Macgillivray’s Warbler. 
6. Tail not decidedly shorter than wing (often longer), with less than basal 
half concealed by the coverts; first quill shorter than fifth (often shorter 
than sixth) ; outstretched feet falling far short of tip of tail. (Subgenus 
Geothlypis.) 

c’. Bill only moderately slender and acute (sometimes decidedly stout) ; 
black mask of adult male not extending over crown, and always 
bordered posteriorly by ashy, whitish, or yellow; legs and feet 
light brown or pale horn-color. 

da’, Exposed culmen less than .52; bill slender, scarcely, if at all, deeper 
than broad at base, the culmen nearly straight or only slightly 
curved. 

e’. Tarsus not more than .85 ; exposed culmen less than .48 ; adult 
male with black mask bordered behind by ashy or white. 
(Adult females without any black, ashy, or white about head, 
the whole top and sides of head being grayish brown or 
olive, often tinged with reddish brown on crown; yellow 
of lower parts paler and usually more restricted than in 
male, nearly the whole lower surface sometimes dull yel- 
lowish white. Adult male in winter same as in summer, but 
more or less washed with brown above, especially on top 
of head, the black of mask somewhat obscured by slight 
brownish or light-colored tips to feathers, and light gray- 
ish or whitish border more or less concealed by brown tips. 
Young male in first winter similar to adult, but mask much 
less distinct, often merely indicated. Young: Plain olive 
above, pale olive-yellowish beneath.) 

f*. Lower parts not entirely yellow, the anal region, at least, 
buffy whitish, and flanks either dull buffy whitish or 
brownish, distinctly different from color of belly ; wing 
less than 2.40. 


GEOTHLYPIS. 523 


g. Smaller, and duller in color; the whole belly and 
sides buffy whitish, the bright yellow being con- 
fined to chin, throat, chest, breast, and under tail- 
coverts; black mask bordered posteriorly by a 
band (usually narrow) of light ash-gray ; length 
4,40-5.65, wing 1.90-2.20 (2.04), tail 1.85-2.20 
(2.04), exposed culmen .38-.42 (.40), tarsus .71- 
.80 (.77). West on or near ground, supported be- 
tween weed- or coarse sedge-stalks, deeply cup- 
shaped, usually with a deep foundation of dried 
leaves. Eggs .70 X .52, white, finely speckled on 
larger end with dark brown and black, sometimes 
with a few larger spots, or “ pen-lines,” or both. 
Hab. Eastern United States (chiefly east of Alle- 
ghanies?), north to Canada and Nova Scotia; in 
winter, southern Atlantic (and Gulf?) States, Ba- 
hamas, Greater Antilles, eastern Mexico, and Cen- 
tral America, as far as Panama.... 681. G. trichas 

(84.) (Linn.). Maryland Yellow-throat. 

g. Larger, and brighter-colored, the lower parts entirely 
bright yellow except anal region and flanks ; black 
mask bordered posteriorly by a band (usually 
broad) of white or grayish white; yellow of 
throat, ete., richer, and olive-green of posterior 
upper parts more yellowish; length 4.75-5.85, 
wing 2.10-2.40 (2.24), tail 2.15-2.40 (2.24), ex- 
posed culmen .40-.45 (.42), tarsus .75-.83 (.80). 
Nest and eggs as in G. trichas, the latter averaging 
about .67 X .53. Hab. Western United States, 
east to Mississippi Valley (and Georgia?); in 
winter, more southern United States (chiefly west 
of the Mississippi) and south through western and 
central Mexico.... 68la. G. trichas occidentalis 

Brewst. Western Yellow-throat.’ 


1 While there is no difficulty in distinguishing at a glance specimens from the region west of the Great 
Plains from those optained along the Atlantic coast, it is a very difficult matter to refer satisfactorily specimens 
from the intermediate region. This arises from the fact that the latter are, as a rule, intermediate in character, 
occasional examples being more like one extreme than the other, as the case may be. The majority of speci- 
mens from the Mississippi Valley are more like occidentalis in the greater extent and richness of the yellow of 
the lower parts, but more like trichas in the decided ashy tint bordering the black mask ; some, however, are not 
distinguishable in the latter respect from typical occidentalis from Arizona and other far western localities. It 
is very difficult in many cases to determine satisfactorily winter specimens, which necessarily include a large 
proportion of young birds, and on this account the winter range of the two forms as given above will probably 
require some modification. The measurements given above are in the case of trichas taken from 19 adults 
from the Atlantic coast of the United States, and for occidentalis from 18 specimens all representing localities 
west of the Great Plains. Measurements of 20 adults from the Mississippi Valley give the following results: 


§24 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


jf’. Lower parts entirely bright yellow, the flanks not very 
different in color from belly; wing not less than 
2.40 (?). 

Adult male otherwise similar to that of G. trichas 
occidentalis, but olive-green of upper parts de- 
cidedly richer, and white bordering the black 
mask broader and becoming yellow on sides of 
neck; wing 2.40-2.50, tail 2.40-2.55, exposed cul- 
men .46, tarsus .82-.90. Hab. Eastern and south- 
ern Mexico (Xalapa, ete.). 

G. melanops Barrp. Xalapa Yellow-throat.! 

é. Tarsus .90, or more; exposed culmen .48, or more; adult male 
with black mask bordered posteriorly with bright prim- 
rose-yellow. 

Adult male: Otherwise similar in color to G. melanops, 
but still richer olive-green above and more intense 
yellow beneath. Adult female: Above rich olive- 
green, slightly tinged with reddish brown on crown; 
beneath rich gamboge-yellow (somewhat tinged with 
saffron anteriorly), the belly more whitish and flanks 
inclining to grayish brown; length (skins) about 5.50- 
6.00, wing 2.30-2.55 (2.43), tail 2.40-2.75 (2.59), ex- 
posed culmen .48-.51 (.49), tarsus .90-.95 (.91). Hab. 
Southern portion of Lower California. 

682. G. beldingi Ripaw. Belding’s Yellow-throat. 
d@’. Exposed culmen .60, or more; bill stout, compressed, with the 
culmen decidedly curved. 

e. Black mask of adult males bordered behind by light ash-gray 
(sometimes tinged with yellowish from eye downwards) ; 
upper parts dull olive-green ; lower parts rather light gam- 
boge-yellow, sometimes inclining to buffy whitish on anal 
region and flanks. Adult females with forehead dull brown- 
ish or grayish like crown, and posterior lower parts (except 
under tail-coverts) dull whitish. 

f’. Bill more slender and tarsus longer. Adult male with 
hinder border to black mask light ash throughout, the 
occiput darker ashy; wing 2.30-2.50 (2.41), tail 2.30- 
2.50 (2.41), exposed culmen .60-.65 (.62), tarsus .90- 
.92 (.90). Hab. Island of New Providence, Bahamas. 


G. rostrata BryANT. Nassau Yellow-throat.? 


Wing 1.95-2.35 (2.15), tail 1.85-2.35 (2.07), exposed culmen .38-.50 (.42), tarsus .73-.80 (.78). These measure- 
ments show that, while there is a very great amount of individual variation, the average is intermediate 
between that of the extreme eastern and western series, respectively. 

1 (eothlypis melanops Barry, Review, i. April, 1865, 222. 

2 Geothlypis rostrata BRYANT, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xi. 1867, 67. 


GEOTHLYPIS. 525 


_ 


f?, Bill stouter and tarsus shorter. Adult male with hinder 
border to black mask usually more or less tinged with 
pale yellow laterally, and occiput dull olive-green like 
back; wing 2.30-2.55 (2.42), tail 2.25-2.55 (2.42), ex- 
posed culmen .60-.63 (.62), tarsus .81-.85 (.84). Hab. 
Island of Abaco, Bahamas. 

G. tanneri Ripew. Abaco Yellow-throat.! 

e?, Black mask of adult male bordered behind by yellow (much 

as in G. belding?); upper parts very vivid olive-green ; lower 

parts very rich gamboge-yellow, including anal region and 

flanks, the latter, however, tinged with olive-green. Adult 

female with forehead and superciliary region olive-yellow- 

ish, or yellowish olive-green, and lower parts wholly bright 

yellow. Wing 2.40-2.60 (2.47), tail 2.45, exposed culmen 

.61-.62, tarsus .81-.88 (.85). Hab. Eleuthera Island, Ba- 

hamas. G. coryi Ripaw. Cory’s Yellow-throat.? 

ce’, Bill extremely slender and acute; black mask of adult male extending 

over crown, and without any lighter posterior border ; legs and feet 
dark brown or blackish. 

Adult male: Above deep olive, or olive-brown, with whole top and 
sides of head, including malar region, black; lower parts oil- 
yellow or saffron, inclining to gamboge on throat, and much 
tinged with brown on sides and flanks. Jmmature male (or 
adult male in winter?) similar, but with top of head dull olive, 
the lores, ear-coverts, and malar region dull black. Adult fe- 
male; Similar to male, but without any black on head. Length 
(skin) about 4.80-5.00, wing 2.25-2.35, tail 2.20-2.25, tarsus .80- 
85. Hab. Southeastern Mexico (Orizaba, etc.). 

G. speciosa Sct. Orizaba Yellow-throat.$ 

a, Bill very stout, decidedly deeper than broad, its greatest depth much more than 

half its length from nostril, the culmen strongly curved. (Subgenus Chame- 
thlypis Ripew.*) 

Adult males plain olive-green above, becoming gray on top of head (some- 
times on nape also); lores (sometimes also space surrounding eye) 
black; lower parts gamboge-yellow, sometimes becoming buffy whitish 
on lower belly and flanks. Adult females similar to males, but lacking 
gray and black of head, and yellow of lower parts paler. 

b'. Eyelids white. 
cl. Bill smaller; belly and anal region buffy whitish, the sides and flanks 
pale grayish buff; adult male with top of head bluish gray; wing 
2.10-2.25, tail 2.40-2.50 (feathers much worn at tips), exposed cul- 


1 Geothlypis tannert Rinew., Auk, iii. July, 1886, 335. 

2 Geothlypis coryi Ripew., Auk, iii. July, 1886, 334. 

3 (Geothlypis speciosa Scu., P. Z. 8. 1853, 447. 

4 New subgenus. Type, Geothlypis poliocephala Barron. 


526 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


men .40, depth of bill at base .15-.18, tarsus .85. Hab. Western 
Mexico (Mazatlan, etc.). 

(S5-) G. poliocephala Barrp. Mazatlan Yellow-throat.! 
c. Bill larger and stouter; belly and anal region yellow, the sides and 
flanks light olive-grayish ; adult male with top of head dull brown- 
ish gray; wing 2.25-2.35, tail 2.50 (or more, the feathers in both 
specimens being very much worn at tips), exposed culmen .45-.48, 
depth of bill at base .20-.22, tarsus .88. Hab. Eastern Mexico 

(Mirador, ete.) and Yucatan (Merida). 
G. palpebralis Ripew. Mirador Yellow-throat.? 
b, Hyelids entirely black in adult male (brownish or olive in female and 

young). 

Otherwise like G. palpebralis, but gray of head much deeper and purer, 
and extending over nape, and black of head more extensive (cross- 
ing anterior portion of forehead and entirely surrounding eye) ; 
bill rather less stout; wing 2.30-2.35, tail 2.50-2.60 (or more, the 
feathers being much worn at ends), exposed culmen .45-.47, depth 
of bill at base .20, tarsus .90-.92. Hab. Guatemala and British Hon- 


duras to Costa Rica. 
G. caninucha Ripew. Gray-naped Yellow-throat.$ 


Genus ICTERIA Viertuotr. (Page 482, pl. CXV., fig. 6.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Adult males: Above plain olive-green or olive-grayish ; 
throat, chest, and breast rich gamboge-yellow; belly, anal region, and under tail- 
coverts white; eyelids, supraloral streak, and malar stripe white; lores deep black. 
Adult female: Similar to the male, but colors duller, with black and white markings 
less strongly contrasted. Young: Above plain dull olive or olive-grayish, the head 
with the white and black or dusky markings of the adult but indistinctly indi- 
cated; malar region, chin, throat, chest, and breast grayish white (more tinged 
with grayish on chest), the yellow soon appearing in patches. Vest in briery 
thickets, composed exteriorly of dry leaves, thin strips of grape-vine bark, coarse 
grasses, etc., lined with finer grasses. Hggs 3-5, pure white, or pinkish white, 
spotted, speckled, or sprinkled with reddish brown, or rich madder-brown, and 
lilac-gray. 


a’, Above olive-green ; white malar stripe shorter; wings and tail shorter; length 


1 Geothlypis poliocephala Barry, Review, i. April, 1865, 225. 

2 New species. Type, No. 44743, U. S. Nat. Mus., ¢ ad., Mirador, Mexico, Aug. 24; C. Sartorius. (= G. 
poliocephala SHARPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x., pl. ix., fig. 3.) 

3 Geothlypis poliocephala, var. caninucha Rinew. in Hist. N. Am. B. i. 1874, 296. Geothlypis caninucha 
Sav. & Gopm., Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. 1881, 153, pl. ix., fig. 2. 

Norr.—It may be explained that these three nearly-related species (or possibly subspecies, since inter- 
mediate specimens may hereafter be found) are diagnosed above entirely from specimens in summer plumage, 
thus showing that Mr. Sharpe’s suggestion (page 359, vol. x., Cat. B. Brit. Mus.) that they may represent 
seasonal differences of plumage fails of verification. 


SYLVANIA. 527 


~ 


6.75-7.50, wing (male) 2.90-3.20 (3.03), tail 2.90-3.35 (3.08). Eggs .89 « .67. 

Hab. Kastern United States, north to Ontario and southern New England, 

west to edge of Great Plains; south, in winter, through eastern Mexico to 

Guatemala (Costa Rica ?)...... 683. I. virens (LINN.). Yellow-breasted Chat. 

a’. Above olive-gray (sometimes nearly pure gray); white malar stripe longer; 

wings and tail longer; length 7.00-8.00, wing (male) 3.05-3.35 (3.13), tail 

3.30-3.60 (3.43). Eggs .89 x .69. Hab. Western United States, east to 
Great Plains, south into Mexico. 

683a. I. virens longicauda (Lawr.). Long-tailed Chat. 


Genus SYLVANIA Norratu. (Page 483, pl. CXVILI., fig. 8.) 


Species. 


a’. Wing with two whitish bands. 

Adult male: Above olive-green, the wing with two dull white bands, the 
outer tail-feathers with a white spot near end of inner web; a narrow 
white orbital ring; lower parts pale yellow, fading into white pos- 
teriorly; length 5.00. Hab. Kentucky. (One of the so-called “lost 
species” of AUDUBON.) 

—. S$. microcephala Ripew. Small-headed Warbler.! 
a’, Wing without any markings. 
b'. Upper parts olive-green. 

c'. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers with white patches. 

Adult male: Forehead and ear-coverts gamboge-yellow ; rest of 
head and neck, including chest, uniform deep black; rest of 
lower parts pure gamboge-yellow. Adult female: Similar to 
male, but with black of head usually much less distinct, some- 
times wholly absent, that of upper portions being replaced by 
olive-green, that of throat, etc., by gamboge-yellow. Young in 
Jirst autumn: Similar to adult female, without black on head. 
Length 5.00-5.70, wing 2.50-2.75, tail 2.20-2.40. Nest in low 
bushes in undergrowth of high, damp woods. gqs 3-4, .70 
.53, white, or buffy white, speckled or spotted round larger end 
with reddish brown and lilac-gray, usually mixed with a few 
black specks or pen-lines. Hab. Eastern United States, north 
to southern parts of Michigan, New York, and New England, 
west to edge of Great Plains; south, in winter, to Cuba, Ja- 
maica, and through eastern Mexico and Central America to 
PANAMA. cscoccc-ess 684. S. mitrata (GmEL.). Hooded Warbler. 

@. Inner webs of tail-feathers without any white. (Adult males plain 

olive-green above, the crown glossy blue-black; lower parts, and 
sides of head, gamboge-yellow. Adult females similar to adult male, 
but black crown-patch usually less distinct, often merely indicated, 


1 For references, see p. 357, A. O. U. Check List. 


528 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


and sometimes entirely wanting, the whole top of the head being 
uniform olive-green. Young in first autumn similar to adult fe- 
males, without black on crown.) 

d', Duller colored, with shorter wing and tail, and broader as well as 
darker-colored bill; length 4.25-5.10, wing (male) 2.15-2.35 
(2.20), tail 2.05-2.25 (2.11). Mest embedded in ground, in 
swampy woods, somewhat like that of Helmitherus vermivorus 
or Mniotilta varia. Eggs 4-5, .60 X 48, white or creamy white, 
speckled with reddish brown and pale lavender or lilac-gray. 
Hab. Eastern and northern North America, west to and in- 
cluding Rocky Mountains, and to coast of Bering’s Sea; breed- 
ing from northern border of United States (and higher Rocky 
Mountains?) northward; in winter, south through eastern 
Mexico and Central America to Panama. 

685. S. pusilla (Wixs.). Wilson’s Warbler. 

d, Brighter colored (the back bright yellowish olive-green, lower 
parts rich gamboge-yellow, the forehead, in adult males, often 
tinged with orange), with longer wing and tail, and narrower 
as well as paler-colored bill; length 4.25-5.10, wing (male) 
2.15-2.30 (2.21), tail 2.00-2.20 (2.10). Eggs .61 x 47. Hab. 
Western North America (chiefly along or near Pacific coast, 
north to Kadiak, Alaska); south, in winter, through western 
Mexico to Costa Rica. 

685a. S. pusilla pileolata (PALL.). Pileolated Warbler. 
b. Upper parts plumbeous-gray (tinged with olive in young and autumnal 
specimens). 

Adult male: Forehead spotted with black; a yellow supraloral bar 
and an orbital ring of the same color; lores black; lower parts 
yellow, fading into white on under tail-coverts, the chest crossed 
by a series of black spots. Adult female: Similar to male, but 
without black spots on forehead, and those across chest much less 
distinct, and often olive-grayish or dusky instead of black; yellow 
orbital ring and streak above lores less distinct. Young in fall: 
Similar to the duller-colored adult females. Length 5.00-5.75, 
wing 2.50-2.65, tail 2.20-2.40. est in clumps of weeds or tussocks 
of grass in swampy woods. Eggs 3-5, .68 x .51, colored like those 
of S. mitrata. Hab. Eastern North America, north to Newfound- 
land, southern Labrador, and Lake Winnipeg; south, in winter, 
through eastern Mexico and Central America to Ecuador. 

686. S. canadensis (Linn.). Canadian Warbler. 


SETOPHAGA. 529 


Genus SETOPHAGA Swainson. (Page 483, pl. CVIIL, figs. 1, 2.) 
Species. 


Common Cuaracrers.—Adult males (sometimes females also) with plumage 
mainly red and black, or red and plumbeous. 


a’. Belly white; basal portion of secondaries and quills and basal half (or more) ot 
tail-feathers (except middle), light salmon-red or orange-red in adult male, 
yellow in female and young male; sexes very unlike in coloration. 

Adult male: Uniform glossy black, relieved by light red basal portion of 
secondaries, quills, and tail-feathers, and sides of breast with a patch 
of the same (varying from rich orange-red to salmon-pink and orange. 
yellow); belly and lower tail-coverts white, the latter usually with 
blackish central spots. Adult female: Pattern of coloration as in male, 
but black replaced above by grayish olive, and on throat, etc., by grayish 
white; wing- and tail-markings and patches on sides of breast yellow. 
Young male: Similar to adult female, but browner above, the colored 
areas usually inclining more to orange or salmon-color; after first win- 
ter, the plumage interspersed with glossy black feathers. Length 4.75- 
5.75, wing 2.40—2.55, tail 2.30-2.45. Vest cup-shaped, compact, of plant- 
fibres, spiders’ webs, etc., usually saddled upon horizontal branch or in 
fork, 7-30 feet from ground. Hggs 3-5, .63 x .48, white, greenish white, 
or grayish white, speckled or spotted, chiefly round larger end, with 
brown and lilac. Hab. Eastern North America, west to, and including, 
Rocky Mountains, north to British Columbia and Fort Simpson ; in winter, 
West Indies, eastern Mexico, Central America, and south to Ecuador; 
accidental in California... 687. S. ruticilla (Linn.). American Redstart. 

a’. Belly red (in both sexes); wings and tail without red or yellow markings, but 
outer feathers of latter white; sexes alike in coloration. 

b'. Adult: Head, neck, chest, sides, and upper parts glossy blue-black, the 
wing with a large white patch, covering greater and middle coverts 
and edges of tertials ; no chestnut or rufous on top of head; breast and 
belly rich carmine-red; lower eyelid and under tail-coverts pure white. 
Young: Above dull black, with white markings as in adult; beneath 
dull grayish dusky, sometimes of a more sooty cast, the breast and belly 
without any red. Length about 5.00-5.50, wing 2.70-2.82, tail 2.35- 
2.78. 

ce’. Third tail-feather with greater part of its outer web and a large portion 

of inner web (at end) white. West placed within cavities in banks, 
among rocks, etc. Hggs 3-4, .65 x .48, white, finely speckled with 
reddish brown and lilac. Hab. Highlands of Mexico, north to 
southern Arizona and New Mexico (and Texas ?). 
688. S. picta Swans. Painted Redstart. 
ce. Third tail-feather with outer web entirely black, and inner web with 
67 


530 | NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


very little white at tip (sometimes with none at all); white edgings 
to secondaries much narrower. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and 
extreme southern portion of Mexico (Chiapas). 
S. picta guatemale SuHarre. Sharpe’s Redstart.! 
b%. Adult: Above dark plumbeous, or slate-gray, the forehead, sides of crown, 
lores, chin, and throat black; crown with a patch of chestnut; sides 
and flanks slate-gray ; under tail-coverts dark slate-color, broadly tipped 
with white; breast and belly vermilion-red, varying to orange-red. 
Young: “General color above sooty black, the wing-coverts like the 
back, edged with rusty brown at the tips . . . head a little more dusky 
than the back; sides of face and throat dull ashy, washed with brown 
on the chin; lower throat and sides of body dark chocolate-brown, the 
abdominal feathers paler and more chestnut and with whitish bases ; 
under tail-coverts pale fulvous.” (SHarpre.) Length about 5.00-5.50, 
wing 2.30-2.70, tail 2.50-3.00. 
cl, White of tail more extended, always present on third feather as a broad 
terminal spot, and often present on tip of fourth; breast and belly 
always (?) pure vermilion or scarlet. Hab. Highlands of Mexico, 
north to southern Texas? 
689. S. miniata Swarns. Red-bellied Redstart. 
¢. White of tail more restricted, reduced to a narrow terminal spot (some- 
times wanting altogether) on third feather and never found on 
fourth; breast and belly usually more orange-red, sometimes of 
a decided orange tint. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala. 
S. miniata flammea Kaup. Kaup’s Redstart.? 


Genus CARDELLINA Dv Bus. (Page 483, pl. CXVIIL., fig. 3.) 
Species. 


Adult (sexes alike) : Forehead, lores, cheeks, chin, throat, and sides of neck rich 
vermilion-red, sometimes inclining to carmine; crown and ear-coverts deep black ; 
occiput whitish ; upper parts uniform ash-gray, the rump white, and middle wing- 
coverts indistinctly tipped with same ; lower parts (except throat) whitish. Young: 
Whole top and sides of head dull umber-brown ; chin, throat, chest, breast, and sides 
of neck paler and more tinged with grayish; posterior lower parts dull white; back 
and scapulars grayish brown; rump dull white; middle and greater wing-coverts 
conspicuously tipped with buffy. Young in first autumn: Black of crown and ear- 
coverts obsolete or very indistinct, and red parts merely indicated by a slight 
. tingeing of red on a smoky grayish ground; upper parts washed with brown ; 
otherwise much like adult. Length about 5.00-5.50, wing 2.53-2.80, tail 2.32-2.60. 


1 Setophaga picta, Sw., a. guatemalx Sharpe, p. xii.; [Setophaga picta] Subsp. a. Setophaga guatemale, 
and Setophaga guatemale, p. 417 (sub. fig.), SHARPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. 1885. 

2 Setophaga flammea Kavp, P. Z. 8. 1851, 50; [Setophaga miniata] Subsp. a. Setophaga flammea SHARPE, 
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. 1885, 419. 


ERGATICUS. 531 


Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico, north to southern border of United 
States (southern Texas? to southern Arizona). 
690. C. rubrifrons (Grraup). Red-faced Warbler. 


Genus ERGATICUS Bairp. (Page 483, pl. CXVIIL,, fig. 4.) 
Species. 


Common CuHaAracters.—Adults (sexes alike): Prevailing color red, the wings 
and tail dusky brownish. 


a‘, Adult: Above plain dusky red, brighter on rump and upper tail-coverts; lower 
parts, including sides of neck and head (except ear-coverts), brighter red, 
inclining to vermilion; ear-coverts silvery white, in conspicuous con- 
trast ; wings and tail brownish dusky, the lesser and greater wing-coverts 
broadly edged with brownish red, and middle coverts broadly tipped 
with pinkish red; remiges and rectrices edged with dull light brownish 
red. Young: Above dull rusty brown; beneath similar but paler, in- 
clining to cinnamon ; ear-coverts silvery white, as in adult. Length about 
4.50-5.00, wing 2.30-2.50, tail 2.40-2.55. Hab. Highlands of eastern Mexico 
(north to southern Texas ?).......... 691. E. ruber (Swarns.). Red Warbler. 

a. Adult: Head, neck, and chest light silvery pink, the feathers dusky at base 
(dark red on chest, where the underlying color is more exposed); rest of 
lower parts plain dull vermilion-red; back and scapulars dark claret-red ; 
rump light pinkish red; about the size of #. ruber. Hab. Highlands of 


Guatemala. 
E. versicolor (SALY.). Pink-headed Warbler.! 


Genus BASILEUTERUS Casanis. (Page 483, pl. CX VIII, figs. 5, 6.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Above plain olive-green, with top and sides of head 
chestnut; or olive-gray, the top of head with two black (lateral) and one (median) 
yellow or orange-rufous stripes; beneath yellow, or with posterior half (or more) 
whitish. 


a. Top of head with two black lateral stripes, enclosing a median stripe of yellow 
(varying to orange-rufous) ; rest of upper parts plain olive-gray (sometimes 
tinged with olive-green); lower parts yellow, tinged with olive laterally ; 
length about 4.50-5.00, wing 2.10-2.30, tail 2.00-2.10. Hab. Middle America, 
south to Veragua, north to eastern Mexico; southern Texas? 

692. B. culicivorus (Licur.). Brasher’s Warbler. 

a. Top of head chestnut or rufous, with or without black lateral and frontal 
border; rest of upper parts plain olive-green. 


1 Cardellina versicolor Sauy., P. Z. 8. 1863, 188, pl. 24, fig. 4. Hrgaticus versicolor Scu. & Sary., Nom. 
Neotr. 1873, 11. 


532 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


b'. Superciliary stripe bright yellow; top of head with a black stripe on each 
side, and forehead black medially. 

Side of head rich chestnut, becoming blackish on lores ; lower parts 
yellow, changing to olive-green laterally; length about 5.00, wing 
2.30-2.60, tail 2.40-2.60. Hab. Guatemala and eastern Mexico; 
SOULMOrN HLOXASIs cccccscene se 693. B. belli (Grraup). Bell’s Warbler. 

6%. Superciliary stripe white ; top of head without any black. 
c. Lower parts entirely yellow. 
Ear-coverts rufous, like top of head; length about 4.50-5.00, wing 
2.10-2.20, tail 2.25-2.60. Hab. Central America, from Panama 


to Guatemala. 
B. delattrii Bonap. Delattre’s Warbler.! 


e. Lower parts yellow only as far back as breast, the belly white and 
flanks and under tail-coverts pale brownish buff. 
Otherwise like B. delatrii, but cheeks more extensively white ; 
length about 4.50-4.75, wing 2.00-2.10, tail 2.20-2.35. Hab. 
Southern Mexico, north to Mirador, Orizaba, and Mazatlan. 
B. rufifrons (Swarns.). Rufous-crowned Warbler.? 


Famity MOTACILLIDA.—Tue Wacrtaits anp Pririts. (Page 322.) 


Genera. 


a. Tail equal to or longer than wing; plumage plain, both above and below. 

b. Tail longer than wing, double-rounded or emarginate; hind claw shortet 
than the toe, strongly curved; back ash-gray or black. 

Motacilla. (Page 532.) 
b?. Tail not longer than wing, rounded; hind claw longer than the toe, slightly 
curved ; back olive, olive-green, or brownish.... Budytes. (Page 534.) 
a, Tail decidedly shorter than wing; plumage usually much streaked below 
(sometimes above als0)..............0000006 Stemi see eae eceherb Anthus. (Page 535.) 


Genus MOTACILLA Linnaus. (Page 532, pl. CXIX., fig. 1.) 


Species. 


a’. Lower parts pure white; adults with black on chest (throat also, in summer) ; 
upper tail-coverts blackish or dark grayish ; third tail-feather black. West 
on ground, usually near water, composed of dried grasses, etc., lined with 
softer materials. Eggs 3-5, whitish, thickly speckled with brown. (Adults 
in summer—sexes essentially alike®: Entire throat and chest uniform deep 


1 Basileuterus delatrii Bonar., Comp. Rend. xxxviii. 1854, 383. 

2 Setophaga rufifrons Swains., An. in Menag. 1837, 294. Basileuterus rufifrons BonaP., Consp. i. 1850, 314. 

3 Except in M. lugens, in which the female has the back gray or much mixed with gray, instead of uniform 
black. 


MOTACILLA. 533 


black, with a strongly convex posterior outline; forehead, superciliary re- 
gion, and sides of head pure white, some species having a black streak 
through eye; crown and occiput, sometimes hind-neck also, and in one 
species the entire back, deep black; bill entirely deep black. Adults in 
winter: Differing from summer plumage in having at least the upper por- 
tion, sometimes all, of throat white; in gray-backed species the gray some- 
what tinged with brownish, in black-backed species the black of back re- 
placed by ash-gray. Young in first winter: Much duller in color than adults, 
with gray of a browner tint, black on top of head wanting or merely indi- 
cated, black below confined to a narrow crescent on chest, with sometimes 
a cluster or series of black spots extending upward from each extremity 
of the crescent along sides of lower throat; white of head more or less 
tinged with yellow. Young: Above dull brownish gray, including whole 
top of head, the latter usually with a blackish or dusky suffusion along 
each side of crown; white of wings much reduced in extent, much less 
pure, or sometimes even replaced by light brownish gray; chin and throat 
dull grayish white bordered posteriorly by a rather poorly defined dusky 
crescent across chest; sides of breast dull brownish gray; remaining lower 
parts dull white, purer posteriorly.) 

b. Without a black or dusky streak through eye; adults with wing-coverts 

tipped with grayish white, forming two bands across wing. 

Back, scapulars, and rump always gray; length about 6.50-7.30, wing 
3.25-3.55, tail 3.50-3.80; bill very slender. Eggs .78 x .60, white or 
grayish white, thickly speckled with grayish brown or dark brown. 
Hab. Europe and northern Asia, wintering in northeastern Africa 
and southern Asia; accidental in Greenland. 

694. M. alba (Liny.). White Wagtail. 

b?. With a distinct black or dusky streak through eye (except in first plumage) ; 

adults with exposed surface of middle and greater wing-coverts entirely 
white, forming a large patch on wing. 

ce’. Hind-neck, back, scapulars, and rump always gray; adult with inner 

webs of quills chiefly dusky gray; length about 6.75-7.50, wing 

3.50-3.60, tail 3.50-4.00, exposed culmen .45-.50. Hab. Northeastern 

Siberia in summer; south, in winter, through Transbaikal and China 

to Burmah; occasional in Kamtschatka; accidental in Lower Cali- 

fornia (and Aleutian Islands ?). 

695. M. ocularis Swinu. Swinhoe’s Wagtail. 

ce. Hind-neck always black in adults, the entire back, scapulars, lesser 

wing-coverts, and rump deep black in fully adult male; adult female 

and winter male with back ash-gray (more bluish than in I. ocularis), 

or gray clouded with black; adults with inner webs of quills pure 

white except at tips, and white on outer surface of wings much 

more extensive and continuous than in M. ocularis ; larger than 1, 

ocularis ; length about 7.00-7.75, wing 3.50-3.95, tail 3.70-4.20, ex- 

posed culmen .50-.55. Hab. Kamtschatka, Amurland, Kurils, and 


534 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Yezo in summer; southern Japan, Formosa, and eastern China in 
winter; accidental in Aleutian Islands (Attu; TURNER) ? 

M. lugens (KiTrL.). Kamtschatka Wagtail.! 
a, Lower parts yellow (dull yellowish white in young, but lower tail-coverts always 
yellow), without black on breast ; upper tail-coverts olive-yellow or yellowish 

olive-green; third tail-feather chiefly white. (Subgenus Calobates Kaup.’) 
Adult male in summer: Above ash-gray, including top and sides of head ; 
lower rump and upper tail-coverts bright yellowish olive-green, or olive- 
yellow ; wings blackish, the tertials broadly edged with whitish ; a white 
superciliary stripe, and a malar stripe of same; chin and throat black; 
rest of lower parts primrose-yellow, deepening into gamboge on under 
tail-coverts. Adult female in summer: Similar to the male, but chin and 
throat white or pale yellow bordered laterally and posteriorly by black- 
ish or dusky spotting (sometimes with throat more extensively black). 
Adults in winter same as in summer, but throat white. Young in first 
winter: Brownish gray above; superciliary stripe and chest strongly 
tinged with buff; otherwise like adults. Young: Above brownish gray ; 
middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with pale fulvous, buffy, or 
whitish, producing two bands on wing; lower parts dull white, faintly 
shaded with ashy on breast, the lower tail-coverts pale yellow. (In 
younger individuals the superciliary stripe and throat buffy.) Length 
about 7.00, wing 3.20-3.30, tail 3.50-3.80. Hab. Eastern Asia, breeding 


from China and Japan northward. 
M. melanope Patt. Gray Wagtail.® 


Genus BUDYTES Covier. (Page 532, pl. CXIX., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common CHaracters.—Adult males in summer: Top of head and hind-neck 
bluish gray or plumbeous; sides of head similar, but darker, separated from the 
lighter color above by a distinct white superciliary stripe ; back, scapulars, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts plain olive-green ; wings brownish dusky, the coverts tipped 
with brownish white or pale brown, and tertials edged with same; tail blackish, the 
two outer pairs of feathers partly white; chin white ; rest of lower parts yellow, the 
chest usually more or less clouded with dusky. Adult female: Similar to male, but 
usually rather duller, the head more brownish gray, the yellow of under parts paler, 
etc. Adult (2) in winter : Above dull olive-brown, including head; beneath yellow- 
ish buff, the chin white, and chest clouded with dusky, as in summer. Young 
in first winter: Above dull olive-brown, including head ; superciliary stripe pale 
- buff; lower parts chiefly white, the chest, breast, sides, and flanks dull light buff, 
the first clouded with grayish brown ; wing-coverts tipped, and tertials edged, with 
dull sulphur-yellow. Young: Above dull olive-brown, the top of head suffused 


_ 


1 Motacilla lugens Kirrn., Kupf. Vog. 1832, 16, pl. 21, fig. 1. 
2 Oalobates Kaur., Natiirl. Syst. 1829, 33. Type, Motacilla melanope PALL, 
3 Motacilla melanope PAuL., Reis. Russ. Reichs, iii, 1776, App. p. 696. 


ANTHUS. 535 


with blackish laterally ; light wing-markings dull buff-yellow; superciliary stripe, 
broad malar stripe (widening on side of neck), and lower parts generally, dull 
light buff-yellow; chin and throat dull white, bordered along each side by a broad 
streak of dull blackish, this confluent with a broken crescentic patch of same on 
chest. Length 5.50-6.80, wing 2.95-3.30, tail 2.65-3.10. Mest on ground, concealed 
by projecting tussock or overhanging bank, composed of dry grass, ete., often lined 
with soft feathers. Eggs 3-7, dull white, brownish white, or pale isabella-color, 
densely speckled with different shades of light brown. 


a’. Top of head and hind-neck lighter, more ashy, gray, the lores and ear-coverts 
not conspicuously darker; lower parts purer yellow (often rich gamboge). 


Hab. Europe, ete. 
B. flavus (Linn.). Yellow Wagtail. 


a*. Top of head and hind-neck darker, more plumbeous, gray, the lores and ear- 
coverts usually conspicuously darker; lower parts lighter, less pure yellow 
(varying from citron- to sulphur-yellow), the chest more distinctly blotched 
with dusky. Eggs .76 x .55. Hab. Alaska (north of the peninsula), eastern 
Siberia, and Kamtschatka, wintering in eastern China and the Moluccas. 

696. B. flavus leucostriatus (Hom.). Siberian Yellow Wagtail. 


Genus ANTHUS Becusrein. (Page 532, pl. CXIX., figs. 3, 4.) 


Species. 


Common CHaARAcTERS.—Above brownish, more or less distinctly streaked with 
darker (nearly uniform grayish in summer plumage of A. pensilvanicus), the wings 
with lighter edgings, and two more or less distinct light bands across tips of coverts ; 
beneath paler (usually dull buffy—rarely whitish), the chest, and sometimes sides 
also, usually more or less distinctly streaked with darker; outer tail-feathers with 
more or less of white. Mest on ground, bulky and rather compact, composed of 
dried mosses, grasses, etc., lined with hair, feathers, ete. Hggs with a pale ground- 
color, but this usually overlaid by so dense a speckling or mottling of brown as to 
give a nearly uniform brown surface. 


a’. Tarsus longer than hind-toe, with claw; inner web of outer tail-feather chiefly 
dusky. Eggs pale olive, olive-whitish, or pale chocolate-brown, thickly 
freckled with brown (sometimes nearly uniform chocolate-brown). (Sub- 
genus Anthus.) 

6. Back, scapulars, and top of head plain brownish gray or brownish, or with 
very indistinct darker streaks. 

Adult in summer: Above brownish gray or grayish brown, the feathers 
of top of head and back showing more or less distinct darker cen- 
tres, most obvious on back; wings and tail dusky, with light brown- 
ish gray edgings, the middle and greater coverts tipped with same ; 
superciliary stripe and lower parts light cinnamon-buff, paler on 


1 Motacilla flava Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 185. Budytes fava Cuv., Rég. An. 1817, 371. 


536 


— 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


chin and upper throat, the chest (sometimes sides also) more or less 
streaked with dusky. Winter plumage: Above decidedly more brown 
than in summer; beneath much duller buffy (without any cinnamon 
tint), the streaks on breast usually broader. Young: Above dull 
brownish gray ; beneath dull brownish white, the chest spotted or 
broadly streaked with blackish. Length 6.00-7.00, wing 3.20-3.50, 
tail 2.65-2.85, tarsus .85-.90. Eggs .78 x .57. Hab. Whole of North 
America, breeding from Labrador and high mountains of Colorado 
(above timber-line), etc., to Arctic coast. 


697. A. pensilvanicus (Laru.). American Pipit. 


6°. Back, scapulars, and top of head umber-brown or tawny olive, conspicuously 
streaked with black. 
ce’. Back and scapulars without distinct whitish streaks. 
ad’. Rump and upper tail-coverts nearly plain brown or olive super- 


ficially, the darker streaks almost wholly concealed; chin, 
throat, ete., never fawn-color. Summer adult: Above rather 
light umber- or olive-brown, the top of head narrowly and back 
broadly streaked with black; wings and tail dusky, the mid- 
dle wing-coverts broadly margined terminally with dull buffy 
whitish, the greater coverts more narrowly margined with 
same; beneath dull buffy whitish (the throat and breast some- 
times deep buffy), the chest and sides (including sides of throat) 
sharply streaked with brownish black. Winter plumage: Above 
brighter, more olive, brown, beneath decided buff, the mark- 
ings asin summer. Young: Above light grayish brown, more 
broadly, but less sharply, streaked than in adult; beneath 
light buffy, tinged with olive, streaked much as in adult. 
Length about 5.50-6.25, wing 3.00-3.20, tail 2.40-2.50, tarsus 
85. Eggs .78 X 59. Hab. Europe; northern Africa in winter ; 
occasional in southern Greenland. 

698. A. pratensis (Linn.). Meadow Pipit. 


ad’. Rump and upper tail-coverts conspicuously streaked with black- 


ish ; chin, throat, etc., deep cinnamon buff or fawn-color in full 
adult plumage. Adult ( full plumage’): Superciliary stripe, malar 
region, chin, and throat (sometimes chest also) uniform fawn- 
color or cinnamon-buff; otherwise as in A. pratensis, except 
that the rump and upper tail-coverts are distinctly streaked or 
striped with blackish. (Other plumages resembling correspond- 
ing stages of A. pratensis, but always distinctly streaked or 
striped with blackish on rump and upper tail-coverts, and color 
of upper parts less olivaceous—more brown in immature winter 
dress.) Length about 5.00-6.00, wing 3.15-3.50, tail 2.35-2.55, 


1 This is usualty described as the summer plumage; but of the five specimens in this plumage which are 


at this moment before me, two were shot in December and one in September, the latter being in fresh fall 
plumage; the date of one specimen is not recorded. 


ANTHUS. 537 


tarsus .85-.90. Hab. Northern Europe and Asia in summer; 

in winter, northeastern Africa and greater part of southern 

Asia; occasional in Alaska, and accidental in Lower California. 

699. A. cervinus (PALL.). Red-throated Pipit. 

ec. Back and scapulars streaked with whitish (forming two or more nearly 
parallel stripes when feathers are properly arranged). 

Summer adult: Above light brown, everywhere streaked with 
black, the back with several longitudinal series of whitish 
streaks; middle wing-coverts blackish, abruptly tipped or bor- 
dered terminally with whitish; greater coverts more narrowly 
tipped with more brownish white, and edged with light brown; 
beneath whitish, more or less strongly tinged with buff on 
lower throat and chest, the latter, with sides and flanks, 
streaked with black; sides of throat usually without black 
streaks. Winter plumage similar, but browner above and more 
decidedly buffy beneath. Length (skins) about 5.50-6.00, wing 
3.20-3.50, tail 2.25-2.40, tarsus .95-1.00. Hab. Kamtschatka 
(including Commander Islands) and whole of Siberia in sum- 
mer; in winter, south to Philippines, Borneo, ete. 

A. gustavi Swinu. Petchora Pipit.} 
a. Tarsus shorter than hind toe, with claw; inner web of outer tail-feather chiefly 
(sometimes entirely) white. Eggs .87 x .62, dull pale purplish buffy or dull 
buffy whitish, thickly speckled with dull purplish brown. (Subgenus WNeo- 
corys SCLATER. ) 

Adult in summer: Above broadly streaked with pale grayish buff and 
dusky ; wings dusky, with pale grayish buffy edgings ; two outer tail- 
feathers chiefly white (the outermost sometimes entirely white); be- 
neath dull buffy white, more buffy across chest, where narrowly streaked 
with dusky; legs and feet very light-colored. Winter plumage much 
more decidedly buffy, both above and below, with dark streaks on chest 
broader and less sharply defined. Young: Above brownish buff, broadly 
streaked with black, the feathers of back and scapulars narrowly mar- 
gined terminally with buffy or whitish; chin, throat, and sides of neck 
whitish, the last, and also lower throat, streaked with dusky; rest of 
lower parts light buff, growing gradually paler posteriorly, the chest 
and sides of breast streaked with black. Length 5.75-7.00, wing 3.20- 
3.40, tail 2.35-2.60, tarsus .90. Hab. Interior plains of North America, 
breeding from central Dakota north to the Saskatchewan; south, in 
winter, over southern plains to southern Mexico (Puebla). 

700. A. spragueii (Aup.). Sprague’s Pipit. 


1 Anthus gustavi Swinu., P. Z. S. 1863, 90. 


£2 
vo 


538 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Famity CINCLIDA?.—Tue Drrrers, (Page 323.) 


Genera. 


(Characters same as those given for the Family)....... Cinclus. (Page 538.) 
Genus CINCLUS Becusrein. (Page 538, pl. CXIX., fig. 5.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters (of North American species).—Color plain grayish, the 
head sometimes more brownish; young and winter specimens with larger feathers 
of wings and those of posterior lower parts bordered with whitish, the lower parts 
decidedly whitish or much suffused with white in young. 


a’. Adult in summer: Uniform slate-grayish, the head and neck more brownish 
(sometimes decidedly brown); bill entirely black. Winter plumage: Similar, 
but tertials, greater wing-coverts, and feathers of lower parts bordered ter- 
minally with whitish ; lower mandible light-colored on basal portion. Young: 
Similar to winter plumage, but lower parts more or less mixed with white, 
and tinged posteriorly with rusty. Length 7.00-8.50, wing 3.40-3.81, tail 
1.90-2.12, culmen .60-.70, tarsus 1.00-1.20. West built within a very bulky 
oven-shaped structure composed of closely compacted green mosses, the en- 
trance on one side, the nest proper embedded in the floor of the “ house,” and 
composed of fine rootlets, etc.; the nest built among rocks near running 
water, often behind a cascade. Hggs 3-5, 1.02 X .70, plain pure white. Hab. 
Mountainous districts of western North America, north to Alaska (Yukon 
Valley, where resident), south to Costa Rica. 

701. C. mexicanus Swarns. American Dipper. 

a’. Adult: Above bluish gray, or plumbeous, slightly darker on head; beneath ash- 
gray, lighter anteriorly, more plumbeous on sides. Young: Chin, throat, 
and chest white; other lower parts grayish white, tinged with plumbeous 
laterally ; wing-coverts tipped with grayish white, the quills and secondaries 
bordered terminally with pure white. Wing 3.50-3.65, tail about 2.00, cul- 
men .70-.72, tarsus 1.28-1.30. Hab. Mountains of Costa Rica and Veragua. 

C. ardesiacus SALy. Costa Rican Dipper.! 


Famity TROGLODYTID.—Tue Wrens, THRASHERS, ETC. 
(Page 322.) 
Genera. 
a. Rictal bristles well developed; inner toe entirely free at base from middle toe ; 
wing 3.50, or more. (Subfamily Mimine.) 
b'. Tail shorter than wing, nearly €ven....... «cesses Croscopies. (Page 541.) 


1 Cinclus ardesiacus SALV., Ibis, 1867, 121, pl. 2. 


TROGLODYTIDZ. 539 


6, Tail longer than wing, much rounded. 
cl. Exposed culmen decidedly shorter than middle toe, without claw. 
ad‘. Plumage varied, the wings and tail distinctly (often conspicuously) 
marked with white. 
Gonys straight, or sometimes even slightly concave ; tarsal 
scutelle very distinct..............0.00 Mimus. (Page 541.) 
ad. Plumage plain, the wings and tail without white markings. 
e’. Larger (wing more than 4.00, tail 5.00, or more); gonys 
straight; tarsal scutelle very distinct. 
Color plain brown above, dull whitish beneath. 
Mimodes. (Page 542.) 
e?. Smaller (wing less than 4.00, tail less than 4.50) ; gonys appre- 
ciably convex; tarsal scutelle indistinct (sometimes nearly 
obsolete). 

f'. Exposed culmen shorter than distance between tips of 
longest and shortest tail-feathers; color slate-gray 
above, with black cap and tail, ash-gray below, with 
chestnut under tail-coverts. 

Galeoscoptes. (Page 542.) 

f?. Exposed culmen longer than distance between tips of 
longest and shortest tail-feathers ; color uniform glossy 
violet-black, the wings and tail more bluish or green- 
ASIA Miaeacionine oes Sse nstoe Sees owes Seceseasecnseneare Melanoptila. 

c?, Exposed culmen equal to or longer than middle toe, without claw. 
d'. Above plain grayish blue, the lores and ear-coverts deep black ;_be- 
neath grayish blue or pure white................. ccooceee Melanotis.? 
d?. Above some shade of brownish, grayish, or dusky; beneath, nei- 
ther grayish blue nor pure white. 
e'. First quill very little, if any, longer than tarsus (sometimes 
shorter); throat and middle of breast neither red nor 
PULOUS cers seeeh ea asoteses ose Harporhynchus. (Page 543.) 
e”. First quill longer than tarsus and middle toe combined ; throat 
and median lower parts rose-red (in male) or rufous (in 
TOMAS) se deena vecieciseee active aesecees SoREOoL BaD NacoeS Rhodinocichla$ 
a’. Rictal bristles obsolete, or very indistinct; inner toe united at base to middle toe 
by at least half the basal phalanx; wing less than 3.50. (Subfamily Troglo- 
dytine.) 
Gr Wine more than’ 3.00%... .c.c.ccessedenesnessess pes eeueee Heleodytes. (Page 547.) 


1 Melanoptila Scuater, P. Z. 8.1857, 275. Type, M. glabrirostris Sct. (Hab., coast of Yucatan and Hon- 
duras.) 

2 Melanotis Bonap., Consp. i. 1850, 276. Type, Orpheus cxrulescens SwAIns. Two species: (1) M. cveru- 
lescens (Sw.), of Mexico, which is grayish blue beneath, as well as above, and (2) M. hypoleucus Hartt., of 
Guatemala, which is pure white beneath, except along sides and on under tail-coverts. 

3 Rhodinocichla HAntt., Journ. fiir Orn. 1853, 33. Type, Furnarius roseus Less. Two species: (1) R. 
rosea (Luss.), from Costa Rica, Colombia, and Venezuela; and (2) &. schistacea Rine@w., from western 
Mexico (Mazatlan, Colima, ete.). 


540 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


b?. Wing less than 3.00. 
c’. Outer toe much longer than the inner. 
d'. Exposed culmen shorter than tarsus; posterior lower parts whitish 
OL PALS UMM AMON 2.55% o vaise ccsisio cigs e sein Salpinctes. (Page 547.) 
d’, Exposed culmen longer than tarsus; posterior lower parts deep 
rusty or brownish, more or less speckled with dusky or whitish, 
MOO beeeeat ences niaadscwcns ane detoneiaecne Catherpes. (Page 548.) 
e. Outer toe not distinctly longer than the inner. 
d'. Tail little, if any, shorter than tarsus and middle toe together. 

e’. Nostril opening horizontally along lower edge of nasal fossa, 
and overhung by a more or less projecting scale-like mem- 
brane. 

jf’. Back without streaks; tail graduated for less than one- 
third its length, the lateral pair of feathers reaching 
decidedly beyond tips of longest under coverts. 

g. Billrather abruptly decurved at tip, stout (or else tail 
decidedly longer than wing); a conspicuous, sharply 
defined (usually whitish) superciliary stripe. 

i. Length of wing exceeding that of tail by less 
than length of exposed culmen (tail some- 
times equal to or even longer than wing). 

Thryothorus. (Page 549.) 

h?. Length of wing exceeding that of tail by much 

more than length of exposed culmen. 
Uropsila.* 

g. Bill more slender, more gradually decurved at tip 
(sometimes nearly straight throughout); super- 
ciliary stripe not conspicuous (sometimes nearly 
obsolete)...... aaeesga5: Troglodytes. (Page 552.) 

f?. Back streaked with black and white; tail graduated for 
about one-third its length, the lateral pair of feathers 
reaching little, if any, beyond tips of longer under 
GOV CTS ick 25 las cntsiasneeseeneae: Cistothorus. (Page 555.) 

e?, Nostril small and nearly circular, opening in the anterior por- 
tion of the nasal fossee, and without overhanging scale or 
membrane. (Otherwise, very much like Thryothorus.) 


Thryophilus? 
d@, Tail much shorter than tarsus and middle toe together. (Nostril 
EN star iee AY 10) 0) O00 ESS) ee opaaneicaeer Cocos’ boodcdocboeoes coocs Henicorhina? 


1 Uropsila Sct. & Satv., Nom. Neotr. 1873, 155. Type, Troglodytes leucogastra Goutp. (Hab. Southern 
Mexico.) 

2 Thryophilus Barry, Review, i. August, 1864, 127. Type, Thryothorus rufalbus Larr. (Six species in 
Mexico and Guatemala, with others farther southward.) 

3 Henicorhina Sci. & Satv., P. Z. S. 1868, 170. Type, Cyphorhinus leucostictus Cas. (Hab. Southern 
Mexico to northern South America.) 


OROSCOPTES. 541 


Genus OROSCOPTES Barrp. (Page 538, pl. CXX., fig. 1.) 
Species. 


Adult: Above brownish gray, the wings with two narrow white bands, 
and the larger wing-feathers edged with pale grayish (whitish in fresh autumn 
plumage); inner webs of two or three, sometimes four, outer tail-feathers broadly 
tipped with white; beneath dull white, tinged with buffy on flanks and under tail- 
coverts, the chest, breast, and sides thickly marked with wedge-shaped longitudinal 
spots and streaks of dusky. Young: Similar to adult, but upper parts indistinctly 
streaked with darker, and streaks on lower parts less sharply defined. Length 
8.00-9.00, wing 3.95-4.19, tail 3.20-3.35, culmen .60-.65, tarsus 1.10-1.15. West very 
bulky, composed of sticks, shreds of bark, fine rootlets, etc., placed in bushes 
(usually of the so-called “sage-bush,” Artemisia tridentata). Eggs 3-5, 1.00 x .71, 
rich greenish blue, spotted with clove-brown. Hab. Artemisia or “sage-brush” 
plains of western United States, chiefly within the Great Basin, south into Mexico 
MAIS WAIGON cies sis c.ssjncns ohiees one's 702. Oroscoptes montanus (Towns.). Sage Thrasher. 


Genus MIMUS Bors. (Page 539, pl. CXX., fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Common CHARACTERS.—Above brownish gray, or ash-gray, with or without 
darker centres to feathers of back, etc.; tail-feathers (except middle) with white 
terminal spots or with much white on lateral feathers (these sometimes wholly 
white); wings usually with more or less conspicuous white edgings or patches; 
beneath whitish, with or without dusky streaks on flanks. Young essentially simi- 
lar to adult, but breast speckled with dusky. Nest very bulky, composed of sticks, 
and lined with finer materials, placed in thick bushes, thorny trees, hedge-rows, 
vines, etc. Hggs pale bluish or greenish, spotted with reddish brown. 


a. Back plain gray; outer tail-feathers mostly or entirely white; flanks very in- 
distinctly or not at all streaked. 

b'. Primary coverts and basal portion of quills white, forming a large and very 
conspicuous patch on spread wing. Adult: Above plain gray, the wings 
and tail chiefly blackish; beneath white, tinged on breast with pale 
grayish (more brownish or buffy in autumn). Young: More brownish 
above, the back indistinctly streaked or spotted with darker; breast 
distinctly spotted or speckled with dusky. Length 9.00-11.00, wing 
4.10-4.90 (4.58), tail 4.50-5.75 (5.04), exposed culmen .63-.75 (.70), tarsus 
1.20-1.38 (1.30). Eggs .97 & .73, pale greenish blue, varying to pale dull 
buffy, spotted with reddish brown. Hab. United States (rare or local 
north of 38°), Mexico, Bahamas, and Greater Antilles. 

703. M. polyglottos (Liny.). Mockingbird. 

b?. Primary coverts and basal portion of quills entirely dusky. 

c. Above brownish gray, the wings and tail dusky, with broad edgings of 


542 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


grayish; both rows of wing-coverts tipped with dull white; wing 
4.30-4.50 (4.40), tail 4.90-5.20 (5.02), culmen .65-.67 (.66), tarsus 
1.20-1.35 (1.27). Hab. Southern Mexico (Isthmus of Tehuan- 
tepec). 
M. lawrencei Ripaw. Tehuantepec Mockingbird.! 
c?, Above ash-gray, the wings deep black, with pure white edgings; both 
rows of coverts very sharply tipped with pure white; wing 4.15- 
4.80 (4.49), tail 5.00-5.80 (5.38), culmen .70-.75 (.72), tarsus 1.20- 
1.37 (1.31). Hab. Atlantic lowlands, from Yucatan (including Cozu- 
mel Island) to Honduras. 
M. gracilis Cas. Yucatan Mockingbird.? 
a, Above grayish brown, the feathers with distinctly darker centres; lateral tail- 
feathers merely tipped with white (chiefly on inner webs); flanks broadly 
and conspicuously streaked with dusky. 
Adult: Beneath dull white, strongly tinged with brownish gray on breast ; 
a series of dusky streaks along each side of throat; wing 4.70-5.00, tail 
5.30-5.70, culmen .82-.95, tarsus 1.45-1.60. Hab. Bahamas, Cuba, and 
Jamaica. 
M. gundlachii Cas. Gundlach’s Mockingbird.’ 


Genus GALEOSCOPTES Casanis. (Page 539, pl. CXX., fig. 2.) 
Species. 


Adult: Uniform plumbeous-slate, paler beneath; top of head and tail black ; 
lower tail-coverts chestnut; bill and feet black; iris brown. Young: Similar to 
the adult, but black cap fainter and less sharply defined, lower parts very faintly 
mottled, transversely, with darker, and lower tail-coverts dull light rusty. Length 
8.00-9.35, wing 3.45-3.75, tail 3.70-4.25, culmen .65-.75, tarsus 1.05-1.15; female 
averaging a little smaller. Nest of rootlets, etc., in thickets, orchards, ete. Eggs 
3-5, .93 < .69, plain deep bluish green. Hab. Eastern North America, north to about 
54° in the interior; west to and including Rocky Mountains ; in winter, southern 
United States (from about 37°) and south to Cuba and Panama. 

704. G. carolinensis (Linn.). Catbird. 


Genus MIMODES Ripeway. (Page 539, pl. CXIX., fig. 6.) 


Species. 


Adult: Above plain brown, the wings and tail more grayish; greater wing- 
coverts and secondaries (except toward base) edged with fulvous-brown, the former 
. indistinctly tipped with lighter fulvous; primaries edged with light brownish gray ; 
inner webs of three outer tail-feathers marked at tip with a very indistinct pale 


1 Mimus gilvus, y. lawrencei Ripew., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. June 5, 1882, 11. 

2 Mimus gracilis Cas, Mus. Hein. i. Jan. 1851, 83. 

3 Mimus gundlachii Cas., Journ. fiir Orn, 1855, 470. 

4 Mimodes Ripew., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. June 12, 1882, 45. Type, Harporhynchus graysoni BAIRD. 


HARPORHY NCHUS. 543 


brownish gray spot; lores dusky, bordered above by a very indistinct pale brown 
stripe on each side of forehead ; lower parts plain dull brownish white, the flanks 
indistinctly streaked with dark brownish, and malar region indistinctly barred 
with same; bill and feet brownish black; length about 9.50-10.00, wing 4.35-4.40, 
tail 5.00-5.10, exposed culmen .80, tarsus 1.40-1.50, middle toe .90. Hab. Socorro 


Island, western Mexico. 
M. graysoni (BarrD). Socorro Thrasher.! 


Genus HARPORHYNCHUS Cazanis. (Page 539, pl. CXX., figs. 3, 5.) 
Species. 


(West very bulky, composed of dried twigs, rootlets, etc. (the material varying 
with the locality or according to the species), placed in small, usually thorny, trees, 
vines, or bushes. Hygs very variable in coloration, but usually speckled.) 


a. Tarsus longer than exposed culmen; gonys much shorter than middle toe, with- 
out claw; tail exceeding wing by not more than length of tarsus; lower 
parts more or less distinctly spotted or streaked (these markings sometimes 
obsolete in H. bendirei and H. palmeri). (Subgenus Methriopterus Retcu.) 

b'. Above reddish brown; both rows of wing-coverts distinctly tipped with 
white, this preceded by a dusky bar; markings on lower parts linear, 
wedge-shaped, or tear-shaped. 

cl, Culmen curved for the terminal half only, and not longer than middle 

toe without claw; gonys perfectly straight; above bright tawny 

brown or rusty cinnamon; beneath buffy white, or pale buff, the 

markings on sides of breast usually brownish; length about 10.50- 

12.00, wing 4.10-4.60 (4.31), tail 5.00-5.75 (5.32), exposed culmen 

.90-1.10 (.99), tarsus 1.28-1.40 (1.36). Eggs 1.06 x .78, greenish 

white, very pale greenish, pale buffy, etc., minutely speckled or 

sprinkled with reddish brown (this sometimes the prevailing color). 

Hab. Eastern United States, west to base of Rocky Mountains, 

north to southern Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba; winters in more 
southern States (north to about 37°). 

705. H. rufus (Linn.). Brown Thrasher. 

ce, Culmen decidedly curved from the base, and decidedly longer than 

middle toe, with claw; gonys appreciably concave; above dull 

umber-brown, somewhat more rusty on wings and tail; beneath 

pure white, the markings on sides of breast (and elsewhere) deep 

black. 

d'. Wing 3.80, or more, tail 4.80, or more; basal portion of lower 

mandible light horn-color, or otherwise pale-colored; length 

about 10.50-12.00, wing 3.80-4.20, tail 4.80-5.45, culmen 1.05- 


1 Harporhynchus graysoni “ Barry, MS.,” Lawr., Ann. Lye, N. Y. x, 1871, 7. 


544 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


1.28, tarsus 1.35-1.45. Eggs 1.07 < .78, colored like those of H. 
rufus. Hab. Lower Rio Grande Valley, in Texas. 
706. H. longirostris sennetti Ripaw. Texas Thrasher. 

d@. Wing 3.55, or less, tail 4.45, or less; lower mandible wholly 
black ; colors darker, the markings more sharply defined; 
wing 3.40-3.55, tail 4.10-4.45, culmen 1.20-1.25, tarsus 1.15- 
1.25. Hab. Cozumel Island, Yucatan. 

H. guttatus Ripgw. Cozumel Thrasher.! 
o*, Above brownish gray. 

c. Markings on lower parts sharply defined, much darker than color of 
back. (Outer tail-feathers with white terminal spots; wings with 
two distinct white bands.) 

a’. Markings of lower parts roundish; under tail-coverts spotted; 
wing 4.10, tail 5.60, much graduated; exposed culmen 1.15, 
tarsus 1.50. ab. Southwestern Mexico (Oaxaca). 

H. ocellatus Sct. Ocellated Thrasher.? 

@. Markings of lower parts triangular or wedge-shaped ; under tail- 
coverts without spots; length about 10.00, wing 3.90-4.15, tail 
4.35-4.60, moderately graduated, culmen 1.10-1.12, tarsus 1.25- 
1.40. Eggs 1.06 x .75, greenish white, spotted with pale reddish 
brown. Hab. Lower California. 

(86.) 709. H. cinereus Xantus. St. Lucas Thrasher. 

c. Markings on lower parts indistinct (sometimes nearly if not quite 
obsolete), or else not darker than color of back. 

d'. Lower mandible with basal portion light-colored; exposed culmen 
.95, or less, bill from nostril less than .85. 

Adult: Above plain grayish brown, the middle and greater 
wing-coverts with indistinctly paler tips; beneath much 
paler grayish brown, becoming nearly white on chin and 
throat and middle of belly, buffy on under tail-coverts, and 
more decidedly brown on flanks, the chest and breast 
(sometimes upper belly also) marked with triangular spots 
or streaks of deeper grayish brown (these markings usu- 
ally indistinct—sometimes quite obsolete—in summer plu- 
mage); inner webs of two or three outer tail-feathers tipped 
with dull whitish. Young: Similar to adult, but wing- 
coverts and rump tinged with tawny buff, tertials edged 
with same, and lower parts usually whiter, with nar- 
rower (and sometimes much darker) streaks. Length 
about 9.50-10.50, wing 3.90-4.20, tail 4.25-4.90, exposed 
culmen .87-.95, bill from nostril .75-.81, tarsus 1.30-1.40. 
Eggs 1.05 < .76, similar to those of H. cinereus, but ground- 
color averaging paler, or more decidedly whitish. Hab. 


1 Harporhynchus guttatus Ripew., Deser. New Sp. B. Cozumel, Feb. 26, 1885, 1. 
2 Harporhynchus ocellatus Scu., P. Z. 8. 1862, 18, pl. 3. 


HARPORHYNCHUS. 545 


Southern Arizona, south into Sonora (Guaymas), north- 
eastward (casually only ?) to eastern Colorado. 
708. H. bendirei Cours. Bendire’s Thrasher. 
d@, Lower mandible entirely dusky ; exposed culmen more than 1.05, 
bill from nostril .85, or more (usually more than 1.00). 

e'. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers without sharply defined white 
or buffy tips; ground-color of lower parts pale grayish 
brown; middle and greater wing-coverts never distinctly 
tipped with white. 

In color very much like H. bendirei, but markings on 
breast, etc., usually broader; length about 11.00-11.50, 
wing 4.204.60 (4.32), tail 4.80-5.20 (4.99), exposed 
culmen 1.18-1.40 (1.28), bill from nostril 1.00-1.05 
(1.01), tarsus 1.20-1.35 (1.29). Eggs 1.15 x .79, pale 
bluish green, finely and uniformly speckled with brown. 
Hab. Southern Arizona, and south into Sonora (Guay- 
Mas)............ 707d. H. curvirostris palmeri Ripeaw. 

Palmer’s Thrasher. 

é. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers with sharply defined white 
or buffy tips, or else middle and greater wing-coverts dis- 
tinctly tipped with white; ground-color of lower parts 
whitish or buffy, shaded across chest and along sides with 
brownish gray ; spots on lower parts larger and more dis- 
tinct (except in summer plumage, when sometimes obso- 
lete); bill stouter and straighter. 

jf’. Smaller, grayer above, whitish beneath (becoming buffy 

posteriorly), and tail-spots pure white. Young: Simi- 

lar to adult, but wing-coverts and rump tinged with 

fulvous-brownish, and markings on breast, etc., much 

narrower and darker. Length about 10.50-11.40, wing 

4.15-4.55 (4.36), tail 4.40-4.65 (4.55), exposed culmen 

1.10-1.30 (1.18), bill from nostril .85-1.05 (.95), tarsus 

1,25-1.35 (1.31). Hggs 1.10 & .78, colored like those 

of H. palmeri. Hab. Table-lands of Mexico, south to 

Puebla, Guanajuato, ete., north to southern Texas and 

New Mexico (east of Rocky Mountains). 707. H. cur- 

virostris (SwAins.). Curve-billed Thrasher, 

f?. Larger, browner above, brownish buffy beneath, and tail- 

spots usually brownish buff; length about 11.50, wing 

4.45-4.70 (4.56), tail 5.00-5.20 (5.10), exposed culmen 

1.12-1.30 (1.20), bill from nostril .90-1.15 (1.02), tar- 

sus 1.40. Hab. Coast of western Mexico (Mazatlan, 
Tepic, etc.). 

H. curvirostris occidentalis Ripaw. Mazatlan Thrasher. 


1 Methriopterus curvirostris occidentalis Ripew., Proc, U. S, Nat. Mus. v. June 5, 1882, 9. 
69 


546 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


a, Tarsus shorter than exposed culmen; gonys longer than middle toe, without 
claw ; tail exceeding wing by more than length of tarsus; lower parts with- 
out trace of spots or streaks. (Subgenus Harporhynchus.) 

o*. Lower tail-coverts light fulvous or ochraceous. 

c’. Tarsus 1.50, or more ; middle toe .95, or more; tail only slightly darker 
than back; lower parts dull ochraceous buffy, becoming more ful- 
vous on under tail-coverts, and buffy whitish on throat, the breast, 
etc., shaded with grayish brown; ear-coverts dusky, with distinct 
whitish shaft-streaks ; no distinct lighter malar streak nor darker 
streak along sides of throat; upper parts deep grayish brown, the 
tail somewhat darker and browner; length about 11.50-13.00, wing 
3.90-4.30 (4.13), tail 4.90-5.80 (5.34), culmen 1.35-1.75 (1.56), tarsus 
1.40-1.60 (1.50), middle toe .95-1.12 (1.01). Eggs 1.20 x .85, light 
greenish blue, speckled with clove-brown. Hab. Coast district of 
California, south along Pacific coast of Lower California. 

710. H. redivivus (Gamps.). Californian Thrasher. 

ce, Tarsus much less than 1.50, middle toe less than .95; tail much darker 
than back (but scarcely browner); lower parts pale brownish gray, 
becoming dull white on chin, throat, and belly, the under tail-coverts 
ochraceous-buff, in marked contrast; ear-coverts light brownish 

gray, without distinct streaks; a distinct malar stripe of whitish, 
narrowly barred with dusky, bordered below by a distinct dusky 
streak along each side of throat; upper parts plain delicate light 
grayish brown or brownish gray, the tail dusky, in marked con- 

trast. Young: Similar to adult, but upper tail-coverts more rusty, 

and ochraceous of posterior lower parts paler. Length about 10.50- 

11.00, wing 3.70-3.90, tail 4.57-5.20, culmen 1.08-1.35, tarsus 1.12- 

1.25, middle toe .80-.88. Nest very bulky, composed of thorny twigs, 

and placed in bushes. Hggs 1.07 < .76, pale bluish green or green- 

ish blue, minutely (usually rather sparsely) speckled with reddish 
brown. Hab. Valleys of Gila and lower Colorado rivers, and 

south into Sonora.. 711. H. lecontei (Lawr.). lLeconte’s Thrasher. 

6. Lower tail-coverts deep rusty cinnamon, or chestnut. 

Adult: Above plain brownish gray or grayish brown, the tail darker ; 
beneath similar, but paler, the chin and throat nearly white, and 
the under tail-coverts deep rusty cinnamon or chestnut; a whitish 
malar stripe, and beneath it a dusky streak along each side of 
throat. Young: Similar to adult, but more tinged with rusty 
above, especially on rump and tips of tail-feathers, and lower parts 
more fulvous. Length about 11.40-12.60, wing 3.90--4.10 (4.02), tail 
4.80-6.40 (5.67), exposed culmen 1.20-1.50 (1.39), bill from nostril 
1.02-1.25 (1.14), tarsus 1.28-1.30 (1.29). Eggs 1.07 x .75, plain pale 
greenish blue. Hab. New Mexico, Arizona, southern Utah, south- 
eastern California, and northern Lower California. 

712. H. crissalis (Henry). Crissal Thrasher. 


HELEODYTES. 547 


Genus HELEODYTES Cazanis.' (Page 539, pl. CXXLI, fig. 1.) 
Species. 


Common CHARAcTERS.—Largest of the Wrens (length 7.00 to nearly 8.00); top 
of head plain brown (varying in tint from sepia to burnt-umber); back lighter 
brown, streaked with white and black; wings spotted with pale grayish brown 
and whitish on a dusky ground; middle tail-feathers brownish gray, transversely 
spotted with black; rest of tail black, transversely spotted or broadly barred, more 
or less, with white; a conspicuous white superciliary stripe, bordered beneath by a 
dusky line; anterior lower parts white, more or less spotted with black ; posterior 
lower parts pale cinnamon-buff, or very pale buff, more sparsely marked with black. 
Young essentially like adults, but streaks on back much less sharply defined, mark- 
ings on lower parts smaller, and colors generally more suffused. Vest very bulky, 
more or less flask-shaped, of more or less horizontal position, the entrance at one 
end; placed in a cactus or other thorny shrub; composed of sticks, coarse straws, 
ete., lined with feathers, ete. Eggs with the ground-color whitish, creamy white, 
or salmon-buff, but this often nearly if not quite hidden by the density of the 
reddish brown sprinkling, the general hue being a light brownish pink. 


a. Only the outer tail-feather with white bars for whole length, and even on this 
these bars complete, or uninterrupted, only on terminal portion; flanks 
deep buff, marked with narrow streaks or small spots (or both) of blackish ; 
throat and chest usually heavily spotted with black, in marked contrast with 
rest of lower parts; top of head sepia-brown (rarely varying to a burnt- 
umber or vandyke tint); length about 8.00-8.75, wing 3.30-3.50, tail 3.25- 
3.50, exposed culmen .80-.95, tarsus 1.05-1.12. Eggs .95  .66. Hab. South- 
western border of United States, from southern Texas to coast of southern 
California, and south into northern and central Mexico (as far as Guana- 
juato, Guaymas, etc.)...... 713. H. brunneicapillus (Larr.). Cactus Wren. 

a’. All the tail-feathers, except middle pair, barred with white for their whole 
length; flanks white or very pale buff, marked with large rounded or tear- 
shaped spots of black; throat and chest usually not more heavily or con- 
spicuously spotted with black than other lower parts; top of head usually 
burnt-umber brown, sometimes almost chestnut; length 7.50-8.00, wing 
3.35-3.50, tail 3.20-3.40, exposed culmen .80-.90, tarsus 1.12-1.20. Hyggs .95 
x .66. Hab. Southern portion of Lower California. 

(87.) 714. H. affinis Xanrus. St. Lucas Cactus Wren. 


Genus SALPINCTES Casanis. (Page 540, pl. CXXI,, fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common CHaractEeRs.—Adult: Above grayish brown, more or less speckled 
(usually sparsely) with dusky, the rump light cinnamon, the tail with large 
blotches of black and pale cinnamon, except middle feathers, which are narrowly 


1 Heleodytes CABAN., Mus. Hein. i. 1850, 80. Type, Furnarius griseus Swatns. (Of. Pater, Auk, x. 1893, 86.) 


548 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


barred with brownish gray and dusky; beneath dull whitish, tinged on flanks with 
pale cinnamon, the lower tail-coverts barred, or transversely spotted, with black- 
ish, and the chest usually more or less speckled or streaked with dusky (some- 
times immaculate). Young with top of head, hind-neck, and back plain rusty 
grayish, and the lower parts plain whitish anteriorly, plain pale cinnamon on flanks 
and under tail-coverts. Vest usually in clefts or crevices among rocks, sometimes 
in hollow stumps or about buildings. Eggs pure white, finely and sparsely speckled, 
chiefly on or round larger end, with chestnut-brown (sometimes nearly immacu- 
late). 


a. Lighter and grayer, with chest, etc., less distinctly speckled; wing and tail 
longer, bill and tarsi shorter; length 5.12-6.35, wing 2.68-2.80 (2.77), tail 
2.12-2.40 (2.27), bill from nostril .44-.54 (.49), tarsus .76-.80 (.79), middle toe 
.52-.60 (.56). Eggs .73 x 57. Hab. Arid regions of western United States, 
east to the Great Plains, south over table-lands of Mexico and Guatemala to 
Daliv ACO ovisece's sostou ns sab doinciaaeemeocclennese 715. S. obsoletus (Say). Rock Wren. 

a. Darker and browner, with chest, etc., more distinctly speckled; wing and tail 
shorter, bill and tarsi longer; wing 2.55-2.75 (2.62), tail 2.00-2.30 (2.20), bill 
from nostril .55-.60 (.59), tarsus .80-.90 (.85), middle toe .50-.55 (.52). Hggs 
.75 X .59, usually (?) plain white. Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 

716. S. guadeloupensis Ripcw. Guadalupe Rock Wren. 


Genus CATHERPES Bairp. (Page 540, pl. CXXI.,, fig. 4.) 


Species. 


Common CHARACTERS.—Prevailing color brown, the anterior lower parts white, 
or else decidedly paler than posterior portions, the latter more or less speckled with 
white or dusky (sometimes both); tail (in C. mexicanus’) clear cinnamon-rusty, 
crossed by narrow, distinct, and rather distant bars of black. Young essentially 
like adults, but usually without white specks on upper parts or posterior lower 
parts, which are instead mottled, more or less, with dusky. Nest in crevices of 
rocks, various odd nooks about buildings, and similar situations. Eggs 3-5, or more, 
pure white, rather sparsely speckled, chiefly on larger end, with reddish brown and 
lilac-gray. 


a, Smaller (exposed culmen less than 1.00, tarsus not more than .80) ; chin, throat, 
and chest white, in marked (though not abrupt) contrast with rusty of pos- 
terior lower parts; upper parts brownish (varying from light cinnamon- 
grayish to rusty brown and sepia), speckled with white and dusky (with 
dusky alone in young); wings rusty brown, narrowly barred with dusky. 

b. Larger and darker colored; above dark rusty brown, varying to sepia, the 
wings barred with rusty; black bars on tail broader, those on outer 
feather about .08-.10 wide ; length about 6.00-6.50, wing 2.40-2.90 (2.72), 
tail 2.30-2.45 (2.37), exposed culmen .70-.95 (.87), bill from nostril .55- 


1Tn the single known specimen of C. sumichrasti Lawr. the tail is, unfortunately, wanting. 


THRYOTHORUS. 549 


.75 (.69), tarsus .70-.80 (.77), middle toe .55-.62 (.60). Hab. Mexico; 

southern Texas.. 717. C. mexicanus (SwAIns.). White-throated Wren. 

6%. Smaller and lighter colored; above varying from dull brown to cinnamon- 

grayish, the wings cinnamon-rusty, narrowly barred with dusky ; black 

bars on tail narrower, those on outer feather usually less than .05 wide ; 

length about 5.50-5.75, wing 2.20-2.40 (2.32), tail 2.00-2.40 (2.14), ex- 

posed culmen .70-.85 (.76), bill from nostril .50-.66 (.58), tarsus .65-.72 

(.69), middle toe .48-.58 (51). Hyggs .70 X 52. Hab. Southwestern 

United States, north to Wyoming, southern Idaho and Oregon, and 

northern California, east to western Texas, Colorado, ete., south to 
Mexican boundary and Lower California. (Resident throughout.) 

717a. C. mexicanus conspersus Ripew. Caiion Wren. 

a’, Larger (exposed culmen 1.10, tarsus 1.15); chin and throat pale tawny brown, 

chest brighter tawny brown or russet; upper parts plain dark vandyke- 

brown, becoming nearly black posteriorly and on wings, the latter without 

distinct bars or other markings ; posterior lower parts deep bistre or vandyke 

(nearly black on thighs and flanks), the belly speckled with white; wing 

2.80, middle toe .90. Hab. Southeastern Mexico (Mata Bejuco, Vera Cruz). 

C. sumichrasti LAwr. Sumichrast’s Wren.? 


Genus THRYOTHORUS Vrertor. (Page 540, pl. CXXI., figs. 3, 5.) 
Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Above plain brown (rump sometimes with concealed 
white spots), the tail barred, more or less distinctly, with dusky ; a sharply defined 
superciliary stripe of white or buffy ; color of lower parts very variable. Young 
not essentially different from adults. Nest bulky, composed of sticks, spiders’ 
webs, feathers, etc., built in some cavity, as a hole in stump or hollow tree, various 
odd nooks in buildings, etc. Eggs whitish, more or less speckled. 


a, Feathers of rump with very distinct concealed white spots. 
b Tail-feathers rusty brownish, narrowly barred for entire length with dusky 
and lighter rusty. (Subgenus Thryothorus, part.) 

cl. Smaller and lighter colored; above rusty brown (varying much in 

shade), duller on top of head, brighter on rump; an indistinct 

blackish line along each side of crown, bordering the white or 

buffy superciliary stripe; wings narrowly and indistinctly barred 

with dusky, the quills with pale rusty or rusty whitish spots; 


1Specimens from Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and other parts of the arid interior region alone constitute the 
true C. conspersus ; examples from California, Lower California, Arizona, and New Mexico are much darker 
(being in coloration more like the true C. mexicanus), the difference being very marked and, so far as the large 
number of specimens now before me are concerned, quite constant. The latter constitute the C. mexicanus 
punctulatus Ripew. (Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus. v. Sept. 5, 1882, 343), a race which will probably, in due time, be 
generally recognized. 

2 Catherpes sumichrasti LAwnr., Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1871, 233. 


550 


(88.) 


NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


middle and greater wing-coverts usually marked with small termi- 
nal white spots; a broad rusty brown stripe behind eye; lower 
parts varying from dull white to deep tawny buff (the chin always 
whitish); lower tail-coverts barred with dusky; length 5.25-6.00, 
wing 2.18-2.50 (2.35), tail 1.80-2.35 (2.09), exposed culmen .60-.70 
(.64), tarsus .72-.88 (.81). West usually in woods. Hggs 3-6, .75 x 
.58, white, pinkish white, creamy white, or pale pinkish cream-color, 
thickly speckled, on or round larger end, with reddish brown. Hab. 
Eastern United States, except southeastern Florida; rare or local 
north of about 40°; west to edge of Great Plains; south to Gulf 
coast, including northeastern Mexico (Nuevo Leon and Tamauli- 
1O2SIS) bacaLeEneSe eee 018. T. ludovicianus (Laru.). Carolina Wren. 


ce. Larger, and darker colored; above deep chestnut, beneath deep tawny, 


paler (more buffy) on belly and under tail-coverts ; superciliary 
stripe buff; otherwise like 7. ludovicianus ; length about 5.80-6.50, 
wing 2.45-2.75 (2.61), tail 2.25-2.60 (2.43), exposed culmen .70-.80 
(.78), tarsus .85-.95 (.88). Hab. Southeastern Florida. 

718a. T. ludovicianus miamensis Ripew. Florida Wren. 


b?. Tail-feathers (except middle pair) chiefly plain blackish, the outer feathers 
spotted and barred at tip with light grayish and dull whitish. (Middle 
pair of tail-feathers grayish brown or brownish gray, barred or trans- 
versely spotted with black or dusky.) (Subgenus Thryomanes SCLATER.) 

cl. Tail decidedly shorter than wing. 


Above deep umber-brown (more grayish in worn plumage), the 
middle tail-feathers grayer, barred or transversely spotted with 
dusky ; superciliary stripe and streaks on side of neck white; 
lower parts brownish white, becoming more strongly tinged 
with brownish posteriorly, especially on flanks; length about 
5.10-5.50, wing 2.30-2.40, tail 2.05-2.15, exposed culmen .65- 
.68, tarsus .80. Hab. Yucatan, and adjacent portions of Gua- 


temala and Mexico. 
T. albinucha (CaxBoT). Cabot’s Wren.? 


c. Tail equal to or longer than wing. (Jest usually about buildings, 


except in unsettled districts. Hggs 5-7—rarely 9—pure white or 
pinkish white, finely, often very minutely, speckled or sprinkled 
on or round larger end with reddish brown and lilac-gray.) 


ad. Top of head, back, ete., deep umber-brown ; length 5.00-5.50, wing 


2.05-2.25 (2.14), tail 2.10-2.40 (2.21), exposed culmen .50-.55 


1 Specimens from northeastern Mexico constitute the 7. berlandieri Barry, which will probably prove ten- 
able as a race, the three specimens upon which the species was based, although in worn breeding plumage, being 
much deeper rusty ochraceous beneath even than in winter specimens of 7. /udovicianus, and also different in 
some other characters. All Texan specimens, however, that I have seen, including several from the lower Rio 
Grande (SENNETT), are so like the ordinary northern birds that I am unable to appreciate any difference. 

2 Troglodytes albinucha Caxor, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. 1847, 258. Thryothorus albinucha Bairp, Rev. 
1864, 149; Sav. & Gopm., Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. 1880, 94, pl. 7, fig. 2. 


THRYOTHORUS. 551 


(.53), tarsus .62-.75 (.67). Eggs .67 & .50. Hab. Eastern United 
States, rare and local east of Alleghanies and north of 40°; 
west to edge of Great Plains; winters in more southern dis- 
tricts (Georgia to eastern Texas). 

719. T. bewickii (Aup.). Bewick’s Wren. 

@. Top of head, back, etc., duller or grayer brown. 

e. Decidedly brown above (of a shade closely approximating a 
medium tint of bistre), the middle tail-feathers more gray- 
ish brown, similar to or in very slight contrast with color of 
back ; flanks strongly brownish ; length about 5.00-5.50, wing 
2.00-2.15 (2.08), tail 2.08-2.30 (2.15), exposed culmen .52-.60 
(.55), tarsus .62-.75 (.72). Hggs .64 x .50. Hab. Pacific 
coast, north to British Columbia, south to San Francisco. 

(89.) 719a. T. bewickii spilurus (Vic.). Vigor’s Wren. 

e’, More grayish brown above, the upper tail-coverts and middle 
tail-feathers distinctly gray (often pure ash-gray), in de- 
cided contrast with color of back; flanks ash-gray; length 
5.00-5.75, wing 2.10-2.40 (2.21), tail 2.10-2.55 (2.28), exposed 
culmen .50-.60 (.56), tarsus .68-.78 (.70). Eggs .65 « .49. 
Hab. Table-lands of Mexico and contiguous portions of 
United States (southern and western Texas to southern 
California, and north to southern Utah, Colorado, and 
middle Kansas). 

719). T. bewickii bairdi Satv. & Gopm. Baird’s Wren. 
a’, Feathers of rump without distinct (if any) concealed white spots. 

6. Wing less than 2.00; flanks dull ash-gray; tail dull grayish brown, nar- 
rowly and indistinctly barred with dusky, the two or three outer 
feathers spotted at tips with light brownish gray, their inner webs 
nearly uniform dusky. (Subgenus Thryomanes Sct., part ?) 

Very similar, otherwise, in color to 7. bewickii spilurus ; length about 

4.50, wing 1.85-1.90, tail 1.80, exposed culmen .67-.70, tarsus .70- 
75. Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 
720. T. brevicaudus Ripaw. Guadalupe Wren. 

’. Wing decidedly more than 2.00; flanks buffy, ochraceous, or brown; tail 
brown, broadly barred with dusky. (Subgenus Thryothorus, part ?) 

c’. Lower parts unspotted. (Above grayish brown, more russet on top of 
head,) 

d'. Lower parts ochraceous, paler along middle line, and white on 
chin and throat; sides of head heavily streaked with black, the 
throat bordered laterally by a distinct black line; length about 
5.00-5.50, wing 2.10-2.35, tail 2.25-2.35, bill from nostril .39- 


1 Specimens from western Mexico (Guadalajara) are not typical, being much larger than those from Cali- 
fornia and Lower California, the wing averaging 2.27, the tail 2.28, and exposed culmen .59; their coloration, 
however, is not obviously different. 


552 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


42, tarsus .80-.90. Hab. Western Mexico (mainland, Mazatlan 
to Oaxaca). 
T. felix Sct. Happy Wren.! 
d’. Lower parts white, the sides and flanks tinged with ochraceous ; 
sides of head (below upper margin of ear-coverts) immaculate 
white, or else very indistinctly streaked ; black line along side 
of throat indistinct or (usually) altogether wanting; length 
about 5.50-5.75, wing 2.30-2.45, tail 2.30-2.45, bill from nostril 
45-48, tarsus .80. Hab. Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico. 
T. lawrencii (Ripaw.). Tres Marias Wren.” 
c’, Chest and breast spotted with black. 
d‘, Back umber-brown, top of head deep russet; tail light brown, 
broadly barred with black ; flanks umber-brown. 
e’. Less intense brown above, flanks rather paler brown, and less 
heavily spotted on chest, ete.; wing 2.20-2.40, tail 1.95- 
2.10, exposed culmen .55-.62, tarsus .85-.90. Hab. South- 
ern Mexico (Oaxaca, Tehuantepec, Orizaba, etc.). 
T. maculipectus Larr. Spotted-breasted Wren.§ 
e?. More intense brown above and on flanks, and more heavily 
spotted on chest, ete.; wing 2.30-2.50, tail 2.05-2.20, ex- 
posed culmen .65-.68, tarsus .85-.90. Hab. Guatemala (also 
Honduras and Nicaragua, and Salvador ?). 
T. maculipectus umbrinus Ripaw. Umber Wren.‘ 
d@. Back lighter, more grayish, brown (nearly a hair-brown tint); top 
of head light russet-brown ; tail brownish gray, broadly barred 
with black; flanks pale brown. 

Breast, etc., rather sparsely spotted, as in 7. maculipectus 
proper; wing 2.30-2.35, tail 2.10-2.15, exposed culmen .62, 
tarsus .80-.85. Hab. Yucatan. 

T. maculipectus canobrunneus Ripgw. Temax Wren.5 


Genus TROGLODYTES Viertuor. (Page 540, pl. CXXLI., figs. 7, 8.) 


Species. 


Common CHARACTERS.—Above brown, more or less distinctly barred with 
darker on wings and tail (sometimes on back also); beneath varying from mostly, 
or entirely, white, to deep brownish, plain, or (usually) more or less varied (chiefly 
on posterior portions) with darker and lighter bars or specks. 


1 Thryothorus felix Scu., P. Z. 8. 1859, 371. 

_ 2 Thryothorus felix B. lawrencii Rivew., Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii. Jan. 1878, 10. Thryothorus lawrencit 
Sav. & Gopm., Biol. Centr.-Am. i. Apr. 1880, 93. 
' 3 Thryothorus maculipectus LA¥R., Rey. Zool. 1845, 338. 

4 New subspecies. Honduras specimens are probably referable to this form, but I have not been eble to 
examine any from that country. An example from “Central America” (probably from Nicaragua) collected by 
F. Hicks (Nat. Mus. No. 40973) agrees closely with the darker-colored examples from Guatemala, but the 
spotting on breast is still heavier and apparently extends backward over whole abdomen. 

5 New subspecies; type No. 106243, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Temax, Yucatan, G. F. Gaumer. 


TROGLODYTES. 553 


a’. Tail more than three-fourths as long as wing. (Subgenus Troglodytes.) 
b'. Exposed culmen equal to or longer than middle toe, with claw. 
ce’. Flanks plain dull white, like rest of lower parts, and lower tail-coverts 
very slightly, if at all, barred; above dull grayish brown, the wings 
and tail very distinctly barred with dusky; superciliary stripe and 
entire lower parts dull white, the latter tinged laterally with pale 
buffy brownish ; length about 4.50, wing 1.90-2.04 (1.95), tail 1.72- 
1.85 (1.82), exposed culmen .60-.64 (.62), tarsus .70-.81 (.76). Hab. 


Socorro Island, western Mexico. 
T. insularis BArRD. Socorro Wren.! 


ec. Flanks pale brown or fawn-color, usually indistinctly barred with 
darker; lower tail-coverts very distinctly barred with dusky; 
above dull grayish brown anteriorly, passing gradually into a de- 
cidedly more reddish, or burnt-umber, tint on rump, wings, and 
tail, the two last barred with dusky ; lower parts nearly pure white 
(quite pure on throat), except as described above; an indistinct 
pale brownish superciliary stripe; length about 5.00, wing 2.10- 
2.20, tail 1.85-1.90, exposed culmen .60-.68, tarsus .80-.85. Hab. 


Cozumel Island, Yucatan. 
T. beani Ripaw. Cozumel Wren.? 


5%, Exposed culmen decidedly shorter than middle toe, with claw. 
c’. No distinct superciliary stripe. 

d'. Lower parts dull white, or dull brownish white, the sides and 
chest usually tinged with pale grayish brown, and often slightly 
barred with darker. Vest in cavities, usually in holes of trees, 
often in “odd nooks and corners” about buildings, composed of 
dried twigs, and various sorts of “rubbish,” lined with soft 
feathers, ete. Hggs 5-7, pinkish white, light vinaceous, or 
pinkish cream-color, thickly (usually minutely and densely) 
speckled or sprinkled with reddish brown, the prevailing color 
usually nearly uniform vinaceous, with a more or less distinctly 
deeper colored wreath round larger end. 

e. Above dull umber-brown, more rusty on rump and tail, the 
back usually without distinct darker bars (often entirely 
uniform) ; length 4.25-5.25, wing 1.90-2.15 (2.02), tail 1.72- 
2.08 (1.85), exposed culmen .46—.52 (.49), bill from nostril 
.32—.37 (.34), tarsus .60-.70 (.65). Eggs .65 x .50. Hab. 
Eastern United States and southern Canada, west to Mis- 
sissippi Valley (Michigan to Louisiana), wintering in more 
southern portions... 721. T. aédon Vieitt. House Wren. 

e’. Above grayish brown, the rump and tail more decidedly 
brown, but not distinctly rusty, the back usually dis- 
tinctly barred with darker; length 4.25-5.25, wing 2.00- 


1 Troglodytes insularis “Bairp, MS.” Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1871, 3. 
2 Troglodytes beani Rivew., Descr. N. Sp. B. Cozumel, Feb. 26, 1885, 1. 
70 


554 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


2.25 (2.09), tail 1.85-2.12 (1.98), culmen .45-.55 (.49), bill 
from nostril .30-.40 (.35), tarsus .60-.70 (66). Eggs .64 
< 48. Hab. Western United States, east to Mississippi 
Valley (Minnesota, Illinois, etc.), south over tablelands 
of Mexico, as far as Vera Cruz. 
(90.) 72la. T. aédon parkmanii (Avup.). Parkman’s Wren. 
d?., Lower parts isabella-color, deeper on sides, the middle of the belly 
whitish ; otherwise much like 7. aédon; length about 4.50, wing 
1.95-2.10, tail 1.50-1.70, exposed culmen .50-.55, tarsus .70-.80. 
Hab. Southern Mexico (Oaxaca, Yucatan, ete.) to Costa Rica. 
T. intermedius Cas. Central American House Wren. 
ce, A very distinct superciliary stripe of buffy or ochraceous. 
d'*. Above umber-brown, barred, except on head and neck, with darker ; 
lower parts deep tawny buff, deepest on throat and chest, paler 
(sometimes nearly white) on middle of belly; flanks and under 
tail-coverts distinctly barred with dusky, whitish, and tawny 
buff. Young: “ Very similar to adult . . . but darker on the 
upper surface and mottled underneath, the feathers of the 
breast and sides edged and barred with blackish, producing a 
somewhat banded appearance; under tail-coverts nearly uni- 
form rufous; throat and centre of breast and abdomen paler, 
and . . . obscurely barred with dusky blackish.” (SHARPE.) 
Length about 4.25-4.50, wing 1.90-2.08 (2.01), tail 1.60-1.82 
(1.75), exposed culmen .50-.52 (.51), tarsus .70-.74 (.71). Hab. 
Southeastern Mexico (Puebla, Orizaba, Oaxaca, etc.). 
T. brunneicollis ScL. Tawny-throated Wren.? 
d@. Darker and richer colored, the tail “dark rufous-brown, barred 
with black,” the superciliary stripe and lower parts “deep 
orange-rufous.” Young: “Lighter and more rufescent, the 
back barred with dusky blackish, the feathers of the head 
having blackish margins;” lower parts “plentifully mottled, 
all the feathers being margined with dusky blackish.” Length 
4.40, “culmen .55, wing 1.85, tail 1.50, tarsus .70.” Hab. High- 
lands of Guatemala. 
T. rufociliatus SHARPE. Rufous-browed Wren.’ 
a, Tail less than three-fourths as iong as wing. (Jest of moss, etc., lined with soft 
feathers, built in crevices of dead logs or stumps, in thick coniferous woods. 
Eggs 5-7, white or creamy white, finely but rather sparingly speckled with 
reddish brown, sometimes nearly immaculate). (Subgenus Anorthura 
RENNIE.) 
1. Exposed culmen not more than .45; above deep brown, duller anteriorly, 


1 Troglodytes intermedius Cas., Jour. fiir Orn. 1860, 407. 
2 Troglodytes brunneicollis Scu., P. Z. S. 1858, 297. 
3 Troglodytes rufociliatus SHARPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus, vi. 1881, 262. (Described as a subspecies of 7. brun- 


neicollis.) 


CISTOTHORUS. 55D 


brighter (a burnt-umber tint) on rump and upper tail-coverts, the wings 
and tail (often rump and back also) narrowly barred with dusky ; outer 
webs of quills spotted with dusky and pale brownish or brownish white ; 
superciliary stripe and lower parts pale isabella brownish, varying to 
dull light tawny, the belly, flanks, and under tail-coverts distinctly 
barred with blackish and whitish. 
cl. Paler, with rather shorter bill; chin, throat, chest, and breast pale dull 
isabella-color, sometimes inclining to dull brownish white anteri- 
orly ; upper parts more rusty brown; length 3.50-4.12, wing 1.75- 
2.00 (1.86), tail 1.15-1.40 (1.25), exposed culmen .38-.45 (.41), bill 
from nostril .30-.32 (.30), tarsus .65-.75 (.68). Eggs .69 x .50. 
Hab. Eastern North America, breeding from northern border of 
United States northward, and wintering from about its southern 
breeding limit southward. 
722. T. hiemalis Vierty. Winter Wren. 
ce. Darker, with rather longer bill; chin, throat, etc., deep isabella-color or 
dull tawny; upper parts darker, and less rusty, brown (almost a 
clear bistre shade anteriorly); length 3.60-4.25, wing 1.80-1.90 
(1.84), tail 1.20-1.35 (1.24), exposed culmen .40-.45 (.42), bill from 
nostril .29-.35 (.31), tarsus .65-.70 (.69). Eggs 60 x 48. Hab. 
Pacific coast, breeding from southern coast ranges of California to 
Sitka ; south, in winter, to western Mexico, east to eastern Oregon, 
Nevada, ete. 
722a. T. hiemalis pacificus Barrp. Western Winter Wren. 
b’. Exposed culmen .55, or more; in plumage very similar to 7’. hiemalis pacifi- 
cus, but rather paler, especially on upper parts; length about 4.25-4.50, 
wing 2.05—-2.15 (2.07), tail 1.30-1.50 (1.40), exposed culmen .55-.62 (.59), 
bill from nostril .40-.48 (.45), tarsus .70-.80 (.75). Hab. Aleutian and 
Prybilof Islands, Alaska.... 723. T. alascensis Barrp. Alaskan Wren. 


Genus CISTOTHORUS Capanis. (Page 540, pl. CXXL, figs. 6, 9.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Above brown, the back streaked with black and white, 
the wings and tail more or less barred with blackish; lower parts whitish or 
buffy. Nest globular, with entrance in one side, attached to upright reeds, etc., 
in marshes. 


a‘, Bill much shorter than head, the culmen much shorter than middle toe, with- 
out claw; hind claw not longer than its toe; lower parts buffy, or ochra- 
ceous, more whitish on throat and belly; eggs pure white, unspotted. 
(Subgenus Cistothorus.) 

6. Upper tail-coverts dull brown, distinctly barred with dusky ; rump similar, 
but more irregularly barred ; hind-neck plain brownish, or (rarely) with 
very indistinct streaks; flanks and under tail-coverts dull buffy ochra- 


556 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


ceous, the latter (often the former also) immaculate ; chest more or less 
tinged with ochraceous; length 3.75-4.50, wing 1.72-1.90 (1.78), tail 
1.58-1.70 (1.61), culmen .40, bill from nostril .24-.28 (.25), tarsus .60-.62 
(.61). Leggs .63 x 48. Hab. Eastern United States and more southern 
British Provinces, west to Great Plains (to Utah Lake, Utah?); win- 
tering in Gulf States. 
724. C. stellaris (Licut.). Short-billed Marsh Wren. 
6°. Upper tail-coverts and rump rusty brown, sometimes barred with dusky, 
but usually quite plain; hind-neck usually distinctly streaked with 
dusky ; chest scarcely, if at all, tinged with buff; otherwise like C. stel- 
laris ; wing 1.64-1.75 (1.72), tail 1.50-1.80 (1.63), culmen .41—.47 (48), 
tarsus .65—.70 (.68). Hab. Eastern tropical America, from eastern 
Mexico (Vera Cruz) to Brazil, Bolivia, ete. 
C. polyglottus (VIEILL.). Southern Marsh Wren.! 
a. Bill as long as head, the culmen equal to or longer than middle toe, without 
claw ; hind claw longer than the toe; lower parts pure white medially ; eggs 
pale chocolate-brown or deeper chocolate, sometimes nearly uniform, but usu- 
ally finely sprinkled with a deeper shade of the ground-color (the latter 
sometimes light isabella-color). (Subgenus Telmatodytes CABANIS.) 

b'. Culmen usually decidedly longer than middle toe, without claw; bars on 
middle tail-feathers usually indistinct or incomplete ; tail-coverts (above 
and below) usually without distinct bars, sometimes with none at all; 
length 4.25-5.50, wing 1.80-2.12 (1.95), tail 1.60-1.90 (1.80), culmen .50- 
61 (.54), bill from nostril .34-.41 (.38), tarsus .70-.80 (.76). Hggs 66 x 
46. Hab. Eastern United States and British Provinces, wintering in 
Gulf States......... 725. C. palustris (Wits.). Long-billed Marsh Wren. 

b?. Culmen not decidedly, if any, longer than middle toe, without claw (some- 
times a little shorter); bars on middle tail-feathers usually very distinct 
and continuous; tail-coverts (upper and lower) usually distinctly barred 
with blackish; brown of upper parts appreciably less rusty; length 
about 4.50-5.75, wing 1.95-2.22 (2.06), tail 1.80-2.05 (1.92), culmen .48- 
55 (.51), bill from nostril .31-.37 (.34), tarsus .68-.78 (.72). Hggs .62 
49, Hab. Western United States, east to Rocky Mountains (to Great 
Plains ?); south, in winter, over table-lands of Mexico, to Guatemala. 

(91.) 725a. C, palustris paludicola Bairp. Tule Wren. 


1 Thryothorus polyglottus ViEILu., Nouv. Dict. xxiv. 1819, 59. Cistothorus polyglottus Pruz., Orn. Bras. 
1871, 48. 

2 Cistothorus palustris var. paludicola Batrp, Review Am. B. i. Sept. 1864, 148. 

Norr.—The vernacular name is derived from the Spanish word tule, meaning a kind of rush (Scirpus vali- 
dus) which in the valleys of California and other portions of the western country forms extensive marshes. 
These marshes are called tules, pronounced as if spelled too’lays. 

This race was not recognized by the A. 0. U. Committee, but it rests on quite as good a basis as Trog- 
lodytes aédon parkmanii and several other accepted forms. 


CERTHIA, 557 


Famity CERTHIIDA®.—THE Creepers. (Page 322.) 


Genera. 


(Characters same as those given for the Family)....... Certhia. (Page 557.) 


Genus CERTHIA Linnavs. (Page 557, pl. CXXIL, fig. 6.) 


Species. 


Common CHaracters.—Above brownish, streaked with paler, the rump plain 
rusty or fulvous; tail-feathers light grayish brown, with a darker mesial stripe; a 
broad bar or band of pale rusty, buffy, or whitish across both webs of quills and 
secondaries, the wing with various other light markings; a white superciliary 
stripe; lower parts plain whitish, the under tail-coverts usually more or less buffy ; 
length about 4.80-5.50. West behind loosened bark or similar cavities about dead 
tree-trunks or stumps, composed of felted materials, soft feathers, etc. Eggs 5-9, 
about .60 X .48, white or creamy white, speckled or spotted, chiefly on or round 
larger end, with reddish brown. 


a. Lower parts white, without grayish tinge (unless adventitiously stained or 
soiled); primary coverts distinctly tipped with whitish (except very rarely 
in Pacific coast specimens); rump tawny, and colors paler throughout; 
length 5.00-5.75, wing 2.40-2.70, tail 2.30-2.90, culmen .60-.82, tarsus .55- 65, 
hind-claw .28-.35. Hab. Whole of North America, in wooded districts, down 
to southern border of United States, but breeding only from northern border 
of United States northward, except in higher mountains. 

726. C. familiaris americana (Bonap.). Brown Creeper.' 


1 With nearly one hundred and fifty specimens now before me, I have no difficulty in recognizing very de- 
cided constant differences in colors and proportions according to region, my separation of the North American 
bird into three geographical races, besides that peculiar to Mexico and Guatemala (see Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. 
1882, pp. 111-116), being thus fully justified by the evidence of abundant additional material. One of these 
races (C. familiaris occidentalis) differs quite as much from the typical (eastern) bird as does the Mexican 
form, to which it cannot be referred; while the other, although less distinct in plumage, is sufficiently different 
in its proportions for recognition as a geographical race. The characters of the three races may be expressed 
as follows : 


a, Lighter and more grayish in general cast of plumage, the lateral lower parts scarcely, if at all, tinged with 
brown, the streaks on upper parts clearer whitish or pale grayish, the rump more tawny, superciliary 
stripe more decidedly whitish, and wing-markings whitish or pale buffy. 

b1, Browner above, with tawny of rump less distinctly contrasted with color of back; bill shorter and 
stouter, and wing and tail shorter; wing 2.40-2.70 (2.53), tail 2.50-2.90 (2.63), culmen .60-.70 
(.66), bill from nostril .35-.47 (.39), tarsus .55-.60 (.59), hind-toe .27-.32 (.29), hind-claw .28-.35 
(.31). Eggs .60 x .48. Hab. Eastern North America, breeding from northern border of United 
States Morb wards...\csccesscatascecessccccsers 726. C. familiaris americana (Bonap.). Brown Creeper. 
b2, Grayer above, with tawny of rump more distinctly contrasted with color of back; bill longer and 
slenderer, and wings and tail longer; wing 2.50-2.65 (2.56), tail 2.65-2.75 (2.71), culmen .70-.82 


558 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


a’. Lower parts pale brownish gray, becoming white only on chin and throat; pri- 
mary coverts usually (always?) without whitish tips; rump deep rusty, 
almost chestnut, and colors throughout very dark, the prevailing color of 
upper parts dark sepia-brown ; length about 4.80-5.60, wing 2.55-2.60 (2.58), 
tail 2.65, culmen .70-.73 (.71), bill from nostril .42-.48 (.44), tarsus .58-.60 
(.59), hind-toe .30-.35 (.32), hind-claw .30-.35 (.32). Hab. Highlands of Gua- 
temala and Mexico, north into southern Arizona. 

726a. C. familiaris alticola MILLER. Mexican Creeper. 


Famity PARIDAZ.—Tue NuTHATCHES AND Tits. (Page 322.) 


Genera. 


a, Bill slender, long as the head; hind-toe longer than middle toe; tail much 
shorter than wing, varied with white and black. (Subfamily Sittine.) 
Sitta. (Page 559.) 
a*, Bill stouter, much shorter than the head; hind-toe shorter than middle toe; 
tail equal to or longer than wing, plain-colored. 

b'. Nostrils concealed by feathers; tarsus with anterior covering scutellate on 
outer side; tail graduated for much less than half its length. (Sub- 
family Parine.’) 

c. Bill with either the culmen or the gonys (sometimes both) decidedly 
convex; nostrils wholly concealed ; plumage very lax. 
d. Tail not conspicuously longer than wing, rounded. 
Parus. (Page 560.) 
d’. Tail conspicuously longer than wing, graduated. 
Psaltriparus. (Page 564.) 
c, Bill with both culmen and gonys nearly straight, the tip acute; nos- 
trils partially exposed; plumage compact... Auriparus. (Page 565.) 

b?. Nostrils entirely exposed; tarsus with anterior covering fused or booted 
on outer side; tail graduated for about half its length. (Subfamily 
CHAMCING.) se secjesras svasiss s ssiiguide si deletstanisosecapaspact Chamea. (Page 566.) 


(.75), bill from nostril .40-.52 (.46), tarsus .58-.60 (.59), hind-toe .28—.30 (.29), hind-claw .30-.35 
(.33). Eggs 59 X .46. Hab. Rocky Mountain district, north to Alaska, west to Nevada, ete. 
726d. C. familiaris montana Rincw. Rocky Mountain Creeper. 
(Certhia montana Ripew., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. July 8, 1882, 114.) 

a*, Darker and more rusty in general cast of plumage, the lateral lower parts more or less (often strongly) 
tinged with brownish, streaks on upper parts more brownish (often decidedly tawny), the rump more 
rusty, superciliary stripe more brownish (often bright tawny), and wing-markings decidedly buffy. 

Wing 2.40-2.50 (2.47), tail 2.30-2.70 (2.45), culmen .68-.80 (.72), bill from nostril .42-.50 (.44), tarsus 
-55-.65 (.59), hind-toe .28-.32 (.30), hind-claw .30-.35 (.32). Eggs .61 x .48. Hab. Pacific coast 
of North America, from southern California (in mountains) to Sitka. 

726c. C. familiaris occidentalis Ripaw. Californian Creeper. 

(Certhia occidentalis Ripew., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. July 8, 1882, 115.) 

1 T have been obliged to assign different limits to the subfamilies Parine and Chamexine from those given 
in the A. 0. U. Check List, on account of the impossibility of giving characters which would cover the ex- 
tremely different genera there inadvertently placed under Chamzxinzx. The latter properly includes only Chamea ; 
and it is extremely doubtful whether this genus has any real affinity with the Paride, its relationship being 
probably much nearer to the Troglodytide. 


SITTA. 559 


Genus SITTA Linnazus. (Page 558, pl. CXXIL,, fig. 7.) 


Species. 


Common CuaractEers.—Above plain bluish gray, the top of the head different 


(black, dusky grayish, olive-gray, or brownish) ; tail-feathers (except middle pair) 
tipped with white, the subterminal portion black; lower parts chiefly plain 
whitish, rusty, or dull buffy. Vest in holes of trees or stumps, composed of soft 
felted materials, feathers, etc. Eggs 5-8, white or creamy white, speckled with 


reddish brown. 


a. Top of head glossy black in males, dark grayish in females. 


(92.) 


b'. Wing more than 3.30; sides of head entirely white, to above the eye; lower 
parts white, the lower tail-coverts spotted with chestnut-rufous ; tertials 
marked with black. 

ce. Tertials light bluish gray, with large and sharply defined oblong 


blotches of black, that on outer web of third feather with a rounded 
terminal outline ; white on side of neck tinged with grayish; length 
5.25-6.15, wing 3.50-3.75 (3.60), tail 1.95-2.20 (2.05), culmen (from 
extreme base) .80-.90 (.84), bill from nostril .50-.60 (.53), greatest 
depth of bill .12-.15 (.14), tarsus .72—.75. Hggs .72 x .55. Hab. 
Eastern United States and British Provinces. 

727. S. carolinensis Larn. White-breasted Nuthatch. 


ce. Tertials dark or dull bluish gray, the black markings narrower and 


less sharply defined, that on outer web of third feather pointed 
posteriorly ; back darker plumbeous; white on side of neck very 
pure, more sharply contrasted with black of nape; bill usually 
longer and more slender, the culmen straighter; length 5.00-6.10, 
wing 3.35-3.75 (3.54), tail 1.90-2.20 (2.05), culmen .80-.95 (.90), bill 
from nostril .50-.62 (.58), greatest depth of bill .12-15 (.13), tarsus 
.70-.75 (.71). Eggs .71 x 54. Hab. Western United States, east to, 
and including, Rocky Mountains, south into mountainous districts 
of Mexico. 

727a. S. carolinensis aculeata (Cass.). Slender-billed Nuthatch. 


b. Wing less than 3.00; side of head with a broad black stripe, separated from 
the black (male) or dark grayish (female) of crown and nape by a broad 
white superciliary stripe; lower parts (except throat) light rusty or 
ochraceous; tertials plain gray ; length 4.12-4.75, wing 2.60-2.85, culmen 
about .60. Eggs 59 x .46. Hab. Whole of North America, breeding 
chiefly north of the United States, except in western mountainous dis- 
tricts; eastern United States chiefly in winter. 


728. S. canadensis Linn. Red-breasted Nuthatch. 


a’, Top of head (down to eyes and ear-coverts) brown or olive-grayish, bordered 


below by a darker loral and postocular streak; nape with more or less 
of a whitish spot; no superciliary stripe ; sexes alike. 


560 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


b.. Top of head brown, the nape with a conspicuous white spot; middle tail- 
feathers without distinct basal spot of white. Young with top of head 
grayish, the wing-coverts and tertials edged with light fulvous. Length 
3.85-4.40, wing about 2.60, culmen .50-.60. Eggs .61 x .50. Hab. South 
Atlantic and Gulf States, north, regularly, to lower Maryland and Vir- 
ginia (lower Potomac, shores of Chesapeake Bay, etc.), casually to Ohio, 
Michigan, Missouri, ete. 

729. S. pusilla Lary. Brown-headed Nuthatch. 

6. Top of head grayish drab, or olive-gray ; white on nape concealed, or obso- 
lete; basal half, or more, of middle tail-feathers white. Young not 
obviously different from adults, but wing-coverts usually more or less 
distinctly edged with pale buffy. Length 3.80-4.55, wing about 2.60, 
culmen .60-.65. Eggs .60 x .46. Hab. Western United States, north 
to northern border, east to, and including, Rocky Mountains, south to 
mountainous districts of Mexico. 

(93) 730. S. pygmzea Via. Pygmy Nuthatch. 


Genus PARUS Linnaus. (Page 558, pl. CXXIL,, figs. 1, 3.) 


Species. 


Common CuHaracters.—Above plain grayish or brownish (back sometimes dark 
rusty or chestnut), the top of head and hind-neck usually different in color from rest 
of upper surface (usually black); sides of head usually whitish; chin and throat 
often black or brown; rest of lower parts usually whitish medially, the sides and 
flanks buffy, rusty, grayish, or even chestnut. Nest in holes of trees or stumps, 
composed of soft felted materials, feathers, etc. Hygs 5-8, pure white, usually 
speckled with reddish brown. 


a, Head conspicuously crested. (Subgenus Lophophanes Kaur.) 
b'. Throat white, or pale grayish; wing 2.75, or more. 
cl. Forehead or crest black (except sometimes in young); flanks tinged 
with rusty. 

d'. Forehead sooty black (indistinctly so in young); crest gray, like 
back ; beneath, including lores, dull white, the sides and flanks 
strongly washed with rusty. Jn winter, the upper parts, es- 
pecially back, tinged with olive, and white of lower parts 
tinged with brownish, especially across breast. Young simi- 
lar to adult, but gray of upper parts more brownish, black of 
forehead indistinct, or replaced by dull sooty brownish, and 
rusty of sides less distinct. 

é. Darker, with forehead black or dark sooty in adult; length 
5.65-6.50, wing 3.05-3.45 (3.24), tail 2.80-3.15 (2.96), ex- 
posed culmen .37-.45 (.41), tarsus .80-.85 (.83). Eggs .71 
< 55. Hab. Eastern United States (chiefly south of 40°, 
but occasionally to 42°), west to edge of Great Plains, 


PARUS. 561 


south to Gulf coast Gncluding Florida and eastern and 
central Texas).. 731. P. bicolor (Liny.). Tufted Titmouse. 
e’. Paler, with forehead chestnut, light rusty brown, or smoky 
brown. Hab. Southeastern Texas (Bee and Bexar Counties). 
73la. B. bicolor texensis SENNETT. 
Texan Tufted Titmouse.’ 
ad’. Forehead white or brownish (except along middle line); crest 
black, or dark brown (dull blackish or dusky brownish, tinged 
with gray, in young); length about 5.00-6.00. 
e’. Smaller, with forehead white or pale smoky brown, crest and 
entire crown deep black in adult; gray of upper parts more 
tinged with olive; wing 2.70-3.05, tail 2.50-2.90. Eggs .74 
< .53. Hab. Eastern Mexico, north to south-central Texas. 
732. P. atricristatus Cass. Black-crested Titmouse. 
é. Larger, with crest duller black, usually more or less mixed with 
gray and passing into uniform gray anteriorly, the forehead 
usually strongly tinged with rusty brown (sometimes almost 
chestnut) ; wing 2.95-3.12, tail 2.95-3.00. Hab. Southeastern 
Texas (Bee and Bexar Counties)...... —. P. atricristatus 
castaneifrons SennerT. Chestnut-fronted Titmouse.” 
6’. Top of head entirely gray or grayish brown; flanks grayish or olive-gray- 
ish, without rusty tinge. 
ad‘. Lower parts whitish (the belly quite white), in marked contrast 
with color of upper parts. 
e'. Above brownish; bill horn-grayish or plumbeous; length 
about 5.00-5.60, wing 2.68-2.90 (2.77), tail 2.20-2.60 (2.40), 
culmen 38-40 (.40), tarsus .80-.88 (.83). Eggs .68 x .52, 
plain white. Hab. Pacific coast of United States from 
southern California to Oregon. 
733. P. inornatus Gams. Plain Titmouse. 
e’. Above ash-gray ; bill black; length about 5.25-5.75, wing 2.80, 
tail 2.40-2.55, culmen .38-.45, tarsus .75-.80. Hab. South- 
ern portion of Lower California. 
7336. P, inornatus cineraceus Ripaw. Ashy Titmouse. 
d’, Lower parts light grayish, not strongly contrasted with brown- 
ish gray of upper parts; length about 5.75-6.10, wing 2.80- 


1 Parus bicolor terensis SENNETT, Auk, iv. Jan. 1887, 29. (See foot-note under P. atricristatus castanet- 
rons.) 

2 Parus atricristatus castaneifrons SENNETT, Auk, iv. Jan. 1887, 28. 

Having examined four specimens of this form, including the types, I am not satisfied as to its validity as 
a permanent form or subspecies. There is lacking that definite geographical area so essential to the existence 
of a geographical race in a non-migratory species; and, its peculiarities being much the same as those charac- 
terizing the P. bicolor texensis of the same district, the probability of hybridism between P. bicolor and 
P. atricristatus is very strongly suggested. In fact, no two specimens of either form are alike, in the series 
now before me, with which it is almost possible to make a series connecting the two species. 

fal 


562 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


3.00 (2.92), tail 2.40-2.70 (2.58), culmen .40-.48 (.45), tarsus 
.80-.90 (.83). Hab. Rocky Mountain district of United States, 
west to eastern Oregon, western Nevada, and Arizona. 
733a. P. inornatus griseus Ripew. Gray Titmouse. 
b?, Throat black in adult, dull grayish in young. 

Adult: Top of head, including crest, black, the crown gray ; a streak 
behind eye, connecting posteriorly with a vertical bar or crescent 
behind ear-coverts, collar round hind-neck, and patch covering chin 
and throat, black; rest of head grayish white; upper parts plain 
grayish, lower parts white medially, grayish laterally. Young 
with chin blackish, but throat dull grayish, and other markings of 
head less sharply defined. Length 4.50-5.00, wing 2.60-2.80, tail 
2.40-2.65. Eggs 5-7, about .66 x .52, plain white. Hab. High- 
lands of Mexico, north to western Texas, southern New Mexico, 
and southern Arizona. 

734. P. wollweberi (Bonap.). Bridled Titmouse. 
a’, Head without crest. (Subgenus Parus.) 
b. Top of head and throat black. 
c’. A white superciliary stripe; bill very slender. 
Above gray, the wings without distinct lighter edgings; beneath 
grayish white medially, brownish gray laterally ; length 5.00- 
5.75, wing 2.70-3.00, tail 2.40-2.60. Hggs .63 x .48, usually (?) 
plain white, sometimes slightly spotted with reddish brown. 
Hab. Mountains of western United States. 
738. P. gambeli Ripaw. Mountain Chickadee. 
ce’. No white superciliary streak. 
d'. Sides and flanks brownish gray, not very different in color from 
back. 

Sides of head and median lower parts white ; wings without 
distinct whitish edgings; length 4.70-5.20, wing 2.60-2.80 
(2.64), tail 2.25-2.40 (2.32), tarsus .68-.72 (.70). Hab. High- 
lands of Mexico, north to southern Arizona. 

737. P. meridionalis Sct. Mexican Chickadee. 

@. Sides and flanks whitish buffy, or light brownish, always very 

different in color from back. 

e’. Wing .20, or more, longer than tail; tertials and greater wing- 
coverts without distinct whitish edgings; black of throat 
with an abruptly defined posterior border. 

Above uniform grayish; beneath white medially, light 
buffy brownish laterally (paler in summer); length 
4.25-4.60, wing 2.40-2.60 (2.47), tail 2.10-2.50 (2.19), 
tarsus .55-.65 (.61). Eggs .57 x 45. Hab. Eastern 
United States, chiefly south of 40°, west to Missouri, 
Indian Territory, and eastern Texas. 
(94.) 736. P. carolinensis Aup. Carolina Chickadee. 


PARUS. 563 


é. Wing less than .20 longer than tail—usually shorter than tail; 
tertials and greater wing-coverts with distinct whitish 
edgings; black of throat more or less broken posteriorly 
by whitish tips to the feathers. 

fi. Wing and tail about equal in length (the latter sometimes 
a little shorter); colors darker, without white termi- 
nal margins to tail-feathers. 
g. Larger, and lighter colored ; back olive-grayish, some- 
times tinged with pale buffy; sides light buffy 
(nearly white in summer); length 4.70-5.75, wing 
2.55-2.75 (2.63), tail 2.50-2.70 (2.63), tarsus .65- 
70 (.69). Eggs .60 X 47. Hab. Eastern North 
America, chiefly north of 40°, west to edge of 
Great Plains. 
735. P. atricapillus Linn. Chickadee. 
g. Smaller and darker colored ; back dark grayish ; sides 
and flanks deep fulvous, or light buffy brownish, 
in marked contrast with white of breast and 
belly ; length 4.50-5.25, wing 2.35-2.60 (2.45), tail 
2.30-2.55 (2.44), tarsus .68-.72 (.70). Hab. North- 
western coast district of United States (northern 
California, Oregon, and Washington Territory ; 
also British Columbia and southern Alaska ?). 
735). P. atricapillus occidentalis (Barrp). 
Oregon Chickadee. 
f*. Tail decidedly longer than wing; colors paler, the tail- 
feathers usually with distinct white terminal margins, 
the tertials and greater wing-coverts very broadly 
edged with white. 
Above pure ash-gray; sides and flanks pale buffy, 
sometimes nearly pure white; length about 4.75- 
6.00, wing 2.55-2.80 (2.72), tail 2.55-3.00 (2.83), 
tarsus .65-.75 (.70). Eggs .61 X 47. Hab. Rocky 
Mountain district, from New Mexico to Alaska 
(Yukon Valley, Kadiak, ete.), west to edge of 
Great Basin, east nearly across Great Plains. 
735a. P. atricapillus septentrionalis 
(Harris). Long-tailed Chickadee. 
b%. Top of head brownish; chin and throat brownish or dusky. 
e. Back hair-brown or grayish brown. 
d'. Whole side of neck, ear-coverts, etc., pure white; tertials distinctly 
edged with whitish; sides and flanks light buffy. 
Top of head light hair-brown or soft light grayish brown ; 
chin and throat deep brownish slate; length about 5.20- 
5.60, wing 2.60-2.80 (2.72), tail 2.70-2.80 (2.76), tarsus .62— 


564. NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


68 (.65). Eggs .65 & 50. Hab. Western and northern 
Alaska (St. Michael’s to Fort Anderson). 
739. P. cinctus alascensis (Praz.). Alaskan Chickadee. 

d, Sides of neck ash-gray ; ear-coverts paler grayish, fading to white 
on cheeks; tertials without distinct whitish edges; sides dull 
rusty. 

Top of head hair-brown; throat sooty blackish; length 
about 5.00-5.75, wing 2.35-2.70 (2.52), tail 2.30-2.80 (2.55), 
tarsus .62-.70 (.68). Hggs .58 x .50. Hab. Northern North 
America east of Rocky Mountains, south to northern por- 
tions of Michigan, New York, New England, etc., north to 
Davis’ Straits and Alaska. 
(95.) 740. P. hudsonicus Forst. Hudsonian Chickadee. 
ce’. Back deep rusty chestnut. (Top of head deep sepia-brown; throat 
darker, more sooty; sides of head and neck pure white.) 

d. Sides and flanks bright rusty, or rusty chestnut, like back ; length 
about 4.50-5.00, wing 2.35-2.60 (2.47), tail 2.00-2.30 (2.10), tar- 
sus .60-.70 (.68). Hab. Coast district of Oregon, Washington, 
British Columbia, and southern Alaska, 

741. P. rufescens Towns. Chestnut-backed Chickadee. 

d@. Sides and flanks light grayish, very slightly or not at all tinged 
with rusty; wing 2.30-2.60 (2.41), tail 2.00-2.20 (2.10), tarsus 
.60-.70 (.65). Eggs 59 X 46. Hab. Coast of California. 

741a. P. rufescens neglectus Rivew. Californian Chickadee. 


Genus PSALTRIPARUS Bonaparte. (Page 558, pl. CXXII., fig. 5.) 
Species. 


Common CHaracters.—Above plain grayish or brownish (or both), the crown 
different in color from back (except in P. plumbeus); beneath plain light grayish, 
grayish white, or brownish white. Vest very bulky, purse-shaped, with the en- 
trance a small circular opening usually on one side near top, composed of mosses, 
plant-fibres, lichens, and other soft materials, lined with soft feathers; suspended 
from low bushes. ygs 5-9, pure white, without markings. ; 


a. Back gray. 
b'. Top of head light brownish, sides of head much paler. 
cl. Back, etc., brownish gray. 

d', Darker, the back deep brownish gray, or grayish brown, the top 
of head sooty brown, lower parts light smoky brown, deeper 
along sides; length about 4.00-4.50, wing 1.95, tail 2.20, tarsus 
.65 (only one specimen examined). Hab. Northwest coast, 
from northern California (?) to Washington. 

743. P. minimus (Towns.). Bush-Tit. 


AURIPARUS. 565 


d’, Lighter colored, the back pale brownish gray, top of head rather 
light smoky brown, lower parts pale smoky grayish; length 
about 4.00-4.50, wing 1.85-2.10 (1.94), tail 2.00-2.30 (2.18), tar- 
sus .60-.67 (.63). Hggs .55 X 40. Hab. California, except 
northern coast district. 
743a. P. minimus californicus Ripaw. Californian Bush-Tit. 

ce. Back, etc., bluish ash-gray. 

d'. Top of head light smoky brownish, sides of head paler, etc., as in 
P. minimus californicus ; wing 1.85-2.00 (1.92), tail 2.10-2.30 
(2.18), tarsus .60. Hab. Southern portion of Lower California. 

743). P. minimus grindz (BELpDING). Grinda’s Bush-Tit. 
ad’. Top of head bluish gray, and sides of head light smoky brown, 
not conspicuously contrasted with gray of crown, etc.; length 
about 4.12-4.60, wing 2.00-2.15 (2.08), tail 2.35-2.50 (2.43), 
tarsus .62-.70 (.66). Hab. Rocky Mountain district (chiefly 
within Great Basin), from western Colorado and Wyoming 
Territory to eastern Oregon and western Nevada, south to 
New Mexico and Arizona. 
(96.) 744. P. plumbeus Bairp. Lead-colored Bush-Tit. 
a’. Back light brown or grayish brown. 

. Adult male: Side of head glossy black; top of head ash-gray. Adult fe- 
male: Similar to male, but without black patch on side of head, the 
black being replaced by light grayish brown (paler on malar region and 
lores), except a streak along each side of occiput. Length about 4.00, 
wing 1.90-2.00 (1.92), tail 2.10-2.20 (2.15), tarsus .62-.65 (.63). Hab. 


Highlands of Guatemala and southern Mexico. 
(97.) P. melanotis (HARTL.). Black-eared Bush-Tit. 


Genus AURIPARUS Barrp. (Page 558, pl. CXXII., fig. 2.) 
Species. 


Adult male: Head, neck, and chest bright yellow, tinged with olive on crown, 
the forehead sometimes tinged with orange; lesser wing-coverts rich chestnut-red ; 
rest of upper parts plain grayish, lower parts (except chin and throat) grayish 
white or pale grayish. Adult female: Similar to male, but usually somewhat duller 
in colors, the yellow confined to head alone. Young: Top of head and lesser wing- 
coverts brownish gray, like rest of upper parts; chin and throat dull grayish white, 
like other lower parts. Length 4.00-4.60, wing 1.90-2.12, tail 1.75-2.05. West a 
very bulky globular, flask-shaped, or retort-shaped structure, composed of sticks, 
thorny twigs, coarse grass-stems, etc., lined with soft feathers, down, etc.; the en- 
trance a small circular opening in one end or side; placed in thorny bushes, six 
feet or less from ground. Eggs 3-6, .60 x .44, bluish or greenish white or pale 
greenish blue, speckled, chiefly round larger end, with reddish brown. Hab. Arid 
regions of northern Mexico and contiguous portions of United States, from southern 
Texas to Arizona and Lower California......... 746. A. flaviceps (Sunp.). Verdin. 


566 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Genus CHAMZEA GamBeEL. (Page 558, pl. CX XII, fig. 4.) 
Species. 

Adult: Above plain brownish, the tail showing faint narrow darker bars 
(nearly or quite obsolete in some specimens); beneath pale cinnamon, or buffy, 
middle of belly somewhat paler, throat and chest usually faintly streaked with 
darker; length about 6.00-6.50. (Sexes alike, and young not materially different 


from adult.) Vest in low bushes, composed of small twigs and straw, mixed with 
feathers, open at top. Eggs 3-5, .71 < .57, plain pale greenish blue. 


a. Darker: Above deep umber-brown, the sides of head and neck dark grayish; 
beneath light cinnamon; wing 2.20-2.60 (2.37), tail 3.20-3.70 (3.41), culmen 
.40-.45 (.42), tarsus 1.00-1.05 (1.01), Hab. Coast of California, 

742. C. fasciata Gams. Wren-Tit. 

a. Paler: Above brownish gray, or grayish brown, the sides of head and neck de- 
cidedly ashy; beneath pale vinaceous-buff, nearly white on belly ; wing 2.20- 
2.50 (2.37), tail 3.20-3.70 (3.42), culmen .40-.45 (.41), tarsus .95-1.05 (1.00). 
Hab. Interior of California. 

742a. C. fasciata henshawi Ripew. Pallid Wren-Tit. 


FamiLty SYLVIIDAZ.—Tue Warsters, KINGLETS, AND GNAT- 
CATCHERS, (Page 322.) 


Genera. 


a Wing longer than the nearly even or emarginate tail; anterior tarsal envelope 
continuous or undivided for the greater part of its extent; no white on 


tail. 
b. Nostrils exposed; inner side of tarsus with distinct scutelle. (Subfamily 
SYLWIUINE.)...00covccsrecesenscerersccsercovoseesers Phyllopseustes. (Page 566.) 
b?. Nostrils concealed by small feathers ; inner side of tarsus without distinct 
scutelle. (Subfamily Reguline.).......scocceerseees Regulus. (Page 323.) 


a’, Wing not longer than the graduated tail; anterior tarsal envelope distinctly 
scutellate; outer tail-feathers with conspicuous white tips and edgings 
(sometimes almost entirely white). (Subfamily Polioptiline.) 

Polioptila. (Page 322.) 


Genus PHYLLOPSEUSTES Meyer. (Page 566, pl. CXXIV.,, fig. 1.) 


Species. 


Adult: Above plain olive-green; a conspicuous superciliary stripe of grayish 
white (in summer) or light greenish yellow (in winter) ; lower parts plain whitish, 
tinged with olive-grayish on sides, and more or less tinged with light greenish yel- 


REGULUS. 567 


low, especially in winter. Young: Similar to adult, but wing-coverts tipped with 
dull light greenish yellow, and lower parts more decidedly tinged with yellow. 
Length about 4.75-5.50, wing 2.40-2.70, tail 1.80-2.00, exposed culmen .35-.40, tar- 
sus .70-.80. Hab. Northeastern Asia, and western Alaska, north of the peninsula. 

747. P. borealis (Buas.). Kennicott’s Willow Warbler. 


Genus REGULUS Cuvier. (Page 566, pl. CXXIV., figs. 3, 4.) 
Species. 


Common CHaracters.—Above plain olive-green or olive-grayish, brighter on 
rump and edges of quills and tail-feathers, duller (sometimes grayish) anteriorly ; 
middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with whitish, producing two narrow bands, 
and tertials edged, more or less, with same; secondaries with a broad basal bar of 
whitish; lower parts dull whitish, tinged, more or less, with olive or dull yellow- 
ish; crown usually orange, yellow, or red centrally. Young without black mark- 
ings or bright colors on head, but otherwise like adults. Nest very bulky, usually 
more or less pensile (but variable in this respect), attached to small twigs in lower 
portion of spruce or other coniferous trees, composed of delicate plant-fibres, mosses, 
and various felted materials, and lined with soft feathers. Hggs 5-10, whitish or 
buffy, minutely freckled with brown (sometimes apparently immaculate). 


a. Nostril hidden by a single plume-like feather; adult with a black stripe on each 
side of crown. (Subgenus Regulus.) 

b'. Forehead whitish, dull buffy, or light brownish ; crown-patch in male rich 
orange, bordered with yellow, wholly yellow in female. (Adult males: 
Forehead soiled white, sometimes more brownish, the superciliary stripe 
similar; a dusky streak in front of eye, but this not reaching to bill; a 
dusky streak behind eye; top of head black anteriorly and laterally, 
this black with an internal border of yellow, enclosing a concealed 
patch of rich cadmium-orange; sides of neck and hind-neck grayish. 
Adult females: Similar, but orange patch in centre of crown entirely 
replaced by yellow. Young: Black head-markings obsolete, or very 
faintly indicated, and bright crown-patch of adult wanting; otherwise 
much like adult. Length 3.15-4.55, wing 2.10-2.25, tail 1.60-2.00, ex- 
posed culmen .25-.30, tarsus .70. West a ball-like mass of green moss, 
4.00, or more, in diameter, attached to extremity of branch of pine or 
fir tree; lined with hair and soft feathers. Eggs 5-10, dull or buffy 
white, finely and very faintly speckled or minutely freckled, chiefly 
round larger end, with deeper buffy.) 

cl. Colors duller and grayer. Eggs .52 x .41. Hab. Eastern and northern 
North America, west to Rocky Mountains, breeding from extreme 
northern and elevated portions of United States northward ; winter- 
ing nearly throughout eastern United States, and south to Guate- 
TH Aes sees 748. R. satrapa Licut. Golden-crowned Kinglet. 


568 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


c. Colors brighter, the upper parts more decidedly olivaceous, the lower 
parts with a strong brownish buffy tinge, yellow and orange of head 
more intense, ete. Hggs .56 x 40. Hab. Pacific coast, from Cali- 
fOIMIA TOMI Kae eacease races sacle eve 748a. R. satrapa olivaceus Bairp. 

(98.) Western Golden-crowned Kinglet. 
6°, Forehead and broad stripe across lores and behind eye black; crown-patch 
in male entirely vermilion-red. 
Otherwise much like R. satrapa. “Length 4% inches, extent of wings 
6; bill along ridge nearly 4, along the gape nearly 3; tarsus #.” 
Hab. “ Fatland Ford, on the Schuylkill river,’ Pennsylvania. (Only 
one specimen known to have been obtained, this by Audubon, on 
June S1812.). cc. .ce- nase cess —. R. cuvieri Aup. Cuvier’s Kinglet. 
a’. Nostrils hidden by a tuft of small bristle-like feathers; adult without any black 
on head. (Subgenus Corthylio CABANIS.’) 

b. Above grayish olive, the head not darker than back; adult male with 
erown-patch bright minium-red, or scarlet-vermilion ; length 3.75-4.60, 
wing 2.20-2.30, tail 1.85-1.90, bill from nostril .20-.22, tarsus .75. est 
semi-pensile, very bulky (about 4.00 x 3.00-4.00 outside), composed of 
fine strips or shreds of soft bark, feathers, etc., and green moss, lined 
with hair and feathers ; cavity about 3.00 deep by 2.00 across; attached 
to extremity of branch of pine or spruce tree 10-20 feet, or more, from 
ground. ggs .55 x .43, dull whitish or pale buffy, faintly speckled or 
spotted, chiefly round larger end, with light brown (sometimes nearly 
plain). Hab. Whole of North America, breeding from extreme northern 
border and higher mountains of United States northward; wintering 
in more southern United States and south to Guatemala. 

749. R. calendula (Linn.). Ruby-crowned Kinglet. 

b?. Above sooty olive, the head usually appreciably darker than back ; adult 
male with crown-patch pinkish or purplish vermilion-red ; wing 2.00— 
2.20, tail 1.70-1.95, bill from nostril .22-.25, tarsus .80. Hab. Guada- 
lupe Island, Lower California. 

750. R. obscurus Ripew. Dusky Kinglet. 


Genus POLIOPTILA Scratzr. (Page 566, pl. CXXIV., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Adult males: Above plain bluish gray, the top of the 
head sometimes glossy black; wings dusky, with bluish gray edgings (the tertials 
sometimes broadly edged with white); tail black, the exterior feathers partly 
(sometimes almost wholly) white; lower parts white or grayish. Adult females 
similar to males, but without any black on head, and with the gray of a less 
bluish tint. Young similar to adult females, but colors much duller, the gray of a 
duller, more brownish hue. Vest built in trees, usually saddled upon horizontal 


1 Corthylio CaB., Jour, fiir Orn. 1853, 83. Type, Motacilla calendula Linn. 


POLIOPTILA. 569 


branch, deeply cup-shaped, very compact, composed of plant-fibres and other 
felted materials, lined with soft feathers, and often beautifully decorated exte- 
riorly with variously colored lichens. Eggs 3-5, greenish or bluish white, speckled 
with brown. 


a’, Exposed portion of outer tail-feather entirely white. 

6’. Top of head in adult males plumbeous-blue, bordered anteriorly and later- 
ally by a black line; in female, bluish ash-gray, not markedly different 
from lighter gray of sides of head. 

c'. Lower parts white medially, pale ash-gray laterally ; upper parts clear 
grayish blue or plumbeous, deeper on top of head, decidedly paler 
on rump; length 4.05-5.50, wing 2.00-2.20 (2.07), tail 2.05-2.20 
(2.15). West always (?) beautifully decorated with lichens. Eygs 
.56 X 43. Hab. United States, chiefly south of 42°, wintering in 
Gulf States, western Cuba, Bahamas (occasionally), Mexico, and 

(99.) Guatemala........ 751. P. czerulea (Linn.). Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. 

c’, Lower parts light bluish gray, deeper laterally ; upper parts deep bluish 
plumbeous, somewhat bluer on top of head, but scarcely, if at all, 
paler on rump; about the size of P. caerulea. Hab. Bahamas 
(Abaco and New Providence; resident) ; Cozumel ? 

P. cerulea cesiogaster Ripaw. Bahaman Gnatcatcher.! 

b’. Top of head in adult males glossy black; in females and young dark bluish 
gray or plumbeous, abruptly contrasted with whitish of sides of head 
(the latter sometimes including a distinct superciliary streak). 

c’. Tertials broadly and conspicuously edged with pure white. 

d'. Lores partly (sometimes entirely) white; occiput (in adult male), 
as well as crown and forehead, glossy black; length about 
4.00-4.25, wing 1.90-2.00, tail 1.90-2.10. Hab. Southern Mex- 
ico (Tehuantepec, etc.), Guatemala, Salvador, and Nicaragua. 

P. albiloris Sch. & SaAtv. White-lored Gnatcatcher.? 

@’. Lores entirely black in adult males, dull grayish in females and 
young. 

e'. Otherwise like P. albiloris ; length about 4.25-4.50, wing 1.85- 
2.10, tail 2.00-2.20. Hab. Brazil (Bahia, etc.) to Nicaragua. 

P. leucogastra (Max.). Maximilian’s Gnatcatcher.3 

e*. Smaller, and with occiput light bluish gray, like hind-neck, 
back, ete.; length 3.75, wing 1.85, tail 1.75. Hab. Yucatan. 

P. albiventris LAwr. Lawrence’s Gnatcatcher.‘ 

c. Tertials inconspicuously edged with dull grayish white or light grayish. 

d, Lores, superciliary region, and upper half of ear-coverts glossy 


black in adult male, ash-gray in female and young; length 


——<—— EEESSSSSSSSSSSSSSSee 


1 New subspecies ; seventeen specimens examined. 

2 Polioptila albiloris Scu. & SAny., P. Z. 8. 1860, 298. 

3 Sylvia leucogastra Max., Beitr. iii. 1831, 710. Polioptila leucogastra Scxi., Cat. Am. B. 1862, 12. 
4 Polioptila albiventris Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci. iii. No. 9, 1885, 273, 


we 
12 


570 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


about 4.10-4.50, wing 1.85-1.95, tail 2.10-2.25. Hab. Western 
Mexico (Mazatlan to Tehuantepec). 

P. nigriceps BAIRD. Baird’s Gnatcatcher.! 
d’, Lores, superciliary region, and greater portion of ear-coverts 
white, in abrupt contrast with black or gray of top of head; a 
distinct black or gray streak behind eye, along upper edge of 
ear-coverts ; length about 4.00-4.50, wing 1.80-1.90, tail 1.70- 

1.85. Hab. Guatemala to Peru and Venezuela. 
P. bilineata (BP.). White-browed Gnatcatcher.? 
a®, Exposed portion of inner web of outer tail-feather with at least the basal half 

black. 
b. Adult males with top of head glossy black. 
cl. Outer tail-feather with outer web entirely white, the inner web broadly 
tipped with white. 

Adult male: Above light bluish gray (as in P. cerulea), the whole 
top of head, down to lores and auriculars, uniform glossy black ; 
eyelids white ; lower parts white, shaded with bluish gray on 
sides. Adult female: Top of head wholly gray, the plumage 
otherwise as in male, but usually somewhat duller. Young: 
Similar to adult female, but somewhat washed with brown- 
ish—the young male attaining the black by degrees, com- 
mencing with a streak over each eye. Length about 4.25- 
4.60, wing 1.90-2.00, tail 2.15-2.25. Eggs 54.42. Hab. 
Southwestern border of United States, from southern Texas 
to lower Colorado Valley, and thence south to Cape St. Lucas ; 
northern Mexico. 

752. P. plumbea Barirp. Plumbeous Gnatcatcher. 
e. Outer tail-feather with outer web black, edged with white, the inner 
web narrowly tipped with white. 

Adult male: Top of head black, as in P. plumbea, rest of upper 
parts dark bluish gray or slate-gray ; eyelids white ; lower parts 
dull light gray, deeper laterally, tinged with brownish poste- 
riorly. Adult female: Similar to male, but with black on head 
wholly replaced by the general dark gray color, the latter duller 
than in male. Young: Similar to adult female, but more tinged 
with brownish—the young male with black of head appearing 
gradually, asin P. plumbea. Length about 4.15-4.50, wing 1.90- 
2.00, tail 2.15-2.25. Hab. Pacific coast of southern California 
and northern Lower California. 

753. P. californica Brews. Black-tailed Gnatcatcher. 
Bb, Adult male with top of head ash-gray, like back. 
Adult male with a curved black line bordering upper and hinder mar- 


1 Polioptila nigriceps Barry, Review Am. B. i. 1864, 69. 
2 Oulicivora bilineata Bp., Consp. i. 1850, 316. Polioptila bilineata Scu., P. Z. 8. 1855, 12. 


TURDIDZ. 571 


gin of ear-coverts. Adult female similar, but duller in general color, 
with the black line bordering ear-coverts indistinct or obsolete ; 
length about 4.20, wing 1.55, tail 1.90-2.00. Hab. Cuba. 


P. lembeyi GUNDL. Cuban Gnatcatcher.! 


Famity TURDIDAZ.—Tue Turvusues, Souirarres, STONECHATS, 
BLUEBIRDS, ETC. (Page 323.) 


Genera. 


a, Gonys not more than one-third as long as commissure, the bill short and 
rather depressed. (Subfamily J/yadestine.—The Solitaires.) 
Myadestes. (Page 572.) 
a’. Gonys more than one-third as long as commissure, the bill more slender and 
compressed. (Subfamily Turdinw.—The Thrushes.) 
b'. Wing less than five times as long as tarsus; wings and tail without any blue. 
ce’. First quill not reaching beyond tips of primary coverts; tail without 
clear rufous at base. 
d'. Tail without white at base. 
é. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe, with claw; nasal 
fosse partly naked, the nostrils wholly exposed. 
f’. Tail less than three times as long as tarsus; lower parts 
more or less spotted in adult... Turdus. (Page 573.) 
jf’. Tail more than three times as long as tarsus, the lower 
parts plain (throat streaked) in adult. 
Merula. (Page 577.) 
é. Tarsus not longer than middle toe, with claw; nasal fosse en- 
tirely filled with feathers, partly concealing the nostrils. 
Hesperocichla. (Page 578.) 

@, Tail with basal portion white ; plumage entirely without spots in 

SUGUILG soe cmenepriccesregseseuive-tonte-saataasce sek Saxicola. (Page 579.) 
c’. First quill reaching beyond tips of primary coverts. 

d'. Feathers on top of head rather short, not forming an obvious 
crest when erected; outer web of outer tail-feather widening to- 
ward end; tail bicolored, the basal portion (except on middle 
feathers) abruptly clear rufous; sexes very different in color, 
the adult male with blue throat...... Cyanecula. (Page 579.) 

d’, Feathers on top of head lengthened, forming a decided bushy crest 
when erected; outer web of outer tail-feather not widened 
toward end; sexes alike, and throat never blue......... Catharus2 

b’, Wing more than five times as long as tarsus. 


1 Polioptila lembeyi GunvL., Journ. fiir Orn. 1861, 32. 
3 Catharus Bonap., Consp. i. 1850, 278. Type, C. immaculatus Br., = Turdus aurantiirostris Hart. 
(Represented by four species in Mexico and Guatemala, and others farther southward.) 


572 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


cl. Gonys longer than two-fifths the commissure; plumage plain above 
(except in young), with prevailing color bright blue; no white spots 
on quills; wing less than 4.50..............ssee0e Sialia. (Page 580.) 
ce’. Gonys less than two-fifths the commissure; plumage much varied 
above, the prevailing color bistre brown, more or less streaked with 
dull whitish, the wings and tail mainly black; quills with white 
patch at base; wing 5.00, OF MOLE. <.5....ossecccdcuseeuapesees Ridgwayia. 


Genus MYADESTES Swainson. (Page 571, pl. CXXIV., fig. 7.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters (of North American species).—Adults: Above uniform 
brownish or grayish, beneath plain grayish; a distinct whitish orbital ring ; quills 
and secondaries with a lighter (pale grayish or buffy) band near base, conspicuous 
on spread wing. Young: Conspicuously spotted, above and below, with buffy. 
Nest built among rocks, banks of streams, on old logs or stumps, or similar places, 
rather bulky, loosely constructed of sticks, etc., lined with finer materials. Eggs 3-6, 
whitish, speckled with reddish brown. 


a’. Second quill equal to sixth, the primaries exceeding secondaries by about the 
same distance that the latter exceed the greater coverts. 

Adult: Uniform brownish gray, paler beneath, especially on chin and 
throat, anal region, and lower tail-coverts; wings and tail dusky, the 
bases of the quills and secondaries buffy or ochraceous (mostly con- 
cealed in closed wing), the secondaries edged with pale grayish, the 
greater coverts and tertials tipped with whitish (this obsolete in worn 
summer dress); tail-feathers with outer web and terminal portion of 
inner web grayish white. Young: Wings and tail as in adult; rest 
of plumage, including wing-coverts, conspicuously spotted with buff. 
Length 7.80-9.50, wing 4.35-4.85, tail 4.15-4.70. Eggs .91 x .69. Hab. 
Western United States (in mountains), north to British Columbia, east 
to and including Rocky Mountains (casually to Illinois). 

754. M. townsendii (Aup.). Townsend’s Solitaire. 

a’. Second quill not longer than seventh, the longest primaries exceeding the sec- 

ondaries by much less than distance between tips of latter and longer greater 
coverts. 

b'. Lower parts conspicuously different in color from the upper; a distinct 
dusky streak on each side of throat. (Head, neck, and breast gray, 
darker above; other upper parts rusty olive, the wings more rusty ; 
secondaries with a dusky bar across basal portion; sides of forehead, 
malar stripe, throat, and belly whitish.) 

ce. Head and breast dark gray, the throat not conspicuously paler; wing 


1 Ridgwayia StrJNEGER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. Feb. 13, 1883, 460. Type, Zurdus pinicola Sct. (Hab. 
Mountains of eastern Mexico.) 


TURDUS. 573 


4.00-4.10, tail about 4.00, exposed culmen .45-.50, tarsus .80-.85. 
Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and eastern Mexico. 
M. obscurus LArr, Mexican Solitaire.) 
c?, Head and breast ash-gray, this color invading the back; throat and 
forehead distinctly whitish, 

d'. Middle tail-feathers without trace of whitish tips; wing 4.15- 

4.35, tail 4.30, exposed culmen .45-.47, tarsus .80-—.82. Hab. 
Central and western Mexico, north to Mazatlan. 
M. obscurus occidentalis St—EJN. Mazatlan Solitaire.” 

@. Six middle tail-feathers minutely tipped with white; wing 3.90- 

4.05, tail 3.90-4.20, exposed culmen .45, tarsus .90. Hab. Tres 
Marias Islands, western Mexico. 
M. obscurus insularis SrEyN. Tres Marias Solitaire. 
b?. Lower parts similar in color to the upper, though slightly paler; no dusky 
streak on side of throat. 

Adult: Uniform slate-color, paler beneath, the lores and a broad bar 
across basal portion of secondaries black; eyelids white; wing 
about 3.90-4.00, tail 3.70-3.90, exposed culmen .40, tarsus .80-.85. 
Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and southern Mexico. 

M. unicolor Sct. Slate-colored Solitaire.‘ 


Genus TURDUS Linnaus. (Page 571, pl. CXXIII, figs. 1, 4.) 


Species. 


a, Wing never longer than three and a half times the length of the tarsus. Adults 
plain brown above, usually uniform, but sometimes more rufescent on tail 
and upper tail-coverts; beneath whitish (sometimes buffy anteriorly), the 
chest, etc., spotted with brown or blackish. Young essentially like adults, 
but with top of head, back, etc., more or less streaked with dull whitish, 
pale buffy, or pale rusty, the middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with 
the same, and (except in 7. mustelinus) spots of lower parts more transverse, 
and extending backward over flanks, etc. (Subgenus Hylocichla Barrp.) 

b. Sides distinctly spotted, as well as the breast; exposed culmen .62, or 
more. 

Adult : Above tawny olive, brighter or more cinnamon on top of head, 
more olive on tail; beneath, including sides, white, the breast and 
sides marked with roundish or obcordate spots of black or dusky ; 
length 7.50-8.25, wing 4.10-4.50, tail 3.00-3.30, exposed culmen .62- 
.75, tarsus 1.20-1.30. est usually saddled upon horizontal branch 
of a small tree, in damp woods, very compact, composed partly of 


1 Myiadestes obscurus LAFR., Rey. Zool. 1839, 98. 

2 Myadestes obscurus var. occidentalis StesN., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv. Apr. 6, 1882, 371, 372 
8 Myadestes obscurus var. insularis SteJN., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus, iv. Apr. 6, 1882, 371, 373. 

4 Myiadestes unicolor Scu., P. Z. S. 1856, 299. 


574 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


mud. ggs 2-5, 1.04 x .72, plain greenish blue. Hab. Eastern 
United States, in summer, north to southern Michigan, Ontario, 
Massachusetts, ete.; south, in winter, to Guatemala and Cuba. 
755. T. mustelinus GmMet. Wood Thrush. 
b?, Sides grayish or brownish, without distinct spots; chest more or less tinged 
with buff, and marked with triangular darker spots; exposed culmen 
not more than .60. 
ci. Second quill much longer than fifth, the second or third longest; tail 
and its upper coverts not noticeably different in color from other 
upper parts (except sometimes in 7. ustulatus). 
d', No distinct lighter orbital ring. 
e’. Above tawny brownish, the chest buffy or light ochraceous, 
marked with small wedge-shaped spots or streaks of brown. 
Nest on or near ground, without mud in its composition. 
Eggs plain greenish blue (very rarely with a few small 
specks of brown). 
jf’. Above light tawny brown; chest creamy buff, with nar- 
row markings of brown, scarcely darker than upper 
parts; length 6.45-7.75, wing 3.75-4.15 (3.90), tail 
2.70-3.30 (2.96), culmen .52-.60 (.55), tarsus 1.05-1.25 
(1.15). Eggs .85 x .67. Hab. Eastern United States 
and British Provinces, breeding from about 40° north 
to Manitoba, Ontario, Anticosti, and Newfoundland. 
756. T. fuscescens Stern. Wilson’s Thrush. 
f*?. Above russet-olive; chest very pale buff, with broader 
markings of darker brown; length about 6.90-7.90, 
wing 3.80-4.25 (4.02), tail 2.95-3.40 (8.20), culmen .55- 
.60 (.57), tarsus 1.15-1.28 (1.17). Eggs .85 x .66. Hab. 
Rocky Mountains, east, casually (?), during migrations, 
to Minnesota, Illinois, etc......... 756a. T. fuscescens 
salicicolus (Ripew.). Willow Thrush. 
2, Above olive-brown or grayish olive, the sides of the head 
nearly uniform grayish; chest pale buffy (sometimes 
nearly white), marked with large triangular spots of 
dusky. Nest in low bushes or on ground, composed of 
mosses, etc., bulky and compact. Hygs greenish blue, 
spotted with rusty brown. 
f?. Length about 7.00-7.75, wing 3.75-4.40 (4.07), tail 2.95- 
3.40 (3.09), culmen .45-.58 (.55), tarsus 1.12-1.30 (1.18). 
Eggs 92 .67. Hab. Northern North America east 
of Rocky Mountains, breeding from Labrador and 
west side of Hudson’s Bay north to Arctic coast and 
coast of Bering’s Sea; in winter, Middle America, 
south to Costa Rica; eastern Siberia. 
757. T. aliciz Barrp. Gray-cheeked Thrush. 


TURDUS. B73 


f?. Length about 6.25-7.25, wing 3.40-3.80 (3.65), tail 2.60- 

2.70 (2.75), culmen .50-.52 (.51), tarsus 1.10-1.25 (1.13). 

Eggs .87 X .63. Hab. In summer, higher mountains of 

northeastern United States (Catskills, White Moun- 

tains, etc.), and Nova Scotia; Llinois (autumn); win- 

ter quarters unknown....... 757a. T. aliciz bicknelli 

Ripew. Bicknell’s Thrush. 

d?, A very distinct orbital ring of buff or whitish. (Above uniform 

olive, varying from a grayish to a russet tint, the wings, 

sometimes tail also, slightly browner, or less olive, than back ; 

sides of head with a strong buffy suffusion; chest buffy, 

marked with triangular spots of brown or dusky. Vest in 

bushes, usually near water, bulky, and compact, and neatly 

constructed of mosses, shreds of bark, etc. Eggs light green- 

ish blue, averaging decidedly paler than in 7. alicie, spotted 
with rusty brown.) 

e. Above russet-brown, the wings and tail often appreciably 
browner or more rufescent; chest pale buff, marked 
with rather small and usually narrow cuneate spots 
of dark brown; length 6.90-7.60, wing 3.60-4.00 (3.87), 
tail 2.80-3.30 (3.05), culmen .50-.60 (.54), tarsus 1.10- 
1.20 (1.13). Eggs .93 x .67. Hab. Pacific coast, north 
to Sitka; south, in winter, through western Mexico to 
Guatemala. 

758. T. ustulatus Nurr. Russet-backed Thrush. 

e’, Above decidedly olivaceous, sometimes even inclining to 
grayish, the wings and tail concolor with, or at least not 
very different from, the back; chest yellower buff, marked 
with large, broad, dusky (sometimes blackish) triangular 
spots; length 6.35-7.55, wing 3.80-4.10 (3.96), tail 2.80- 
3.10 (2.95), culmen .50-.55 (.52), tarsus 1.05-1.18 (1.10). 
Eggs .90 x .65. Hab. Eastern North America, but west 
to and including Rocky Mountains (as far as East Hum- 
boldt Mountains and the upper Columbia), breeding chiefly 
north of the United States, wintering from Gulf States 
and Mississippi Valley south to Cuba, Guatemala, Costa 
Rica, Panama, and Peru.. 758a. T. ustulatus swainsonii 

(Cazs.). Olive-backed Thrush. 
é*. Second quill shorter than fifth, the fourth longest ; tail and its upper 
coverts rufous, in decided contrast with the color of the back. 
(Chest, and a distinct orbital ring, buffy, sometimes nearly white, 
the former marked with large triangular spots of dusky. West on 
ground, in damp or swampy woods, composed of dead leaves, dry 
grasses, etc. Hyggs plain greenish blue, paler than in 7. muste- 

linus and T. fuscescens.) 


576 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


d'. Grayish brown above (more olivaceous in winter); flanks and 
thighs light grayish ; bill slenderer. 

e. Smaller; tail deep rufous, almost chestnut; length 6.00-7.00, 

wing 3.25-3.80 (3.57), tail 2.60-3.00 (2.76), culmen .45-.52 

(.50), tarsus 1.10-1.20 (1.12). Hggs .86 X .62. Hab. Pa- 

cific coast, breeding from mountains of California north 

to Kadiak; south, in winter, to Lower California and 

western Mexico, as far as Colima ; during migrations, east 

to Nevada, Arizona, Colorado (Denver), western Texas, etc. 

759. T. aonalaschke GmeL. Dwarf Thrush. 

e. Larger; tail dull ochraceous-rufous, or fulvous; colors in 

general rather grayer; length 7.50-8.25, wing 3.65-4.35 

(4.08), tail 2.95-3.45 (8.27), culmen .53-.60 (.57), tarsus 

1.12-1.28 (1.18). Eggs .86 x .64. Hab. Rocky Mountains, 

from northern border of United States south to highlands 

of Mexico and Guatemala........... 759a. T. aonalaschkee 

auduboni (Barrp). Audubon’s Hermit Thrush. 

d?. Above dull brown, deeper, or more “smoky,” in winter; flanks 

and thighs olive-brownish ; bill stouter. 

Tail and its upper coverts decidedly rufescent (averaging 

about intermediate in tint between that of 7. aonalaschke 

and 7. audubont) ; length 6.50-7.65, wing 3.40-3.90 (38.64), 

tail 2.55-3.15 (2.88), culmen .50-.60 (.59), tarsus 1.15-1.30 

(1.19). Eggs 88 X .66. Hab. Eastern North America, 

breeding from northern United States northward, and 
wintering from about 40° to Gulf coast. 

759b. T. aonalaschke pallasii (Cas.). Hermit Thrush. 

a*, Wing more than four and a half times as long as tarsus. (Subgenus Turdus 

Linn.) 

Adult: Above plain brownish; a superciliary stripe and a malar stripe 
(widening beneath and behind ear-coverts into somewhat of a patch), 
white; lower parts white medially, the under wing-coverts, sides, and 
flanks plain rufous; breast streaked with dusky. Young: Upper parts, 
including wing-coverts, streaked and barred with buffy or whitish ; 
lower parts more extensively spotted or streaked. Length about 8.00- 
9.00, wing 4.45-4.85, tail 3.00-3.45, culmen .78—.86, tarsus 1.15-1.25. West 
usually in bushes or small trees, bulky, composed of mosses, dried 
grasses, etc. Eggs 1.01 x .76, pale dull bluish, pale greenish blue, or 
pale olive-greenish, freckled with reddish brown. Hab. Northern por- 
tion of Europe and Asia; accidental in Greenland. 

760. T. iliacus Linn. Red-winged Thrush. 


MERULA. 5T7 


Genus MERULA Leaca. (Page 571, pl. CXXIIL, fig. 5.) 
Species. 

Common Cuaracters (of North American species).— Adults (sexes essentially 
alike, but female usually a little paler and duller in color than male): Above plain 
grayish, the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts sometimes rusty or olive-brownish, 
the head sometimes blackish ; throat white, streaked with black or grayish ; chest, 
breast, sides, axillars, and under wing-coverts (sometimes belly also), plain rufous or 
buffy ; under tail-coverts, anal region, and hinder flanks (sometimes belly also) white, 
the first with concealed spots of grayish. Young: Above streaked with light fulvous 
or whitish ; beneath whitish, more or less tinged with rusty or buffy, and spotted 
with blackish or grayish. Vest very compact and rather bulky, with more or less 
of mud in its composition, usually saddled upon a horizontal branch, but often 
variously situated. Eggs 3-5, plain bluish (very rarely speckled with brown). 


a’. Upper parts in adults plain grayish, without rusty. 

b'. Breast, etc., in adults rufous, or reddish ochraceous ; exposed culmen usually 
less than .80, tarsus 1.30, or more. (Adults: Head and neck blackish, 
or at least decidedly darker than back; eyelids, a supraloral streak, and 
streaks on chin and throat white; wings and tail dusky (sometimes black), 
the feathers edged with slaty; back, scapulars, and rump uniform slaty, 
the feather of the first sometimes blackish centrally ; bill bright yellow, 
the upper mandible tipped with black. Jn winter, similar, but with upper 
parts tinged with brown, rufous feathers of breast, etc., margined with 
white, and upper mandible chiefly dusky, the lower duller yellow. Young 
in first winter: Head and neck brownish gray, like upper parts, the 
white of upper eyelid prolonged backward into a more or less extensive 
postocular streak, and rufous of breast, ete., paler, or more olivaceous.) 

ce’. Outer tail-feather with a distinct white spot at tip of inner web; an- 
terior portion of back usually more or less clouded with black (in 
fully adult birds); length 9.00-10.00, wing 4.90-5.40 (5.28), tail 
4.10-4.50 (4.34), culmen .85-.92 (.90), tarsus 1.30-1.40 (1.34). Eggs 
1.15 x .78. Hab. Eastern and northern North America, breeding 
south to about 35° (farther in Alleghanies) ; north to Alaska (Yukon 
district) and Hudson’s Bay, west to Great Plains; occasional in 
eastern Mexico...... 761. M. migratoria (Linn.). American Robin. 
ce. Outer tail-feather without distinct white tip (often with no white at 
all); anterior portion of back slaty gray, abruptly defined against 
black of hind-neck ; length 10.00-11.00, wing 5.20-5.70 (5.41), tail 
3.80-4.70 (4.24), culmen .85-.95 (.90), tarsus 1.20-1.40 (1.31). Eggs 
1.17 < .82. Hab. Western United States, north to British Columbia, 
east to, and including, Rocky Mountains, south over table-lands of 
Mexico.. 76la. M. migratoria propinqua Ripaw. Western Robin. 
73 


578 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


b°. Breast, etc., pale buff; exposed culmen usually more than .80, tarsus less 
than 1.30. 

Adult: Above plain brownish gray, including head and neck; a dis- 
tinct superciliary stripe of white; no white at tips of outer tail- 
feathers ; wing 5.10-5.20, tail 3.90-4.15, culmen .95-1.05, tarsus 
1.20-1.25. Hab. Lower California (near Cape St. Lucas). 

762. M. confinis Barrp. St. Lucas Robin. 

a’, Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts more or less brown or rusty, in contrast with 

grayer shade of hind-neck, rump, and quills. (Whole belly, anal region, 

and lower tail-coverts white, the latter with the plumbeous spots entirely 
concealed; no white about eye, and no white on outer tail-feathers.) 

b'. Sides, flanks, etc., ochraceous or ochraceous-rufous ; wing-coverts, scapulars, 
and back bright rusty brown, the hind-neck ash-gray or plumbeous, in 
marked contrast; wing 4.60-5.20, tail 3.85-4.50, culmen .85-1.00, tarsus 
1.25-1.32. Hab. Western and southern Mexico, north to Mazatlan. 

M. flavirostris Swans. Mazatlan Robin.! 

6°. Sides, flanks, etc., dull grayish fulvous; wing-coverts and scapulars light 

raw-umber brown, the back more grayish brown; hind-neck scarcely 

different from back; wing 4.80-4.85, tail 3.90-4.00, culmen 1.02-1.05, 
tarsus 1.35. Hab. Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico. 

M. graysoni Ripaw. Tres Marias Robin.? 


Genus HESPEROCICHLA Bairp. (Page 571, pl. CXXIIL,, fig. 3.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Above dark plumbeous, varied by a broad supra-auricular stripe, 
two bands across wing (tips of greater and middle coverts), patch at base of pri- 
maries, etc., of orange-rufous or ochraceous ; chin, throat, breast, and sides orange- 
rufous or ochraceous ; a broad band of dark plumbeous or slaty across chest; pos- 
terior lower parts white, tinged more or less with ochraceous, the feathers dark 
grayish beneath surface. Adult female: Much paler and duller than the male, the 
upper parts and collar across chest grayish brown (more brown in winter). Young: 
Similar to adult female, but collar much less distinct and more or less broken by 
ochraceous spotting; feathers of throat and breast indistinctly bordered with 
dusky, and some of the feathers of upper parts with indistinct paler shaft-streaks. 
Length 9.00-10.00, wing 4.90-5.20, tail about 3.60-3.80, culmen about 1.00, tarsus 
1.30. Nest compact and bulky, in bushes or small trees. Eggs 1.11 X .82, pale 
greenish blue, sparingly speckled with brown. Hab. Western North America, 
chiefly near Pacific coast, from California (in winter) to Bering’s Strait; breeding 
chiefly north of United States; east, casually, to New Jersey, Long Island, and 
MASSA CRUSE EIS... ceca. anc-Sceseecarhcoetoceteees 763. H. nevia (GMEL.). Varied Thrush. 


1 Merula flavirostris Swarns., Philos. Mag. n. s. i. 1827, 369. 
2 Merula flavirostris graysoni Ripew., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. June 5, 1882, 12. 


SAXICOLA. 579 


Genus CYANECULA Breum. (Page 571, pl. CXXIV., fig. 2.) 


Species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Above plain grayish brown, the tail dusky, with basal 
half (except of middle feathers) abruptly clear rufous ; a superciliary stripe of dull 
white; lower parts, from breast back, dull white, the sides tinged with grayish brown. 
Adult males ; Chin, throat, and breast blue, usually enclosing a spot of rufous or white 
on lower part of throat, the blue bordered posteriorly by a blackish crescentic band, 
this succeeded by a broader one of rufous. Adult females without any blue, the 
chin, throat, and chest being whitish, bordered laterally and posteriorly by a nearly 
continuous series of blackish spots; a whitish malar streak. Young: Dark sooty 
above and across chest, with narrow streaks of pale yellowish; lower parts with 
feathers whitish centrally, but bordered with sooty blackish; under tail-coverts 
pale buff. Vest in cavities in banks of streams, etc., composed of mosses and dried 
grasses, lined with finer grasses and hair. ggs 3-5, .73 x .55, pale olive, olive- 
greenish, or brownish, deeper on or round larger end (sometimes uniform). 


a. Adult male with throat-spot rufous; length about 6.00, wing 3.10-3.15, tail 2.35- 
2.40, culmen .45-.48, tarsus 1.10-1.15. Hab. Northern Europe and Asia; 
casual (?) in western Alaska (St. Michael’s). 

764. C. suecica (Linn.). Red-spotted Bluethroat. 

a’, Adult male with throat-spot (if present) white, but throat, ete., frequently en- 
tirely blue; wing 2.90-3.00, tail 2.10-2.30, culmen .45-.50, tarsus 1.00-1.10. 


Hab. Central Europe, east to Russia. 
C. wolfii BREHM. Bluethroat.? 


Genus SAXICOLA Becusrein. (Page 571, pl. CXXIV.,, fig. 5.) 


Species. 


Adult male: Above plain ash-gray, the wings and terminal third of tail black, 
the basal two-thirds of the latter (except on middle feathers) white; forehead, 
superciliary stripe, lower rump, and upper tail-coverts also white; a broad stripe 
of black on side of head, including lores, orbits, and ear-coverts ; lower parts plain 
light buffy anteriorly, white posteriorly. Adult female: Above duller gray, the 
wings and terminal portion of tail dusky; lores dusky, and auriculars dusky gray- 
ish, neither in marked contrast; lower parts dull grayish buff anteriorly, dull 
white posteriorly. Winter plumage: Above plain brown, the lower rump, upper 
tail-coverts, and basal portion of tail white, as in summer; wing-feathers (blackish ~ 
in male, grayish dusky in female) conspicuously margined with light cinnamon or 


1 Sylvia wolfi Breum, Beitr.-Vogelk. ii. 1822, 173. Cyanecula wolfii Breum, Isis, 1828, 1280. 


580 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


brownish buff; lower parts entirely dull rusty buff, deeper on breast and chest; no 
distinct dusky stripe on side of head. Young : Similar to female, but with “obscure 
transverse terminal dark bars and pale centres to most of the feathers of the upper 
and under parts.” Length about 5.50-6.50, wing 3.75-4.15, tail 2.00-2.55, culmen 
A7-.52, tarsus .95-1.20. Nest built among rocks, stone walls, etc., composed of 
grasses, etc., lined with feathers. Eggs 3-6, .85 X .63, plain pale greenish blue. 
Hab. Northern portion of northern hemisphere, breeding far northward; south, in 
winter, casually, to Nova Scotia, Maine, Long Island, New York, Canada, and Colo- 
PACAO: se sascete tere ane sececeem dese ceeebincned ested 765. S. cenanthe (Linn.). Wheatear. 


Genus SIALIA Swainson. (Page 572, pl. CXXIV.,, fig. 6.) 


Species. 


Common CHaArActTERS.—Adult males bright blue above, the back sometimes 
partly or entirely chestnut; beneath cinnamon anteriorly and white posteriorly, 
blue with cinnamon-chestnut patch on breast, or blue fading into white posteriorly. 
Adult females much duller, with bright blue confined to wings, rump, upper tail- 
coverts, and tail, the other upper parts dull grayish or brownish; beneath similar 
to male, but much paler and duller (dull grayish brown anteriorly in S. arctica). 
Young: Grayish, brownish, or dusky above (except wings and tail), the back, 
scapulars, and wing-coverts marked with drop-shaped spots or streaks of pale 
buffy or whitish (these sometimes nearly obsolete in S. arctica); beneath white, 
the feathers of breast, ete., edged with grayish, brownish, or dusky. Nest in 
holes, usually in trees or stumps, often about buildings, sometimes among rocks, 
composed of dried grasses, etc. Hggs 4-7, plain pale greenish blue (very rarely 
white). 


a’. Breast and sides cinnamon or chestnut. 
b'. Throat cinnamon, like breast ; belly white. 
c. Breast, etc., deep cinnamon or cinnamon-rufous; sides of neck and 
malar region blue. 

Adult male: Above rich cobalt-blue (rarely varying to ultra- 
marine, more rarely still to cerulean); in winter, the blue 
duller, the cinnamon of breast, etc., deeper and more purplish, 
and feathers of back, ete., bordered with rusty; length 5.70- 
7.00, wing 3.90-4.15 (3.99), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.71), culmen .62-.67 
(.65), tarsus .75-.80 (.78). Adult female: Above dull grayish, 
the wings dull blue, the rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail 
brighter blue; a whitish orbital ring; breast, ete., light dull 
cinnamon, the throat paler, with a dusky streak along each 
side; an indistinct whitish malar stripe; wing 3.80-3.90 (3.85), 
tail 2.50-2.60 (2.53). Young: Above dark brownish or gray- 
ish, with conspicuous tear-shaped streaks of whitish over whole 


STALIA. 581 


back, scapulars, ete.; wings (except coverts) and tail as in 

adult; beneath white, the feathers of breast, etc., very broadly 

bordered with dark grayish or brownish; a whitish orbital 

ring. Hggs .82 xX .64. Hab. Eastern United States, north to 

Nova Scotia, Ontario, Manitoba, etc., west to base of Rocky 
Mountains; Bermudas (resident). 

766. S. sialis (Linn.). Bluebird. 

c’. Breast, etc., light ochraceous-cinnamon, the sides of neck and (usually) 

malar region similar. 

d', Above light greenish blue or cerulean-blue (much as in S. arctica), 
the sexes differing as in S. sialis; anal region cinnamon-buff; 
length 6.40-7.10, wing (male) 4.05-4.20 (4.10), tail 2.70-2.95 
(2.79), culmen .47-.50 (.49), tarsus .80-.85 (.82). Female: Wing 
3.90, tail 2.55. Hab. Highlands of Mexico, north to southern 
Arizona...... 766a. S. sialis azurea (Barrp). Azure Bluebird. 

a’. Above rich cobalt-blue, varying to ultramarine, like S. sialis 5 
otherwise resembling S. azurea. Male: Wing 4.15-4.35 (4.25), 
tail 2.80-3.00 (2.93), culmen .50, tarsus .62-.65 (.63). Female: 
Wing 4.05-4.10, tail 2.70-2.80. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala 
and Honduras. 

S. sialis guatemale Rrpaw. Guatemala Bluebird.? 


6, Throat and belly blue. 


(100.) 


Adult male: Above rich smalt-blue (varying to ultramarine), the back 
usually with more or less of chestnut (sometimes entirely chestnut, 
rarely entirely blue*) ; lower parts lighter and duller blue, the breast 
and sides deep cinnamon-chestnut. (Colors duller and more suf: 
fused in winter.) Length 6.50-7.12, wing 3.95-4.45 (4.19), tail 2.62- 
3.05 (2.84), culmen .45-.50 (.48), tarsus .80-.90 (.82). Adult female: 
Head, neck, and upper parts dull gray, paler on throat, browner on 
back ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail bright blue, the outer web 
of lateral tail-feather whitish ; wings dull blue; breast and sides 
dull light cinnamon; belly dull grayish; wing about 4.00, tail 2.50. 
Young: Not always distinguishable with certainty from correspond- 
ing stage of S. s/alis, except by slenderer bill; usually darker, how- 
ever, especially on lower parts, the throat dull grayish and sides 
tinged with dull dark brown. Eggs .81 X .64. Hab. Western 
United States, north to British Columbia, east to Rocky Moun- 
tains, south over table-lands of Mexico. 

767. S. mexicana Swarns. Western Bluebird. 


1 Swainson’s Sialia azurea, usually quoted for this form, is a complete nomen nudum. The name was first 
coupled with a description by Professor BAtrp (Review Am. B. i. July, 1864, 62), who is therefore to be quoted 
as its authority. 

28. sialis guatemale Rinew., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. June 5, 1882, 13. 

3 This variation is purely individual, and not at all dependent on locality, as supposed by Mr. SrEBonM 
(Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. 1881, pp. 331-333). 


582 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 


a’. Breast, ete., fine light greenish blue (in adult male) or brownish gray or 
grayish brown (in female), the belly and under tail-coverts pure white. 

Adult male: Above rich, glossy cerulean-blue, the wings and tail more 
azure, or cobalt; beneath lighter cerulean-blue, the belly and under tail- 
coverts white. (Jn winter, the blue of head, neck, back, and breast ob- 
scured by grayish brown tips to the feathers.) Length 6.50-7.90, wing 
4.60-4.80, tail 3.00-3.15. Adult female: Above brownish gray, the pri- 
maries dull light blue, the rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail brighter 
greenish blue; beneath light grayish brown, the belly and under tail- 
coverts white; a whitish orbital ring. (Jn winter colors deeper, espe- 
cially on lower parts.) Length 7.00-7.20, wing about 4.25, tail 2.75-2.90. 
Young: Quills and tail-feathers as in adults ; above grayish brown, the 
back usually streaked with white; beneath grayish white, the breast 
and sides mottled with grayish brown. Eggs .87 X .65. Hab. Rocky 
Mountain district, north to Great Slave Lake, south into Mexico; west 

across Great Basin, to higher ranges along Pacific coast. 
768. S. arctica Swarns. Mountain Bluebird. 


Dee dea OS Ow.e 


The circumstances which necessitate this Appendix being fully set forth in 
the first paragraph of the Preface to this edition, it only remains to direct atten- 
tion to the marginal reference numbers, which indicate the exact point in the 
body of the work where the new matter is to be interpolated. 


(1.) Page 4, Genus AECHMOPHORUS: 
Mf. clarkii is almost certainly only the female of . occidentalis. 


(2.) Page 14, Synthliboramphus wumizusume: 


There appears to be no reason for considering this species as North Ameri- 
can. (Cf. StesneGcER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. 1885, 524.) 


(3.) Page 38, a7. Creagrus is a good genus, and the species following should be 
called Creagrus furcatus. (Cf. Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. 1889, 117.) 


(4.) Page 57, Genus FULMARUS: 


The subspecies of F. glacialis are probably reducible to two, an Atlantic 
and a Pacific form. The older name for the latter is F. rodgersii, which was 
based upon a very light-colored individual. If this view of the case be correct, 
F, glacialis glupischa and the more recently described F. g. columba (ANTHONY, 
The Auk, xii. April, 1895, 105) become synonymes of F’. g. rodgersii, and F. g. 
minor is a synonyme of F. glacialis proper. It is possible that had we good 
series of specimens from all the breeding localities of the species, the above- 
mentioned supposed forms could be clearly defined; but I have very serious 
doubts whether their validity can be demonstrated otherwise. 


(5.) Page 65, under /?: 

Related to 4. phceopygia is A%. hypoleuca, the comparative diagnostic char- 

acters of the two being as follows: 
g. Larger, and darker above; upper tail-coverts grayish dusky, very abruptly 
WtbeuDeNeabhn the SUITACONc.c.crcusraseceaserpasesdedvasdesuacerasie ZE. phezopygia. 
g. Smaller, and paler above; upper tail-coverts ash-gray, much less abruptly 
white beneath the surface; wing 8.80-9.20, tail +.50-4.75 (graduated for 

583 


584 


(6.) 


(7.) 


(8.) 


\9-) 


APPENDIX. 


1.60-1.65), culmen .98—-1.08, tarsus 1.15-1.28, middle toe, with claw, 1.48- 
1.65. Hab. Northwestern Pacific (Bonin Islands, etc.). 
ZE. hypoleuca Satv. Bonin Petrel.! 


Page 71, after O. homochroa: 

—. Oceanodroma socorroensis TowNsEND. Socorro Petrel.’ 
Similar to O. homochroa, but rather larger; wing decidedly longer; tail 
shorter and less deeply forked, with lateral feathers decidedly broader; bill 
longer ; coloration perceptibly darker, especially the under parts, the under wing- 
coverts without the light-colored patch always conspicuous in O. homochroa ; 
shorter lateral upper tail-coverts pale gray, sometimes whitish, producing a more 
or less conspicuous light-colored patch on each side. Wing 5.80-6.38 (6.11), tail 
3.07-3.42 (3.22), forked for .71-.92 (.77), culmen .58-.65 (.62), nasal tubes .23-.29 
(.27), tarsus .82-.95 (.90), middle toe, with claw, .88-.93 (.90). Hab. Socorro 

Island, Revillegigedo group, and Coronados Island, Lower California. 


Page 71, after O. cryptoleucura: 
106.1. Oceanodroma macrodactyla (Bryant). Guadalupe Petrel.’ 
Similar to O. cryptoleucura, but much larger, the tail much more deeply 
forked, feet proportionally larger, and rectrices not extensively, if at all, white 
at the base; length about 8.40, wing 6,10-6.70, tail 3.30-3.90 (forked for .90- 
1.40), culmen .60, tarsus .86-1.00, middle toe, with claw, 1.10-1.18. Hab. Guada- 
lupe Island, Lower California. a 


Page 75, after S. cyanops: 

141.1. Sula nebouxii Mitne-Epwarps. Blue-footed Booby.‘ 
Head, neck, and entire under parts white, the first two streaked with sooty 
grayish ; back and scapulars dusky brownish, the feathers tipped with whitish ; 
legs and feet deep blue in life. (Young unknown.) Length about 32.00-34.50, 
wing 15.50-17.50, tail 8.00-10.00, culmen 3.98—4.55, tarsus 1.85-2.30, middle toe 
2.65-3.05. Hab. Pacific coast, from Gulf of California to the Galapagos Archi- 

pelago and coast of Chili. 


Page 75, after “d'. Feet greenish or yellowish’ cancel what follows and 
substitute : 


et. Color of head and neck uniform dark sooty brown, in both sexes, abruptly 
defined above against the lighter brown of the back. Hab. Tropical and 
subtropical waters on the Atlantic side of America, north to Georgia; 
also various parts of eastern hemisphere... 115. S. sula (Linn.). Booby. 


1 Zstrelata hypoleuca Sauvin, Ibis, July, 1888, 359 (Krusenstern Island). 
2 Oceanodroma socorroensis Towns., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xiii. No. 799, Sept. 9, 1890, 134. 
3 Oceanodroma leucorhoa macrodactyla Bryant, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. No. 8, July 23, 1887, 450. 


—Oceanodroma macrodactyla A. 0. U., Check List, abridged ed. 1889, No. 106.1. 


4 Sula nebouwit Mitne-Epw., Ann. Soc. Nat. Zool. 52, Ann. vi. ser. T, xiii. No. 2-4, Art. 4, p. 37, pl. 14 


(Chili).— Sula gossii Ripew., Auk, v. July, 1888, 241 (Gulf of California). 


APPENDIX. 585 


e?. Color of head and neck (uniform dark sooty brown in female, grayish brown 
or drab fading into white on anterior part of head in male) uniform in 
color with the back. Hab. Pacific coast of America and adjacent islands, 
from the Gulf of California to the Galapagos Archipelago. 

115.1. S. brewsteri Goss. Brewster’s Booby.’ 


(10.) Page 92, under Anas fulvigula: 


134a. Anas fulvigula maculosa (SENN.). Mottled Duck.’ 

Similar to A. fulvigula, but cheeks streaked with brown, instead of being 

plain buff; speculum metallic purple instead of green; the general effect of the 

coloration mottled rather than streaked, and the lighter markings in general 

“pale buff or isabella color” instead of a rich, deep buff. Hab. Northern Mexico 
(Chihuahua, etc.) and Texas, north to Kansas (and Utah ?). 


(11.) Page 127, a. Ardetta is now recognized as a good genus, and the North 
American species therefore known as A. exilis and A. neoxena. The latter has 
become better known, most of the specimens taken having been found in 
Ontario. The sexes of this species, which is exceedingly distinct, appear to 
be essentially alike in coloration. 


(12.) Pages 128, 129, Genus ARDEA LiINN2vs. 


The examination of eight additional specimens of Ardea wuerdemanni ren- 
ders necessary a revision of the diagnosis of this form and its allies, as follows: 


é. Color nearly uniform bluish gray above, the lower parts usually striped with 
black and white (sometimes entirely white). 

fi. Adult with head entirely white, except (usually) black or dusky streaks 

on forehead, or (very rarely) a blackish patch on sides of crown or 

occiput, beneath edge of crest; shoulder-knots broadly striped with 

white, and (usually) tinged with rusty ; lowermost wing-coverts with 

more or less of their outer webs white; outer web of exterior tail- 

feather with a large white wedge-shaped patch on basal portion; 

lower parts white (the anal region entirely so), the breast and belly 

(medially) usually striped or streaked with black, dusky, or brownish 

gray; gray of upper parts of an ashy tint; length 48.00-50.00, wing 

18.75-21.00 (19.39), tail 6.25-8.00 (7.21), culmen 5.75~6.70 (6.14), 

depth of bill at base 1.20-1.30 (1.24), tarsus 7.30-8.75 (7.80), naked 

portion of tibia 4.50-5.50 (4.99), middle toe 4.20-5.20 (4.63). ab. 

Southern extremity of Florida, chiefly (?) in the vicinity of Cape 

Sable, and on Florida Keys; Cape Florida (?); Jamaica (?); acci- 
dental in southern Illinois (Mount Carmel, Sept. 11-22, 1876). 

—. A. wuerdemanni Barrp. Wurdemann’s Heron. 


1 Sula brewsteri Goss, Auk, v. July, 1888, 242. 
2 Anas maculosa SENNETT, Auk, vi. July, 1889, 263.—Anas fulvigula maculosa A. O. U. Com., Auk, vii. 
Jan. 1890, 61. 
74 


586 APPENDIX. 


f?. Adult with sides of forehead (to considerably in front of eyes), together 
with whole crown and occiput (beneath crest), including longer crest- 
feathers, uniform deep black; forehead and centre of crown pure 
white, without dusky streaks; shoulder-knots entirely deep black, 
or (rarely) narrowly streaked with white, and without admixture 
of rusty; lowermost wing-coverts without white on outer webs; 
outer web of exterior tail-feather without distinct wedge-shaped 
space of white; breast, belly, and anal region deep black (the last 
entirely so), the breast and belly broadly striped with white; gray 
of upper parts of a deep plumbeous tint. 

g. Larger, with legs and feet yellowish brown or olive-yellowish ; 
length about 48.00-54.00, wing 19.50-21.00 (20.00), tail 7.15-8.00 
(7.58), exposed culmen 5.90-6.90 (6.25), depth of bill at base 
1.10-1.30 (1.19), tarsus 7.85-8.40 (8.19), middle toe 4.65-5.15 
(4.83), bare portion of tibia 4.45-5.60 (5.05). Hab. Florida, 
chiefly (?) on western side; south to Oyster Bay, north to 
Gainesville..........sess000 193. A. wardi Ripew. Ward’s Heron. 

g. Smaller, with black or dusky legs and feet, the tibia, only, yel- 
lowish ; length about 40.00-48.00, wing 18.00-19.50 (18.58), tail 
7.00-7.50 (7.23), exposed culmen 5.45-5.95 (5.68), depth of bill 
at base 1.05-1.17 (1.14), tarsus 6.75-7.85 (7.16), middle toe 3.90- 
4.50 (4.18), naked portion of tibia 4.00-4.50 (4.20). Hab. Whole 
of temperate North America (except middle and southern 
Florida) ; north to Hudson’s Bay and Sitka, south through Mid- 
dle America to Colombia and Venezuela (including Curagao) ; 
Bermuda; Galapagos ? 

194. A. herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron. 

A. wuerdemanni is probably merely an intermediate plumage connecting 

A. occidentalis with A. wardi, the three forms doubtless merely color-phases of 
one species, for which <A. occidentalis is the older name. 


(13.) Page 131, Ardea pealei: 
This is unquestionably a white phase of A. rufescens. 


(14.) Page 132, under Ardea virescens: 


201a. Ardea virescens frazari Brewst. Frazar’s Green Heron.’ 

Much darker than A. virescens, with the coloration much more uniform, the 

neck very dark purplish chestnut, strongly glaucous in certain lights. Had. 
Southern portion of Lower California (vicinity of La Paz). 

201b. Ardea virescens anthonyi Mearns. Anthony’s Green Heron.’ 

Larger and much paler throughout than A. virescens ; chestnut of the neck 

much paler and more cinnamomeous; white streaks of foreneck and white mar- 


1 Ardea virescens frazari Brewst., Auk, v. Jan. 1888, 83. 
2 Ardea virescens anthonyt Mearns, Auk, xii. July, 1895, 257. 


APPENDIX. 587 


gins of wing-coverts much more extended. Hab. Arid districts of southwestern 
United States, north to the Sacramento Valley, California, south (in winter) to 
Tehuantepec, Mexico. 


(15.) Page 137, under Rallus longirostris crepitans : 
211c. Rallus longirostris caribeus Ripew. Caribbean Clapper Rail.’ 
Similar to R. l. crepitans, but coloration rather deeper, with the back, etc., 
more distinctly striped with dusky; wing 5.55-5.90 (5.76), culmen 2.12-2.55 
(2.38), least depth of bill .25-.30 (.27), tarsus 1.95-2.12 (2.02), middle toe, 1.70- 
1.95 (1.85). Hab. Lesser Antilles, Jamaica, and coast of southern Texas 
(Corpus Christi and Galveston). 


(16.) Page 137, under Rallus longirostris saturatus: 
2115. Rallus longirostris scottii Senn. Scott’s Rail. 
Similar to R. 1. saturatus, but much darker above (the back, etc., brownish 
black streaked with olive-grayish), the foreneck and sides of chest shaded with 
olive-grayish. Hab. Western Florida. 


(17.) Page 166, under Totanus solitarius: 

256a. Totanus solitarius cinnamomeus Brewster. 
Western Solitary Sandpiper.’ 
“Similar to 7. solitarius, but larger, the wings grayer, the light spots on 
the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts brownish cinnamon instead of white or 
buffy whitish ; the sides of the head with more whitish, especially on the lores. 
No well-defined loral stripe.” Hab. Western North America, from Lower Cali- 

fornia and Arizona to British Columbia. 
The range of true TJ. solitarius does not include the area inhabited by 

T. solitarius cinnamomeus. 


(18.) Page 167, Genus SYMPHEMIA RarinesqQveE. 
Mr. Brewster has recently separated the western birds of this species as a 
geographical race, the main distinctive characters of which are as follows: 


a, Smaller, with relatively shorter and thicker bill; swmmer adults with ground- 
color of upper parts darker, more olive-grayish, more heavily spotted or 
barred with dusky, the anterior and lateral lower parts also more heavily 
marked with dusky; wing 7.06-7.75 (7.36), tail 2.71-3.30 (2.91), exposed 
culmen 2.02-2.31 (2.19), tarsus 2.08-2.42 (2.29). Hab. Atlantic coast of 
United States.........0.0<0s00 we 208. S. semipalmata (GMEL.). Willet. 

a. Larger, with relatively longer and slenderer bill; summer adults with ground- 
color of upper parts paler, more ashy, gray, less heavily marked with 


1 Rallus longirostris caribeus Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. July, 1880, 140.—Sennerr, Auk, v. 1888, 
319 (Corpus Christi and Galveston, Texas). 

2 Rallus longirostris scottiti SENN., Auk, v. July, 1888, 305. 

3 Totanus solitarius cinnamomeus Brewst., Auk, vii. Oct. 1890, 377. 


588 APPENDIX. 


dusky, the anterior and lateral lower parts also less heavily marked ; 
wing 7.88-8.26 (8.11), tail 3.10-3.50 (8.29), exposed culmen 2.28-2.70 
(2.46), tarsus 2.45-2.95 (2.66). Hab. Western North America, east to 
Mississippi Valley (Illinois, etc.) and Gulf States (sparingly to South 
Atlantic States in winter); south through Mexico, etc., in winter. 

258a. S. semipalmata inornata Brewst. Western Willet.’ 


(19.) Page 171, after Numenius pheopus: 


The Common Curlew of Europe, Numenius arquata (Linn.),’ is said to have 
been taken on Long Island (cf. The Auk, ix. 1892, pp. 390-392). It is very 
similar in coloration to VV. pheopus, having the lower back and rump white, as 
in that species, but is very much larger, nearly or quite equalling JV. longirostris 
in size. 


(20.) Page 182, under Hematopus galapagensis : 
286.1. Heematopus frazari Brewst. Frazar’s Oyster-catcher.® 
Very similar to H. galapagensis, but bill and toes shorter, back not so dark, 
more white on under primary-coverts, and under tail-coverts spotted with black- 
ish ; wing 9.50-9.90, tail 4.00-4.25, culmen 2.70-3.00, greatest depth of bill .50-.52, 
tarsus 2.20-2.30, middle toe 1.40-1.55. Hab. Lower California (both coasts). 


(21.) Page 186, after Dendragapus, insert: 


ce’. Tail shorter than wing, emarginated or forked, its lateral feathers curved 
OULWATCITUNUIP sassscccnsestccecs case scecese ce secnercaacaaeease. ecedecnceames Tetrao. 


(22.) Page 191, under Oreortyx pictus plumiferus: 
292b. Oreortyx pictus confinis AnTHoNy. San Pedro Partridge.‘ 
Similar to O. p. plumiferus, but upper parts much grayer, the back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts being gray very slightly tinged with olive; bill stouter. 
Hab. San Pedro Mountains, Lower California. 


(23.) Pages 191-193, Genus CALLIPEPLA Wac ter. 
On page 193, under “c?,” insert the following: 


@. Throat with white predominating; rusty markings on upper parts brighter 
and more extended, rump more olivaceous, tail less bluish gray, and 
white spots on lower parts smaller; adult female with crest chiefly light 
brownish, throat dull white very faintly or narrowly streaked with dusky 
(mere shaft-streaks), and back distinctly barred with light tawny. Hab, 


Vicinity of Mazatlan. 
C. elegans (Lrss.). Elegant Partridge. 


1 Cf. Auk, iv. April, 1887, 145. 

2 Scolopax arquata Linn., 8. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 145. Numenius arquatus Latu., Gen. Synop. Suppl. i. 
1787, 291. 

3 Hematopus frazari Brewst., Auk, v. Jan. 1888, 84. 

* Oreortyx picta confinis ANTHONY, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 2d ser. ii. Oct. 11, 1889, 74. 


APPENDIX. 589 


d, Throat with black predominating ; rusty markings on upper parts duller and 
less extended, rump less olivaceous, tail more bluish gray, and white spots 
on lower parts larger; adult female with crest uniform blackish, whole 
throat thickly speckled or streaked with blackish, back nearly uniform 
gray, and markings of lower parts larger and coarser. Hab. Sonora 
(vicinity of Campos). 


C. elegans bensoni Ripaw. Benson’s Partridge.!} 


(24.) Page 196, after species of Dendragapus: 


Genus TETRAO Liny2tvs.? 


Adult male: Glossy blue-black, the wings dusky with a conspicuous white 
patch on secondaries ; under tail-coverts white ; tail deeply emarginate or forked, 
the four outermost rectrices strongly curled outward at tips.. Length about 
23.50, wing about 10.50, tail 8.80. Adult female tawny-brown, barred and spotted 
with black ; tail emarginate, the lateral rectrices not distinctly, if at all, curved 
outward at tips. Length about 17.00, wing 8.90, tail 4.50. Hab. Europe and 
northern and central Asia. Introduced into Newfoundland, and said to be 
naturalized there....... dis Usecwodeeedsabyecssecottecwsevese) Ae CELIIX WINN, 2 BIACK COCK; 


(25.) Page 203, under Tympanuchus americanus: 


305a. Tympanuchus americanus attwateri (BENDIRE). 

Attwater’s Prairie Hen.‘ 

“Smaller than 7. americanus, darker in color, more tawny above, usually 

with more pronounced chestnut on the neck; smaller and more tawny light- 

colored spots on wing-coverts, and much more scantily feathered tarsus, the 

latter never feathered down to the base of the toes, even in front; a broad 

posterior stripe of bare skin being always exposed, even in winter, while in 

summer much the greater part of the tarsus is naked.’ Hab. Coast districts 
of southwestern Louisiana and Texas. 


(26.) Page 205, under Famity PHASIANIDZE: 
Add, under “a... . (Subfamily Phasianine),” the following : 


i rgeORU MOCECEESLCU ss. csccenscceveeseeuseoensevoserscines eatiol seacabusbacesesteh sr ASIANS. 
b?. Head conspicuously crested. 
ct Neck with a conspicuous erectile ruff...............seseeeee Chrysolophus.° 
GPNeck, Without: Amy) LUM: .oicecsessccecccsnesyesseeeueese bsouee soe Gennezus.° 


1 Callipela elegans bensoni Ripaw., Forest and Stream, xxviii. No. 6, March 3, 1887, 106. 

2 Tetrao Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, i. 1758, 159. Type, by elimination, Tetrao tetrix LINN. 

3 Tetrao tetrix Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, i. 1758, 159. 

4 Tympanuchus attwateri Benpire, Forest and Stream, xl. No. 20, May 18, 1893, 425.—Tympanuchus 
americanus attwatert A. O. U. Com., Auk, xi. Jan, 1894, 46. 

5 Chrysolophus J, E. Gray, Lllustr. Indian Zool. ii. 1834, pl. 41, fig. 2. Type, Phasianue pictus LINN. 

6 Genneus WAGLER, Isis, 1832, 1228. Type, Phasianus nycthemerus Linn. 


590 APPENDIX. 


(27.) Page 206, after species of Phasianus: 
Genus CHRYSOLOPHUS J. E. Gray. 


a’. Ruff or cape of male golden orange, barred with black; entire under parts, 
except chin and throat, bright red; tail light tawny or cinnamon, barred 
and reticulated with black. Length about 40 inches, wing about 7.70, 
tail 27. Adult female mottled brown above the wings heavily barred with 
dusky; top and hinder part of head, neck, chest, sides, and flanks regu- 
larly barred with dusky; rest of under parts plain light buff, also the 
interspaces between dusky bars on chest and lower portion of sides and 
flanks. Length about 24, wing 7.00, tail 14. Hab. Mountains of southern 

and western China. Introduced into western Oregon. 
C. pictus.| Golden Pheasant. 
a’. Ruff or cape of adult male pure white, barred with black; chest metallic 
green, barred with black ; breast, sides, etc., pure white; tail white, barred 
and lined with black. Length about 50 inches, wing 8.20, tail 36.00. 

Hab. Mountains of western China and eastern Thibet. 
C. amherstiz (Leaps.). Lady Amherst’s Pheasant.” 


GENUS GENNAZUS Wac ter. 


Adult male with crest and under parts glossy blue-black; upper parts 
(except crest) pure white, marked (except on greater part of longer rectrices) 
with V-shaped pencillings of black; face, legs, and feet bright red. Length 
about 40 inches, wing 10.50, tail 24. Adult female plain brown above; beneath 
similar, with paler shaft-streaks, the posterior parts and thighs irregularly mot- 
tled with zigzag lines of dusky ; tail (except middle feathers) irregularly barred 
with black and white; face, legs, and feet dullred. Length about 20.50, wing 


9.10, tail 9.80. Hab. Southern China. Introduced into western Oregon. 
G. nycthemerus Linn. Silver Pheasant.? 


(28.) Page 207, under Meleagris gallopavo: 


310). Meleagris gallopavo osceola Scorr. Florida Wild Turkey.‘ 

Similar to M. gallopavo, but darker, especially the remiges; inner seconda- 

ries plain dull grayish brown, and primaries brownish black narrowly barred 

with white, the white bars not touching the shafts of the quills. Hab. Southern 
and middle Florida. 


1 Phasianus pictus Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, i. 1758, 158.—Chrysolophus pictus J. E. Gray, Ilustr. Ind. 
Zool. ii. 1834, pl. 41, fig. 2. 

2 Phasianus amherstie LEApB., Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 1828, 129, pl. 15. Chrysolophus amherstie G. R. 
Gray, List Galline Brit. Mus. 1867, 30. 

3 Phasianus nycthemerus LInn., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, i. 1758, 159. Gennceus nycthemerus WAGLER, Isis, 1832, 
1228. 

4 Meleagris gallopavo osceola Scott, Auk, vii. Oct. 1890, 376. 


APPENDIX. 591 


(29.) 310c. Meleagris gallopavo ellioti Sennerr. Rio Grande Turkey.! 
Similar to M. gallopavo, but lower back and rump uniform black (showing 
steel-gray bars in certain lights), and tips of tail-feathers and longer coverts 
cinnamon or cinnamon-buff instead of chestnut. Hab. Lowlands of southern 
Texas and northeastern Mexico. 


(80.) Page 211, under Columba fasciata: 
312a. Columba fasciata vioscze BRrewsTER. Viosca’s Pigeon.’ 
“Similar to C. fasciata, but with the tail-band wanting or only faintly indi- 
cated, the general color lighter and more uniform, the vinaceous tints, especially 
on the head, neck, and breast, much fainter and more or less replaced by bluish 
ash.” Hab, Southern portions of Lower California. 


(31.) Pages 214, 215, COLUMBIGALLINA Bor. 


C. passerina varies a great deal with locality, and some of its variations 
seem sufficiently marked and constant to merit formal recognition. The follow- 
ing forms occurring north of the parallel of 18° N. appear fairly well defined: 


b'. Larger, with bill yellow or red for at least basal half (rarely obscured in 
dried skins). 
ce’. Back and rump grayish olive, or light grayish brown. 
da, Much deeper colored, with rather shorter wings and much larger 
bill, the latter always (?) yellow basally ; wing 3.30-3.60 (3.41), 
exposed culmen .43-.48 (.47), tarsus .62-.65 (.64). Hab. South 
Atlantic and Gulf States. 
320. C. passerina terrestris CHarm. Ground Dove. 
d?, Much paler, with rather longer wings and much smaller or more 
slender bill, the latter often (always in fully adult males?) red 
basally; wing 3.30-3.60 (3.46), exposed culmen .42—.47 (.44), 
tarsus .60-.66 (.62). Hab. Southwestern United States (Texas 
to Arizona and Lower California), and south through Mexico 
(both coasts) to Central America...... 320a. C. passerina pal- 
lescens (BairpD). Mexican Ground Dove.‘ 
c?, Back and rump deep olive-brown. 

Plumage in general much deeper than in preceding forms; wing 
3.10-3.40 (3.28), exposed culmen .41—.44 (.42), tarsus .60-.63 (.62). 

Hab. Socorro Island, western Mexico; Tres Marias? 
C. passerina socorroensis Ripaw. Socorro Ground Dove.5 


1 Meleagris gallopavo ellioti Sennett, Auk, ix. April, 1892, 167, pl. 3. 

2 Columba fasciata vioscw Brewst., Auk, v. Jan. 1888, 86. 

3 Columbigallina passerina terrestris CHAPM., Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. iv. 1892, 292. 
$ Chamepelia passerina var. pallescens BArrD, Pr. Phil. Ac. 1859, 305. 

5 New subspecies; type, No. 50829, U. S. Nat. Mus., Socorro; A. J. Grayson. 


592 APPENDIX. 


b?, Smaller, with bill chiefly or entirely black or dusky (rarely yellowish or 
orange at base). 
Similar in color of plumage to C. passerina pallescens, but still paler, with 
upper parts more ashy ; wing 3.10-3.30 (3.21), exposed culmen .40-.47 
(.43), tarsus .60-.64 (.62). Hab. Bahamas; Greater Antilles? 


C. passerina bahamensis (Mayn.). Bahaman Ground Dove.) 


(82.) Page 252, after subgenus Tinnunculus VIEILL., insert: 


359.1. Falco tinnunculus Linn. Kestrel.’ 
Adult male: Top of head and hind neck bluish gray, with narrow blackish 
shaft-streaks; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts vinaceous-cinnamon or cinna- 
mon-rufous, marked with transverse cordate spots or bars of black ; rump, upper 
tail-coverts, and tail bluish gray, the latter tipped with whitish and crossed by 
a subterminal band of black; forehead and under parts buffy whitish or buffy, 
marked on chest with streaks of dusky and on sides and flanks with oval or 
tear-shaped spots of the same. Adult female: Above light rufous or cinnamon, 
including the parts which are bluish gray in the male; head and neck streaked 
with dusky, and other portions, including tail, barred with the same; beneath 
much as in the male. Length about 12.50-15.00, wing 8.40-9.20, tail 6.70-7.00, 
tarsus 1.30-1.60. The young male is said to resemble the adult female. 


(33.) Page 261, to replace all after first clause under “ d?” : 

e'. The darker markings fine and numerous, giving the plumage a delicately 
pencilled aspect. Hab. Northwestern Mexico, and contiguous portion of 

United States in Arizona and New Mexico. 
373f. M. asio cineraceus Ripaw. Mexican Screech Owl. 
e?. The darker markings coarse and heavy, producing a marbled and spotted 
appearance to the plumage. Hab. Eastern foot-hills of Rocky Mountains 

in Colorado and New Mexico. 

373g. M. asio aikeni Brewst. Aiken’s Screech Owl.‘ 


(34.) Page 262, substitute the following for matter under “d”’: 
d@. Darker colored, without white largely predominating on under parts and 
upper parts never light buffy gray or pale grayish cinnamon. 

é. Coloration identical with that of M. a. bendirei, but size much greater ; 
wing 6.96-7.50, tail 3.80-4.25. Hab. Between eastern slope of Cas- 
cade Mountains and western slope of Rocky Mountains, in Oregon, 
Washington, Idaho, and Montana. 

373h. M. asio macfarlanei Brewst. MacFarlane's Screech Owl. 


1 Chamepelia bahamensis Mayn., Am. Exchange and Mart, iii. No. 6, Feb. 5, 1887, 69. 

2 Falco tinnunculus Linn., 8. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 90. (See Cory, Auk, v. Jan. 1888, 110; April, 1888, 205.) 

3 Megascops asio cineraceus Ripew., Auk, xii. Oct. 1895, 390. (= M. a. trichopsis of first edition and of 
recent authors, but not Scops trichopsis WAGLER.) 

4 Megascops asio aikeni Brewst., Auk, viii. April, 1891, 139. 

5 Megascops asio macfarlanei Brewst., Auk, viii. April, 1891, 140. 


APPENDIX. 593 


e’. Coloration decidedly tawny brown, or else dark slaty brown above with 
the usual blackish pencillings indistinct. 

Jf’. Large like M. a. macfarlanei ; coloration very tawny ; wing 7.40, 

tail 4.00. Hab. southern Alaska. 
373d. M. asio kennicottii (ELLior). Kennicott’s Screech Owl. 
f*. Smaller, the coloration darker and less tawny; dichromatic, the 
gray phase much darker and more uniform above than in other 
races. Hab. Shores and islands of Puget Sound, etc., north to 
Vancouver Island, New Westminster, and Comax, south, along 

the coast, to Portland, Oregon. 

—. M. asio saturatus Brewster. Puget Sound Screech Owl.’ 


(35-) Page 262, under Megascops flammeolus: 
374a. Megascops flammeolus idahoensis Merriam. Dwarf Screech Owl.” 
Similar to M. jlammeolus, but smaller and paler, especially on the under 
parts, where the darker pencillings are very much narrower ; facial ring tawny- 
ochraceous. Hab. Mountains of Idaho. 


In western Mexico (vicinity of Mazatlan), and possibly in Lower California, 
occurs a species nearly allied to M. brasilianus (Gm.) of South America, but ap- 
parently quite distinct. It belongs under section a’, having the toes completely 
naked, but is very different from J. flammeolus in color and dimensions. It is 
an undescribed species, which may be named Megascops hastatus and character- 
ized as follows: 

Toes completely naked ; upper parts light grayish brown, mixed or mottled 
with paler and spotted with blackish; lower parts delicately but irregularly 
barred with dark brown, on a whitish ground, and marked also with irregular 
mesial streaks of brownish black, most conspicuous on chest; legs whitish, 
barred with dark brown; wing 6.00-6.10, tail 3.40-3.50. Hab. Western Mexico 
(vicinity of Mazatlan); La Paz, Lower California ? 


(36.) Page 266. In diagnosis of Glaucidium gnoma cancel “color of back,” etc., 
and add after “379. G. gnoma,”’ etc.: 


379a. Glaucidium gnoma californicum (Scu.). California Pygmy Owl. 

Similar to G. gnoma but browner, the color of back, etc., approximating a 

warm bistre- or vandyke-brown hue, sometimes approaching chestnut-brown. 
Hab. Pacific coast, from San Francisco to British Columbia. 

379.1. Glaucidium hoskinsii Brewst. Hoskins’s Pygmy Owl.‘ 

Similar to G. gnoma, but smaller; stripes on lower parts smaller and 

browner; cervical collar more distinct and more tawny, with less of black 


1 Megascops asio saturatus Brewst., Auk, April, 1891, 141. 

2 Megascops flammeolus idahoensis Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 5, July 30, 1891, 96, pl. 1. 

8 Glaucidium californicum Scu., P. Z. 8. 1857, 4, 146.—G@laucidium gnoma californicum Benpire, Auk, v. 
Oct. 1888, 366. 

4 Glaucidium gnoma hoskinsit Brewst., Auk, vy. April, 1888, 136.—G@laucidium hoskinsii, A. O. U. Check 
List, abridged ed. 1889, No. 379.1. 


594 APPENDIX. 


above it; wing 3.30-3.40, tail 2.60-2.70, culmen, .37-.38. Hab. Mountains of 
southern Lower California. 


(37.) Page 268. Genus ARA BRISSON. 


Two species occur in southern Mexico, one of them common as far north as 
Mazatlan. Their characters are as follows: 


a. General color grass-green, with forehead and part of tail-feathers red; rump, 
tail-coverts, and tip of tail light blue; wing about 14.00, tail about 15.00. 
Hab. Mexico to Bolivia. 

A. militaris (Linn.). Military Macaw.! 
a?, General color vermilion-red, with middle wing-coverts chrome-yellow, the 
quills dark blue, the tail blue and red; a little larger than A. militaris, the 

tail much longer. Hab. Southern Mexico to Bolivia. 
A. macao (Linn.). Red yellow and blue Macaw.? 


(38.) Page 269, under “a?” preceding Genus RHYNCHOPSITTA, insert: 


b: Tail-rounded, ‘half as long as Wiles... 6.0. emseseaceesescs sees eaicesetene Amazona. 
6%, Tail even, less than half as long as wing.............000 seesealieosgunece Pionus? 


Genus AMAZONA Lesson. 
Several Mexican species, distinguished as follows: 


a’, Wing more than 7.50; bill not bright yellow; primary coverts always green, 
and 3-6 innermost secondaries with outer webs chiefly red. 
b', Anterior border of wing with more or less of red; forehead (in adult 
whole head and neck) yellow. 

Adult: Whole head and neck yellow. Young with yellow on head 
and red on anterior border of wing more restricted, according 
to age. Wing 8.70-9.50, tail 4.50-5.50. Hab. Mexico, from 
Tehuantepec to Mazatlan, the Tres Marias, and Tamaulipas. 

A. oratrix Ripaw. Double Yellow-head Parrot. 
b?, Anterior border of wing without trace of red; forehead green or red. 
cl. Outer tail-feather without trace of red or yellow spot on basal por- 
tion of inner web. 

d'. Forehead green; feathers of breast, etc., without trace of 
blackish tips; whole top of head light blue, or bluish green ; 
wing 9.30-10.20, tail 5.20-6.20. Hab. Eastern Mexico (Mira- 
dor) and south to Nicaragua. 

A. guatemale (Hartt.). Blue-crowned Parrot.® 


1 Psittacus militaris Linn., S. N. ed. 12, i. 1766, 159. Ara militaris Gray, Gen. B. ii. 1845, 412. 

2 Psittacus macao Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 96. Ara macao Gray, List Psitt. Brit. Mus. 1859, 26. 

3 Pionus WAGLER, Mon. Psitt. 1832, 497. Type, Psittacus menstruus LINN. 

4 Chrysotis levaillantii Gray, List Psitt. Brit. Mus. 1859, 79; nee Amazona levaillantti Lxss., 1831. 

5 Chrysotis guatemale Hartu., Verz. Brem. Samml. 1844 87. Amazona guatemale ScuiEG., Mus. P.-B. 
Rey. Psitt. 1874, 27. 


APPENDIX. 595 


d’, Forehead red; feathers of breast, etc., narrowly tipped with 
blackish. 

e. Forehead and crown vermilion-red ; sides of occiput (for- 
ward to orbital region) dull blue; wing 8.40-8.50, tail 
about 4.50. Hab. Northeastern Mexico. 

A. viridigenalis (Cass.). Tamaulipas Parrot.! 

e’. Forehead purplish red; crown and occiput lilac-bluish ; the 
feathers narrowly tipped with blackish; wing 7.60- 
8.20, tail 4.80-5.50. Hab. Western Mexico, from Te- 
huantepec to Sonora (Alamos). 

A. finschi (Scu.). Finsch’s Parrot.? 
ce’. Outer tail-feather with a more or less distinct red or yellow spot on 
basal portion of inner web. 

Adult: Forehead and upper half of lores red; lower half of 
lores, and backward beneath eyes, yellow; top of head pale 
bluish or lilac superficially. Young: Similar to adult, but 
yellow replaced by light green. Wing 8.00-8.70, tail 4.70- 
5.20. Hab. Hastern Mexico (Mirador) and south to Hon- 
duras and Vera Paz, Guatemala. 

A. autumnalis (Linn.). Autumnal Parrot.3 

a’, Wing not more than 7.50; bill bright yellow; primary coverts (sometimes 

alula also) carmine-red in adult ; outer webs of all the secondaries wholly 

deep blue. (Adult with orbits and part or whole of lores deep carmine ; 
forehead, sometimes crown also, white or pale yellow.) 

6’. Adult: Forehead (only) white or pale yellow; crown blue; anterior 
border of wing entirely green; alula carmine-red. Young: White of 
forehead and red of lores and orbits much restricted (or altogether 
wanting ?); primary coverts and alula green. Wing 6.30-7.50, tail 
3.30-4.20. Hab. Mexico (Yucatan to Mazatlan and Sonora) and 


south to Costa Rica, 
A. albifrons (SPARRM.). White-fronted Parrot.‘ 


6°. Adult: Forehead and more or less of crown white; upper half of lores 
yellow ; a black spot on ear-coverts ; anterior border of wing carmine- 
red ; alula (except sometimes innermost feather) green. Young: No 
white on head, red barely indicated, yellow more restricted, no red 
on anterior border of wing, and primary coverts green. Wing 6,90- 
7.10, tail 3.50-3.80. Hab. Coast of Yucatan (including Cozumel) 


and Honduras. 
A. xantholora Gray. Yellow-lored Parrot.5 


1 Chrysotis viridigenalis Cass., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. vi. 1853, 371. 

2 Chrysotis finschi Scu., P. Z. S. 1864, 298; 7b. 1870, pl. 34. 

3 Psittacus autumnalis Lixn., 8. N. ed. 12, i. 1766, 147. Amazona autumnalis Scuiec., Mus. P.-B. Psitt. 
1864, 51. 

* Psittacus albifrons SparrM., Mus. Carls. 1787, pl. 52. Amazona albifrons Scutea., Mus, P.-B. Psitt. 
1864, 59. 

5 Chrysotis xantholora GRAY, List Psitt. Brit, Mus. 1859, 83. Amazona xantholora ScuxeG., Mus. P.-B. 
Psitt. 1864, 59. 


596 APPENDIX. 


(39.) Page 272, preceding Genus CROTOPHAGA, insert: 


c. Nostril narrow, longitudinal, with only a superior raised margin; under 

PALS WMMACUIAC eeercneccrecesscene sae tsiooces ca caasessioneesausalecenveeaee Coccyzus. 

ce’. Nostril broadly oval or nearly circular, with raised margin all round; under 
parts barred with dusky (throat and chest plain light gray in adults). 

Cuculus.' 


(40.) Page 274, after species of Coccyzus, add: 
Genus CUCULUS Luinnaus. 


Adult male: Above plain brownish gray, the lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts more bluish gray; tail decidedly darker, especially subterminally, 
each feather tipped with white (narrower and sometimes worn away on middle 
rectrices), the outermost feather with a series of seven or eight white spots 
along the shaft (often extending across the outer web), these spots enlarged into 
bars extending across both webs on the basal portion; the other rectrices with 
a series of white longitudinal marks along the shaft (sometimes obsolete on the 
intermedie) and the inner webs irregularly edged with white. Chin, throat, 
and chest plain light ash-gray ; rest of under parts white or buffy white, barred 
with dusky (under tail-coverts more sparsely and irregularly marked). Young: 
Above barred and transversely spotted with dark brown and rusty, many of 
the feathers tipped with whitish; beneath, including chin, throat, and chest, 
buffy white barred with dusky. Length about 12.50-13.75, wing 8.50-9.30, tail 
6.50-6.80, exposed culmen .80-.90. Hab. Northeastern Asia (Himalayas to 
Kamtschatka) ; accidental on St. Paul’s Island, Bering Sea. 

C. canorus telephonus (HEINE). Kamtschatkan Cuckoo.? 


(41.) Page 283, to replace last sentence, etc., under “e”” : 


f}. Smoke-gray or light smoky brown below. Hab. Pacific coast from San 
Francisco north to British Columbia. 
393c. D. villosus harrisii (AupD.). Harris’s Woodpecker. 
f?. White below. Hab. Interior of western North America, south to table- 
lands of Mexico; southern California and northern Lower California. 
393d. D. villosus hyloscopus (CaB.). Cabanis’s Woodpecker.° 


(42.) Page 283, to replace last paragraph, etc., under “d”’: 


e'. Under parts smoky gray or light smoky brown; smaller. Hab. Pacific coast, 
from northern California to British Columbia... 394a. Dryobates pubes- 
cens gairdnerii (Aup.). Gairdner’s Woodpecker. 


1 Cuculus Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, i. 1758, 110. Type, by elimination, C. canorus Linn. 

2 Cuculus telephonus Herne, Journ, fiir Orn. 1863, 352.—Cuculus canorus telephonus STEJNEGER, Bull. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. No. 29, 1885, 224. 

8 Dryobates hyloscopus CABAN., Mus. Hein. iv. June 25, 1863, 69.—Dryobates villosus hyloscopus A. O. Us 
Com., Suppl. Check List, 1889, 9. 


APPENDIX. 597 


e’. Under parts white; averaging larger, more white spotting on wing and 
under tail-coverts immaculate. Hab. Interior of western North America, 
south to New Mexico; west to southern California..... 3945. Dryobates 

pubescens homorus (CaBan.) Batchelder’s Woodpecker.' 


(43.) Page 291, after M. formicivorus bairdi: 


—. Melanerpes formicivorus aculeatus MEArns. 

Mearns’s Woodpecker.” 

Intermediate in general size and plumage between WV. formicivorus and M. 

f. bairdi, but with the bill much smaller and more slender than either. Hab. 

Western Texas to Arizona, and south through mountainous parts of north- 
western Mexico. 


(44.) Page 299, Genus PHALAENOPTILUS Rineway. 
Omit measurements from diagnosis, to which add the following: 


a’. Larger and darker, with prevailing color above grayish brown (more grayish 
on sides of pileum, scapulars, etc.) and relieved by broad irregularly 
sagittate or diamond-shaped spots on scapulars; chin and sides of head 
blackish ; chest (next to white throat-patch) with black predominating, 
the sides and flanks more heavily barred with dusky; ochraceous of 
quills deeper, and more restricted; wing 5.50-6.15 (5.78), tail 3.40-3.80 
(3.67). Hab. Western United States in general, excepting more southern 
plains, east of Rocky Mountains...... 418. P. nuttalli (Avp.). Poor-will. 

a Smaller and paler, with prevailing color above pale brownish gray, inclining 
in places to pale hoary or silvery whitish, relieved by smaller or narrower 
black markings; chin and sides of head finely mottled grayish brown; 
chest with little, if any, of uniform black; sides and flanks more nar- 
rowly barred (the latter sometimes immaculate); ochraceous of quills 
paler and more extended; wing 5.40-5.75 (5.44), tail 3.50-3.60 (3.52). 
Hab, Central Texas to Arizona (probably northward to Kansas, ete.). 

418a. P. nuttalli nitidus Brewsr. Frosted Poor-will.’ 


1 Dryobates homorus CABAN., Mus. Hein. iv. June 25, 1863, 65.—Dryobates pubescens orewcus BATCHELD., 
Auk, vi. July, 1889, 253. 

2 Melanerpes formicivorus aculeatus Mearns, Auk, vii. July, 1890, 249. 

This form, which is very uniform in its characters throughout a very extensive territory, and therefore 
entitled to recognition, entirely replaces both M. formicivorus and M, f. bairdi in the region indicated above. 
The measurements and habitat of M. /. bairdi given on page 291 include the present form and require correction 
accordingly. 

3 Phalenoptilus nuttalli nitidus Brewst., Auk, iv. No, 2, April 1887, 147. 

Note.—It is not improbable that the Californian birds of this species, at least those from the more humid 
and wooded northern coast districts, will have to be separated as a local race, characterized by very dark colors, 
with heavier markings. At least the two Californian examples in the National Museum collection (one from 
Nicasio, the other from Calaveras County) are altogether darker than any from elsewhere. Should additional 
material show the observed differences to be constant, I would propose for this dark northwestern race the name 
P. nuttalli californicus. 


598 APPENDIX. 


(45.) Page 301, Chordeiles virginianus minor: 


The Florida bird has been separated as C. virginianus chapmani* by Mr. 
Sennett, and its range extended along the Gulf coast to Texas. 


(46.) Pages 308 and 310-316, Genus TROCHILUS: 


The so-called subgenera, Calypte (p. 312, e'), Selasphorus (p. 313, e”), Atthis 
(p. 315, c*), Stellula (p. 315, 6), and Calothorax (p. 316, a”) have been restored 
by the American Ornithologists’ Union Committee on Classification and Nomen- 
clature to the rank of genera, in accordance with the present author’s views, 
as expressed in his popular monograph of the Hummingbirds (Annual Report 
of the United States National Museum for 1890, pages 253-383, plates i—xliii.). 
The species should therefore be named as follows: 


430. Calypte costz. 431.1. Selasphorus floresii. 
431. Calypte anna. Atthis heloisz. 

Calypte helene. Atthis ellioti. 
432. Selasphorus platycercus. 436. Stellula calliope. 
433. Selasphorus rufus. 437. Calothorax lucifer. 
434. Selasphorus alleni. Calothorax pulchra. 


(47.) Page 312, after T. alexandri: 


429.1. Trochilus violajugulum JeErrriks. Violet-throated Hummingbird.’ 
Somewhat like 7’. alexandri but larger, with the gorget much more exten- 
sively metallic and more reddish purple (“auricula purple”) in color; tail much 
longer and more deeply forked, with the outermost feather relatively narrower 
and more pointed. (Female and young unknown.) Length (skin) 3.40, wing 
1.85, tail 1.30 (middle rectrices 0.25 shorter, the lateral pair only 0.15 wide in 
middle). Hab. Southern California (Santa Barbara). 


(48.) Page 338, after C. richardsonii: 


462a. Contopus richardsonii peninsulz Brewsr. 

Large-billed Wood Pewee.° 

Similar to C. richardsonii, but smaller, with the bill larger, the upper parts 

slightly grayer, the yellowish tinge to the white of the throat and belly clearer, 

the pectoral band narrower and grayer, and light edgings of the tertials and 
greater wing-coverts broader and whiter. Hab. Southern Lower California, 


1 [Chordeiles popetue] chapmani (Sennett, MS.) Cours, Auk, v. Jan. 1888, 37.—Chordeiles virginianus 
chapmani Scort, Auk, v. April, 1888, 186. 

2 Trochilus violajugulum JEFFRIES, Auk, v. April, 1888, 168. 

3 Contopus richardsonii peninsule BREwstT., Seven Sup. New N. Am. B. Feb. 17, 1891, 144; Auk, viii. 
April, 1891, 144, 


APPENDIX. 599 


(49.) Page 340, after E. difficilis : 


464.1. Empidonax cineritius Brewsr. St. Lucas Flycatcher.’ 

“Most nearly like £: diffcilis but with the general coloring much duller, 

the upper parts with scarcely a tinge of greenish, no decided yellow beneath, 

excepting on jugulum and abdomen; wing-bands brownish white. Hab. Lower 
California and northwestern Mexico, south to Mazatlan. 


(50.) Page 344, after E. wrightii: 
469.1. Empidonax griseus Brewst. Gray Flycatcher.’ 
“Nearest E. obscurus [i.e. E. wrightii], but larger and much grayer, the bill 
longer, the basal half of the lower mandible flesh-colored in strong contrast to 
the blackish terminal half.’ Hab. Lower California and western and central 
Mexico; southern Arizona? 


(51.) Page 349, after O. alpestris chrysolema : 


474h. Otocoris alpestris adusta Dwiaut. Scorched Horned Lark.’ 

“Similar to chrysolema, but of a uniform scorched pink or vinaceous-cinna- 

mon above.” Hab. Southern Arizona and New Mexico, western Texas, and 
southward into Mexico. 


(52.) Page 349, after O. alpestris rubea: 


d*, Smallest and most pallid of all the forms of O. alpestris; wing of male 
averaging 3.74, tail 2.52, tarsus .77, bill from nostril .36; coloration most 
like that of O. a. arenicola but decidedly paler. Hab. Shores of the Gulf 
Ole CANLOLNIB sacs vseacsceceracseases 474j. Otocoris alpestris pallida Towns. 

Sonoran Horned Lark.‘ 

(58.) Page 349, after O. alpestris strigata: 
—. Otocoris alpestris insularis Towns. Island Horned Lark.° 
Similar to O. a. strigata, but without yellow tinge on under parts; much 
darker than O. a. chrysolema, with streaks on back more distinctly contrasted 
and sharply defined, and lateral under parts much darker. Hab. Islands of 

San Nicolas, San Clemente, Santa Cruz, and Santa Rosa, southern California 

(resident). 

474i. Otocoris alpestris merrilli Dwiaut. Dusky Horned Lark. 
“Larger, more broadly streaked above, and blacker than strigata, with less 
yellow about the head and throat, the nape pinker.” Hab. “ Eastern Oregon, 

Washington, and British Columbia, between the Cascades and Rocky Moun- 

tains ; southward, in winter, into Nevada and California.” 


1 Empidonax cineritius Brewst., Auk, v. Jan. 1888, 90. 

2 Empidonax griseus Brewst., Descr. Sup. New Birds from W. N. Am. and Mex. Jan. 31, 1889, 87; Auk, 
vi. April, 1889, 87.—Empidonax canesceus Sav. & Gopm., Biol. Centr.-Am. Aves, ii. pt. 10, Feb. 1889, 79. 

3 Otocoris alpestris adusta Dwieut, Auk, vii. April, 1890, 148. 

4 Otocoris alpestris pallida “ Townsenp, MS.,” Dwieut, Auk, vii. April, 1890, 154. 

5 Otocoris alpestris insularis Towns., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xiii. 1890, 140. 

6 Otocoris alpestris merrilli Dwieut, Auk, vii. April, 1890, 153. 


600 APPENDIX. 


(54.) Page 356, after A. californica : 


481b. Aphelocoma californica obscura ANTHONY. Belding’s Jay.’ 

Similar to A. californica, but rather smaller and decidedly darker, the back 

dark drab or brownish slate, the under parts more decidedly grayish and under 

tail-coverts more strongly tinged with blue. Hab. San Pedro Mountains, Lower 
California. 


(55.) Page 366, Dolichonyx oryzivorus albinucha: 


This supposed form is probably not valid, having been based upon breeding 
males in which the color of the hind-neck, etc., was bleached. 


(56.) Page 367, Genus MOLOTHRUS Swainson. 


Section a’, including MW. eneus (Wact.), should constitute a distinct genus, 
Callothrus Cassin (Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 18, type, Psarocolius ceneus 
Waat.), the characters of which are as follows:—Feathers of hind-part and 
sides of neck in the adult male much elongated, forming a very conspicuous, 
soft, and dense erectile ruff; four outer primaries with inner webs curiously 
sinuated and emarginated, the web being expanded just beyond the middle 
portion, the posterior extremity of the widened part forming an acute point, 
projected longitudinally (less marked on the first quill). Two apparently dis- 
tinct species constitute the genus, their distinctive characters being much more 
obvious in the females than in the males. They may be thus characterized : 


b'. Bill decidedly stouter; adult female grayish brown (washed with plumbeous 
in fresh plumage), lighter below, the feathers of back, etc., darker medi- 
ally, producing more or less conspicuous streaks; adult male brighter 
colored, with the bronze of head, neck, etc,, more greenish (scarcely, if 
at all, duller on top of head than on back), and rump distinctly purple 
or violet. Hab. Western Mexico (Mazatlan, Manzanillo Bay, Colima, etc.). 

C. zneus (WaAGL.). Bronzed Cowbird. 

b?, Bill more slender; adult female dull black, more or less glossed with bluish 
or purple, especially on wings and tail; adult male duller in color, with 
bronze less greenish (decidedly duller on top of head than on back), and 
with rump dull bronzy scarcely, if at all, mixed or tinged with purplish 
or violet. Hab. Eastern and southern Mexico, Yucatan, and south to 
Panama; north to lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas. 

496. C. robustus (CazB.). Red-eyed Cowbird.’ 


1 Aphelocoma californica obscura ANTHONY, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 2d ser. ii. Oct. 11, 1889, 75. 

2 Molothrus robustus CAB., Mus. Hein. i. Sept. 1851, 193, foot-note (Mexico). 

This is based on the adult female of the eastern bird. The description of Psarocolius eneus WAGL. agrees 
minutely with the adult male of the western form; and therefore, while the locality given is simply ‘‘ Mexico,” 
I have preferred to restrict the name as above, rather than give a new name to the western species, which 
would be the necessary alternative. The two species are essentially identical in all measurements except of the 
bill, which is considerably stouter in C. xneus. 


APPENDIX. 601 


(57.) Page 387, under C. vespertina: 


C. vespertinus, as described on page 387, comprises two forms, which can be 
distinguished with certainty only when females are compared. They differ as 
follows: 
ce’. Adult female with prevailing color ashy, or only slightly brownish, gray. 

Hab. Interior of British America, southward, in winter, to the upper 
Mississippi Valley and basin of the Great Lakes. 
514. C. vespertinus (Cooper). Evening Grosbeak. 
c*, Adult female with prevailing color buffy or yellowish brown. Hab. Western 
United States and highlands of Mexico, from British Columbia (coast 
district) to Vera Cruz. 
5l4u. C. vespertinus montanus (Ripew.). Western Evening Grosbeak. 


(58.) Page 398, S. tristis: 
This includes two forms, the southwestern of which has been separated as 
529a. Spinus tristis pallidus Mearns. Western Goldfinch.’ 
Similar to S. tristis, but larger and paler; male in full plumage with black 
cap more extended, the yellow paler, and the white markings of wings and tail 
more extended; winter plumage with coloration much lighter than the corre- 
sponding dress of S. tristis, with tints purer and white more extended. Hab. 
Arizona (perhaps whole of the arid region). 


(59.) Page 407, after P. gramineus confinis: 


540). Poocetes gramineus affinis MILLER. Oregon Vesper Sparrow.’ 

“Similar to Poocetes gramineus confinis Baird in respect to the slender bill 
and narrow dark dorsal streakings, but differing in being smaller and having 
the ground color above buffy brown rather than grayish brown. All the lighter 
areas of the plumage (including crissum, under wing-coverts and lining of 
wings) suffused with pinkish buff. 

“ Dimensions (average of eight adults): wing, 3.04; tail, 2.46; tarsus, 0.79; 
culmen, 0.46; bill from nostril, 0.31 inch. 

“ Hab. Western Oregon.” 


(60.) Page 412, after A. henslowii: 
5472. Ammodramus henslowii occidentalis Brewsr. 
Western Henslow’s Sparrow.‘ 
“Similar to A. henslowii but the general coloring paler above and whiter 
beneath, the back and scapulars with broader black streaking and much less 


1 Hesperiphona vespertina, var. montana Rip@way, in Hist. N. Am. B. i. 1874, 449.—Coccothraustes ves- 
pertina montana Mearns, Auk, vii. July, 1890, 246. 
2 Spinus tristis pallidus Mearns, Auk, vii. July, 1890, 244. 
8 Poocetes gramineus affinis MittER, Auk, v. Oct. 1888, 404. 
4 Ammodramus henslowti occidentalis Brewst., Descr. Seven Sup. New N. Am. B. Feb. 17, 1891, 145; 
Auk, viii. April, 1891, 145. 
76 


602 APPENDIX. 


chestnut, the wings and tail grayer.” Hab. “Dakota—and probably other 
regions along the eastern border of the Great Plains.” 


(61.) Page 413, A. caudacutus: 
This includes two forms, of which one is to be separated as 


549). Ammodramus caudacutus subvirgatus Dwiaurt. 

Acadian Sharp-tailed Finch.’ 

“Similar in size and coloring to A. caudacutus, but paler and much less 

conspicuously streaked beneath with pale greenish gray instead of black or 

deep brown. Bill averages smaller. Compared with nelsoni, it is much paler 

and grayer, generally larger and with a longer bill.” Hab. “ Marshes of southern 

New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and probably Nova Scotia, and south- 
ward in migration along the Atlantic coast” to South Carolina, 


(62.) Page 413, A. maritimus: 
This includes four local forms, of which A. maritimus proper is restricted to 
the Atlantic coast (Massachusetts to northern Florida). The three which are 
to be separated are as follows: 


550a. Ammodramus maritimus peninsulz ALLEN. 
Scott’s Seaside Sparrow.’ 
Smaller and darker than A. maritimus, paler than A. nigrescens ; back dis- 
tinctly striped with brownish black, chest and sides distinctly streaked with 
dusky and more or less strongly ashy. Hab. West coast of Florida (Cedar 
Keys, Tarpon Springs, etc.). 
550b. Ammodramus maritimus sennetti ALLEN. 
Texas Seaside Sparrow. 
Smaller and much paler than A. maritimus, with sides of hinder head (post- 
auricular region, etc.) distinctly buffy, also the chest ; above conspicuously light- 
streaked; beneath narrowly but distinctly streaked across chest and along 
sides. Hab. Coast of Texas. 
—. Ammodramus maritimus macgillivrayi (AUD.). 
Louisiana Seaside Sparrow.‘ 
Similar to A. m. peninsule, but still darker, with dusky streaks on back 
broader and blacker, and margined externally (except along median line) with 
broad streaks of pale ash-gray or grayish white; pileum and hind-neck more 
strongly tinged with brown; post-auricular space and chest strongly tinged 
with buff (sometimes wholly deep buff), the latter distinctly streaked with black 
or grayish dusky. Hab. Coast of Louisiana; coast of Texas (Corpus Christi, 
etc.) during migration. 


1 Ammodramus caudacutus subvirgatus Dwiegut, Auk, iv. July, 1887, 233. 

2 Ammodramus maritimus peninsule ALLEN, Auk, v. July, 1888, 284 (part). 

3 Ammodramus maritimus sennetti ALLEN, Auk, v. July, 1888, 286. 

4 Fringilla macgillivrayi Aup., Orn. Biog, ii. 1834, 285.—Ammodramus macgillivrayi Aup., Birds Am. 
oct. ed. iii. 1841, 106, pl. 178. 


APPENDIX. 603 


(68.) Page 423, after J. caniceps: 


568.1. Junco ridgwayi Mearns. Ridgway’s Junco.' 

Similar to J. caniceps, but with sides and flanks pinkish vinaceous, as in 

J. annectens. Hab. “Wyoming, Arizona, and New Mexico.” (Breeding speci- 

mens are from Fort Bridger, Wyoming, and the form probably breeds in the 
Uintah Mountains.) 


(64.) Page 424, J. hyemalis oregonus: 


As here given, this name covers four more or less distinct forms. The true 
J. h. oregonus, which is restricted during the breeding season to the narrow 
coast district from northern California to Alaska, but which in winter migrates 
as far southward and eastward as Arizona, is much the darkest in color, the 
adult male having the head and neck deep black and the back deep chestnut or 
chestnut-brown. The other forms differ as follows: 
567). Junco hyemalis shufeldti CoaLte. Shufeldt’s Junco.’ 
Similar to J. A. oregonus, but head and neck dull slate-color instead of black, 
back dull brown instead of chestnut-brown, and sides duller vinaceous. Hab. 
Interior districts of western North America, extensively diffused during migra- 
tions (east, occasionally, to Atlantic coast), breeding from Montana, etc., north- 
ward. 
567c. Junco hyemalis thurberi AnrHony. Thurber’s Junco. 
Similar to J. h. oregonus, but smaller, back lighter, more cinnamomeous, more 
sharply defined against black of head and neck, sides and flanks paler and less 
extensively pinkish. Hab. Mountains of California in summer. 
576d. Junco hyemalis pinosus Loomis. Point Pinos Junco.* 
Similar to J. A. thurberi, but adult male with the chin, throat, chest, and 
upper breast dull slate-color or blackish slate instead of black, bill longer, and 
general dimensions somewhat less. Young much more strongly tinged with 
buff beneath. Hab. Vicinity of Monterey, California. 


(65.) Page 424, after J. annectens: 


571.1. Junco townsendi AnrHony. Townsend's Junco.® 

Similar to J. annectens, but smaller, head, neck, and chest darker gray, 

back less distinctly brown, and sides less extensively pinkish. Hab. San Pedro 
Mountains, Lower California. 


1 Junco ridgwayi Mearns, Auk, vii. July, 1890, 248. 

2 Junco hyemalis shufeldti Coan, Auk, iv. Oct. 1887, 330. 

8 Junco hyemalis thurberi ANTHONY, Zoe, i. Oct. 1890, 238. 

4 Junco pinosus Loomis, Auk, x. April, 1893, 47.—Junco hyemalis pinosus A. O. U. Com., Auk, xi. Jan. 
1894, 47. 

5 Junco townsendi ANTHONY, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 2d ser. ii. Oct. 11, 1889, 76. 


604 APPENDIX. 


(66.) Page 427, after A. belli nevadensis : 


c, Above very light grayish brown, much paler even than in A. b. nevadensis ; 
back unstreaked and size smaller than A. belli. Hab. Ballaenas Bay, 
Lower California......... A. belli cinerea Towns. Gray Sage Sparrow.’ 


(67.) Page 431, after M. fasciata montana: 


582h. Melospiza fasciata graminea Towns. Santa Barbara Song Sparrow.’ 

About the size of M. f. samuelis, but with shorter tail and larger feet, and 
decided grayish coloration above, with the dark streaks, both above and below, 
narrower and more conspicuously contrasted with the ground-color. Hab. Santa 
Barbara Island, California. 

5827. Melospiza fasciata clementz Towns. San Clemente Song Sparrow. 

Similar in color to M. f. graminea, but much larger, the bill conspicuously 
longer. Hab. San Clemente and Santa Rosa Islands, California. 


(68.) Page 432, after M. fasciata fallax: 


581g. Melospiza fasciata rivularis Bryant. Brown’s Song Sparrow.‘ 

Similar to WZ. f. fallax, but larger, with more compressed bill, still less 

strongly contrasted markings, and duller, less rufescent, colors. Wing 2.65-2.87, 

tail 2.65-2.90, exposed culmen .48-.53, tarsus .88-.91, middle toe .62-.66. Hab. 
Mountain districts of southern Lower California. 


(69.) Page 432, after “c”’: 


Melospiza cinerea includes two forms, which are to be distinguished as 
follows: 


d‘. Larger, with relatively shorter but stouter bill; sides of neck at termination 
of the submalar streak spotted with russet; crown with broad lateral 
stripes of russet; spots on back, chest, etc., more distinct and browner 
in color. Hab. Aleutian Islands, from Unalashka westward. 

582. M. cinerea (GmeEL.). Aleutian Song Sparrow. 

d’, Smaller, with relatively longer and more slender bill; sides of neck at termi- 
nation of submalar streak not distinctly, if at all, spotted with brown; 
crown without lateral stripes of russet; spots on back, chest, ete., grayer 
and less distinct. Jab. Kadiak Island, Alaska. 

582.1. M. insignis Barrp. Kadiak Song Sparrow. 


1 Amphispiza belli cinerea Towns., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. xiii. 1890, 136. 

2 Melospiza fasciata graminea Towns., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xiii. 1890, 139. 

3 Melospiza fasciata clemente Towns., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. xiii. 1890, 139. 

4 Melospiza fasciata rivularis BRYANT, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 2d ser. i. Sept. 29, 1888, 197. 

5 Melospiza insignis Bairp, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci. i. 1869, 319, pl. 29, fig. 2. (Cf. Ricumonp, Auk, xii. 
1895, 144-150.) 


APPENDIX. 605 


(70.) Page 433, after M. lincolni: 


583a. Melospiza lincolni striata Brewst. Forbush’s Sparrow. 

“Similar to M. lincolni, but with the superciliary stripe and entire upper 

parts more strongly olivaceous, and the dark streaks, especially on the pileum, 

back, and upper tail-coverts, coarser, blacker, and more numerous.” Hab. Coast 
district of British Columbia. 


(71.) Page 434, Genus ARREMONOPS. 
New genus: Type, Embernagra rufivirgata Lawr. 


The Mexican and Central American species usually referred to the genus 
Embernagra Less. are so different in structural and other characters from the 
type of the latter (Hmberiza platensis GmEL.) that only a moment’s comparison 
is necessary to demonstrate their generic distinctness. The name chosen for 
the new genus is selected on account of the very close affinity of the birds in 
question to those of the genus Arremon ViEILu. (usually placed among the 
Tanagers). In fact, I have found it difficult to discover reasons for separating 
them generically from the latter. 


(72.) Page 439, Pipilo chlorurus (= Oreospiza chlorura) : 
This bird, which has been referred by different authors to the genera 
“ Hmbernagra” (i.e. Arremonops) and Atlapetes, but which is really far more out 
of place in either than in Pipilo, I propose to make the type of a new genus, 
Oreospiza, whose characters are intermediate between, or rather a combination 
of, those of Pipilo and Zonotrichia. 


(73.) Page 441, after P. fuscus crissalis: 
591c. Pipilo fuscus senicula AntHony. San Fernando Towhee.’ 
“ Differing from crissalis in smaller size, much less rusty on lower parts, 
upper parts darker, and lower more grayish.” Hab. “Southern California, and 
Lower California as far south as 29° at least.” 


(74.) Page 442, under C. cardinalis: 
593c. Cardinalis cardinalis canicaudus Cuapm. Gray-tailed Cardinal. 
“Male similar to the male of Cardinalis cardinalis, but with a less con- 
spicuous black frontlet ; female averaging grayer than the female of Cardinalis 
cardinalis, and with the tail-feathers broadly margined with gray instead of 
being narrowly edged with olivaceous-brown.”’ Hab. “Southwestern Texas, 
south into northeastern Mexico.” 


1 Melospiza lincolni striata Brewst., Descr. Sup. New Birds from W. N. Am. and Mex. Jan. 31, 1889, 89; 
Auk, vi. April, 1889, 89. 

2 Pipilo fuscus senicula ANTHONY, Auk, xii. April, 1895, 111. 

8 Cardinalis cardinalis canicaudus Cuarm., Bull. Am. Mus. N. H, iii. No. 2, Aug. 27, 1891, 324. 


606 


(75.) 


(76.) 


APPENDIX. 


593d. Cardinalis cardinalis floridanus Ripew. (new subspecies). 

Florida Cardinal. 

Smaller and darker colored than C. cardinalis ; adult male with the terminal 

margins of feathers of back, etc., olivaceous instead of gray; adult female with 

more red in crest and on tail, the chest frequently much tinged or intermixed 
with red. Hab. Florida. 

(Type, No. 54986, gad., U.S. Nat. Mus., Enterprise, Florida; G. A. Board- 


man.) 


Page 444, P. sinuata: 


Restrict range of P. sinuata to Texas and northeastern Mexico and add 
the following forms: 


594a. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata beckhami Ripew. Arizona Pyrrhuloxia.’ 
Differing from P. sinuata in decidedly browner and somewhat lighter tone 
of the gray, and greater extent of dark red on the tail; adult male without 
blackish suffusion or admixture in the lighter carmine-red of the capistrum, 
and red of the crest much lighter; female with much less of a grayish tinge 
across chest and along sides; wing (d') 3.60-3.90, tail 4.40-4.60, depth of bill 
50-52. Hab. Southern Arizona and New Mexico and contiguous portion of 
northern Mexico. 
594). Pyrrhuloxia sinuata peninsule Ripaw. St. Lucas Pyrrhuloxia.’ 
Similar to P. s. beckhami in color, but decidedly smaller, with larger bill; 
wing (d') 3.30-3.60, tail 3.80-4.15, depth of bill .52-.55. Hab. Southern Lower 
California. 


Page 453, Genus PIRANGA VIEILLoT: 


Add P. rubriceps Gray (Pyranga rubriceps Gray, Gen. B. ii. 364, pl. 89), 
which is said to have been taken in California (Dos Pueblos, Santa Barbara 
County, cf. Walter E. Bryant, Auk, Jan. 1887, p. 78). This species belongs in 
section a}, although the wing is bicolored, the lesser and middle coverts being 
pure gamboge-yellow, while the greater and primary coverts, alula, and remiges 
are dull black, edged, more or less, with olive-green. The adult male has the 
entire head and upper part of neck (sometimes whole neck and chest) bright 
red, the back and scapulars olive-green changing to olive-yellow on rump and 
upper tail-coverts, the tail olive-dusky edged with olive-green, and the lower 
parts rich yellow; wing 3.60-3.75, tail 3.40-3.50. The adult female probably 
lacks the red of the head and neck, although said to be “like the male, but the 
scarlet color of the head only extending to the nape and throat” (ScLarTEr, Cat. 
B. Brit. Mus. xi. 1886, 192). The occurrence of this species in California can 
only be considered as purely accidental, its habitat being Colombia and Ecuador, 
entirely south of the Isthmus of Panama. 


1 Pyrrhuloxia sinuata beckhami Ripew., Auk, iv. Oct. 1887, 347. 
2 Pyrrhuloxia sinuata peninsule Ripew., Auk, iv. Oct. 1887, 347. 


APPENDIX. 607 
(77.) Page 459, after P, subis: 


61la. Progne subis hesperia Brewst. Western Martin: 
“Female differing from female subis in having the abdomen, anal region, 
crissum, and under tail-coverts pure white, nearly or quite immaculate, the 
throat, breast, flanks, forehead, fore part of crown, and nuchal collar grayish 
white, the feathers of the back and rump conspicuously edged with grayish 
or pale brown, the bend of the wing and the under wing-coverts mottled pro- 
fusely with whitish. Male indistinguishable from the male of subis. Hab. 
Southern California and Lower California. 


(78.) Page 470: In Természetrajzi Fiizetek, vol. ix. part 1, 1885, p. 85, Von 
Madarasz has described a new Vireo (V. forreri) from the Tres Marias Islands. 
It is said to resemble most nearly V. flavoviridis (Cass.), from which it differs 
chiefly in absence of the superciliary stripe and dark streak on sides of crown, 
the latter lighter gray, and the breast tinged with grayish. 


(79.) Page 473, under V. solitarius cassinii: 


629d. Vireo solitarius lucasanus Brewst. St. Lucas Solitary Vireo. 
“Smaller than V. s. cassinii, but with the bill (actually as well as relatively) 
longer and stouter, the sides and flanks much yellower. Young in autumn 
without brownish beneath and closely resembling the young of. solitarius.” 
Hab. Lower California. 


(80.) Page 477, under V. huttoni: 


632). Vireo huttoni obscurus AnrHony. Dusky Vireo.’ 

Similar to V. huttoni, but darker, and averaging slightly smaller. Hab. 

Pacific coast, from Oregon to Vancouver Island and mainland of British Co- 
lumbia, south to California in winter. ~ 


{81.) Page 489, under H. celata lutescens: 


6466. Helminthophila celata sordida Towns. Dusky Warbler.‘ 
Similar to H. c. lutescens, but decidedly darker ; bill and feet larger, wing 
shorter. Hab. San Clemente Island, California (resident). 


1 Progne subis hesperia Brewst., Deser. Sup. New B. from W. N. Am. and Mex. Jan. 31, 1889, 92; Auk, 
vi. April, 1889, 92. 

2 Vireo solitarius lucasanus Brewst., Descr. Seven Sup. New N. Am. B. Feb. 17, 1891, 147; Auk, viii. 
April, 1891, 147. 

3 Vireo huttont obscurus ANTHONY, Zoe, Dee. 1890, 307.—Vireo huttoni insularis Ruoaps, Auk, x. July, 
1893, 239. 

4 Helminthophila celata sordida Towns., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. xiii. 1890, 139. 


608 
(82.) 


(83.) 


(84.) 


(85.) 


APPENDIX. 


Page 494, after D. estiva morcomi: 


652a. Dendroica zstiva sonorana Brewst. Sonora Yellow Warbler.’ 

“J most nearly like D. e. morcomi, but with the under parts even more 

faintly and sparsely streaked, the upper parts, especially the rump, wings, and 

tail, much yellower, the light (yellowish) edging of wing-quills and coverts 

broader, the interscapulars with more or less conspicuous shaft-stripes of 

purplish chestnut; 2 much paler and grayer than the ? of either estiva or 
morcomi.” Hab. “Southern Arizona, western Texas, and Sonora, Mexico.” 


Page 508, D. chrysoparia: 

On page 508 it is stated that the female of this species “has not been 
described.” This is an error, for the following description occurs in volume x. 
of the “Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum” (pp. 295, 296), by R. 
Bowdler Sharpe: 


“Adult female. Differs from the male in being olive-yellow above, slightly 
mottled with blackish centres on the crown, lower back, and rump; upper tail- 
coverts ashy gray, with black centres; scapulars uniform ashy gray; wings as 
in the male, with two white wing-bars, the median series very broadly tipped 
with white, the ashy margins to the quills broader than in the male; tail as in 
the male; a broad eyebrow and entire sides of face golden yellow, the black 
line through the eye dusky blackish; base of cheeks and feathers below the 
eye whitish, as also the base of the chin; breast and abdomen white, and 
streaked with black on the flanks as in the male; the throat yellow, the lower 
part and fore-neck ashy whitish, overshading the black throat, which can be 
traced below; axillaries and under wing-coverts white; quills dusky below, 
white along the edge of the inner web. Total length 4.5 inches, culmen 0.5, 
wing 2.5, tail 2.05, tarsus 0.75 (Mus. Salvin and Godman).” 


Page 523, under G. trichas: 

681). Geothlypis trichas ignota Cuapm. Florida Yellow-throat.’ 
“Similar to Geothlypis trichas (LINN.), but with longer tarsus, tail, and bill; 
yellow of under parts of a deeper shade and greater extent; flanks of a much 
darker color; the under parts browner; the facial mask wider, with its ashy 
border (in summer specimens) slightly paler and of greater extent. First 
primary shorter, equalling the eighth instead of the sixth, as in Geothlypis 

trichas.” Hab. Florida and southern Georgia. 


Page 526, after G. poliocephala: 
682.1. Geothlypis poliocephala ralphi Ripew. Rio Grande Yellow-throat.*® 
Similar to G. poliocephala, but larger (the bill especially), upper parts 
grayer (tail particularly), and the edge of the wing and the under tail-coverts 
much paler yellow. Hab. Lower Rio Grande Valley. 


1 Dendroica exstiva sonorana Brewst., Auk, v. April, 1888, 137. 
2 Geothlypis trichas ignota CuApm., Auk, vii. Jan. 1890, 11. 
3 Geothlypis poliocephala ralphi Ripew., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xvi. No. 964, Feb. 5, 1893, 692. 


APPENDIX. 609 


(86.) Page 544, after H. cinereus: 


709a. Harporhynchus cinereus mearnsi ANTHoNy. Mearns’s Thrasher.’ 

Similar to H. cinereus, but much darker and browner above, with rump and 
upper tail-coverts decidedly rufescent ; spots on lower parts much larger and 
blacker ; white spots on tips of rectrices smaller; flanks, anal region, and under 
tail-coverts much deeper buffy ; bill less curved. Hab. Western Lower California 
(San Quentin to San Fernando). 


(87.) Page 547, after H. affinis: 

713a. Heleodytes brunneicapillus bryanti ANTHONY. 
Bryant’s Cactus Wren.’ 
“Differing from affinis in very much heavier spotting of lower parts, the 
black predominating, in extreme specimens, on the throat and upper breast, and 
in its perfectly barred tail and slight wash of rufous on belly and flanks; from 
brunneicapillus by heavier spotting, especially on sides and belly, in having inter- 
mediate rectrices more or less perfectly barred, and in much less rusty wash on 

lower parts.” Hab. Western Lower California (north to San Diego ?). 


(88.) Page 550, after T. ludovicianus : 
718). Thryothorus ludovicianus lomitensis SenNNETT. Lomita Wren. 
Similar to T. ludovicianus, but much less rufescent above, rump with larger 
white spots, upper tail-coverts more distinctly barred, tail paler and mottled 
rather than barred; sides and flanks usually barred with brown; averaging 
smaller than J. ludovicianus, with the bill more slender. Hab. Lower Rio 
Grande Valley (Texas side). 


(89.) Page 551, under T. bewickii spilurus: 


719.1. Thryothorus leucophrys AntHony. San Clemente Wren.‘ 

Similar to 7. bewickii spilurus, but much grayer above, with a much broader 

and whiter superciliary stripe, less heavily barred under tail-coverts, and longer 
bill. Hab. San Clemente Island, California. 


(90.) Pages 553, 554, T. aédon parkmanii: 
This includes two forms, supposed to be distinguished as follows: 


fi. Browner. Hab. Pacific coast district. 
72la. T. aédon parkmanii (Avp.). Parkman’s Wren. 


1 Harporhynchus cinereus mearnsi ANTHONY, Auk, xii. Jan. 1895, 53. 

2 Heleodytes brunneicapillus bryanti Antuony, Auk, xi. July, 1894, 212, 

3 Thryothorus ludovicianus lomitensis SeNN., Auk, vii. Jan. 1890, 58. 

(Norz.—The range of 7. ludovicianus to be emended by eliminating ‘including northeastern Mexico,” etc., 
which pertains to 7. /. berlandieri, a well-marked race, which differs from 7. 7. Jomitensis in richer coloration, 
the under parts being bright tawny-buff.) 

4 Thryothorus leucophrys ANTHONY, Auk, xii. Jan, 1895, 52. 


610 APPENDIX. 


f?. Grayer. Hab. Interior districts, east to Mississippi Valley (Minnesota, 
Illinois, etc.), south over table-lands of Mexico. 
721b. T. aédon aztecus Barrp. Aztec Wren. 


(91.) Page 556, after C. palustris paludicola: 
725b. Cistothorus palustris marianze (Scorr). Marian’s Marsh Wren.’ 
Somewhat like C. palustris, but smaller and much more olivaceous in color, 
with rump, tail-coverts, and flanks barred with dusky; superciliary stripe much 
less distinct (broken by conspicuous black streaking), the breast sometimes 
barred or speckled with dusky. Hab. Salt marshes of western Florida (Tarpon 
Springs, etc.). 
725c. Cistothorus palustris griseus Brewst. Worthington’s Marsh Wren.’ 
“Of the size and proportions of C. mariane, but with less black above and 
no distinct dark markings on the under tail-coverts, flanks, sides, or breast. 
General coloring very much paler and grayer than in either mariane or palustris. 
Bill colored as in C. mariane.” Hab. Coast of South Carolina to northern 
Florida (Anastasia Island). 


(92.) Page 559, after S. carolinensis : 


727b. Sitta carolinensis atkinsi Scorr. Florida White-breasted Nuthatch. 
Smaller than S. carolinensis. “ Bill relatively much longer and slenderer. 
Light markings of tipping of the coverts and quills of the wings decidedly 
narrower. A little less white in the tail. In the female bird the black of the 
top of the head and nape is pronounced, and it is difficult to distinguish the sexes 
easily, and in some cases impossible, by the color of these parts.” Hab. Florida. 


(93.) Page 560, after S. pygmeza: 


730a. Sitta pygmeea leuconucha AnTHony. White-naped Nuthatch.‘ 

Similar to S. pygmea, but bill much larger, pileum much grayer, back less 

bluish gray, white nuchal patch much more conspicuous, and under parts white, 

with scarcely more than a trace of buffy tinge. Hab. San Pedro Mountains, 
Lower California. 


(94.) Page 562, after P. carolinensis: 


736a. Parus carolinensis agilis Senn. Plumbeous Chickadee.° 

Similar to P. carolinensis, but upper parts much lighter and purer gray, 

lower parts whiter, and whitish edging to outer tail-feathers much broader and 
more distinct. Hab. “Texas (Bee, Victoria, and Concho Counties).” 


1 Cistothorus marianez Scott, Auk, y. April, 1888, 188.—Cistothorus palustris mariane Brewst., Auk, x. 
July, 1893, 218. 

2 Cistothorus palustris griseus Brewst., Auk, x. July, 1893, 216. 

3 Sitta carolinensis atkinsi Scott, Auk, vii. April, 1890, 118. 

4 Sitta pygmea leuconucha ANTHONY, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 2d ser. ii. Oct. 11, 1889, 77. 

5 Parus carolinensis agilis Senn., Auk, v. Jan. 1888, 46. 


APPENDIX. 611 


(95.) Page 564, P. hudsonicus. This includes two additional forms, as follows: 


740a. Parus hudsonicus stoneyi Ripaw. Kowak Chickadee. 
Similar to P. hudsonicus, but much grayer above, sides of neck purer ash- 
gray, sides much paler rusty, and throat clear slate-black instead of sooty 
blackish ; wing 2.55-2.75 (2.62), tail 2.60-2.65, (2.62), exposed culmen .30-.35 
(.382), tarsus .62-.70. Hab. Kowak River, Alaska. 
740b. Parus hudsonicus columbianus Ruoaps. Columbian Chickadee.’ 
Larger than P. hudsonicus (wing averaging 2.70, tail 2.64). “Colors much 
darker throughout. Black of throat jet, without sooty suffusion, its posterior 
border abruptly defined and lacking invasion of white tips seen in hudsonicus. 
Bill black, lacking any tinge of brown. Brownish loral area of hudsonicus 
replaced by sooty black and connected by a distinct frontal band of same color. 
Crown and hind neck slaty drab with brownish tinge obsolete or barely per- 
ceptible. Back, rump, and tail-coverts grayish brown as in hudsonicus. Wings 
and tail darker slate gray, the former without the brownish or grayish tips 
always (?) present in hudsonicus and stoneyi (?). Sides and flanks chocolate 
(nearly blackish) brown.” Hab. “Rocky Mountains, from the Liard River 
south into Montana.” 


(96.) Page 565, after P. plumbeus: 


744.1. Psaltriparus santaritz Ripaw. Santa Rita Bush-Tit: 

Similar to P. plumbeus Bairp, but decidedly smaller, with sides of head 

paler, and male with a more or less distinct blackish line or streak along sides 

of occiput (immediately above auriculars), as in the female of P. lloydi SENNETT. 
Hab. Santa Rita Mountains, southern Arizona. 


(97.) Page 565, under Psaltriparus melanotis: 


745. Psaltriparus lloydi Senn. Lloyd’s Bush-Tit.‘ 

Similar to P. melanotis, but much grayer, the back, scapulars, and rump 
ash-gray instead of brown, and the under parts white, tinged with vinaceous 
on flanks, instead of having only the chin and throat white. Hab. “ Mountains 
of western Texas, between the Pecos and the Rio Grande.” 

P. melanotis iulus Jovy (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. 1894, 776), from the 
Sierra Madre of Mexico (Jalisco to Chihuahua), is intermediate in coloration 
between P. melanotis and P. lloydii, but nearer the former, the back being 
grayish brown instead of ash-gray (as in P. lloyd’) or yellowish bistre-brown 
(as in P. melanotis). 

P. melanotis does not occur within our limits. 


1 Parus stoneyi Ripew., Man. N. Am. B. 1887, 591.—Parus hudsonicus stoneyi Ripew., in Suppl. to Code 
of Nom. and Check List, A. 0. U. 1889, 17. 

2 Parus hudsonicus columbianus Ruoans, Auk, x. Jan. 1893, 23. 

3 Psaltriparus santarite Ripew., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. x. Oct. 12, 1887, 697. 

4 Pealtriparus Uoydi Senn., Auk, v. Jan. 1888, 43. 


612 APPENDIX. 


(98.) Page 568, after Regulus satrapa olivaceus: 

An adult male of &. satrapa from the city of Mexico in Mr. Lawrence’s 
collection is much deeper and richer colored than even Pacific coast examples, 
and no doubt represents a race resident on the high mountains of central 
Mexico, which Mr. Lawrence has named, in manuscript, Regulus satrapa aztecus. 
The lower parts are light grayish brown, or drab, the underlying portion of the 
plumage pale dull buffy; the white superciliary stripe (tinged with brownish 
anteriorly) is much more conspicuous than usual, owing to contrast with the 
very dark color of adjacent portions of sides of head and brownish lower parts ; 
the secondaries and rectrices are edged with very bright yellowish olive-green, 
while the back, scapulars, and rump are a rather dull olive-green, changing to 
dull sooty grayish on the hind-neck. Wing 2.25, tail 1.70. 


(99.) Page 569, after P. ceerulea: 


75la. Polioptila czerulea obscura Ripecw. Western Gnatcatcher.' 

Similar to P. cewrulea, but darker and less blue above; lores darker; super- 

ciliary streak less distinct ; white on tail-feathers more restricted. Hab. South- 
western United States (California, Arizona, etc.) and western Mexico. 


(100.) Page 581, Sialia mexicana requires subdivision, as follows: 


c. Chestnut color of back extremely variable in amount, sometimes entirely 
absent, but in the latter case the chestnut of the breast continuous 
anteriorly. 

d*. Back usually (?) with little if any chestnut; blue of upper parts of a 
rich deep “smalt” hue; wing in adult males averaging 4.38. Hab. 
Highlands of southern Mexico. 

S. mexicana Swains. Mexican Bluebird. 

d’. Back usually with much chestnut, often wholly so, very rarely with a 
mere trace; blue of upper parts varying from rich ultramarine to 
light cobalt; wing in adult males averaging 4.07. 

e’. Back with median portion more or less blue, the chestnut usually 
in form of lateral patches, rarely reduced to a mere trace on 
each side. Hab. Pacific coast, from British Columbia to southern 
California, east to western Nevada, casually, during migrations, 
to New Mexico...... 767. S. mexicana occidentalis (Towns.). 

Western Bluebird.’ 

é. Back wholly chestnut. Hab. Rocky Mountain district, and south 

into northern Mexico......... 767a. S. mexicana bairdi Ripew. 
Baird’s Bluebird.* 


1 Polioptila cerulea obscura Rivew., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. March 21, 1883, 535, foot-note. 

2 Sialia occidentalis Towns., Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. vii. 1837, 188.—Sialia mexicana occidentalis 
Rivew., Auk, xi. April, 1894, 151, 154. 

3 Sialia mexicana bairdi Rinew., Auk, xi. April, 1894, 151, 157. 


rnw»r WD & 


APPENDIX. 613 


c*, Chestnut color of back and breast greatly reduced in extent, usually wholly 
wanting or barely indicated on the former, and divided into two lateral 
patches by backward extension of blue of throat on the latter. Blue 
of upper parts intermediate between “smalt” and “ultramarine ;’ wing 
in adult males averaging 4.29. Hab. San Pedro Mountains, Lower Cali- 
fornia..... 767). S. mexicana anabelz AnrHony. San Pedro Bluebird.’ 


LIST OF NEW SUBGENERA DESCRIBED IN THIS WORK. 


peNiecotzico.. Clype, Falco albigularis DAUD. )..2ss.cste.sevsnsacescsedeseecevees ss Page 248 
. Nuttallornis. (Type, Tyrannus borealis SWAINS.).........c0csececccesevscvees “337 
ppurrics. Clype, Pringilla mexicand MULL). .n.0ctsv<cseurens coos onivsiehatenss “ 390 
eOreospiza. (Type, Pringilla chlorura AUD:) .<s.ccsden.ocescvnnnosnet cncrhoan’ “« 605 
. Arremonops. (Type, Eimbernagra rufivirgata LAWR.).....0.c.csceeseseeeees «605 
. Chamethlypis. (Type, Geothlypis poliocephala BAIRD.)..........sseeeeeeees ny -3) 


LIST OF NEW SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES DESCRIBED IN 


THIS WORK. 

. Ortalis vetula pallidiventris (Yucatan)..........vreceescbveveveriecsteerer sone Page 209 
. Oidemia (Melanitta) stejnegeri (Kamtschatka to Japan).............000s ae | 
: Coccyzus americanus OCCIdentaAlis........ccccoveretererovorversebecsantonesbeser “i Ze 
MO OCCHZUSLIN AY MALO Ta ss .0rs aciseleheee nas sascha demab ascent ouvucseseoqetsacssasaeseetdeedees “274 
. Dryobates villosus maynardi (Bahamas ; = Picus insularis Mayn., nec 

GOMEIY ie eres scanemensceirnsestes accra sept cacicuatnlesim sense cineeioneseecusvescese “282 
. Dryobates scalaris sinaloensis (western Mexico)...........csssssesssssesceees “285 
. Dryobates arizone fraterculus (southwestern Mexico).............secsseees “286 
. Iache lawrencei Bertepscu, MS. (Tres Marias)...........cccscscsscssessoseees “ 320 
maiaiypsaris, msalaris)( Tres MArias)i......0.00.5>0+0scssecsadssceveseseseccsconas “325 
. Myiodynastes audax insolens (southeastern Mexico)...........cseeeeeeenees “332 
Pa yiArchus DrAChyiUrUs (CNIGATACUA))..05 0% c0.0se00~ bs coscsseseseanteasonsesonesee “334 
evel OCOM A CalfOENICS, NYP OlCUCH c.s..02 +s. ease sneesoauasaeenoseeuecdascaupasee “ 356 
ae APNG LOCOM A CY ANOLIS' (CMLGRICO) ss. so ncbcesee ss cnmevencsonase Senahensewene cece dese S30 
REO OL VS  COLARe PTIN CID AMS sence stance cnchetercs «ser edscaaepnorst esac cmsnsamcamancenereen sae 2) | 
MIC ORVMS AMCLICANUS MCSD OMIAs aes aceniaesbacenicececets «tase aescaucucen tenes we aneeuas “362 
PAOLA A) PHOSMLCOUS) DIV ANU, cose aisha tnvivadeinsi «poe Seacinsesics obs ea Cusbaowes es Ot8 
MAMICOlA CHUCOALOP KOGIS KA naees wcce.snrenae an genechwcesessseuceneeaspenaceatadeose «388 
PCat podaCus MOxICANUS PUDEITIM UB. .y.0% secs eaccesesissnesestsevassehvscbepacneress sess 


1 Sialia mexicana anabele ANTHONY, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 2d ser. ii. Oct. 1889, 79. 


614 APPENDIX. 


£9. Plectrophens x Nivalish COwMSCNAE -srscccceeoweesence-ctcosce sen e seem sncnvesnane Page 403 
20. Cardinalis cardinalis yucatanicus (Yucatan)...........c0ceccseserssssesecsceves 443 
21; Cardinalis 'cardinalistloridantd.s..c.2. 0-24 cecsss rence osesseccoweecessecimoest orcas 606 
22. Passerina parellina indigotica (southwestern MexiCo)..............ceeeeeeees “447 
23. Passerina sumichrasti (Tehuantepec).............ccser.scossscoserecsenacasesees «447 
24. Passerina, VeLsICOlOr MyGICDT Access s.ce'ccs.sn.- 00's eu /-cincsnsevencecesiicesenswesasaceueaes “448 
2). Piranga Hammes (Tres Marias)........00.0+00+scsesesee-oesssesiawcveessernucederee “457 
26. Piranga leucoptera latifasciata (Costa Rica and Veragua).... .........006 Sete: 
27. Ptiliogonys cinereus molybdophanes (Guatemala)......... reewiedeestorceeeeee “464 
28) Wamustludovicianus am Deli. .23.2css.0s Seneoes- asses ceascaccectenmesscncesesenenee “ 467 
29° Vireo crassirostris flavescens (Bahamas).:..7....cc.ssscccccsscasecdeccscvassers a (5) 
30; Compsothly pis eraysont (SOCOLrTO) cc. 5. c..2.sccctwases nana secsssscaenmee sesaasnnee 492 
31. Geothlypis (Chameethlypis) palpebralis (southeastern Mexico)............ “526 
32. Thryothorus maculipectus umbrinus (Guatemala)..............sesscsecesees 54 
33. Thryothorus maculipectus canobrunneus (Yucatan)............ssceeeseeeees “552 
34. Polioptila cerulea cesiogaster (Bahamas)...............ceccssocesscescccscceese 69 
35. Columbigallina passerina socorroensis (SOCOLTO)..........seeeeseeeeeeceeeeeee « 6591 
36. Megascops hastatus (western Mexic0)........:......0:+sse-ssesesesccsescessoss “ 6593 
oie Phalenoptilus nuttalli, califormicug.....cosccdaiccvetwessodsshcarocsgtaccneaecesack “ 6597 
BS.; PALUS |SCOMOY I. 3+ sec plenesore cuswec desc csiewsuleuacaueets sense scadeseneneene cememencmeats cS) (Gk 


39. Regulus satrapa aztecus LAWR., MS. (Mexico)...........sccsccsssesesceesceees e612 


A. 


Abaco Yellow-throat, 525. 
abbreviatus, Buteo, 234. 
Abeille’s Grosbeak, 387. 
Oriole, 378. 
abeillei, Ornismya, 304, 
Xanthornus, 378. 
Abeillia, 304. 
abeillii, Coccothraustes, 387. 
QGuiraca, 387. 
Icterus, 378. 
aberti, Anas, 92. 
Pipilo, 441. 
Abert’s Duck, 92. 
Towhee, 441. 
Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow, 602. 
acadica, Nyctala, 260. 
Acanthis, 382, 395. 
brewsterii, 395, 398. 
holbeellii, 397. 
hornemannii, 396. 
exilipes, 396. 
linaria, 397. 
holbcellii, 397. 
rostrata, 397. 
Accipiter, 223, 227. 
atricapillus, 228. 
striatulus, 228. 
cooperi, 228. 
velox, 227. 
Accipitrinz, 222. 
accipitrinus, Asio, 258. 
Actitis, 148, 169. 
hypoleucos, 170. 
macularia, 170. 
Actochelidon, 39. 
Actodromas, 155. 
damacensis, 158. 
acuflavida, Sterna sandvicensis, 40. 
aculeata, Sitta carolinensis, 559. 
aculeatus, Melanerpes formicivo- 
rus, 597. 
acuminata, Tringa, 155. 
acuta, Dafila, 98. 
adamsii, Urinator, 7. 
Admirable Hummingbird, 310. 
adusta, Otocoris alpestris, 599. 
Echmophorus, 4. 
clarkii, 4, 583. 
occidentalis, 4, 583. 
aédon parkmanii, Troglodytes, 554. 
Troglodytes, 553, 554, 
Hegialitis, 172, 174, 176. 
collaris, 179. 


ANE DET xe 


Agialitis dubia, 176, 177. 
hiaticula, 177. 
meloda, 178. 
circumcincta, 178, 
mongola, 179. 
montana, 176, 
nivosa, 178, 
semipalmata, 176, 177. 
vocifera, 174. 
wilsonia, 175. 
rufinucha, 175. 
wilsonius var. rufinuchus, 175, 
seneus, Callothrus, 600. 
Psarocolius, 600. 
Quiscalus quiscula, 380. 
gequinoctialis, Procellaria, 55. 
Aéronautes, 303. 
melanoleucus, 303. 
salon, 249, 
wsalon, Falco, 249. 
estiva, Dendroica, 494. 
morcomi, Dendroica, 494, 
sonorana, Dendroica, 608. 
eestivalis bachmani, Peucwa, 428. 
Peucea, 427. 
Estrelata, 54, 63, 65. 
arminjoniana, 65, 
aterrima, 67. 
atlantica, 66. 
brevipes, 65. 
brevirostis, 66. 
defilippiana, 68. 
externa, 68. 
fisheri, 68. 
grisea, 67. 
gularis, 67, 68. 
hasitata, 66. 
hypoleuca, 584. 
incerta, 64. 
jamaicensis, 66. 
lessoni, 63. 
leucoptera, 65. 
magenta, 64. 
mollis, 63. 
neglecta, 67. 
parvirostris, 65. 
pheopygia, 65, 583. 
rostrata, 64. 
scalaris, 68. 
trinitatis, 66. 
cethereus, Phaéthon, 74. 
affinis, Aythya, 103. 
Geococcyx, 273. 
Heleodytes, 547. 
Larus, 29. 


affinis mariloides, Aythya, 103. 

Poocetes gramineus, 601. 
Agelaius, 365, 368. 

assimilis, 370, 371. 

gubernator, 370, 371. 

humeralis, 371. 

longirostris, 370. 

pheeniceus, 369, 370. 

bryanti, 370. 

tricolor, 371. 
agilis, Geothlypis, 521. 

Parus carolinensis, 610. 
agleus, Quiscalus quiscula, 380. 
aglaiz, Pachyrhynchus, 324. 
aglaizw, Platypsaris, 324. 
Agyrtria, 306. 
aikeni, Junco, 422. 

Megascops asio, 592. 
Aiken’s Screech Owl, 592. 

Aix, 85, 98. 
galericulata, 99. 
sponsa, 99. 
Ajaia, 122. 
ajaja, Ajaia, 123. 
alascensis, Parus cinctus, 564. 

Picoides americanus, 287. 

Troglodytes, 555. 
Alaskan Chickadee, 564. 

Jay, 360. 

Three-toed Woodpecker, 287. 

Wren, 555, 

Alauda, 346. 

arvensis, 347. 

blakistoni, 347. 
Alaudide, 321, 346. 
alaudinus, Ammodramus 

wichensis, 409. 
alba, Gavia, 24. 

Guara, 123. 

Motacilla, 533. 
Albatross, Black-footed, 51. 

Cautious, 53. 

Gill’s, 52. 

Green-billed, 53. 

Speckled, 52. 

Spectacled, 52. 

Short-tailed, 51. 

Sooty, 53. 

Wandering, 51. 

Yellow-nosed, 52. 
albatrus, Diomedea, 51. 
albellus, Mergus, 90. 
albeola, Charitonetta, 106. 
albicaudatus, Falco, 237. 
albicilla, Heliwétus, 243. 

615 


sand- 


616 


albicollis, Contopus, 338. 

Pipilo, 439. 

Zonotrichia, 417. 
albifacies, Geotrygon, 217. 
albifrons, Amazona, 595. 

Anser, 116. 

gambeli, Anser, 116. 

Psittacus, 595. 
albigula, Pipilo, 441. 

Pipilo fuscus, 440. 
albigularis, Empidonax, 340. 

Falco, 248. 
albilinea, Petrochelidon, 462. 

Tachycineta, 462. 
albilora, Dendroica dominica, 504. 
albiloris, Polioptila, 569. 
albinucha, Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 

366, 600. 

Thryothorus, 550. 

Troglodytes, 550. 
albiventris, Hadrostomus, 325. 

Platypsaris, 325. 

Polioptila, 569. 
albociliatus, Phalacrocorax dilo- 

phus, 78. 
albolarvatus, Xenopicus, 286. 
Alea, 10, 18. 

torda, 18. 
Alcedinide, 271, 278. 
Alcedo torquata, 279. 
Alcide, 4, 8. 

Alcing, 10. 

aleyon, Ceryle, 279. 
Aleyones, 271. 

Alder Flycatcher, 343. 
Aleutian Leucosticte, 393. 

Sandpiper, 154. 

Song Sparrow, 432, 604, 

Tern, 45. 
aleutica, Sterna, 45. 
aleuticus, Ptychoramphus, 12. 
alexandri, Trochilus, 312. 
aliciw, Turdus, 574, 575. 

Alle, 10, 19. 
alle, Alle, 19. 
alleni, Buteo lineatus, 235. 

Lagopus lagopus, 199. 

Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 436. 

Syrnium nebulosum, 259. 

Selasphorus, 598. 

Trochilus, 314. 

Allen’s Hummingbird, 314. 

Ptarmigan, 199. 

Allied Shearwater, 61. 

Alling, 10. 

alnorum, Empidonax traillii, 343. 
alpestris, Otocoris, 348, 

adusta, 599. 

arenicola, Otocoris, 349. 
chrysolema, Otocoris, 349. 
giraudi, Otocoris, 349. 
insularis, Otocoris, 599. 
leucolema, Otocoris, 348. 
merrilli, Otocoris, 599. 
pallida, Otocoris, 599. 
praticola, Otocoris, 348. 
rubea, Otocoris, 349. 
strigata, Otocoris, 349. 
alpina, Tringa, 159. 

pacifica, Tringa, 160. 
Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker, 287. 
alticola, Certhia familiaris, 558. 


INDEX. 


alticola, Junco, 424. 


Vireo solitarius, 473. 


altiloquus barbatulus, Vireo, 470. 

amabilis, Zenaida, 213. 

Amazilia, 308, 316. 
beryllina, 317. 
cerviniventris, 317. 


Americanus, Coccyzus, 273. 


Corvus, 362, 363. 

dorsalis, Picoides, 287. 
floridanus, Corvus, 362. 
hesperis, Corvus, 362. 
Merganser, 89. 
occidentalis, Coccyzus, 273. 


cinnamomea, 318, 
eyanura, 318. 
devillii, 317. 
fuscicaudata, 317. 
graysoni, 318. 
ocai, 317. 
yucatanensis, 317. 


Amazona, 269, 595. 


albifrons, 595. 
autumnalis, 595. 
finschi, 595. 
guatemala, 594. 
levaillantii, 594. 
oratrix, 594. 
viridigenalis, 595. 
xantholora, 595. 


Amazonian Turkey Vulture, 221. 
ambiguus, Trogon, 276, 
American Avocet, 146. 


Barn Owl, 255. 
Bittern, 126. 

Black Tern, 47. 
Coot, 142. 

Crossbill, 392. 

Crow, 362. 

Dipper, 538. 

Eared Grebe, 6. 
Egret, 130. 

Eider, 110. 
Flamingo, 121. 
Golden-eye, 105. 
Golden Plover, 174. 
Goldfinch, 398. 
Goshawk, 228. 
Hawk Owl, 265. 
Herring Gull, 31. 
Long-eared Owl, 257. 
Magpie, 352. 
Merganser, 89. 
Osprey, 255. 
Oyster-catcher, 182. 
Pine Grosbeak, 388. 
Pipit, 536. 

Redstart, 529. 
Robin, 577. 
Rough-legged Hawk, 241. 
Scaup Duck, 103. 
Scoter, 111. 

Sparrow Hawk, 252. 
Three-toed Woodpecker, 287. 
White-fronted Goose, 116. 
White Pelican, 82. 
Woodcock, 150. 


americana, Anas, 96. 


Aythya, 101, 105. 
Certhia familiaris, 557. 
Compsothlypis, 491. 
Fulica, 142. 

Grus, 135. 

Mycteria, 126. 
Oidemia, 111. 
Recurvirostra, 146, 147. 
Spiza, 452. 


americanus alascensis, Picoides, 


287. 


Picoides, 287. 
Tympanuchus, 203. 
amherstia, Chrysolophus, 590. 
Phasianus, 590. 
Ammodramus, 384, 407, 412. 
bairdi, 410. 
beldingi, 409. 
caudacutus, 413. 
nelsoni, 413. 
subvirgatus, 602. 
henslowii, 412. 
occidentalis, 601. 
leconteii, 412. 
macgillivrayi, 602. 
maritimus, 413. 
macgillivrayi, 602. 
peninsule, 602. 
sennetti, 602. 
nigrescens, 413. 
princeps, 407. 
rostratus, 410. 
guttatus, 410. 
sandwichensis, 408, 409. 
alaudinus, 409. 
bryanti, 409. 
savanna, 408. 
savanna, 409. 


savannarum passerinus, 411. 


perpallidus, 411. 

amoena, Passerina, 447, 448. 

Ampelide, 322, 463. 

Ampeline, 463. 

Ampelis, 463, 464. 
cedrorum, 465. 
garrulus, 464, 465. 
hypopyrrha, 323. 
japonica, 465. 
japonicus, 465. 

Amphispiza, 385, 425. 
belli, 426. 

cinerea, 604. 

nevadensis, 427. 
bilineata, 425. 
ferrariperezi, 426. 
humeralis, 426. 
mnystacalis, 426, 
quinquestriata, 426. 

amplus, Carpodacus, 391. 

Anabates fernandinag, 482. 

anabelw, Sialia mexicana, 613, 

anzthetus, Sterna, 46. 

Anas, 84, 90. 
aberti, 92. 
americana, 96. 
arborea, 119. 
bahamensis, 98. 
boschas, 91. 
carolinensis, 94. 
elangula, 105. 
crecea, 94. 
cyanoptera, 93. 
diazi, 92. 
discors, 93. 
ferina, 101. 
fuligula, 103. 


Anas fulvigula, 92. 
maculosa, 585. 

galericulata, 99, 

maculosa, 585. 

marila, 103. 

moschata, 87, 100. 

nigra, 111. 

obscura, 91, 92. 

penelope, 96. 

segetum, 116. 

strepera, 95. 

vallisneria, 102. 

viduata, 119. 

Anatide, 84, 88. 

Anating, 84. 

anatum, Falco peregrinus, 247. 

Ancient Murrelet, 14. 

Ancylocheilus, 160. 

andina, Recurvirostra, 146. 

angustifrons, Melanerpes formiciy- 

orus, 291. 

Anhinga, 76, 77. 
anhinga, 77. 

anhinga, Anhinga, 77. 

Anhingideg, 73, 76. 

Ani, 272. 

ani, Crotophaga, 272. 

Ani, Groove-billed, 272. 

anna, Calypte, 598. 
Trochilus, 312, 315. 

Anna’s Hummingbird, 312. 

annectens, Cyanocitta stelleri, 354, 
Cyanoura, stelleri, var., 354. 
Junco, 424. 

Anorthura, 554. 

Anous, 23, 24, 47. 
atrofuscus, 48. 
leucocapillus, 48. 
stolidus, 48. 
tenuirostris, 48. 

Anser, 87, 115. 
albifrons, 116. 

gambeli, 116. 

segetum, 116. 

Anseres, 1, 84. 

Ansering, 87. 

Antarctic Fulmar, 58. 

Skua, 21. 
antarctica, Procellaria, 58. 

Thalassoica, 58. 
antarcticus, Fulmarus, 58. 

Lestris, 21. 

var. b. chilensis, 21. 

Megalestris, 21. 
anthonyi, Ardea virescens, 586. 
Anthony’s Green Heron, 586. 
anthracina, Urubitinga, 239. 
Anthus, 532, 535. 

cervinus, 537. 

gustavi, 537. 

pensilvanicus, 535, 536. 

pratensis, 536. 

spragueii, 537. 
antillarum, Sterna, 46. 
Antillean Dove, 213. 

Yellow Warbler, 495. 
antiquus, Synthliboramphus, 14. 
Antrostomus, 297, 298. 

carolinensis, 298. 

cubanensis, 298. 

macromystax, 299. 

salvini, 298. 


INDEX. 


Antrostomus vociferus, 299. 
macromystax, 299. 
aonalaschkex, Turdus, 576. 
Aphelocoma, 351, 355, 
arizona, 357. 
californica, 356, 357. 
hypoleuca, 356. 
obscura, 600. 
couchi, 357. 
cyanotis, 357. 
floridana, 355. 
insularis, 356. 
sieberii, 358. 
arizone, 357. 
sumichrasti, 356. 
ultramarina, 357. 
unicolor, 358. 
woodhousei, 355. 
Aphriza, 179, 180. 
virgata, 180. 
Aphrizidx, 143, 179. 
Aplomado Falcon, 251. 
apricarius, Charadrius, 173, 
Aquila, 223, 241. 
chrysaétos, 242. 
pelagica, 243. 
aquila, Fregata, 83. 
Ara, 268, 594. 
brasiliensis, 268. 
chloroptera, 268. 
macao, 594. 
mnilitaris, 594. 
Aramid, 134, 135. 
Aramus, 135. 
giganteus, 136. 
scolopaceus, 136. 
arborea, Anas, 119. 
Dendrocygna, 119. 
Archibuteo, 223, 240. 
ferrugineus, 241. 
lagopus, 240. 
sancti-johannis, 241, 
Arctic Horned Owl, 263. 
Tern, 43. 
Three-toed Woodpecker, 287. 
Towhee, 437. 
arctica, Fratercula, 11. 
glacialis, Fratercula, 11. 
Sialia, 580, 582. 
arcticus, Bubo virginianus, 263. 
Picoides, 287. 
Pipilo, 437. 
Pipilo maculatus, 437. 
Urinator, 7. 
arctoa, Leucosticte, 395, 
Arctonetta, 87, 108. 
fischeri, 108. 
arctous, Passer, 395. 
Ardea, 126, 128. 
brunnescens, 131. 
cerulea, 130. 
candidissima, 130. 
cinerea, 129. 
cocoi, 129. 
egretta, 130. 
herodias, 129, 586. 
involucris, 127, 128. 
maguari, 125. 
minuta, 127. 
occidentalis, 128. 
pealei, 131, 586. 
pinnata, 127. 


78 


617 


Ardea rufescens, 131. 
scolopacea, 136. 
striata, 132. 
tricolor ruficollis, 131. 
virescens, 132, 
anthonyi, 586. 
frazari, 586. 
wardi, 129, 585. 
wuerdemanni, 128, 129, 585. 
Ardeidz, 122, 126. 
Ardeing, 126. 
ardesiacus, Cinclus, 538. 
Ardetta, 127. 
exilis, 585. 
involucris, 128. 
neoxena, 127, 585. 
arenacea, Spizella pusilla, 420. 
Arenaria, 179, 180. 
interpres, 180, 181. 
melanocephala, 181. 
arenaria, Calidris, 162. 
arenicola, Otocoris alpestris, 349. 
argentatus, Larus, 29, 30, 32. 
smithsonianus, Larus, 31. 
Aristonetta, 102. 
Arizona Cardinal, 442. 
Crested Flycatcher, 333. 
Goldfinch, 399. 
Hooded Oriole, 376. 
Jay, 357. 
Junco, 424, 
Pyrrhuloxia, 606. 
Woodpecker, 286. 
arizone, Aphelocoma, 357. 
Aphelocoma sieberii, 357. 
Dryobates, 286. 
fraterculus, Dryobates, 286. 
Peucea, 428, 
Picus, 266. 
Spinus psaltria, 399. 
Spizella socialis, 419. 
Arkansas Goldfinch, 399. 
Kingbird, 330. 
arminjoniana, Astrelata, 65. 
Arminjon’s Petrel, 65. 
arquata, Numenius, 588. 
Scolopax, 588. 
Arquatella, 153. 
arra, Uria lomvia, 18. 
Arremonops, 385, 434, 605. 
rufivirgata, 435. 
crassirostris, 435. 
verticalis, 435. 
arvensis, Alauda, 347. 
Ash-throated Flycatcher, 333. 
Ashy Petrel, 71. 
Titmouse, 561. 
Asio, 256, 257. 
accipitrinus, 258. 
otus, 257. 
stygius, 257. 
wilsonianus, 257. 
asio aikeni, Megascops, 592. 
bendirei, Megascops, 262. 
cineraceus, Megascops, 261, 
592. 
floridanus, Megascops, 261. 
kennicottii, Megascops, 262. 
macfarlanei, Megascops, 592. 
maxwellis, Megascops, 262. 
Megascops, 261. 
saturatus, Megascops, 593. 


618 


asio trichopsis, Megascops, 261. 
assimilis, Agelaius, 370, 371. 
Puffinus, 61. 
Astur, 228. 
Asturina, 223, 239. 
nitida, 240. 
plagiata, 240. 
Asyndesmus, 291. 
ater, Hematopug, 183. 
Molothrus, 367. 
obscurus, Molothrus, 367. 
aterrima, Aistrelata, 67. 
Procellaria, 67. 
atkhensis, Lagopus rupestris, 201. 
atkinsi, Sitta carolinensis, 610. 
Atlantic Petrel, 66. 
atlantica, Astrelata, 66. 
Procellaria, 66. 
atra, Fulica, 141. 
atrata, Catharista, 221, 222. 
Leucosticte, 394. 
atricapillus, Accipiter, 228. 
occidentalis, Parus, 563. 
Parus, 563. 
septentrionalis, Parus, 563. 
striatulus, Accipiter, 228. 
Vireo, 474. 
atrieeps, Chrysomitris, 400. 
Spinus, 400. 
atricilla, Larus, 35. 
atricristatus, Parus, 561. 
castaneifrons, Parus, 561. 
atrigularis, Spizella, 417, 421. 
atrofuscus, Anous, 48, 
Atthis, 311, 315, 598. 
ellioti, 315, 598. 
heloisa, 598. 
Attila, 324. 
brasiliensis, 324. 
attwateri, Tympanuchus, 589. 


americanus, Tympanuchus, 
589. 
Attwater’s Prairie Hen, 589. 
audax insclens, Myiodynastes, 
332. 


Muscicapa, 332. 
Myiodynastes, 332. 
nobilis, Myiodynastes, 332, 

auduboni, Dendroica, 497. 
Puffinus, 60. 

Turdus, 576. 
Turdus aonalaschke, 576. 

audubonii, Dryobates villosus, 282. 
Icterus, 374. 

Audubon’s Caracara, 254. 
Hermit Thrush, 576. 
Oriole, 374. 

Shearwater, 60. 
Warbler, 497. 

Auk, Great, 19. 
Razor-billed, 18. 

Auklet, Cassin’s, 12. 
Crested, 13. 
Least, 13. 
Paroquet, 12. 
Rhinoceros, 12. 
Whiskered, 13. 

aura, Cathartes, 221. 

aurantiirostris, Purdus, 571. 

auratus, Colaptes, 295. 

aurifrons, Melanerpes, 294. 

Auriparus, 558, 565. 


INDEX. 


Auriparus flaviceps, 565, 
auritus, Colymbus, 5. 
aurocapillus, Seiurus, 518. 
australis, Leucosticte, 395. 
Autumnal Parrot, 595. 
autumnalis, Amazona, 595. 
Dendrocygna, 119. 
Plegadis, 124. 
Psittacus, 587. 
Avocet, American, 146. 
Chilian, 146. 
axillaris, Empidonax, 340. 
Aythya, 85, 101. 
affinis, 103. 
mariloides, 103. 
americana, 101, 103. 
collaris, 103, 104. 
ferina, 101. 
fuligula, 103. 
marila, 103. 
nearctica, 103. 
vallisneria, 102. 
Azara’s Least Bittern, 128. 
Ring Plover, 179. 
aztec, Conurus, 270. 
Aztec Parakeet, 270. 
Wren, 610. 
aztecus, Regulus satrapa, 612. 
Troglodytes aédon, 610. 
Azure Bluebird, 581. 
azurea, Sialia, 581. 
Sialia sialis, 581. 


B. 


bachmani, Hematopus, 183. 
Helminthophila, 487. 
Peucea estivalis, 428. 
Bachman’s Sparrow, 428. 
Warbler, 487. 
Bahama Ground Dove, 592. 
Honey Creeper, 480. 
Pintail, 98. 
Bahaman Crested Flycatcher, 334. 
Gnatcatcher, 569. 
Ground Dove, 592. 
Hairy Woodpecker, 282. 
Petchary, 331. 
Red-wing, 370. 
Swallow, 462. 
Wood Pewee, 339. 
bahamensis, Anas, 98. 
Chamepelia, 592. 
Coereba, 480. 
Columbigallina passerina, 592. 
Contopus, 339. 
Dafila, 98. 
Empidonax, 339. 
Pitangus, 331. 
bairdi, Campephilus, 281. 
Campephilus principalis, var., 
281. 
Dryobates scalaris, 285. 
Junco, 425. 
Melanerpes formicivorus, 291. 
Picus, 285. 
Sialia mexicana, 612. 
Thryothorus bewickii, 551. 
Vireo, 477. 
bairdii Ammodramus, 410. 
Empidonax, 340, 341, 


bairdii Tringa, 157. 

Baird’s Bluebird, 612, 
Cormorant, 80. 
Flycatcher, 341. 
Gnatcatcher, 570. 

Junco, 425. 

Sandpiper, 157. 

Shrike, 468. 

Sparrow, 410. 

Vireo, 477. 

Wren, 551. 

Bald Eagle, 243. 

Baldpate, 96. 

Baltimore Oriole, 377. 

Banded Partridge, 193. 

Band-tailed Pigeon, 211. 

Bank Swallow, 463. 

barbatulus, Vireo altiloquus, 470. 

Barn Owl, American, 255. 
Swallow, 461. 

Kamtschatka, 461. 

Barnacle Goose, 117. 

Barred Owl, 259. 

Florida, 259. 

Mirador, 258. 
barrovianus, Larus, 26. 
Barrow’s Golden-eye, 105. 
Bar-tailed Godwit, 163. 
Bartramia, 148, 168. 

longicauda, 169. 
Bartramian Sandpiper, 169. 
Basileuterus, 483, 531. 

belli, 532. 

culicivorus, 531. 

delattrii, 532. 

rufifrons, 532. 

Basilinna, 309, 318. 
leucotis, 319. 
xantusi, 318. 

bassana, Sula, 76. 

Batchelder’s Woodpecker, 597. 

Bathmidurus major, 326. 

baueri, Limosa lapponica, 163. 

Bay-breasted Warbler, 501. 

Bean Goose, 116. 

beani, Troglodytes, 553. 

Beardless Flycatcher, 346. 

Beautiful Bunting, 448. 
Hummingbird, 316. 

Becard, Grayson’s, 325. 
Gray-throated, 325. 
Rose-throated, 324. 
Rufous, 326. 
Thick-billed, 326. 
Xantus’s, 325. 

beckhemi, Pyrrhuloxia 

606. 

beecheii, Cissolopha, 350. 
Pica, 350. 

behringianus, Corvus corax, 362. 

beldingi, Ammodramus, 409. 
Geothlypis, 524, 525. 
Rallus, 138. 

Belding’s Jay, 600. 

Marsh Sparrow, 409. 

Rail, 138. 

Yellow-throat, 524, 

Belize Vireo, 470. 

belli, Amphispiza, 426. 
Basileuterus, 532. 
nevadensis, Amphispiza, 427. 

bellii, Vireo, 476. 


sinuata, 


bellii, pusillus Vireo, 478. 

Bell’s Sparrow, 426. 
Vireo, 476. 

Warbler, 532. 

Belted Kingfisher, 279. 
Piping Plover, 178. 

bendirei, Harporhynchus, 543, 545, 
Loxia curvirostra, 392. 
Megascops asio, 262. 

Bendire’s Thrasher, 545. 

bensoni, Callipepla elegans, 589. 

Benson’s Partridge, 589. 

Bering’s Raven, 362. 

berlandieri, Thryothorus, 550. 
ludovicianus, 609. 

bernicla, Branta, 118. 

berryllina, Amazilia, 317. 

Berylline Hummingbird, 317. 

beryllinus, Trochilus, 317. 

bewickii bairdi, Thryothorus, 551, 
Cygnus, 120. 

Olor, 120. 

spilurus, Thryothorus, 551. 

Thryothorus, 551. 
Bewick’s Swan, 120. 

Wren, 551. 

bicknelli, Turdus alicia, 575. 

Bicknell’s Thrush, 575. 

bicolor, Euetheia, 451. 
Hirundo, 461. 

Parus, 561. 
Tachycineta, 461, 462. 
texensis, Parus, 561. 

Bicolored Blackbird, 370. 

bidentata, Piranga, 456. 
Pyranga, 456. 

bilineata, Amphispiza, 425. 
Culicivora, 570. 
Polioptila, 570. 

Bittern, American, 126. 
Cory’s Least, 127. 
European Least, 127, 
Least, 127. 

South American, 127. 

Black Brant, 118. 

Cock, 589. 
Duck, 91. 
Guillemot, 16. 
Gyrfalcon, 246. 
Hawk, Little, 235. 
Mexican, 239. 
Leucosticte, 394. 
Merlin, 250. 
Oyster-catcher, 183. 
Chilian, 183. 
Petrel, 67, 70. 
Phebe, 336. 
Rail, 140. 
Seedeater, 450. 
Skimmer, 49. 
Swift, 302. 
Tern, 46. 
American, 47. 
Tern, White-winged, 47. 
Turnstone, 181. 
Vulture, 222. 

Black and White Warbler, 484, 

Blackbird, Bicolored, 370. 
Brewer’s, 379. 
Red-winged, 369. 

Rusty, 379. 
Tricolored, 371. 


INDEX. 


Blackbird, Yellow-headed, 368. 
Black-backed Gull, Great, 28. 
Lesser, 28. 

-bellied Plover, 173. 
Storm-Petrel, 72. 
Tree-duck, 119. 

-billed Cuckoo, 274. 

-breasted Bob White, 189. 

-capped Petrel, 66. 
Vireo, 474. 

-cheeked Noddy, 48. 

-chinned Hummingbird, 312. 
Sparrow, 421. 

-crested Titmouse, 561. 

-crowned Night Heron, 133. 

-eared Bush-Tit, 565. 

-faced Partridge, 193. 

-footed Albatross, 51. 

-headed Goldfinch, 400. 
Grosbeak, 445. 

Jay, 354. 
Oriole, 374. 
Trogon, 277. 

-necked Stilt, 147. 

-poll Warbler, 503. 

-tailed Gnatcatcher, 570. 
Godwit, 164. 
Shearwater, 58. 
Skimmer, 49. 

-throated Blue Warbler, 496. 
Gray Warbler, 507. 
Green Warbler, 510. 
Loon, 7. 

Sparrow, 425. 

-vented Shearwater, 60. 

-whiskered Vireo, 470. 

-winged Guillemot, 17. 

blackburniw, Dendroica, 505. 
Blackburnian Warbler, 505, 
blakei, Centurus, 292. 

Melanerpes, 292. 

Blake’s Woodpecker, 292, 
blakistoni, Alauda, 347. 
Bluebird, 581. 

Azure, 581. 

Baird’s, 612. 

Guatemala, 581, 

Mexican, 612. 

Mountain, 582. 

San Pedro, 613. 

Western, 581, 612. 

Blue Bunting, 446. 

Goose, 115, 

Grosbeak, 445. 

Western, 446, 

Heron, European, 129. 
Great, 129, 586. 
Little, 130. 

Jay, 353. 

Florida, 353. 

Warbler, Black-throated, 496. 

Blue-black Grosbeak, 446. 

-cheeked Brown Jay, 352. 

-crowned Motmot, 278. 

-crowned Parrot, 594. 

-eared Jay, 357. 

-faced Booby, 75. 

-footed Booby, 584, 

-fronted Jay, 354. 

-gray Gnatcatcher, 569. 

-headed Euphonia, 453. 
Quail-dove, 217. 


619 


Blue-headed Vireo, 473. 
-tailed Hummingbird, 318. 
-throated Hummingbird, 310. 
-winged Teal, 93. 

Warbler, 486. 

Bluethroat, 579. 
Red-spotted, 579. 

Boat-tailed Grackle, 381. 

Bobolink, 366. 

Western, 366. 

Bob White, 188. 
Black-breasted, 189. 
Coyoleos, 189. 
Cuban, 188. 

Florida, 188. 
Grayson’s, 189. 
Masked, 189. 
Texan, 188. 
Yucatan, 190. 

Bohemian Waxwing, 464. 

Bold Flycatcher, 332. 

Bombicyvora japonica, 465. 

Bonaparte’s Gull, 36. 
Sandpiper, 157. 

Bonasa, 186, 197. 
umbellus, 197. 

sabini, 198. 
togata, 198. 
umbelloides, 198. 

Bonin Petrel, 584. 

Booby, 75, 584. 
Blue-faced, 75. 
Blue-footed, 584. 
Brewster’s, 585. 
Peruvian, 75. 
Red-footed, 76. 

borealis, Buteo, 232, 233. 
calurus, Buteo, 233. 
Contopus, 327. 
Dryobates, 283. 
kriderii, Buteo, 232. 
Lanius, 466. 
lucasanus, Buteo, 233. 
Mniotilta, 484. 

varia, 484, 
Numenius, 171. 
Phyllopseustes, 567. 
Platypus, 109. 
Puffinus, 59. 
sibiricus, Lanius, 466. 

boschas, Anas, 91. 

Botauring, 126. 

Botaurus, 126. 
exilis, 127. 
involucris, 128. 
lentiginosus, 126. 
minutus, 127. 
neoxenus, 127, 
pinnatus, 127. 

botterii, Peucwa, 428. 
Zonotrichia, 428. 

Botteri’s Sparrow, 428. 

boucardi, Granatellus, 482. 
Peucea, 429. 

ruficeps, 429. 

Boucard’s Sparrow, 429. 

Brachyotus, 257. 

brachyptera, Leptotila fulviven- 

tris, 214. 

Brachyramphus, 9, 14. 
brevirostris, 15. 
crayerl, 15, 


620 


Brachyrampus hypoleucus, 15. 
kittlitzii, 15. 
marmoratus, 15. 
perdix, 15. 

brachyrhynchus, Larus, 34. 

brachytarsus, Contopus, 339. 
Empidonax, 339. 

brachyura, Diomedea, 51. 

brachyurus, Buteo, 236, 237. 
Myiarchus, 334. 

Brandt’s Cormorant, 79. 

Brant, 118. 

Black, 118. 

Branta, 87, 116. 
bernicla, 118. 
canadensis, 117. 

hutchinsii, 117. 

minima, 117. 

occidentalis, 117. 
leucopsis, 116, 117. 
nigricans, 118. 

Brasher’s Warbler, 531. 

brasiliensis, Ara, 268. 
Attila, 324. 
Himantopus, 147. 
Megascops, 593. 
Psittacula, 269. 

Brazilian Courlan, 136. 
Stilt, 147. 

Tree-duck, 119. 
Urubitinga, 238. 

brevicaudus, Thryothorus, 551. 

brevipennis, Helinai, 479. 
Neochloe, 468. 

brevipes, Conurus holochlorus, var., 


Heteractitis, 168. 

Procellaria, 65. 

Totanus, 168. 
brevirostris, Aistrelata, 66. 

Brachyramphus, 15. 

Cstrelata, 66. 

Procellaria, 66. 

Rissa, 25. 

Trochilus, 306. 

Uria, 15. 
breweri, Spizella, 421. 
Brewer’s Blackbird, 379. 

Sparrow, 421. 
brewsteri, Sula, 585. 
brewsterii, Acanthis, 395, 398. 
Brewster’s Booby, 585. 

Linnet, 398. 

Warbler, 486. 
Brick-colored Tanager, 455. 
Bridled Tern, 46. 

Titmouse, 562. 
Bristle-thighed Curlew, 171. 
Broad-banded Tanager, 457. 

-billed Hummingbird, 319. 

-tailed Hummingbird, 313. 

-winged Hawk, 236. 
-Bronzed Cowbird, 600. 

Grackle, 380. 
Brotogeris, 268. 

tovi, 268. 

Brown Crane, Little, 135. 

Creeper, 557. 

Heron, 131. 

Jay, 352. 

Blue-ckeeked, 352. 
White-tailed, 352. 


INDEX. 


Brown Pelican, 82. 

California, 82. 
Thrasher, 543. 
Towhee, 440. 

Brown-capped Leucosticte, 395. 
-headed Nuthatch, 560. 
-red Tanager, 455. 

Brown’s Song Sparrow, 604. 

brunneicapillus, Heleodytes, 547. 

brunneicollis, Troglodytes, 554. 

brunneinucha, Fringilla (Linaria), 

95 


Leucosticte, 395. 
brunneitorques, Chetura, 302, 303. 
brunnescens, Ardea, 131. 

Butorides, 131. 

Briinnich’s Murre, 18. 
bryanti, Agelaius pheeniceus, 370. 
Ammodramus sandwichensis, 
409. 
castaneiceps, Dendroica, 495. 
Dendroica, 495. 
vieilloti, var., 495. 
Heleodytes _brunneicapillus, 
609. 
Bryant’s Cactus Wren, 609. 

Marsh Sparrow, 409. 

Yellow Warbler, 495. 

Bubo, 256, 262, 263. 
mexicanus, 264. 
virginianus, 263. 

arcticus, 263. 
saturatus, 263. 
subarcticus, 263. 

Bubonide, 218, 255. 

buccinator, Olor, 120. 

Budytes, 532, 534. 
flavus, 535. 

leucostriatus, 535. 

Buff-bellied Hummingbird, 317. 

-breasted Flycatcher, 345. 
Sandpiper, 169. 

Buffle-head, 106. 

Bullfinch, Cassin’s, 389. 

bullocki, Icterus, 378. 

Bullock’s Oriole, 378. 

bulweri, Bulweria, 69. 
Thalassidroma, 69. 

Bulweria, 54, 69. 
bulweri, 69. 
macgillivrayi, 69. 

Bulwer’s Petrel, 69. 

Bunting, Beautiful, 448. 

Blue, 446. 

Indigo, 448. 

Lark, 453. 

Lazuli, 447. 

Leclancher’s, 449. 

Painted, 449. 

Rosita’s, 449. 

Townsend’s, 452. 

Turquoise-fronted, 447. 

Varied, 448. 

Burrica, 390. 

Burroughs’s Turkey Vulture, 221. 

burrovianus, Cathartes, 221. 

Burrowing Owl, 265. 

Florida, 265. 

Bush-Tit, 564. 

Black-eared, 565. 

Californian, 565. 

Grinda’s, 565. 


Bush-Tit, Lead-colored, 565. 
Lloyd’s, 611. 

Santa Rita, 611. 

Buteo, 223, 229. 
abbreviatus, 234. 
albicaudatus sennetti, 238. 
borealis, 232, 233. 

calurus, 233. 
harlani, 231. 
kriderii, 232. 
lucasanus, 233. 
brachyurus, 236, 237. 
buteo, 233. 
cooperi, 230. 
fuliginosus, 236. 
latissimus, 237. 
lineatus, 234, 
alleni, 335. 
elegans, 235. 
swainsoni, 236. 

Buteola, 236. 

Butorides, 131. 
brunnescens, 131. 
striatus, 132. 

Buzzard, European, 233, 


Cc. 


cabanisi, Ceryle, 279. 
Cabanis’s Woodpecker, 596. 
caboti, Coereba, 480. 
Cabot’s Hummingbird, 317. 
Ladder-backed Woodpecker, 
284, 
Tern, 40. 
Wren, 550. 
Cackling Goose, 117. 
Cactus Wren, 547. 
Bryant’s, 609. 
St. Lucas, 547. 
cxrulea, Ardea, 130. 
ceesiogaster, Polioptila, 569. 
Dendroica, 499. 
eurhyncha, Guiraca, 446. 
Guiraca, 445. 
Procellaria, 55. 
cxruleiceps, Momotus, 278. 
c#»rulescens, Chen, 115. 
Dendroica, 496. 
Melanotis, 539. 
Orpheus, 539. 
ceesiogaster, Polioptila 
569. 
cafer, Colaptes, 296. 
collaris, Colaptes, 296. 
saturatior, Colaptes, 296. 
Cairina, 87, 100. 
moschata, 100. 
Calamospiza, 384, 452. 
melanocorys, 453. 
Calaveras Warbler, 489. 
Calearius, 383, 404. 
lapponicus, 404. 
pictus, 404, 405. 
ornatus, 405, 406. 
calendula, Motacilla, 568. 
Regulus, 568. 
Calidris, 149, 162. 
arenaria, 162. 
California Brown Pelican, 82. 
Clapper-Rail, 137. 


cerulea, 


California Crow, 362. 
Gull, 31. 
Jay, 356. 
Murre, 18. 
Partridge, 192. 
Purple Finch, 390. 
Pygmy Owl, 513. 
Screech Owl, 262. 
Shrike, 467. 
Vulture, 220. 
Californian Bush-Tit, 565. 
Chickadee, 564. 
Creeper, 558. 
Cuckoo, 273. 
Thrasher, 546. 
Towhee, 441. 
Woodpecker, 291. 
californianus, Geococcyx, 272. 
Pseudogryphus, 220. 
californica, Aphelocoma, 356, 357. 
Callipepla, 192, 193. 
hypoleuca, Aphelocoma, 356. 
obscura, Aphelocoma, 600. 
Polioptila, 570. 
Uria troile, 18. 
vallicola, Callipepla, 192. 
var. sumichrasti, Cyanocitta, 
356. 
ealifornicum, Glaucidium, 593. 
Glaucidium, gnoma, 593. 
californicus, Carpodacus purpu- 
reus, 390. 
Colymbus nigricollis, 6. 
Larus, 31, 32. 
Pelecanus, 82. 
Phalenoptilus nuttalli, 597. 
Psaltriparus minimus, 565. 
Callichelidon, 458, 462. 
cyaneoviridis, 462. 
Calliope Hummingbird, 316. 
ealliope, Trochilus, 316. 
Stellula, 598. 
Callipepla, 185, 191. 
californica, 192, 193. 
vallicola, 192. 
elegans, 193, 588. 
bensoni, 589. 
fasciata, 193. 
gambeli, 193. 
personata, 193. 
squamata, 191. 
castanogastris, 192, 
Callothrus, 600. 
zeneus, 600. 
robustus, 600. 
Calobates, 534. 
Calocitta, 350. 
colliei, 350. 
Calothorax, 304, 305, 316, 598. 
lucifer, 598. 
pulchra, 316, 598. 
Calypte, 312, 598. 
anna, 598. 
costz, 598. 
helenz, 312, 313, 598, 
Campephilus, 280, 281. 
bairdi, 281. 
guatemalensis, 281. 
imperialis, 281. 
principalis, 281. 
bairdi, 281. 
var. bairdi, 281. 


INDEX. 


Camptolaimus, 86, 107. 
labradorius, 107. 
Campylopterus, 304, 305. 
hemileucurus, 305. 
Canachites, 196. 
Canada Goose, 117. 
Grouse, 196. 
Jay, 359. 
canadensis, Branta, 117. 
capitalis, Perisoreus, 360. 
Dendragapus, 196. 
fumifrons, Perisoreus, 360. 
Grus, 135. 
hutchinsii, Branta, 117. 
minimus, Branta, 117. 
nigricapillus, Perisoreus, 359. 
occidentalis, Branta, 117. 
Perisoreus, 359. 
Pinicola, 388. 
enucleator, 388. 
Sitta, 559. 
Sylvania, 528. 
Canadian Ruffed Grouse, 198. 
Warbler, 528. 
canagica, Philacte, 118. 
Cancroma cochlearia, 122. 
candidissima, Ardea, 130. 
canescens, Empidonax, 599. 
canicaudus, Cardinalis cardinalis, 
605. 
caniceps, Junco, 423. 
caninucha, Geothlypis, 526. 
Geothlypis poliocephala, var., 
526. 
canobrunneus, Thryothorus macu- 
lipectus, 552. 
Cation Towhee, 440. 
Wren, 549. 
canora, Euetheia, 450, 451. 
Loxia, 451. 
canus, Larus, 33. 
canutus, Tringa, 153. 
Canvas-back, 102. 
caparoch, Surnia ulula, 265. 
Cape May Warbler, 493. 
capensis, Daption, 69. 
capitalis, Perisoreus 
360. 
Caprimulgi, 297. 
Caprimulgide, 297. 
Caprimulgus salvini, 298. 
Caracara, 254. 
Audubon’s, 254. 
Guadalupe, 254. 
carbo, Cepphus, 17. 
Phalacrocorax, 78. 
carbonata, Dendroica, 493, 
Carbonated Warbler, 493. 
Cardellina, 483, 530. 
rubrifrons, 531. 
versicolor, 531. 
Cardinal, 442. 
Arizona, 442, 
Colima, 443. 
Cozumel, 443. 
Florida, 606. 
Gray-tailed, 605. 
Mexican, 442. 
St. Lucas, 442. 
Texan, 444. 
Venezuelan, 443. 
Yucatan, 443. 


canadensis, 


621 


Cardinalis, 382, 441, 444. 
cardinalis, 443. 
canicaudus, 605. 
coccineus, 442. 
floridanus, 606. 
igneus, 442. 
saturatus, 443. 
superbus, 442. 
yucatanicus, 443, 
carneus, 443. 
pheeniceus, 441, 443. 
saturatus, 443. 
virginianus, 442. 
var. coccineus, 442, 
cardinalis, Cardinalis, 442, 443. 
canicaudus, Cardinalis, 605. 
coccineus, Cardinalis, 442. 
floridanus, Cardinalis, 606. 
igneus, Cardinalis, 442. 
saturatus, Cardinalis, 443. 
superbus, Cardinalis, 442, 
yucatanicus, Cardinalis, 443. 
Carduelis, 383, 400. 
carduelis, 401. 
carduelis, Carduelis, 401. 
Fringilla, 400, 401. 
caribwa, Fulica, 142. 
Muscipeta, 339. 
caribeeus, Contopus, 339. 
Rallus longirostris, 587. 
Caribbean Clapper Rail, 587. 
Coot, 142. 
carmani, Pipilo, 438. 
carneipes, Puffinus, 62. 
carneus, Cardinalis, 443. 
carnivorus, Corvus, 361. 
Carolina Chickadee, 562, 
Junco, 423. 
Paroquet, 270. 
Wren, 550. 
carolina, Porzana, 139. 
carolinensis aculeata, Sitta, 559. 
atkinsi, Sitta, 610. 
Anas, 94. 
Antrostomus, 298. 
Conurus, 270. 
Galeoscoptes, 542. 
Junco hyemalis, 423. 
Pandion haliaétus, 255. 
Parus, 562. 
Sitta, 559. 
carolinus, Melanerpes, 293. 
Scolecophagus, 379. 
carpalis, Peucewa, 430. 
Carpodacus, 383, 389. 
amplus, 391. 
eassini, 390. 
frontalis rhodocolpus, 391. 
mexicanus, 391. 
frontalis, 391. 
ruberrimus, 391. 
purpureus, 389, 390. 
californicus, 390. 
rhodocolpus, 391. 
Caspian Tern, 39. 
cassini, Carpodacus, 390. 
Peucea, 428. 
Pyrrhula, 389. 
Vireo solitarius, 473. 
Cassin’s Auklet, 12. 
Bullfinch, 389. 
Kingbird, 330. 


622 


Cassin’s Purple Finch, 390. 
Sparrow, 428. 
Vireo, 473. 

castanea, Columba, 213. 
Dendroica, 501, 502. 
Zenaida, 213. 

castaneiceps, Dendroica  bryanti, 
5. 


castaneifrons, Parus atricristatus, 
castaneus, Ortyx, 187. 
Catbird, 542. 
Catharista, 219, 221. 
atrata, 221, 222. 
Cathartes, 219, 221. 
aura, 221. 
burrovianus, 221. 
pernigra, 221. 
Cathartide, 218. 
Catharus, 571. 
immaculatus, 571, 
Catherpes, 540, 548. 
mexicanus, 548, 549. 
conspersus, 549. 
sumichrasti, 548, 549. 
caudacutus, Ammodramus, 413. 
nelsoni, Ammodramus, 413. 
subvirgatus, Ammodramus, 
60 


caudatus, Ptiliogonys, 464. 
caurinus, Corvus, 363. 
cauta, Diomedea, 53. 
Cautious Albatross, 53. 
cautus, Thalassogeron, 53. 
cayanus, Lanius, 323. 
Cedar Waxwing, 465. 
cedrorum, Ampelis, 465. 
celata, Helminthophila, 488. 
lutescens, Helminthophila,489. 
sordido, Helminthophila, 607. 
Central American House Wren, 554. 
Parula, 492. 
Centrocercus, 185, 204. 
urophasianus, 205. 
Centronyx, 410. 
Centurus, 291. 
blakei, 292. 
elegans, 292. 
hypopolius, 292. 
leei, 293. 
nyeanus, 292. 
rubriventris, 293. 
pygmeus, 293. 
santa-cruzi, 294. 
superciliaris, 292. 
Ceophlceus, 280, 289. 
pileatus, 289. 
scapularis, 290. 
Cepphus, 9, 16. 
carbo, 17. 
columba, 17. 
grylle, 16. 
mandtii, 16. 
motzfeldi, 17. 
perdix, 15. 
Cerorhinca, 9, 11, 12. 
monocerata, 12. 
Certhia, 557. 
cyanea, 590. 
familiaris alticola, 558, 
americana, 557. 
montana, 558. 


INDEX. 


Certhia familiaris occidentalis, 557, 


flaveola, 590. 
montana, 558. 
occidentalis, 558. 

Certhiidw, 322, 557. 

Certhiola caboti, 480. 
mexicana, 480. 

Cerulean Warbler, 499. 

cerviniventris, Amazilia, 317. 

cervinus, Anthus, 537. 

Ceryle, 278. 
aleyon, 279. 
cabanisi, 279. 
torquata, 279. 

Chachalaca, 209. 

Costa Rican, 209. 
Gray-necked, 209. 
Guatemalan, 209. 
Wagler’s, 208. 
White-bellied, 208. 
Yucatan, 209. 

Cheetura, 302. 
brunneitorques, 302, 303. 
gaumeri, 303. 
pelagica, 303. 
vauxii, 303. 

Cheturineg, 302. 

chalybea, Hirundo, 459. 
Progne, 459. 

Chamea, 558, 566. 
fasciata, 566. 
henshawi, 566. 

Chameine, 558. 

Chameepelia bahamensis, 592. 
passerina var. pallescens, 591. 

Chamethlypis, 525. 

chapmani, Chordeiles popetue, 598. 
Chordeiles virginianus, 598, 

Charadriida, 143, 172, 179. 

Charadrius, 172, 173. 
apricarius, 173. 
collaris, 179. 
crassirostris, 175. 
dominicus, 174. 

fulvus, 174. 
squatarola, 173. 

Charitonetta, 85, 106. 
albeola, 106. 

Chat, Long-tailed, 527. 
Yellow-breasted, 527. 

Chaulelasmus, 94. 

Chelidon, 458, 460. 
erythrogaster, 461. 
tytleri, 461. 

Chen, 87, 114. 
cerulescens, 115. 
hyperborea, 115. 

nivalis, 115. 
rossii, 115. 

cheriway, Polyborus, 254, 

Chestnut-backed Chickadee, 564. 
-bellied Scaled Partridge, 192. 
-collared Longspur, 405, 
-fronted Titmouse, 561. 
-sided Warbler, 450. 

Chickadee, 563. 

Alaskan, 564, 
Californian, 564. 
Carolina, 562. 
Chestnut-backed, 564. 
Columbian, 611. 


Chickadee, Hudsonian, 564, 
Kowak, 611. 
Long-tailed, 563. 
Mexican, 562. 
Mountain, 562. 
Oregon, 563. 
Plumbeous, 610. 
Chilian Avocet, 146. 
Black Oyster-catcher, 183. 
Skua, 21. 
chilensis, Megalestris, 21. 
Chimney Swift, 303. 
Gaumer’s, 303. 
Lafresnaye’s, 303. 
Chinese Scaup Duck, 103. 
Chipping Sparrow, 418. 
Guatemalan, 419. 
Western, 419. 
chloroptera, Ara, 268. 
chlororhyncha, Diomedea, 53. 
chlororhynchus, Puffinus, 62. 
Thalassogeron, 53. 
chlorosoma, Pipilo, 438. 
Chlorostilbon, 306. 
chlorura, Oreospiza, 605. 
chlorurus, Pipilo, 439, 605. 
Chondestes, 383, 414. 
grammacus, 414. 
strigatus, 414, 
Chordeiles, 297, 300. 
acutipennis texensis, 301. 
texensis, 300. 
popetue chapmani, 598. 
virginianus, 300, 301, 
chapmani, 598. 
henryi, 301. 
minor, 301. 
Christmas Island Shearwater, 62, 
chrysaétos, Aquila, 242. 
chrysia, Geotrygon, 216. 
chrysocaulosus, Colaptes, 295. 
chrysoides, Colaptes, 295. 
chrysolema, Otocori  salpestris, 
349. 
Chrysolophus, 589, 590. 
ambherstie, 590. 
pictus, 590. 
Chrysomitris atriceps, 400. 
columbiana, 398. 
forreri, 400. 
chrysoparia, Dendroica, 509, 608. 
chrysoptera, Helminthophila, 486. 
Chrysotis finschi, 595. 
guatemale, 594. 
levaillantii, 594, 
xantholora, 595. 
viridigenalis, 595. 
Chuck-will’s-widow, 298, 
Ciceronia, 13. 
Ciconie, 122. 
Ciconiide, 122, 124. 
Ciconiing, 125. 


cincinatus, Phalacrocorax  dilo- 
phus, 78. 

Cincinnati Warbler, 487. 

cincinnatiensis, | Helminthophila, 
487 


Cinclids, 323, 538. 

Cinclus, 538. 
ardesiacus, 538. 
mexicanus, 538. 

cinctus alascensis, Parus, 564. 


cineraceus, Megascops asio, 261, 
592. 

Parus inornatus, 561. 
cinerascens, Myiarchus, 333. 
cinerea, Amphispiza belli, 604. 

Ardea, 129. 

Fringilla, 423. 

Melospiza, 432, 604. 

Strix, 259. 

Vireosylvia, 470. 
cinereiceps, Ortalida, 209. 

Ortalis, 209. 

Cinereous Shearwater, 59. 
cinereum lapponicum, Scotiaptex, 
260. 

Scotiaptex, 259. 
cinereus, Harporhynchus, 544. 

Ptiliogonys, 464. 

Puffinus, 58. 

Vireo, 470. 
cineritius, Empidonax, 599. 
cinnamomea, Amazilia, 318. 

Ornismya, 318. 
Cinnamomeous Hummingbird, 318. 
cinnamomeus, Pachyrhamphus, 

326. 

Totanus solitarius, 587. 
Cinnamon Teal, 93. 
circumcincta, Mgialitis 

178. 
Circus, 222, 226. 

hudsonius, 226. 
ciris, Passerina, 449. 
oirrhata, Lunda, 10. 
Cissolopha, 350. 

beecheii, 350. 
Cistothorus, 540, 555, 

mariang, 610. 

palustris, 556. 

griseus, 610. 
mariane, 610. 
paludicola, 556. 

polyglottus, 556. 

stellaris, 556. 
citrea, Protonotaria, 484, 
Citreoline Trogon, 277. 
citreolus, Trogon, 277. 
Clamatores, 321. 
Clangula, 86, 106. 

hyemalis, 106. 
elangula americana, Glaucionetta, 

105. 

Anas, 105. 

Glaucionetta, 105. 
Clapper Rail, 137. 

California, 137. 

Caribbean, 587. 

Louisiana, 137. 

Clarke’s Nutcracker, 364. 

elarkii, Aichmophorus, 4, 583. 
Clark’s Grebe, 4. 

Clay-colored Sparrow, 421. 
clemenciz, Coeligena, 310. 
clement, Melospiza fasciata, 604, 
Cliff Swallow, 460. 

Cuban, 460. 

Mexican, 460. 
Clivicola, 458, 462. 

riparia, 463. 
clypeata, Spatula, 97. 
coccineus, Cardinalis 

442. 


meloda, 


cardinalis, 


INDEX. 


coccineus, Cardinalis 
var., 442. 
Coccothraustes, 382, 386. 
abeillii, 387. 
vespertina montana, 601. 
vespertinus, 387, 601. 
montanus, 601. 
Coceyges, 271. 
Coceygine, 271. 
Coceygus, 272, 273. 
americanus, 273. 
occidentalis, 273. 
erythrophthalmus, 274. 
maynardi, 274. 
minor, 274. 
seniculus, 274, 
cochlearia, Cancroma, 122. 
Cochleariidaw, 122. 
Cochlearius, 122. 
cocoi, Ardea, 129. 
Cocoi Heron, 129. 
Ceeligena, 308, 310. 
clemencia, 310. 
henrica, 310. 
viridipallens, 310. 
Coereba, 322, 479. 
bahamensis, 480. 
caboti, 480. 
mexicana, 480. 
Cesrebidex, 322, 479. 
Colaptes, 280, 295. 
auratus, 295. 
cafer, 296. 
collaris, 296. 
saturatior, 296. 
chrysocaulosus, 295, 
chrysoides, 295. 
mexicanoides, 296. 
rufipileus, 296. 
colchicus, Phasianus, 205, 206. 
Colima Cardinal, 443. 
Woodpecker, 286. 
Colinus, 185, 186. 
coyolcos, 189. 
graysoni, 189, 585. 
nigrogularis, 190. 
pectoralis, 189. 
ridgwayi, 189, 585. 
virginianus, 188. 
cubanensis, 187, 188, 190. 
floridanus, 188. 
texanus, 188, 189. 
collaris, Hgialitis, 179. 
Aythya, 103, 104. 
Charadrius, 179. 
colliei, Calocitta, 350. 
Colombian Tree-duck, 119. 
colubris, Trochilus, 311. 
Columba, 210, 211. 
castanea, 213. 
fasciata, 211. 
vioscee, 591. 
flavirostris, 211. 
leucocephala, 212. 
martinica, 213. 
montana, 217. 
squamosa, 215. 
columba, Cepphus, 17. 
Fulmarus glacialis, 583. 
Columba, 210. 
columbarius, Falco, 250. 
suckleyi, Falco, 250. 


virginianus 


623 


Columbian Chickadee, 611. 
Sharp-tailed Grouse, 204. 

columbiana, Chrysomitris, 398. 
Spinus psaltria, 398. 

columbianus, Olor, 120. 
Parus hudsonicus, 611. 
Picicorvus, 364. 

Columbigallina, 211, 214, 591. 
passerina bahamensis, 592. 

pallescens, 591. 

socorroensis, 591. 

terrestris, 215, 591. 
rufipennis, 215. 

Columbine, 210. 

Colymbus, 4, 5. 
auritus, 5. 
cristatus, 5. 
dominicus, 6. 
grisegena, 5. 
holbeellii, 5. 
nigricollis, 6. 

californicus, 6. 

Common Sandpiper, 170. 
Tern, 43. 

Complex Towhee, 439. 

complexus, Pipilo, 439. 

Compsohalieus, 79. 

Compsothlypis, 481, 490. 
americana, 491, 
graysoni, 492. 
gutturalis, 481. 
inornata, 492. 
insularis, 492. 
nigrilora, 491, 492. 
pitiayumi inornata, 492. 

concreta, Cyanoloxia, 446. 
Guiraca cyanoides, 446. 

confinis, Merula, 578. 
Oreortyx pictus, 588. 
Pooceetes gramineus, 407. 

Conirostrum superciliosum, 481. 

Connecticut Warbler, 521. 

consobrinus, Pipilo, 437. 

conspersus, Catherpes mexicanus, 

549. 

Contopus, 327, 336. 
albicollis, 338. 
bahamensis, 339. 
borealis, 327, 337. 
brachytarsus, 339. 
caribeus, 339. 
pertinax, 337. 
richardsonii, 338. 

peninsule, 598. 
schottii, 339. 
virens, 338. 

Conurus, 268, 269. 
aztec, 270. 
carolinensis, 270. 
holochlorus, 270. 

var. brevipes, 270. 
petzii, 270. 

cookii, Austrelata, 65. 
Procellaria, 55, 65. 

Cookilaria, 55, 65. 

cooperi, Accipiter, 228. 
Buteo, 230. 

Piranga rubra, 454 
Tringa, 157. 

Cooper’s Hawk, 228. 
Henhawk, 230. 
Sandpiper, 157. 


624 


Cooper’s Tanager, 454. 
Coot, American, 142. 
Caribbean, 142. 
European, 141. 
Copper Pheasant, 206. 
Coppery-tailed Trogon, 276. 
corax, Corvus, 361. 
behringianus, Corvus, 362. 
principalis, Corvus, 361. 
sinuatus, Corvus, 361. 
var. littoralis, Corvus, 361. 
Cordova Sparrow, 435. 
Cormorant, 78. 
Baird’s, 80. 
Brandt’s, 79. 
Double-crested, 78. 
Farallone, 78. 
Florida, 78. 
Mexican, 79. 
Pallas’s, 81. 
Pelagic, 80. 
Red-faced, 80. 
Violet-green, 80. 
White-crested, 78. 
Corn Crake, 140. 
corniculata, Fratercula, 11. 
coronata, Cyanocitta, 355, 
Cyanocitta stelleri, 355. 
Dendroica, 497. 
Zonotrichia, 416. 
Coronated Jay, 355. 
coronatus, Garrulus, 355. 
Corthylio, 568. 
Corvider, 322, 350. 
corvina, Spermophila, 450. 
Sporophila, 450. 
Corvinag, 351. 
Corvus, 351, 360. 
americanus, 362, 363. 
floridanus, 362. 
hesperis, 362, 
carnivorus, 361. 
caurinus, 363. 
corax, 361. 
behringianus, 362. 
principalis, 361. 
sinuatus, 361. 
cryptoleucus, 362. 
littoralis, 361. 
lugubris, 361. 
mexicanus, 363. 
minutus, 363. 
nasicus, 363. 
ossifragus, 363. 
pica, 351. 
ultramarinus, 357. 
vociferus, 361. 
coryi, Geothlypis, 525. 
Cory’s Least Bittern, 127. 
Shearwater, 59. 
Yellow-throat, 525. 
Costa Rican Chachalaca, 209. 
_ Dipper, 538, 
cost, Calypte, 598. 
Trochilus, 312. 
Costa’s Hummingbird, 312. 
Cotingidsxs, 321, 323. 
Coturnicops, 140. 
Coturniculus, 410. 
leconteii, 410. 
savannarum, 410. 
coturniculus, Porzana, 140. 


INDEX. 


| Coturnix, 184, 186. 


coturnix, 184, 186. 
coturnix, Coturnix, 184, 186. 

Tetrao, 186. 
couchi, Aphelocoma, 257. 

Cyanocitta, 357. 

Tyrannus melancholicus, 329. 
Couch’s Jay, 357. 

Kingbird, 329. 
couesi, Tringa, 154. 

Coues’s Flycatcher, 337. 

Courlan, Brazilian, 136. 

Cowbird, 367. 

Bronzed, 600. 

Dwarf, 367. 

Red-eyed, 367, 600. 
Coyoleos Bob White, 189. 
coyolcos, Colinus, 189. 

Ortyx, 189. 
coyoleos, Tetrao, 189, 
Cozumel Cardinal, 443. 

Flycatcher, 335. 

Honey Creeper, 480. 

Thrasher, 544, 

Vireo, 470. 

Wren, 553. 

Cracide, 184, 207. 

Cracinez, 207. 

Crake, Corn, 140. 

Spotted, 139. 

Crane, Little Brown, 135. 
Sandhill, 135. 
Whooping, 135. 

crassirostris, Charadrius, 175. 
Arremonops rufivirgata, 435. 


Embernagra_ rufivirgata 8, 
435. 

Embernagra rufivirgata, var., 
435. 


flavescens, Vireo, 476. 
Lanivireo, 476. 
Tringa, 153. 
Tyrannus, 329. 
Vireo, 476. 
craveri, Brachyramphus, 15. 
Craveri’s Murrelet, 15. 
Crax, 207. 
globicera, 207. 
rubra, 207. 
Creagrus, 38. 
furcatus, 583. 
creatopus, Puffinus, 59. 
crecca, Anas, 94. 
Creciscus, 139. 
Creeper, Bahama Honey, 480. 
Brown, 557. 
Californian, 558. 
Cozumel Honey, 480. 
Mexican, 558. 
Mexican Honey, 480. 
Rocky Mountain, 558. 
crepitans, Rallus longirostris, 137. 
Crested Auklet, 13. 
Flycatcher, 333. 
Arizona, 333. 
Bahaman, 334. 
Cuban, 334. 
Mexican, 333. 
Nicaraguan, 334. 
Yucatan, 334. 

Grebe, 5. 

Scaup Duck, 103. 


Crex, 136, 140. 
crex, 140. 

crex, Crex, 140. 

Crimson-fronted House Finch, 391. 

crinitus, Myiarchus, 333. 

Crissal Thrasher, 546. 

crissalis, Harporhynchus, 546. 
Pipilo fuscus, 441. 

cristata, Cyanocitta, 353. 
florincola, Cyanocitta, 353. 
Meleagris, 207. 

cristatellus, Simorhynchus, 13. 

cristatus, Colymbus, 5. 
Tetrao, 185. 

Crossbill, American, 392. 
Mexican, 392. 
White-winged, 393. 

Crotophaga, 271, 272. 
ani, 272. 
sulcirostris, 272. 

Crotophagina, 271. 

Crow, American, 362. 
California, 362. 

Cuban, 363. 
Cuban Fish, 363. 
Fish, 363. 
Florida, 362. 
Mexican, 363. 
Northwest, 363. 

Crymophilus, 143, 144. 
fulicarius, 144. 

cryptoleuca, Progne, 459. 

eryptoleucura, Cymochorea, 71. 
Oceanodroma, 71. 

eryptoleucus, Corvus, 362. 

Cuban Bob White, 188. 

Cliff Swallow, 460. 
Crested Flycatcher, 334. 
Crow, 363. 

Fish Crow, 363. 
Flicker, 295. 
QGnatcatcher, 571. 
Ivory-billed Woodpecker, 281. 
Martin, 459. 
Nighthawk, 301. 

Pine Warbler, 515. 
Red-wing, 371. 
Sparrow Hawk, 253. 
Vireo, 478. 
Whippoorwill, 298. 
Wood Pewee, 339. 

cubanensis, Antrostomus, 298. 
Colinus virginianus, 187, 188, 

190. 


Ortyx, 188. 

Cuckoo, Black-billed, 274. 
Californian, 273. 
Kamtschatkan, 596. 
Mangrove, 274. 
Maynard’s, 274. 
Yellow-billed, 273. 

Cuculi, 271. 

Cuculidez, 271. 

cucullatus, Icterus, 374, 375, 376. 
igneus, Icterus, 376. 
Lophodytes, 89. 
nelsoni, Icterus, 376. 

Cuculus, 596. 
canorus telephonus, 596, 
telephonus, 596. 

Culicivora bilineata, 570. 

culicivorus, Basileuterus, 531. 


culminatus, Thalassogeron, 52. 
cunicularia floridana, Speotyto, 265. 

hypogzea, Speotyto, 265. 
cupido, Tympanuchus, 203. 
Curlew, Bristle-thighed, 171. 

Eskimo, 171. 

Hudsonian, 171. 

Long-billed, 170. 

Curlew Sandpiper, 160. 
Curved-billed Thrasher, 545, 
curvirostra bendirei, Loxia, 392. 

minor, Loxia, 392. 

stricklandi, Loxia, 392. 
curvirostris, Harporhynchus, 545. 

occidentalis, | Methriopterus, 

545. 

palmeri, Harporhynchus, 545. 

euvieri, Regulus, 568. 
Cuvier’s Kinglet, 568. 
cyanea, Certhia, 590. 

Passerina, 448, 
Cyanecula, 571, 579. 

suecica, 579. 

wolfii, 579. 
eyaneoviridis, Callichelidon, 462. 

Hirundo, 462. 
eyanocapilla, Xanthoura luxuosa, 

358. 

Xanthura, 358. 
eyanocapillus, Cyanocorax, 358. 
ceyanocephala, Starncenas, 217. 
Cyanocephalus, 351, 364. 

cyanocephalus, 364. 
eyanocephalus, Cyanocephalus, 364. 

Scolecophagus, 379. 
Cyanocitta, 351, 353. 

californica var. sumichrasti, 

356. 

coronata, 355. 

couchi, 357. 

cristata, 353. 

florincola, 353. 

stelleri, 353, 354. 

annectens, 354. 
coronata, 355. 
diademata, 354. 
frontalis, 354. 
macrolopha, 354. 
Cyanocompsa, 446. 
Cyanocorax cyanocapillus, 358, 

unicolor, 358. 

Cyanogarrulus diadematus, 354. 
cyanogenys, Psilorhinus, 352. 
eyanoides concreta, Guiraca, 446. 
Cyanoloxia, 446. 

concreta, 446. 

parellina, 446. 

Cyanomyia (?) sordida, 309. 
cyanops, Sula, 75. 
cyanoptera, Anas, 93. 
cyanopyga, Psittacula, 269. 
Cyanospiza rosite, 449. 
cyanotis, Aphelocoma, 357. 
Cyanoura stelleri, var. annectens, 
354. 
ceyanura, Amazilia, 318. 
Cyclorhis, 469. 
Cyclorrhynchus, 9, 12. 
psittaculus, 12. 
Cygnine, 88. 
Cygnus bewickii, 120. 
cygnus, Olor, 120. 


INDEX. 


Cymochorea cryptoleucura, 71. 
markhami, 71. 

Cymodroma, 56, 71. 
grallaria, 72. 
melanogaster, 72. 
tropica, 72. 

Cyphorhinus leucostictus, 540. 

Cypseli, 297. 

Cypseloides, 302. 
niger, 302. 

Cyrtonyx, 185, 193. 
montezume, 194, 
ocellatus, 194. 

sumichrasti, 194, 
sallei, 194. 
sumichrasti, 194. 
Cyrtopelicanus, 81. 


D. 


Dafila, 85, 97. 
acuta, 98. 
bahamensis, 98. 
damacensis, Actodromas, 158. 
Totanus, 158. 
Tringa, 158. 
Daption, 55, 69. 
capensis, 69. 
Dark-bodied Shearwater, 61. 
-rumped Petrel, 65. 
decora, Dendroica, 506. 


Dendroica graciw, var., 506. 


Decorated Warbler, 506. 
decurtata, Sylvia, 479. 
decurtatus, Hylophilus, 479. 
defilippiana, Astrelata, 68. 
De Filippi’s Petrel, 68. 
deglandi, Oidemia, 112. 
deglandii, Oidemia, 112. 
deiroleucus, Falco, 248. 
Delattre’s Warbler, 532. 
Woodpecker, 290. 
delattrii, Basileuterus, 532. 
delawarensis, Larus, 32. 
delicata, Gallinago, 150. 
Dendragapus, 186, 194, 195. 
canadensis, 196. 
franklinii, 196. 
fuliginosus, 196. 
obscurus, 195, 196. 
richardsonii, 196. 
Dendrocygna, 87, 118. 
arborea, 119. 
autumnalis, 119. 
discolor, 119. 
fulva, 119. 
viduata, 119. 
Dendroica, 482, 492. 
eestiva, 494. 
moreomi, 494. 
sonorana, 608. 
auduboni, 497. 
blackburnie, 505. 
bryanti, 495. 
castaneiceps, 495. 
cxrulea, 499. 
cerulescens, 496. 
carbonata, 493. 
castanea, 501, 502. 
chrysoparia, 509, 608. 
coronata, 497. 


625 


Dendroica decora, 506. 
discolor, 516. 
dominica, 481, 482, 504. 
albilora, 504, 
dugesi, 495. 
gracia, 506. 
var. decora, 506. 
gundlachi, 495. 
hypochrysea, 518. 
kirtlandi, 514. 
maculosa, 498. 
nigrescens, 507. 
occidentalis, 513. 
olivacea, 494, 
palmarum, 482, 517, 518. 
hypochrysea, 517. 
pennsylvanica, 450. 
petechia, 495. 
gundlachi, 495, 
pityophila, 515. 
striata, 503. 
tigrina, 493. 
townsendi, 512. 
vieilloti, var. bryanti, 495. 
vigorsii, 498, 514, 
virens, 510. 
Dendronessa, 99. 
Dendrortyx, 184. 
derbianus, Ortalis, 208. 
Pitangus, 331. 
Derby Flycatcher, 331. 
Desert Horned Lark, 349. 
Song Sparrow, 432. 
desolata, Procellaria, 68. 
devillii, Amazilia, 317. 
Trochilus, 317. 
diademata, Cynaocitta stelleri, 354, 
diadematus, Cyanogarrulus, 354. 
Diademed Jay, 354. 
diazi, Anas, 92. 
Dichromanassa, 130. 
Dickcissel, 452. 
difficilis, Empidonax, 340, 341. 
dilophus albociliatus, Phalacroco- 
rax, 78. 
cincinnatus, Phalacrocorax, 78. 
floridanus, Phalacrocorax, 78. ~ 
Phalacrocorax, 78. 
Diomedea, 50. 
albatrus, 51. 
brachyura, 51. 
eauta, 53. 
chlororhyncha, 53. 
exulans, 51. 
gilliana, 52. 
irrorata, 52. 
melanophrys, 51, 52. 
nigripes, 51. 
Diomedeide, 50. 
Dipper, American, 538. 
Costa Rican, 538. 
discolor, Dendrocygna, 119. 
Dendroica, 516. 
discors, Anas, 93. 
D’Oca’s Hummingbird, 317. 
Dolichonyx, 365, 366. 
oryzivorus, 366, 
albinucha, 366, 600. 
domestica, Fringilla, 401. 
domesticus, Passer, 401, 402. 
dominica albilora, Dendroica, 504, 
Dendroica, 481, 482, 504, 


626 


dominicensis, Falco, 253. 
Progne, 499. 
Tyrannus, 329. 

dominicus, Charadrius, 174. 
Colymbus, 6. 
fulvus, Charadrius, 174. 
Nomonyx, 114. 

Doricha, 304, 305. 

dorsalis, Junco phonotus, 423. 
Picoides americanus, 287. 


Double Yellow-head Parrot, 594, 


Double-crested Cormorant, 78. 
doubledayi, Iache, 320. 
Trochilus, 320. 


Doubleday’s Hummingbird, 320. 


dougalli, Sterna, 44. 
Dove, Antillean, 213. 
Bahama Ground, 592. 
Ground, 215, 591. 
Inea, 216. 
Mexican Ground, 591. 
Mourning, 213. 
Rufous Ground, 215. 
Scaled, 215. 
Socorro, 213. 
Ground, 591. 
White-fronted, 214. 
White-winged, 214. 
Yucatan, 213. 
Zenaida, 213. 
Dovekie, 19. 
Dowitcher, 151. 
Long-billed, 151. 
Downy Petrel, 63. 
Woodpecker, 283. 
dresseri, Somateria, 110. 
Dryobates, 280, 281. 
arizonez, 286. 
fraterculus, 286. 
borealis, 283. 
homorus, 597. 
hyloscopus, 596. 
nuttalli, 285. 
pubescens, 283, 286. 
gairdnerii, 283, 596. 
homorus, 597. 
orececus, 597. 
scalaris, 284. 
bairdi, 285. 
graysoni, 285. 
lucasanus, 285. 
parvus, 284. 
sinaloensis, 285. 
stricklandi, 186. 
villosus, 282, 286. 
audubonii, 282. 
harrisii, 283, 596. 
hyloscopus, 596. 
jardinii, 283. 
leucomelas, 282. 
maynardi, 282. 
dubia, Mgialitis, 176, 177. 
dubius, Melanerpes, 293. 
Picus, 293. 
Duck, Abert’s, 92. 
Black, 91. 
Ferruginous, 113. 
Florida, 92. 
Harlequin, 107. 
Hawk, 247. 
Labrador, 107. 
Mandarin, 99. 


INDEX. 


Duck, Masked, 114. 
Mexican, 92. 
Mottled, 585. 
Muscovy, 100. 
Ring-necked, 104. 
Ruddy, 113. 
Rufous-crested, 100. 
Scaup, 103. 
Steller’s, 108. 
Wood, 99. 

dugesi, Dendroica, 495. 

Dugés’s Yellow Warbler, 495. 

Dunlin, 159. 

Dusky Grouse, 195. 
Horned Lark, 599. 
Horned Owl, 263. 
Kinglet, 568. 
Seaside Sparrow, 413. 
Shearwater, 61. 
Warbler, 607. 
Vireo, 607. 

Dwarf Cowbird, 367. 
Screech Owl, 593. 
Thrush, 576. 

Dysporus, 76. 
variegatus, 75. 

Dytes, 5. 


E. 


Eared Grebe, 6. 
American, 6. 
Ectopistes, 210, 212. 
migratorius, 212. 
Egret, American, 130. 
Peale’s, 131. 
Reddish, 131, 587. 
egretta, Ardea, 130. 
Eider, 109. 
American, 110. 
Greenland, 109. 
King, 110. 
Pacific, 110. 
Spectacled, 108. 
Elanoides, 222, 224. 
forficatus, 224. 
Elanus, 222, 224. 
leucurus, 225. 
elegans bensoni, Callipepla, 585. 
Callipepla, 193, 588. 
Centurus, 292. 
Melanerpes, 292. 
Ortyx, 193. 
Picus, 292. 
Puffinus, 61. 
Rallus, 138. 
Sterna, 40. 
Trogon, 276. 
var. tenuirostris, Rallus, 138. 
Elegant Partridge, 193, 588. 
Shearwater, 61. 
Tern, 40. 
Trogon, 276. 
Woodpecker, 292. 
elegantissima, Euphonia, 453. 
Elf Owl, 267. 
Socorro, 267. 
ellioti, Atthis, 315, 598. 
Meleagris gallopavo, 591. 
Trochilus, 315. 
Elliot’s Hummingbird, 315. 
Emberiza olivacea, 451. 


Embernagra rufivirgata, 385, 
Emperor Goose, 118. 
Empidonax, 327, 339. 
albigularis, 340. 
axillaris, 340. 
bahamensis, 339. 
bairdii, 340, 341. 
brachytarsus, 339. 
canescens, 599. 
cineritius, 599. 
difficilis, 340, 341. 
flaviventris, 341. 
fulvifrons, 344. 
pygmeeus, 345, 
rubicundus, 3465. 
fulvipectus, 344. 
griseus, 599. 
hammondi, 344. 
minimus, 3438, 344, 
trailii, 343. 
alnorum, 343. 
salvini, 341. 
virescens, 342. 
wrightii, 344. 
Eniconetta, 86, 107. 
stelleri, 108. 
enicurus, Trochilus, 305. 
enucleator canadensis, Pinicola, 
388. 
kadiaka, Pinicola, 388. 
Loxia, 388. 
Pinicola, 388. 
eremceca, Peuczwa boucardi, 429. 
Ereunetes, 148, 161. 
occidentalis, 162. 
pusillus, 161. 
Ergaticus, 483, 531. 
ruber, 531. 
versicolor, 531. 
Erionetta, 110. 
Erismatura, 87, 113. 
ferruginea, 113. 
rubida, 113. 
erythrocephala, Piranga, 456. 
Pyranga, 456. 
Spermagra, 456. 
erythrocephalus, Melanerpes, 290. 
erythrogaster, Chelidon, 461. 
erythromelas, Piranga, 454. 
erythrophthalmus alleni, Pipilo, 
436. 


Coecyzus, 274. 

Pipilo, 436, 438, 439. 
erythrorhynchos, Pelecanus, 82. 
Eskimo Curlew, 171. 
Euetheia, 386, 450. 

bicolor, 451. 

canora, 450, 451. 

olivacea, 451. 

intermedia, 451. 
pusilla, 451, 

pusilla, 451. 

Eugenes, 307, 309. 
fulgens, 304, 305, 309. 
spectabilis, 310. 

Eupherusa, 304. 

Euphonia, 453. 
Blue-headed, 453. 
elegantissima, 453. 

Eupsychortyx, 185. 

Euptilotus, 275. 

eurhyncha, Guiraca cerulea, 446. 


European Blue Heron, 129, 
Buzzard, 233. 
Coot, 141. 
House Sparrow, 401. 
Least Bittern, 127. 
Quail, 186. 
Scoter, 111. 
Snipe, 150. 
‘Teal, 94. 
Tree-Sparrow, 402. 
Woodcock, 149. 
Eurynorhynchus, 149, 160, 
pygmezeus, 160. 
Euthlypis, 483. 
lachrymosa, 483. 
Euxenura, 125. 
Evening Grosbeak, 387, 601. 
Western, 601. 
Everglade Kite, 226. 
excubitorides, Lanius, 467, 468. 
Lanius ludovicianus, 467. 
exilipes, Acanthis hornemannii, 
396. 
exilis, Ardetta, 585. 
Botaurus, 127. 
eximia, Ornismya, 304. 
externa, Aistrelata, 68. 
Cstrelata, 68. 
exulans, Diomedea, 951. 


F. 


Falcinellus ridgwayi, 124. 
Falco, 224, 244. 
eesalon, 249. 
albicaudatus, 237. 
albigularis, 248. 
columbarius, 250. 
suckleyi, 250. 
deiroleucus, 248. 
dominicensis, 253. 
fusco-cwrulescens, 251, 
islandus, 244. 
jugger, 246. 
mexicanus, 247. 
nitidus, 240. 
peregrinus, 247. 
anatum, 247. 
pealei, 248. 
plumbeus, 225. 
pterocles, 237. 
richardsonii, 251. 
rusticolus, 245. 
gyrfalco, 246. 
obsoletus, 246. 
sparverioides, 253. 
sparverius, 252. 
tharus, 254. 
unicinctus, 229. 
urubitinga, 238. 
zonurus, 238. 
Falcon, Aplomado, 251. 
Peale’s, 248. 
Peregrine, 247. 
Prairie, 247. 
Temminck’s, 248. 
White-throated, 248. 
Falcones, 218. 
Falconida, 218, 222. 
Falconineg, 224. 
fallax, Melospiza fasciata, 432. 


INDEX. 


familiaris alticola, Certhia, 558. 
americana, Certhia, 557. 
montana, Certhia, 558. 
occidentalis, Certhia, 558, 

Farallone Cormorant, 78. 

Rail, 140. 

fasciata, Callipepla, 193. 

Chamea, 566. 

Columba, 211. 

fallax, Melospiza, 432. 
guttata, Melospiza, 432. 
heermanni, Melospiza, 431, 
henshawi, Chamma, 566. 
Melospiza, 431. 

mexicana, Melospiza, 432, 
montana, Melospiza, 431. 
rufina, Melospiza, 432. 
samuelis, Melospiza, 431. 

fasciatus, Ortyx, 193. 

fedoa, Limosa, 163. 

felix, Thryothorus, 552. 

ferina, Anas, 101. 

Aythya, 101. 

fernandinew, Anabates, 482. 

ferrariperezi, Amphispiza, 426, 

Ferrari-Perez’s Sparrow, 426. 

ferruginea, Erismatura, 113, 
Tringa, 160. 

ferrugineus, Archibuteo, 241. 

Ferruginous Duck, 113. 
Pygmy Owl, 266. 
Rough-leg, 241. 

Field Sparrow, 420. 

Western, 420. 

Fiery Oriole, 376. 

figlina, Piranga, 455. 

Finch, California Purple, 390. 
Cassin’s Purple, 390. 
Crimson-fronted House, 391. 
Guadalupe House, 391. 
House, 391. 

Purple, 389. 

finschi, Amazona, 595, 
Chrysotis, 595. 

Finsch’s Parrot, 595. 

fischeri, Arctonetta, 108. 

Fish Crow, 363. 

Cuban, 363. 

fisheri, Astrelata, 68. 

Fisher’s Petrel, 68. 

Five-striped Sparrow, 426. 

Flamingo, American, 121. 

flammea, Piranga, 457. 
Setophaga, 530. 

miniata, 530. 

flammeolus, Megascops, 262, 586. 

flammula, Pinicola, 388. 

Flammulated Flycatcher, 335. 
Sereech Owl, 262. 

flammulatus, Myiarchus, 332, 335. 

flava, Budytes, 535, 

Motacilla, 535. 

flaveola, Certhia, 590. 

flavescens, Vireo crassirostris, 476. 

flaviceps, Auriparus, 569. 

flavifrons, Vireo, 472. 

flavipes, Totanus, 166. 

flavirostris, Columba, 211. 
Merula, 578. 

Phaéthon, 74. 

flaviventris, Empidonax, 341. 

flavoviridis, Vireo, 470, 590, 


627 


flavus, Budytes, 535. 
leucostriatus, Budytes, 535. 
Flesh-footed Shearwater, 62. 
Flicker, 295. 
Cuban, 295. 
Gilded, 295. 
Guadalupe, 296. 
Guatemalan, 296. 
Northwestern, 296. 
Red-shafted, 296. 
floresii, Selasphorus, 315, 598. 
Trochilus, 313, 315. 
Floresi’s Hummingbird, 315. 
Floricola, 305, 
Florida, 130. 
Barred Owl, 259. 
Blue Jay, 353. 
Bob White, 188. 
Burrowing Owl, 265. 
Cardinal, 606. 
Cormorant, 78. 
Crow, 362. 
Duck, 92. 
Gallinule, 141, 
Grackle, 380. 
Jay, 355. 
Red-shouldered Hawk, 237. 
Screech Owl, 261. 
White-breasted Nuthatch, 610. 
Wild Turkey, 590. 
Wren, 550. 
Yellow-throat, 608. 
floridana, Aphelocoma, 355. 
Speotyto cunicularia, 265. 
floridanus, Cardinalis cardinalis, 
606. 
Colinus virginianus, 188. 
Corvus americanus, 362. 
Megascops asio, 261. 
Phalacrocorax dilophus, 78. 
florincola, Cyanocitta cristata, 353. 
Flycatcher, Alder, 343. 
Arizona Crested, 333. 
Ash-throated, 333. 
Bahaman Crested, 334. 
Baird’s, 341. 
Beardless, 346. 
Bold, 332. 
Buff-breasted, 345. 
Coues’s, 337. 
Cozumel, 335. 
Crested, 333. 
Cuban Crested, 334. 
Derby, 331. 
Flammulated, 335. 
Fork-tailed, 327. 
Fulvous, 344. 
Giraud’s, 331, 
Green-crested, 342. 
Gray, 599. 
Hammond’s, 344, 
Insolent, 332. 
Lawrence’s, 335. 
Least, 343. 
Mexican Crested, 333. 
Narrow-billed, 344. 
Nicaraguan Crested, 334. 
Noble, 332. 
Nutting’s, 334. 
Olivaceous, 335. 
Olive-sided, 337. 
Ridgway’s, 346. 


628 


Flycatcher, Ruddy, 345. 

Salvin’s, 341. 

Scissor-tailed, 328. 

St. Lucas, 599. 

Sulphur-bellied, 332. 

Traill’s, 343. 

Vermilion, 345. 

Western, 340. 

White-throated, 340. 

Wright’s, 344. 

Yellow-bellied, 341. 

Yucatan Crested, 334, 
Forbush’s Sparrow, 605. 
forficatus, Elanoides, 224, 

Milvulus, 328. 

Fork-tailed Flycatcher, 327. 
Petrel, 70. 

formicivorus angustifrons, Mela- 

nerpes, 291. 

bairdi, Melanerpes, 291. 

Melanerpes, 291. 

Picus, 291. 
formosa, Geothlypis, 520, 521. 

Oporornis, 487. 

Pica, 350. 
forreri, Chrysomitris, 400. 

Spinus, 400. 

Vireo, 607. 

Forrer’s Goldfinch, 400. 

forsteri, Sterna, 42. 

Forster’s Tern, 42. 

Fox Sparrow, 434. 

francescx, Granatellus, 482. 

francix, Trochilus, 306. 

franklinii, Dendragapus, 196. 
Larus, 36. 

Franklin’s Grouse, 196. 
Gull, 36. 

Fratercula, 8, 11. 
arctica, 11. 

glacialis, 11. 

corniculata, 11. 
Fraterculine, 8. 
fraterculus, Dryobates 

286. 

frazari, Ardea virescens, 586. 
Hematopus, 588. 

Frazar’s Green Heron, 586. 
Oyster-catcher, 588. 

Fregata, 82. 
aquila, 83. 

minor, 83. 

Fregatidx, 73, 82. 

Fringilla, brunneinucha, 395. 
carduelis, 400, 401. 
cinerea, 423. 
domestica, 401. 
macgillivrayi, 602. 
mexicana, 390, 391. 
montana, 402. 

Fringillide, 321, 382. 

frontalis, Carpodacus 

391. 

Cyanocitta stelleri, 354. 

rhodocolpus, Carpodacus, 594, 
Frosted Poor-will, 597. 
fulgens, Eugenes, 304, 305, 309. 
Fulica, 136, 141. 

americana, 142. 

atra, 141. 

caribea, 142. 
fulicarius, Crymophilus, 144. 


arizone, 


mexicanus, 


INDEX. 


Fulicine, 136. 
fuliginosa, Pheebetria, 53. 
Sterna, 45. 
fuliginosus, Buteo, 235. 
Dendragapus obscurus, 196. 
Fuligula, 102. 
Aythya, 103. 
marila nearctica, 103. 
mariloides, 103. 
fuligula, Anas, 103. 
Fulmar, 57. 
Antarctic, 58. 
Giant, 57. 
Lesser, 57. 
Pacific, 57. 
Rodgers’s, 58. 
Slender-billed, 58, 
Fulmarus, 54, 57. 
antarcticus, 58. 
glacialis, 57, 583. 
columba, 583. 
glupischa, 57, 583. 
minor, 57, 583. 
rodgersii, 58, 583. 
glacialoides, 58. 
fulva, Dendrocygna, 119. 
Hirundo, 460. 
Petrochelidon, 460. 
fulvifrons, Empidonax, 344. 
pygmeus, Empidonax, 345. 
rubicundus, Empidonax, 345. 
fulvigula, Anas, 92. 
fulvipectus, Empidonax, 344, 
Fulvous Flycatcher, 344. 
Tree-duck, 119. 
fulvus, Charadrius dominicus, 174. 
fumifrons, Perisoreus canadensis, 
360. 
furcata, Oceanodroma, 70. 
Xema, 38. 
furcatus, Creagrus, 583. 
Funarius roseus, 539. 
fusca, Oidemia, 112. 
fuscescens salicicolus, Turdus, 574. 
Turdus, 574. 
fuscicaudata, Amazilia, 317. 
fuscicollis, Tringa, 157. 
fusco-ccerulescens, Falco, 251. 
fuscus albigula, Pipilo, 440. 
crissalis, Pipilo, 441. 
Larus, 28. 
mesoleucus, Pipilo, 440. 
Pelecanus, 82. 
Pipilo, 440. 


G. 


Gadwall, 95. 
gairdnerii, Dryobates 
283, 596. 
Gairdner’s Woodpecker, 283, 596. 
galapagensis, Haematopus, 182. 
Galapagos Oyster-catcher, 182. 
Storm Petrel, 70. 
galbula, Icterus, 377. 
galeata, Gallinula, 141. 
Galeoscoptes, 539, 542. 
carolinensis, 542. 
galericulata, Aix, 99. 
Anas, 99. 
Galline, 184. 


pubescens, 


Gallinago, 147, 149, 150. 
delicata, 150. 
gallinago, 150. 

gallinago, Gallinago, 150. 

Gallinula, 136, 141. 
galeata, 141. 

Gallinule, Florida, 141. 
Purple, 141. 

Gallinuline, 136. 

gallopavo, Meleagris, 207. 
mexicana, Meleagris, 207. 

gambeli, Anser albifrons, 116. 
Callipepla, 193. 

Lanius ludovicianus, 467. 
Parus, 562. 
Zonotrichia, 416. 

Gambel’s Partridge, 193. 
Sparrow, 416. 

Gannet, 76. 

Garrodia, 56. 

Garruline, 350. 

garrulus, Ampelis, 464, 465. 

Garrulus coronatus, 355. 

Garzetta, 130. 

gaumeri, Cheetura, 303. 

Gaumer’s Chimney Swift, 303. 

Gavia, 23, 24, 
alba, 24. 

gavia, Puffinus, 61. 

gelida, Procellaria, 58. 

gelidus, Puffinus, 58. 

Gelochelidon, 24, 38. 
nilotica, 38. 

Gennzus, 589, 590. 
nycthemerus, 590. 

Gennaia, 246. 

Geococcyx, 271, 272. 
affinis, 273. 
californianus, 272. 

georgiana, Melospiza, 433. 

Geothlypis, 482, 520. 
agilis, 521. 
beldingi, 524, 525. 
caninucha, 526, 
coryi, 525. 
formosa, 520, 521. 
macgillivrayi, 522. 
melanops, 524. 
occidentalis, 523. 
palpebralis, 526. 
philadelphia, 521, 522. 
poliocephala, 482, 525, 526, 

ralphi, 608. 
var. caninucha, 526, 
rostrata, 524. 
speciosa, 525. 
tanneri, 525. 
trichas, 522, 523. 
ignota, 608. 
occidentalis, 523, 524, 

Geotrygon, 210, 211, 216. 
albifacies, 217. 
chrysia, 216. 
montana, 217. 

Giant Fulmar, 57. 

gigantea, Ossifraga, 57. 

giganteus, Aramus, 136. 

Gila Woodpecker, 294. 

Gilded Flicker, 295. 

gilliana, Diomedea, 52. 

Gill’s Albatross, 52. 

gilvus, Vireo, 471. 


gilvus swainsoni, Vireo, 472. 
giraudi, Otocoris alpestris, 349. 
Giraud’s Flycatcher, 331. 
glabrirostris, Melanoptila, 539. 
glacialis, Fratercula arctica, 11. 
Fulmarus, 57, 583. 
glupischa, Fulmarus, 57, 583, 
minor, Fulmarus, 57. 
rodgersii, Fulmarus, 58. 
glacialoides, Fulmarus, 58. 
glareola, Totanus, 166, 
Tringa, 166. 
glaucescens, Larus, 27. 
Glaucidium, 256, 266. 
californicum, 593. 
gnoma, 266. 
californicum, 593. 
hoskinsii, 593, 
hoskinsii, 593. 
phaleenoides, 266. 
QGlaucionetta, 85, 104. 
clangula, 105. 
americana, 105. 
islandica, 105. 
Glaucous Gull, 26. 
-winged Gull, 27. 
glaucus, Larus, 26, 28. 
globicera, Crax, 207. 
Glossy Ibis, 124. 
Peruvian, 124, 
White-faced, 124. 
glupischa, Fulmarus glacialis, 57. 
Gnatcatcher, Bahaman, 569. 
Baird’s, 570. 
Black-tailed, 570. 
Blue-gray, 569. 
Cuban, 571. 
Lawrence’s, 569. 
Maximilian’s, 569. 
Plumbeous, 570. 
Western, 612. 
White-browed, 570. 
White-lored, 569. 
gnoma, Glaucidium, 266. 


californicum, Glaucidium, 593. 


hoskinsii, Glaucidium, 593, 
Godwit, Bar tailed, 163. 
Black-tailed, 164. 
Hudsonian, 164. 
Marbled, 163. 
Pacific, 163, 
Golden Eagle, 242. 
Pheasant, 590. 
Plover, 173. 
American, 174, 
Pacific, 174. 
Golden-cheeked Warbler, 509, 590. 
-crowned Kinglet, 567. 
Kinglet, Western, 568. 
Sparrow, 416. 
-fronted Woodpecker, 294. 
-winged Warbler, 486. 
Golden-eye, 105. 
American, 105. 
Barrows’s, 105. 
Goldfinch, 401. 
American, 398. 
Arizona, 399. 
Arkansas, 399. 
Black-headed, 400. 
Forrer’s, 400. 
Lawrence’s, 399. 


INDEX. 


Goldfinch, Mexican, 399. 
Salvin’s, 400. 

Western, 601. 

Goose, American White-fronted, 

116. 
Barnacle, 117. 
Bean, 116. 
Blue, 115. 
Cackling, 117. 
Canada, 117. 
Emperor, 118. 
Greater Snow, 115. 
Hutchins’s, 117. 
Lesser Snow, 115. 
Ross’s Snow, 115. 
White-cheeked, 117. 
White-fronted, 116. 

Goshawk, American, 228. 
Mexican, 240. 

South American, 240. 
Western, 228. 

gossi, Sula, 584. 

Graceful Petrel, 71. 

Grace’s Warbler, 506. 

graciz, Dendroica, 506. 

gracilis, Mimus, 542, 
Oceanites, 71. 
Thalassidroma, 71. 

Grackle, Boat-tailed, 381. 
Bronzed, 380. 

Florida, 380. 
Grayson’s, 381. 
Great-tailed, 381. 
Purple, 379. 
Slender-billed, 381. 

grallaria, Cymodroma, 72. 

graminea, Melospiza fasciata, 604. 

gramineus, Poocetes, 406. 
confinis, Poocetes, 407. 

grammacus, Chondestes, 414. 
strigatus, Chondestes, 414. 

Granatellus, 482. 
boucardi, 482. 
francesce, 482. 
pelzelni, 482, 
sallei, 482. 
venustus, 482. 

Grasshopper Sparrow, 411. 
Western, 411. 

Grassquit, 451. 

Melodious, 451. 
Mexican, 451. 
Yellow-faced, 451. 

Gray Flycatcher, 599. 
Gyrfalcon, 245. 
Kingbird, 329. 

Owl, Great, 259. 

Ruffed Grouse, 198. 

Sage Sparrow, 604. 

Sea Eagle, 243. 

Titmouse, 562. 

Vireo, 478. 

Wagtail, 534. 

Warbler, Black-throated, 507. 

Gray-breasted Martin, 459. 

Woodpecker, 292. 
-cheeked Thrush, 574, 
-crowned Leucosticte, 394. 
-headed Junco, 423. 
-naped Yellow-throat, 526. 
-necked Chachalaca, 209. 
-tailed Cardinal, 605. 


629 


Gray-throated Becard, 325. 

graysoni, Amazilia, 318. 
Colinus, 189, 585. 
Compsothlypis, 492. 
Dryobates scalaris, 285. 
Harporhynchus, 542, 543. 
Merula, 578. 

flavirostris, 578. 
Micrathene, 267. 
Mimodes, 543, 

Picus scalaris, var., 285. 
Quiscalus, 381. 
Zenaidura, 213. 
Grayson’s Becard, 325. 
Bob White, 189, 585. 
Grackle, 381. 
Hummingbird, 318. 
Woodpecker, 285. 
Great Auk, 19. 
Black-backed Gull, 28. 
Blue Heron, 129, 586. 
Gray Owl, 259. 
Horned Owl, 263. 
Rufous-bellied Kingfisher, 279. 
White Heron, 128. 

Great-billed Kingbird, 328. 
-tailed Grackle, 381. 

Greater Redpoll, 397. 
Shearwater, 59. 

Snow Goose, 115. 
Yellow-legs, 165. 

Grebe, American Eared, 6. 

Clark’s, 4. 
Crested, 5. 
Eared, 6. 
Holbeell’s, 5. 
Horned, 5. 
Pied-billed, 6. 
Red-necked, 5. 
St. Domingo, 6. 

Western, 4. 

Green Heron, 132. 
Anthony’s, 586. 
Frazar’s, 586. 

Jay, 358. 

Yellow-bellied, 358. 
Parakeet, 270. 

Pheasant, 206. 

Sandpiper, 166. 

Warbler, Black-throated, 510. 
-backed Towhee, 438, 

-billed Albatross, 53. 

-billed Shearwater, 62. 
-crested Flycatcher, 342. 
-tailed Towhee, 439. 

-winged Teal, 94. 

Greenland Eider, 109. 
Ptarmigan, 200. 
Redpoll, 396. 

Greenshank, 165. 

grinds, Psaltriparus minimus, 565. 

QGrinda’s Bush-Tit, 565. 

Grinnell’s Water-Thrush, 519. 

grisea, Astrelata, 67. 
Procellaria, 67. 

grisegena, Colymbus, 5. 

griseonucha, Leucosticte, 393. 

griseus, Cistothorus palustris, 610. 
Empidonax, 599. 
Macrorhamphus, 151. 
Parus inornatus, 562. 
Puffinus, 61. 


630 


Groove-billed Ani, 272. 

Grosbeak, Abeille’s, 387. 
American Pine, 388. 
Black-headed, 445. 
Blue, 445. 
Blue-black, 446. 
Evening, 387, 601. 
Kadiak Pine, 388, 
Pine, 388. 
Rose-breasted, 444, 
Western Evening, 601. 
Western Blue, 446. 

Ground Dove, 215, 591. 
Bahama, 592, 
Mexican, 591. 
Socorro, 591. 

Grouse, Canada, 196. 
Canadian Ruffed, 198. 
Dusky, 195. 
Franklin’s, 196. 

Gray Ruffed, 198. 

Oregon Ruffed, 198. 

Richardson’s, 196. 

Ruffed, 197. 

Sage, 205. 

Sharp-tailed, 204. 

Sooty, 196. 

Grues, 134. 

Gruide, 134. 

Grus, 154. 
americana, 135. 
canadensis, 135. 
mexicana, 135. 

grylle, Cepphus, 16. 

gryphus, Vultur, 218. 

Guadalupe Caracara, 254. 
Flicker, 296. 

House Finch, 391. 

Junco, 425. 

Rock Wren, 548. 

Petrel, 584. 

Towhee, 437. 

Wren, 551. 
guadeloupensis, Salpinctes, 548. 
Guara, 123. 

alba, 123. 

rubra, 123. 
guarauna, Plegadis, 124. 
Guatemala Bluebird, 581. 
guatemale, Amazona, 594, 

Chrysotis, 594. 

Setophaga, 530. 

picta, 530. 

Sialia sialis, 581. 
Guatemalan Chachalaca, 209. 

Chipping Sparrow, 419. 

Flicker, 296. 

Ivory-billed Woodpecker, 281. 

Junco, 424. 
guatemalensis, Campephilus, 281. 

Picus, 281. 
gubernator, Agelaius, 370, 371. 
guianensis, Tanagra, 469. 
Guillemot, Black, 16. 

Black-winged, 17. 

Mandt’s, 16. 

Pigeon, 17. 

Sooty, 17. 

Guiraca, 383, 445. 
abeillii, 387. 
cerulea, 445. 

eurhyncha, 446. 


INDEX. 


Guiraca cyanoides concreta, 446. 
gularis, Aistrelata, 67, 68. 
Cstrelata, 67. 
Procellaria, 67, 68. 
Gull, Bonaparte’s, 36. 
California, 31. 
Franklin’s, 36. 
Glaucous, 26. 
-winged, 27, 
Great Black-backed, 28. 
Heermann’s, 34. 
Herring, 30. 
Iceland, 26. 
Ivory, 24. 
Kumlien’s, 27. 
Laughing, 35. 
Lesser Black-backed, 28. 
Little, 36. 
Mew, 33. 
Nelson’s, 27. 
Pallas’s, 30. 
Point Barrow, 26. 
Ring-billed, 32. 
Ross’s, 37. 
Sabine’s, 38. 
Short-billed, 34. 
Siberian, 29. 
Slaty-backed, 29. 
Swallow-tailed, 38. 
Western, 28. 
QGull-billed Tern, 38. 
gundlachi, Dendroica, 495. 
Dendroica petechia, 495. 
Vireo, 478. 
gundlachii, Mimus, 542. 
Gundlach’s Mockingbird, 542. 
gustavi, Anthus, 537. 
guttata, Melospiza fasciata, 432. 
guttatus, Ammodramus rostratus, 
410. 
Harporhynchus, 544. 
gutturalis, Compsothlypis, 481. 
Helminthophila —_ruficapilla, 
489. 
Gypagus, 219. 
papa, 219. 
Gyrfalcon, 246. 
Black, 246. 
Gray, 245. 
White, 244. 


H. 


Habia, 383, 444. 
ludoviciana, 444. 
melanocephala, 445. 

Hadrostomus albiventris, 325. 

hemastica, Limosa, 164. 

Hematopodide, 143, 181. 

Heematopus, 181. 
ater, 183. 
bachmani, 183. 
frazari, 588. 
galapagensis, 182. 
leucopodus, 182. 
ostralegus, 181. 
palliatus, 182. 

Hemophila humeralis, 426. 

Hairy Woodpecker, 282. 
Bahaman, 282. 
Northern, 282. 


Hairy Woodpecker, Southern, 282. 
Haitien Sparrow Hawk, 253. 
Haliwétus, 223, 242. 
albicilla, 243. 
leucocephalus, 243. 
haliaétus carolinensis, Pandion, 
255. 

Haliplana, 45. 

Halobeena, 55. 

Halocyptena, 56, 69. 
microsoma, 69. 

Halodromide, 50. 

hammondi, Empidonax, 344. 

Hammond’s Flycatcher, 344. 

Happy Wren, 552. 

harlani, Buteo, 231. 

Harlan’s Hawk, 231. 

Harlequin Duck, 107. 

Harporhynchus, 539, 543, 546. 
bendirei, 5438, 545. 
cinereus, 544. 

mearnsi, 609. 
crissalis, 546. 
curvirostris, 545. 

occidentalis, 545, 

palmeri, 545. 
graysoni, 542, 543. 
guttatus, 544, 
lecontei, 546. 
longirostris sennetti, 544, 
ocellatus, 544. 
palmeri, 543. 
redivivus, 546. 
rufus, 543. 

Harpy Eagle, 242. 

harpyia, Thrasaétus, 242. 

harrisii, Dryobates villosus, 283. 

596. 

Harris’s Hawk, 229. 
Sparrow, 415. 
Woodpecker, 283, 596. 

Hartlaub’s Sparrow, 426. 

hasitata, Aistrelata, 66. 

hastatus, Megascops, 593. 

Hawk, American Sparrow, 252. 
Broad-winged, 236. 
Cooper’s, 228. 

Cuban Sparrow, 253. 
Duck, 247. 

Haitien Sparrow, 253. 
Harlan’s, 231. 
Harris’s, 229. 
Krider’s, 232. 

Marsh, 216. 
One-banded, 229. 
Pigeon, 250. 
Red-breasted, 237. 

-shouldered, 237. 

-tailed, 232. 
Sharp-shinned, 227. 
Short-tailed, 236. 
Swainson’s, 235. 
White-tailed, 238, 
Zone-tailed, 234. 

Hawk Owl, 265. 
American, 265. 

Heath Hen, 203. 

heermanni, Larus, 34. 
Melospiza, 452. 

fasciata, 431. 

Heermann’s Gull, 34. 

Song Sparrow, 431. 


helene, Calypte, 312, 313, 598. 
Orthorhynchus, 313. 
Trochilus, 313. 

Heleodytes, 547. 
affinis, 547. 
brunneicapillus, 547, 

bryanti, 609. 

Helinai brevipennis, 479. 

Helinaia, 481, 484. 
swainsonii, 485. 

Heliomaster spectabilis, 310. 

Helminthophila, 481, 485. 
bachmani, 487. 
celata, 488. 

lutescens, 489. 

sordida, 607. 
chrysoptera, 486. 
cincinnatiensis, 487. 
lawrencei, 486. 
leucobronchialis, 486. 
lucia, 185, 490. 
peregrina, 488. 
pinus, 486, 487. 
ruficapilla, 489. 

gutturalis, 489. 
virginia, 488, 490. 

Helmitherus, 481, 485. 
vermivorus, 485, 528. 

Helodromas, 166. 

heloisa, Atthis, 598. 
Trochilus, 315. 

Heloise’s Hummingbird, 315. 

hemileucurus, Campylopterus, 304, 

305. 

Hemiprocne, 302. 

Hen, Attwater’s Prairie, 589. 
Heath, 203. 

Lesser Prairie, 203. 
Prairie, 203. 

Henhawk, Cooper’s, 230. 

Henicorhina, 540. 

Henri Delattre’s 

310. 

henrica, Ornismya, 310. 

henrici, Cceligena, 310. 

henshawi, Chamea fasciata, 566. 

henslowi, Ammodramus, 412. 

Henslow’s Sparrow, 412. 
Western, 601. 

Hepatic Tanager, 455. 

hepatica, Piranga, 455. 

Hepburn’s Leucosticte, 394. 

Hermit Thrush, 576. 
Warbler, 513. 

Herodias, 130. 

herodias, Ardea, 129, 586. 

Herodiones, 1, 122. 

Heron, Anthony’s Green, 586. 
Brown, 131. 

Cocoi, 129. 

Frazar’s Green, 586. 
Great Blue, 129, 586. 
Green, 132. 

Louisiana, 131. 

Snowy, 130. 

Streaked, 132. 

Ward’s, 129, 586. 
Wiirdemann’s, 128, 585. 

Herring Gull, 30. 
American, 31. 

hosperia, Progne subis, 697. 

Hesperiphona, 386. 


Hummingbird, 


INDEX. 


Hesperiphona vespertina, var. mon- 
tana, 601. 

hesperis, Corvus americanus, 362, 

Hesperocichla, 571, 578. 
nevia, 578. 

Heteractitis, 148, 167. 
brevipes, 168. 
incanus, 168. 

hiaticula, Aigialitis, 177. 

hiemalis pacificus, Troglodytes, 555. 
Troglodytes, 555. 

Hierofaleo, 244. 

Himantopus, 146. 
brasiliensis, 147. 
mexicanus, 147. 

himantopus, Micropalama, 152. 

Hirundinide, 457. 

Hirundo bicolor, 461. 
chalybea, 459. 
cyaneoviridis, 462, 
fulva, 460. 
melanogaster, 460. 
saturata, 461. 
tytleri, 461. 
zonaris, 302. 

hirundo, Sterna, 43. 

Histrionicus, 86, 107. 
histrionicus, 107. 

histrionicus Histrionicus, 107. 

Hoary Redpoll, 396. 

holbeellii, Acanthis, 397. 
Acanthis linaria, 397. 
Colymbus, 5. 

Holbeell’s Grebe, 5. 

Redpoll, 397. 

holochlorus brevipes, Conurus, 270. 
Conurus, 270. 

homochroa, Oceanodroma, 71. 

homorus, Dryobates, 597. 
pubescens, 597. 

Hooded Merganser, 89. 
Oriole, 375. 

Arizona, 376. 
Warbler, 527. 

hornbyi, Oveanodroma, 70. 

Hornby’s Petrel, 70. 

Horned Grebe, 5. 

Lark, 348. 
Desert, 349. 
Dusky, 599. 
Island, 599. 
Mexican, 349. 
Pallid, 348. 
Prairie, 348. 
Ruddy, 349. 
Scorched, 599. 
Sonoran, 599. 
Streaked, 349. 
Texan, 349. 

Owl, Arctic, 263. 
Dusky, 263. 
Great, 263. 
Striped, 264. 
Western, 263. 

Puffin, 11. 

hornemannii, Acanthis, 396. 
exilipes, Acanthis, 396. 

hoskinsii, Glaucidium, 593. 
gnoma, 593. 

Hoskins’s Pygmy Owl, 593. 

House Finch, 391. 

Crimson-fronted, 391. 


631 


House Finch, Guadalupe, 391. 
Sparrow, European, 401. 
Wren, 553. 

Central American, 554, 

Hudsonian Chickadee, 564. 
Curlew, 171. 

Godwit, 164. 

hudsonica, Pica pica, 352. 

hudsonicus, Numenius, 171. 
Parus, 564. 

hudsonius, Circus, 226. 

humeralis, Agelaius, 371. 
Amphispiza, 426, 
Hemophila, 426. 
Leistes, 371. 

Hummingbird, Admirable, 310. 
Allen’s, 314, 

Anna’s, 312. 
Beautiful, 316. 
Berylline, 317. 
Black-chinned, 312. 
Blue-tailed, 318. 
-throated, 310. 
Broad-billed, 319. 
-tailed, 313. 
Buff-bellied, 317. 
Cabot’s, 317. 
Calliope, 316. 
Cinnamomeous, 318. 
Costa’s, 312. 
D’0ea’s, 317. 
Doubleday’s, 320. 
Elliot’s, 315. 
Floresi’s, 315. 
Grayson’s, 318. 
Heloise’s, 315. 
Henri Delattre’s, 310. 
Lawrence’s, 320. 
Lucifer, 316. 
Magic, 320. 
Maria’s, 317. 
Pale-green-throated, 310. 
Princess Helena’s, 313. 
Rieffer’s, 317. 
Rivoli, 309. 
Ruby-throated, 311. 
Rufous, 314._ 
Violet-throated, 598. 
White-eared, 319. 
Xantus’s, 318. 

hutchinsii, Branta canadensis, 117. 

Hutchins’s Goose, 117. 

huttoni stephensi, Vireo, 477. 

Hutton’s Vireo, 477. 

Hydranassa, 131. 

Hydrochelidon, 24, 46. 
leucopareia, 47. 
leucoptera, 47. 
nigra, 46. 

surinamensis, 47. 

hyemalis carolinensis, Junco, 423, 
Clangula, 106. 

Junco, 422, 423, 424. 
oregonus, Junco, 424. 

Hylocharis magica, 320. 

Hylocichla, 573. 

Hylophilus, 469, 478. 
decurtatus, 479. 
ochraceiceps, 479. 
Ochraceous-fronted, 479. 
Short-winged, 479. 
thoracicus, 478. 


632 


hyloscopus, Dryobates, 596. 
villosus, Dryobates, 596. 
hyperborea, Chen, 115. 
nivalis, Chen, 115. 
hyperboreus, Plectrophenax, 403. 
hypochrysea, Dendroica, 518. 
Dendroica palmarum, 517. 
hypochryseus, Vireo, 478. 
hypogzea, Speotyto cunicularia, 265. 
hypoleuca, Aphelecoma californica, 
Aistrelata, 584. 
Cstrelata, 584. 
hypoleucos, Actitis, 170. 
Tringa, 170. 
hypoleucus, Brachyramphus, 15. 
Melanotis, 539. 
Hypolia, 395. 
hypopolius, Centurus, 292. 
Melanerpes, 292. 
Picus, 292. 
hypopyrrha, Ampelis, 323. 


I. 


Tache, 308, 319. 
doubledayi, 320. 
latirostris, 319, 320. 
lawrencei, 320. 
magica, 320. 

Tbididaw, 122, 123. 

Ibis, Glossy, 124. 

Peruvian Glossy, 124. 
Scarlet, 123. 

White, 123. 

White-faced Glossy, 124. 
Wood, 125. 

ibis, Tantalus, 125. 

Ice Petrel, 58. 

Iceland Gull, 26. 

Icteria, 482, 526. 
virens, 527. 

longicauda, 527. 

Icteridex, 321, 365. 

Icterine, 365. 

Icterus, 366, 372. 
abeillei, 378. 
abeillii, 378. 
audubonii, 374. 
bullocki, 378. 
cucullatus, 374, 375, 376. 

igneus, 376. 

nelsoni, 376. 
galbula, 377. 
icterus, 373. 
melanocephalus, 374. 
parisorum, 373. 
prosthemelas, 375. 
spurius, 376. 
wagleri, 374, 375. 

icterus, Icterus, 373. 

Ictinia, 222, 225. 
mississippiensis, 225. 
plumbea, 225. 

idahoensis, Megascops flammeolus, 

593. 

igneus, Cardinalis cardinalis, 442. 
Icterus cucullatus, 376. 

ignota, Geothlypis trichas, 608. 

iliaca megarhyncha, Passerella, 

434, 


INDEX. 


iliaca, Passerella, 434. 
schistacea, Passerella, 434. 
unalaschensis, Passerella, 434. 
iliacus, Turdus, 576. 
imber, Urinator, 7. 
imberbe, Ornithion, 346. 
ridgwayi, Ornithion, 346. 
immaculatus, Catharus, 571. 
impennis, Plautus, 19. 
Imperial Woodpecker, 281. 
imperialis, Campephilus, 281. 
Picus, 281. 
Inca Dove, 216. 
inca, Scardafella, 216. 
incanus, Heteractitis, 168. 
incerta, Mstrelata, 64. 
Procellaria, 64. 
Indigo Bunting, 448. 
indigotica, Passerina parellina, 447. 
inornata, Compsothlypis, 492. 
Compsothlypis pitiayumi, 492. 
Parula, 492. 
Symphemia semipalmata, 588. 
inornatus cineraceus, Parus, 561. 
griseus, Parus, 562. 
Parus, 561. 
insignis, Melospiza, 604. 
insolens, Myiodynastes audax, 332. 
Insolent Flycatcher, 332. 
insularis, Aphelocoma, 356. 
Compsothlypis, 492. 
Junco, 425. 
Myadestes obscurus, 573. 
Otocoris alpestris, 599. 
Parula, 492. 
Picus, 282. 
Platypsaris, 325. 
Troglodytes, 553. 
Vireo huttoni, 607. 
intermedia, Euetheia olivacea,451. 
Zonotrichia leucophrys, 416, 
417. 
Intermediate Sparrow, 416. 
intermedius, Troglodytes, 554. 
interpres, Arenaria, 180, 181. 
involucris, Ardea, 127, 128. 
Ardetta, 128. 
Botaurus, 128. 
Tonornis, 136, 140. 
martinica, 141. 
Ipswich Sparrow, 407. 
Iridoprocne, 461. 
irrorata, Diomedea, 52. 
Island Horned Lark, 599. 
islandica, Glaucionetta, 105. 
islandus, Falco, 244. 
iulus, Psaltriparus melanotis, 611. 
Ivory-billed Woodpecker, 281. 
Cuban, 281. 
Guatemalan, 281. 
Ivory Gull, 24. 


J. 


Jabiru, 126. 
Jacana, 183. 
Mexican, 183. 
spinosa, 183. 
Jacanidx, 148, 183. 
Jaeger, Long-tailed, 23. 
Parasitic, 22. 
Pomarine, 22. 


Jamaican Petrel, 66. 

jamaicensis, Aistrelata, 66. 
(Kstrelata, 66. 
Porzana, 140. 
Procellaria, 66. 

Japanese Leucosticte, 395. 
Waxwing, 465. 

japonica, Ampelis, 465. 
Bombicyvora, 465. 

japonicus, Ampelis, 465. 

Jardine’s Woodpecker, 283. 

jardinii, Dryobates villosus, 283. 

Picus, 283. 

Jay, Alaskan, 360. 
Arizona, 357. 
Belding’s, 600. 
Black-headed, 354, 
Blue-eared, 357. 

-fronted, 354. 
Brown, 352. 
California, 356. 
Canada, 359. 
Coronated, 355. 
Couch’s, 357. 
Diademed, 354. 
Florida, 355. 
Green, 358. 
Labrador, 359. 
Long-crested, 354. 
Oregon, 360. 
Pinon, 364. 
Rocky Mountain, 360. 
Santa Cruz, 356. 
Sieber’s, 358. 
Steller’s, 353. 
Sumichrast’s, 356. 
Ultramarine, 357. 
Unicolored, 358. 
Woodhouse’s, 355. 
Xantus’s, 356. 
Yellow-bellied Green, 358. 

jugger, Falco, 246. 

Junco, 385, 422. 

aikeni, 422. 
alticola, 424. 
annectens, 424. 
Arizona, 424, 
bairdi, 425. 
Baird’s, 425. 
caniceps, 423. 
Carolina, 423. 
Gray-headed, 423. 
Guadalupe, 425. 
Guatemalan, 424. 
hyemalis, 422-424. 

carolinensis, 423, 

oregonus, 424. 

inosus, 603. 

shufeldti, 603. 

thurberi, 603. 
insularis, 425. 
Mexican, 423. 
Oregon, 424. 
pheonotus, 423. 

dorsalis, 423. 

palliatus, 424. 
Pink-sided, 424. 
pinosus, 603. 
Point Pinos, 603. 
Red-backed, 423. 
ridgwayi, 603. 
Ridgway’s, 603. 


Junco, Shufeldt’s, 603. 
Slate-colored, 422. 
Thurber’s, 603. 
townsendi, 603. 
Townsend’s, 603. 
White-winged, 422. 


K. 


Kadiak Pine Grosbeak, 388. 
Song Sparrow, 604. 

kadiaka, Pinicola enucleator, 388. 

Kamtschatkan Barn Swallow, 461. 
Cuckoo, 596. 

Scotor, 112. 
Sea Eagle, 243. 
Skylark, 347. 
Wagtail, 534. 
Kaup’s Redstart, 530. 
kennicottii, Megascops asio, 262, 
593. 

Kennicott’s Screech Owl, 262, 593. 
Willow Warbler, 567. 

Kentucky Warbler, 520. 

Kestrel, 592. 

Key West Quail-dove, 206. 
Vireo, 475. 

kidderi, @strelata, 67. 

Killdeer, 174. 

Kingbird, 328. 

Arkansas, 330. 
Cassin’s, 330. 
Couch’s, 329. 
Gray, 329. 
Great-billed, 328. 
Thick-billed, 329. 

King Hider, 110. 

Kingfisher, Belted, 279. 

Great Rufous-bellied, 279. 
Texan, 279. 

Kinglet, Cuvier’s, 568. 
Dusky, 568. 
Golden-crowned, 567. 
Ruby-crowned, 568. 
Western Golden-crowned, 568. 

King Rail, 138. 

Mexican, 138. 

King Vulture, 219. 

kirtlandi, Dendroica, 514, 

Kirtland’s Warbler, 514, 

Kite, Everglade, 226. 
Mississippi, 225. 
Plumbeous, 225. 
Swallow-tailed, 224. 
White-tailed, 225. 

Kittiwake, 25. 

Pacific, 25. 
Red-legged, 25. 

kittlitzii, Brachyramphus, 15. 

Kittlitz’s Murrelet, 15. 

Knot, 153. 

Kowak Chickadee, 611. 

Krider’s Hawk, 232. 

kuhlii, Puffinus, 59. 

kumlieni, Larus, 27. 

Kumlien’s Gull, 27. 


L. 


Labrador Duck, 107. 
Jay, 359. 
labradorius, Camptolaimus, 107. 


INDEX. 


lachrymosa, Euthlypis, 483. 
Ladder-backed Woodpecker, 284. 
Cabot’s, 284. 
Lady Ambherst’s Pheasant, 590. 
Lafresnaye’s Chimney Swift, 303. 
Lagopus, 185, 198. 
lagopus, 199, 200. 
alleni, 199. 
leucurus, 202. 
rupestris, 200, 201. 
atkhensis, 201. 
nelsoni, 201. 
reinhardti, 200. 
welchi, 201. 
lagopus alleni, Lagopus, 199. 
Archibuteo, 240. 
Lagopus, 199, 200. 
sancti-johannis, Archibuteo, 
241. 
Lampornis, 304, 307. 
mango, 274. 
violicauda, 274. 
Lamprolaima, 304. 
rhami, 304. 
Laniide, 323, 465. 
Laniocera, 323. 
sanguinaria, 323. 
Lanius, 465. 
borealis, 466. 
sibiricus, 466. 
cayanus, 323. 
excubitorides, 467, 468. 
ludovicianus, 467, 468. 
excubitorides, 467. 
gambeli, 467. 
var. robustus, 468, 
major, 466. 
robustus, 468. 
Lanivireo, 472. 
crassirostris, 476. 
Lapland Longspur, 404. 
Lapp Owl, 260. 
lapponica baueri, Limosa, 163. 
Limosa, 163. 
Scolopax, 163. 
lapponicum, Scotiaptex cinereum, 
0. 


lapponicus, Calcarius, 404. 
Lapwing, 172. 
Large-billed Puffin, 11. 

Sandpiper, 153. 

Sparrow, 410. 

Vireo, 476. 

Wood Pewee, 598. 
largipennis, Trochilus, 305. 
Laridex, 20, 23. 

Larine, 23. 
Lark Bunting, 453. 

Sparrow, 414. 

Western, 414, 
Larus, 23, 25. 
affinis, 29. 
argentatus, 30, 32. 
smithsonianus, 31. 

atricilla, 35. 

barrovianus, 26. 

brachyrhynchus, 34, 

californicus, 31, 32. 

canus, 33. 

delawarensis, 32. 

franklinii, 36. 

fuscus, 28. 


80 


633 


Larus glaucescens, 27. 
glaucus, 26, 28. 
heermanni, 34. 
kumlieni, 27. 
leucopterus, 26, 27. 
marinus, 28. 
minutus, 36. 
nelsoni, 27. 
occidentalis, 28, 29. 
philadelphia, 36. 
schistisagus, 29. 
vege, 30, 31. 

latifasciata, Piranga leucoptera, 

457. 

latirostris, Iache, 319, 320. 
Pachyrhamphus, 324, 325. 
Platypsaris, 325. 

latissimus, Buteo, 237. 

Laughing Gull, 35. 

lawrencei, Iache, 320. 
Mimus, 542, 

gilvus, y., 542, 
Spinus, 399. 

lawrenceii, Myiarchus, 335. 
olivascens, Myiarchus, 335. 

lawrencii, Helminthophila, 486. 
Thryothorus, 552. 

felix, B., 552. 

Lawrence’s Flycatcher, 335. 
Gnatcatcher, 569. 
Goldfinch, 399. 
Hummingbird, 320. 
Warbler, 486. 

Lazuli Bunting, 447. 

Leach’s Petrel, 71. 

Lead-colored Bush-Tit, 565. 

Least Auklet, 13. 

Bittern, 127. 
Azara’s, 128. 
Cory’s, 127. 
European, 127, 

Flycatcher, 343. 

Petrel, 69. 

Sandpiper, 158. 

Tern, 46. 

Vireo, 478. 

leclancheri, Passerina, 449. 

Leclancher’s Bunting, 449. 

lecontei, Harporhynchus, 546, 

leconteii, Ammodramus, 412, 
“ Coturniculus,” 410. 

Le Conte’s Sparrow, 412. 
Thrasher, 546. 

leei, Centurus, 293. 
Melanerpes, 293. 

Lee’s Woodpecker, 293. 

Leistes humeralis, 371. 

lembeyi, Polioptila, 571. 

lentiginosus, Botaurus, 126. 

Leptopelicanus, 82. 

Leptotila, 210, 214. 
fulviventris brachyptera, 214. 

Lesser Black-backed Gull, 28. 
Fulmar, 57. 
Man-o’-War Bird, 83. 
Prairie Hen, 203. 

Scaup Duck, 103. 

Snow Goose, 115. 

lessoni, Aistrelata, 63. 
Procellaria, 63. 

lessonii, Momotus, 278. 

Lesson’s Motmot, 278. 


634 


Lesson’s Petrel, 63. 
Lestris antarcticus, 21. 
antarcticus var. b. 
21. 
leucobronchialis, Helminthophila, 
486. 
leucocapillus, Anous, 48. 
leucocephala, Columba, 212. 
leucocephalus, Halizétus, 243. 
leucogaster, Penelope, 208. 
leucogastra, Ortalida, 268. 

Ortalis, 208. 

Polioptila, 569. 

Sylvia, 569. 

Troglodytes, 540. 
leucolema, Otocoris alpestris, 348. 
leucomelas, Dryobates villosus, 282. 

Procellaria, 62. 

Puffinus, 62. 
leuconucha, Sitta pygmeza, 610. 
leucopareia, Hydrochelidon, 47. 

Sterna, 47. 
leucophrys, Thryothorus, 609. 

Zonotrichia, 415, 417. 
leucopodus, Heematopus, 182. 
leucopsis, Branta, 116, 117. 
leucoptera, Astrelata, 65. 

Hydrochelidon, 47. 

latifasciata, Piranga, 457. 

Loxia, 393. 

Melopelia, 214. 

Piranga, 457. 

Procellaria, 65. 

Pyranga, 457. 
leucopterus, Larus, 26, 27. 
leucorhoa, Oceanodroma, 71. 
Leucosticte, 383, 393. 

Aleutian, 393, 

arctoa, 395. 

atrata, 394. 

australis, 395. 

Black, 394. 

Brown-capped, 395. 

brunneinucha, 395. 

Gray-crowned, 394. 

griseonucha, 393. 

Hepburn’s, 394, 

Japanese, 395. 

littoralis, 394. 

Silvery-winged, 395. 

tephrocotis, 394, 395. 
leucostictus, Cyphorhinus, 540. 
leucostriatus, Bydytes flavus, 535. 
leucotis, Basilinna, 319. 

Trochilus, 319. 
leucurus, Elanus, 225. 
lagopus, 202. 
levaillantii, Amazona, 594. 

Chrysotis, 594. 

Lewis’s Woodpecker, 291. 
Limicole, 143. 
Limosa, 149, 162, 167. 

fedoa, 163. 

hemastica, 164. 

lapponica, 163. 

baueri, 163. 

limosa, 164. 
limosa, Limosa, 164. 

Limpkin, 136. 
linaria, Acanthis, 397. 

holbcellii, Acanthis, 397. 

rostrata, Acanthis, 397. 


chilensis, 


INDEX. 


lincolni, Melospiza, 433, 
Lincoln’s Sparrow, 433. 
lineata, Thalassidroma, 56. 
lineatus alleni, Buteo, 237. 
Buteo, 237. 
elegans, Buteo, 237, 

lineola, Myiopsitta, 269. 

Linnet, Brewster’s, 398. 

Lipangus, 323. 

Lipaugus, 323. 

Little Black Hawk, 235. 
Blue Heron, 130. 
Brown Crane, 135. 
Flycatcher, 343. 

Gull, 36. 
Ring Plover, 177. 

littoralis, Corvus, 361. 
Corvus corax var., 361. 

Leucosticte, 394. 
tephrocotis, 394. 

loydi, Psaltriparus, 611. 

Lloyd’s Bush Tit, 611. 

lobatus, Phalaropus, 145, 

loculator, Tantalus, 125. 

Loggerhead Shrike, 467. 

Lomita Wren, 609. 

lomitensis, Thryothorus ludovici- 

anus, 609. 
lomvia, Uria, 18. 
Long-billed Curlew, 170. 
Dowitcher, 151. 
Marsh Wren, 556. 
Thrasher, 544. 
-crested Jay, 354, 
-eared Owl, 257. 
-eared Owl, American, 257. 
-tailed Chat, 527. 
Chickadee, 563. 
Jaeger, 23. 
-toed Stint, 158. 

longicauda, Bartramia, 169. 
Icteria virens, 527. 

longicaudus, Stercorarius, 23. 

Longipennes, 1, 20. 

longirostris, Agelaius, 370. 
Agelaius phoeniceus, 370. 
crepitans, Rallus, 137, 
Numenius, 170. 
saturatus, Rallus, 137. 

Longspur, Chestnut-collared, 405. 
Lapland, 404. 
McCown’s, 406. 
Smith’s, 405. 

Loon, 7. 

Black-throated, 7. 
Pacific, 8. 
Red-throated, 8. 
Yellow-billed, 7. 

Lophodytes, 84, 89. 
cucullatus, 89. 

Lophophanes, 560. 

Lophortyx, 192. 

Louisiana Clapper Rail, 137. 
Heron, 131. 

Seaside Sparrow, 602. 
Tanager, 456. 
Water-Thrush, 519. 

Loxia, 382, 392. 
canora, 451. 
curvirostra bendirei, 392. 

minor, 392. 
stricklandi, 392. 


Loxia enucleator, 388. 
leucoptera, 393. 
minor, 392. 
lucasanus, Dryobates scalaris, 285. 
Vireo solitarius, 607. 
lucaysiensis, Myiarchus, 334. 
Tyrannula (Myiarchus) sto- 
lida var., 334. 
lucie, Helminthophila, 485, 490. 
Lucifer Hummingbird, 316. 
lucifer, Calothorax, 598, 
Trochilus, 316. 
Lucy’s Warbler, 490. 
ludoviciana, Habia, 444. 
Piranga, 456. 
ludovicianus excubitorides, La- 
nius, 467. 
gambeli, Lanius, 467. 
Lanius, 467, 468. 
miamensis, Thryothorus, 550. 
lugens, Motacilla, 532, 534. 
lugubris, Corvus, 361. 
lumme, Urinator, 8. 
Lunda, 8, 10. 
cirrhata, 10. 
lunifrons, Petrochelidon, 460. 
luteiventris, Myiodynastes, 332. 
lutescens, Helminthophila celata, 
489. 
Lutescent Warbler, 489. 
lutosus, Polyborus, 254. 
luxuosa cyanocapilla, Xanthoura, 
358. 
Xanthoura, 358. 


M. 


Macao, Ara, 594. 
Psittacus, 594. 
Macaw, Military, 594. 
Red Yellow and Blue, 594. 
maccalli, Ortalis, 209. 
Ortalis vetula, 209. 
macgillivrayi, Bulweria, 69. 
Ammodramus maritimus, 602. 
Fringilla, 602. 
Geothlypis, 522. 
Thalassidroma, 69. 
Macgillivray’s Petrel, 69. 
Warbler, 522. 
Macfarlanei, Megascops asio, 592. 
MacFarlane’s Screech Owl, 592. 
Macrochires, 297. 
macrodactyla, Oceanodroma, 534. 
Oceanodroma leucorhoa, 534. 
macrolopha, Cyanocitta  stelleri, 
354, 
macromystax, Antrostomus voci- 
ferus, 299. 
Caprimulgus, 298. 
macronyx, Pipilo, 438, 439. 
Macrorhamphus, 149, 150, 151. 
griseus, 151. 
scolopaceus, 151. 
semipalmatus, 151. 
macroura, Ortyx, 184. 
Zenaidura, 213. 
macrourus, Quiscalus, 381. 
macularia, Actitis, 170. 
maculata, Tringa, 148, 156, 160. 
maculatus arcticus, Pipilo, 437. 


maculatus megalonyx, Pipilo, 437. 
oregonus, Pipilo, 437. 
Pipilo, 436. 

meculipectus canobrunneus, Thry- 

othorus, 552. 

Thryothorus, 552. 

umbrinus, Thryothorus, 552. 

maculosa, Anas, 585, 

Anas fulvigula, 585. 

Dendroica, 498. 

Magenta Petrel, 64. 

magente, Aistrelata, 64. 

Magic Hummingbird, 320. 

magica, Hylocharis, 320. 

Tache, 320. 

mragister, Myiarchus 

333. 

Vireo, 470. 

Vireosylvia, 470. 

magna mexicana, Sturnella, 372. 
neglecta, Sturnella, 372. 
Sturnella, 372. 

magnirostris, Tyrannus, 328. 

Magnolia Warbler, 498. 

Magpie, 351. 

American, 352. 

yellow-billed, 352, 

maguari, Ardea, 125. 

Majaqueus, 55. 

major, Bathmidurus, 326. 
Lanius, 466. 
Pachyrhamphus, 326. 
Puffinus, 59. 

Quiscalus, 381. 

Mallard, 91. 

Mandarin Duck, 99. 

mandtii, Cepphus, 16. 

Mandt’s Guillemot, 16. 

mango, Lampornis, 274, 
Trochilus, 307. 

Mangrove Cuckoo, 274. 
Warbler, 495. 

Man-o’-War Bird, 83. 

Lesser, 83. 

Manx Shearwater, 60. 

Marbled Godwit, 163. 
Murrelet, 15. 

Mareca, 95. 

marianz, Cistothorus, 610. 
Cistothorus palustris, 610, 

Marian’s Marsh Wren, 610. 

Maria’s Hummingbird, 317. 

marila, Anas, 103. 

Aythya, 103. 

neartica, Aythya, 103, 
Fuligula, 103. 

mariloides, Fuligula, 103. 

marina, Pelagodroma, 72. 

marinus, Larus, 28. 

maritima, Tringa, 153, 154. 

maritimus, Ammodramus, 413. 

markhami, Cymochorea, 71. 
Oceanodroma, 71. 

Markham’s Petrel, 71. 

marmoratus, Brachyramphus, 15. 

Marsh Hawk, 226. 

Sparrow, Belding’s, 409. 
Bryant’s, 409. 

Wren, Long-billed, 556. 
Marian’s, 610. 
Short-billed, 556. 
Southern, 506. 


mexicanus, 


INDEX. 


Marsh Wren, Worthington’s, 610. 
Martin, Cuban, 459. 
Gray-breasted, 459. 
Purple, 459. 
Western, 607. 
martinica, Columba, 213. 
Tonornis, 141. 
martinicana, Zenaida, 213. 
Maryland Yellow-throat, 523. 
Masked Bob White, 189. 
Duck, 114. 
Massena Partridge, 194. 
maxima, Sterna, 40. 
Maximilian’s Gnatcatcher, 569. 
maxwelliz, Megascops asio, 262. 
maynardi, Coccyzus, 274. 
Dryobates villosus, 282. 
Vireo noveboracensis, 475. 
Maynard’s Cuckoo, 274. 
Mazatlan Robin, 578. 
Solitaire, 573. 
Thrasher, 545. 
Woodpecker, 285. 
Yellow-throat, 526. 
mecownii, Rhynchophanes, 406. 
McCown’s Longspur, 406. 
McKay’s Snowflake, 403. 
Meadowlark, 372. 
Mexican, 372. 
Western, 372. 
Meadow Pipit, 536. 
mearnsi, Harporhynchus cinereus, 
609. 
Mearns’s Thrasher, 609. 
Woodpecker, 597. 
Megalestris, 20. 
antarcticus, 21. 
chilensis, 21. 
skua, 21. 
megalonyx, Pipilo maculatus, 437. 
Megaquiscalus, 380. 
megarhyncha, Passerella iliaca, 434. 
Megascops, 256, 260, 586. 
asio, 261. 
aikeni, 592. 
cineraceus, 261, 592. 
floridanus, 261. 
kennicottii, 262, 593. 
macfarlanei, 592. 
maxwellia, 262. 
saturatus, 593. 
trichopsis, 261. 
brasilianus, 586. 
flammeolus, 262, 586. 
idahoensis, 593. 
hastatus, 593. 
Melanerpes, 280, 290. 
aurifrons, 294. 
blakei, 292. 
carolinus, 293. 
dubius, 293. 
elegans, 292. 
erythrocephatlus, 290. 
formicivorus, 291. 
aculeatus, 597. 
angustifrons, 291. 
bairdi, 291. 
hypopolius, 292. 
leei, 293. 
nyeanus, 292. 
pucherani, 291. 
pygmeeus, 293. 


635 


Melanerpes rubriventris, 293. 
santa-cruzi, 294. 
superciliaris, 292, 
torquatus, 291, 
uropygialis, 294. 

melania, Oceanodroma, 70. 

Melanitta, 111. 

melanocepbala, Arenaria, 181. 
Habia, 445. 

melanocephalus, Icterus, 374. 
Psarocolius, 374. 

Trogon, 277. 

melanocorys, Calamospiza, 453. 

melanogaster, Cymochorea, 72. 
Cymodroma, 72. 

Hirundo, 460. 
Petrochelidon, 460. 
Thalassidroma, 72. 

melanogastra, Thalassidroma, 72. 

melanoleucus, Aéronautes, 303. 
Totanus, 165. 

melanope, Motacilla, 534. 

melanophrys, Diomedea, 51, 52. 

melanops, Geothlypis, 524. 

Melanoptila, 539. 
glabrirostris, 539. 

Melanotis, 539. 
ceerulescens, 539. 
hypoleucus, 539. 

melanotis, Psaltriparus, 565, 611. 

melanurus, Rynchops, 49, 

Meleagring, 205. 

Meleagris, 205, 206. 
cristata, 207. 
gallopavo, 207. 

ellioti, 591. 

mexicana, 207. 

osceola, 590. 
ocellata, 207. 

melitophrys, Vireolanius, 469. 

meloda, Aigialitis, 178. 
circumcincta, Mgialitis, 178. 

melodia var. mexicana, Melospiza, 

432. 

Melodious Grassquit, 451. 

Melopelia, 210, 214. 
leucoptera, 214. 

Melospiza, 386, 430. 
cinerea, 432, 604. 
fasciata, 431. 

clemente, 604. 
fallax, 432. 
graminea, 604, 
guttata, 432. 
heermanni, 431. 
mexicana, 432. 
montana, 431. 
rivularis, 604. 
rufina, 432. 
samuelis, 431. 
georgiana, 433. 
heermanni, 432. 
insignis, 604. 
lincolni, 433. 
striata, 605. 
melodia var. mexicana, 432, 
rufina, 432. 
samuelis, 432. 

menstruus Psitticus, 594. 

Merganser, 84, 88. 
American, 89. 
americanus, 89. 


636 


Merganser, Hooded, 89. 
merganser, 88. 
Red-breasted, 89. 
serrator, 89. 

merganser, Merganser, 88. 
Mergus, 88. 

Mergine, 84. 

Mergus, 84, 90. 
albellus, 90. 
merganser, 88. 

Merlin, 249. 
Black, 250. 
Richardson’s, 251. 

merrilli, Nyctidromus 

300. 
Otocoris alpestris, 599. 

Merula, 571, 577. 
confinis, 578. 
flavirostris, 578. 

graysoni, 578. 
graysoni, 578. 
migratoria, 357, 577. 

propinqua, 577. 

mesoleucus, Pipilo fuscus, 440. 

Methriopterus, 543. 
curvirostris occidentalis, 545. 

Mew Gull, 33. 

Mexican Black Hawk, 239. 
Bluebird, 612. 

Cardinal, 442. 
Chickadee, 562. 
Cliff Swallow, 460. 
Cormorant, 79. 
Creeper, 558. 
Crested Flycatcher, 333. 
Crossbill, 392. 
Crow, 363. 

Duck, 92. 
Goldfinch, 399. 
Goshawk, 240. 
Grassquit, 451. 
Ground Dove, 591. 
Honey Creeper, 480. 
Horned Lark, 349. 
Jacana, 183. 
Junco, 423. 

King Rail, 138. 
Meadowlark, 372. 
Quail-dove, 217. 
Raven, 361. 
Road-runner, 273. 
Screech Owl, 261, 592. 
Solitaire, 573. 
Song Sparrow, 432. 
Sparrow, 428. 
Towhee, 436. 
Trogon, 276. 
Turkey, 207. 
Urubitinga, 238. 
Whippoorwill, 298. 

mexicana, Certhiola, 480. 
Coereba, 480. 

Fringilla, 390, 391. 
Grus, 135. 

Meleagris gallopavo, 207. 
Melospiza fasciata, 432. 

melodia var., 432. 

Peuceea, 428. 

Sialia, 581, 612. 

Strix, 263, 264. 

Sturnella magna, 372. 
mexicanoides, Colaptes, 296. 


albicollis, 


INDEX. 


mexicanus, Bubo, 264. 
Carpodacus, 391. 
Catherpes, 548, 549. 
Cinclus, 538. 
conspersus, Catherpes, 549. 
Corvus, 363. 
Falco, 247. 
frontalis, Carpodacus, 391. 
Himantopus, 147. 
magister, Myiarchus, 333. 
Momotus, 278. 
Myiarchus, 333. 
Phalacrocorax, 79. 
Psilorhinus, 352, 361. 
punctulatus, Catherpes, 549. 
Pyrocephalus rubineus, 345. 
ruberrimus, Carpodacus, 391. 
Spinus psaltria, 399. 
Trogon, 276. 

mIniamensis Thryothorus ludovicia- 

anus, 550. 

microcephala, Sylvania, 527. 

Micropalama, 149, 152. 
himantopus, 152. 

Micropallas, 257, 266. 
graysoni, 267. 
whitneyi, 267. 

Micropodide, 297, 302. 

Micropodine, 302. 

microsoma, Halocyptena, 69. 

migratoria, Merula, 357, 577. 

migratorius, Ectopistes, 212. 

militaris, Ara, 594. 

Psittacus, 594. 

Military Macaw, 594. 

Milvulus, 326, 327. 
forficatus, 328. 
tyrannus, 327. 

Mimine, 538. 

Mimodes, 539, 542. 
graysoni, 543. 

Mimus, 539, 541. 
gilvus, y. lawrencei, 542. 
gracilis, 542. 
gundlachii, 542. 
lawrencei, 542. 
polyglottos, 541. 

miniata flammea, Setophaga, 530. 
Setophaga, 530. 

minima, Branta canadensis, 117. 

minimus californicus, Psaltriparus, 

565. 
Empidonax, 343, 344. 
grind, Psaltriparus, 565. 
Psaltriparus, 564. 

minor, Coccyzus, 274. 

Fregata aquila, 83. 
Fulmarus glacialis, 57, 583. 
Loxia, 392. 

curvirostra, 392. 
Pelecanus, 83. 
Philohela, 150. 

minuta, Ardea, 127. 
Tringa, 158. 

minutilla, Tringa, 158. 

minutus, Botaurus, 127. 
Corvus, 363. 

Larus, 36. 

Mirador Barred Owl, 258. 
Yellow-throat, 526. 

Mississippi Kite, 225. 

mississippiensis, Ictinia, 225. 


mitrata, Sylvania, 527, 528. 
Mniotilta, 480, 483. 
borealis, 484. 
varia, 484, 528. 
borealis, 484. 
Mniotiltide, 322, 480. 
mocinno, Pharomachrus, 275. 
Mockingbird, 541. 
Gundlach’s, 542. 
Tehuantepec, 542. 
Yucatan, 542. 
mollis, Aistrelata, 63. 
Procellaria, 63. 
mollissima borealis, Somateria, 109, 
110. 
Molothrus, 365, 367, 589. 
ater, 367. 
obseurus, 367. 
robustus, 367, 600. 
molybdophanes, Ptiliogonys cine- 
reus, 464. 
momota, Ramphastos, 277. 
Momotide, 277. 
Momotus, 277. 
cwruleiceps, 278. 
lessonii, 278. 
mexicanus, 278. 
mongola, Aigialitis, 179. 
Mongolian Plover, 179. 
monocerata, Cerorhinea, 12. 
montana, Aigialitis, 176. 
Certhia, 558. 
familiaris, 558. 
Coccothraustes vespertina, 601. 
vespertinus, 601. 
Columba, 217. 
Fringilla, 402. 
Geotrygon, 217. 
Hesperiphona vespertina, 601. 
var., 601. 
Melospiza fasciata, 431. 
montanus, Oroscoptes, 541. 
Passer, 402. 
montezume, Cyrtonyx, 194. 
monticola ochracea, Spizella, 418. 
Spizella, 417. 
morcomi, Dendroica estiva, 494, 
morio, Pica, 352. 
Psilorhinus, 352. 
moschata, Anas, 87, 100. 
Cairina, 100. 
Motacilla, 532. 
alba, 533. 
ealendula, 568. 
flava, 535. 
lugens, 532, 534. 
melanope, 534. 
ocularis, 533. 
petechia, 495. 
motacilla, Seiurus, 519. 
Motacillide, 322, 532. 
Motmot, Blue-crowned, 278. 
Lesson’s, 278. 
Rufous-crowned, 278. 
Mottled Duck, 585. 
motzfeldi, Cepphus, 17. 
Mountain Bluebird, 582. 
Chickadee, 562. 
Partridge, 191. 
Plover, 176. 
Solitary Vireo, 473. 
Song Sparrow, 431. 


Mourning Dove, 213. 
Warbler, 521. 
murinus, Psittacus, 269. 
Murre, 18. 
Briinnich’s, 18. 
California, 18, 
Pallas’s, 18. 
Murrelet, Ancient, 14. 
Craveri’s, 15. 
Kittlitz’s, 15. 
Marbled, 15. 
Partridge, 15. 
Short-billed, 15. 
Temminck’s, 14. 
Xantus’s, 15. 
Muscicapa audax, 332. 
sagree, 334, 
simplex, 323. 
Muscipeta caribaea, 339. 
Muscovy Duck, 100. 
mustelinus, Turdus, 573-575. 
Myadestes, 571, 572. 
obscurus, 573. 
insularis, 573. 
occidentalis, 573, 
townsendii, 572. 
unicolor, 573. 
Myadestine, 571. 
Mycteria, 125. 
americana, 126. 
Myiarchus, 327, 332. 
brachyurus, 334, 
cinerascens, 333. 
nuttingi, 334, 
erinitus, 333. 
flammulatus, 332, 335. 
lawrenceii, 335. 
olivascens, 335. 
lucaysiensis, 334. 
mexicanus, 333. 
magister, 333. 
platyrhynchus, 335. 
sagree, 334. 
yucatanensis, 334. 
Myiodynastes, 326, 331. 
audax, 332. 
insolens, 332. 
nobilis, 332. 
luteiventris, 332. 
Myiopsitta, 269. 
lineola, 269. 
Myiozetetes, 327, 331. 
texensis, 331. 
Myrtle Warbler, 497. 
mystacalis, Amphispiza, 426. 
Zonotrichia, 426. 


N. 


nevia, Hesperocichla, 578. 
nevius, Nycticorax nycticorax, 
133, 
, Seiurus,* 519. 
Narrow-billed Flycatcher, 344. 
Narrow-fronted Woodpecker, 291. 
Nashville Warbler, 489. 
nasicus, Corvus, 363. 
Nassau Yellow-throat, 524. 


* — Seiurus noveboracensis., 


INDEX. 


nativitatis, Puffinus, 62. 
nebouxii, Sula, 584. 
nebularius, Totanus, 165. 
nebulosum alleni, Syrnium, 259. 
sartorii, Syrnium, 258. 
Syrnium, 259. 
neglecta, /strelata, 67. 
Procellaria, 67. 
Sturnella, 372. 
magna, 372. 
Neglected Petrel, 67. 
neglectus, Parus rufescens, 564. 
nelsoni, Ammodramus caudacutus, 
413. 
Icterus cucullatus, 376. 
Lagopus rupestris, 201. 
Larus, 27. 
Nelson’s Gull, 27. 
Ptarmigan, 201. 
Sparrow, 413. 
Neochloe, 468. 
brevipennis, 468. 
Neocorys, 537. 
Neofalco, 248. 
neoxena, Ardetta, 127, 585. 
neoxenus, Botaurus, 127. 
Trogon, 275. 
nereis, Procellaria, 56. 
Netta, 85, 100. 
rufina, 100. 
Nettion, 93. 
nevadensis, Amphispiza belli, 427. 
Nicaraguan Crested Flycatcher, 
334. 
niger, Cypseloides, 302. 
Nighthawk, 301. 
Cuban, 301. 
Texan, 301. 
Western, 301. 
Night Heron, 
133. 
Yellow-crowned, 133. 
nigra, Anas, 111. 
Hydrochelidon, 46. 
Oidemia, J 11. 
Penelope, 208. 
Sterna, 46. 
surinamensis, Hydrochelidon, 
47. 
nigrescens, Ammodramus, 413, 
Dendroica, 507. 
nigricans, Branta, 118, 
Sayornis, 336. 
nigricapillus, Perisoreus canaden- 
sis, 359. 
nigriceps, Polioptolia, 570. 
nigricollis californicus, 
bus, 6. 
Colymbus, 6. 
Podiceps, 6. 
nigrilora, Compsothlypis, 491, 492. 
nigripes, Diomedea, 51. 
nigrogularis, Colinus, 190, 
Ortyx, 190. 
nilotica, Gelochelidon, 38. 
nitens, Phainopepla, 465. 
nitida, Asturina, 240. 
nitidus, Falco, 240. 
Phalenoptilus nuttalli, 597, 
nivalis, Chen hyperborea, 115. 
Plectrophenax, 402. 
townsendi, Plectrophenax, 403, 


Black-crowned, 


Colym- 


637 


nivea, Procellaria, 55. 
nivosa, Agialitis, 178. 
nobilis, Myiodynastes audax, 332. 
Noble Flycatcher, 332. 
Noddy, 48. 
Black-cheeked, 48, 
Slender-billed, 48. 
White-crowned, 48. 
Nomonyx, 87, 114. 
dominicus, 114. 
Northern Hairy Woodpecker, 282. 
Phalarope, 145, 
Raven, 361. 
Shrike, 466. 
Northwest Crow, 363. 
Northwestern Flicker, 296. 
notabilis, Seiurus noveboracensis, 
519. 
notatus Spinus, 400. 
notosticta, Peucwa, 430. 
noveboracensis notabilis, Seiurus, 
519. 
Porzana, 140. 
Seiurus, 519. 
Vireo, 475. 
nuchalis, Sphyrapicus varius, 288, 
Numenine, 149. 
Numenius, 149, 167, 170. 
arquata, 588. 
borealis, 171. 
hudsonicus, 171. 
longirostris, 170. 
pheopus, 171. 
tahitiensis, 171. 
Nutcracker, Clark’s, 364. 
Nuthatch, Brown-headed, 560. 
Florida White-breasted, 610. 
Pigmy, 560. 
Red-breasted, 559. 
Slender-billed, 559. 
White-breasted, 559. 
-naped, 610. 
nuttalli californicus, Phalenopti- 
lus, 588. 
Dryobates, 285. 
nitidus, Phalznoptilus, 588. 
Phalznoptilus, 299, 597, 
Pica, 352. 
Nuttall’s Woodpecker, 285. 
Nuttalornis, 337. 
nuttingi, Myiarchus, 334, 
Myiarchus cinerascens, 334, 
Nutting’s Flycatcher, 334, 
Nyctala, 256, 260. 
acadica, 260. 
tengmalmi, 260. 
richardsonii, 260. 
Nyctalops stygius, 257, 
Nyctanassa, 133, 584, 
Nyctea, 256, 264. 
nyctea, 264. 
nyctea, Nyctea, 264. 
nycthemerus, Gennzus, 590, 
Phasianus, 589, 590. 
Nycticorax, 126, 132. 
nycticorax nwyvius, 133, 
violaceus, 133. 
Nyctidromus, 297, 300. 
albicollis merrilli, 300. 
nyeanus, Centurus, 292, 
Melanerpes, 292. 
Nye’s Woodpecker, 292, 


638 
oO. 


Oaxaca Sparrow, 430. 

obscura, Anas, 91, 92. 
Aphelocoma californica, 600. 
Polioptila czrulea, 612. 
Procellaria, 61. 

obscurus, Dendragapus, 195. 
fuliginosus, Dendragapus,196. 
insularis, Myadestes, 573. 
Molothrus ater, 367. 
Myadestes, 573. 
occidentalis, Myadestes, 573. 
Perisoreus, 360. 
Puffinus, 61. 
Regulus, 568. 
richardsonii, 

196. 

Vireo huttoni, 607. 

obsoletus, Rallus, 137. 
Salpinctes, 548. 

ocai, Amazilia, 317. 

occidentale, Syrnium, 259. 

occidentalis, Hchmophorus, 4, 583. 
Ammodramus henslowi, 601. 
Ardea, 128. 
Branta canadensis, 117. 
Certhia, 558. 

familiaris, 557, 558. 
Coccyzus americanus, 273. 
Dendroica, 513. 
Ereunetes, 162. 
Geothlypis, 523. 
trichas, 523, 524. 
Harporhynchus _ curvirostris, 
545. 


Dendragapus, 


Larus, 28, 29. 
Methriopterus 
545. 
Myadestes obscurus, 573. 
Parus atricapillus, 563. 
Sialia mexicana, 612. 
oceanicus, Oceanites, 71. 
Oceanites, 56, 71. 
gracilis, 71. 
oceanicus, 71. 
Oceanitinag, 56. 
Oceanodroma, 56, 70. 
cryptoleucura, 71. 
furcata, 70. 
homochroa, 71. 
hornbyi, 70. 
leucorhoa, 71. 
macrodactyla, 534. 
macrodactyla, 534. 
markhami, 71. 
melania, 70. 
socorroensis, 534. 
ocellata, Meleagris, 207. 
Ocellated Partridge, 194. 
Thrasher, 544. 
Turkey, 207. 
ocellatus, Cyrtonyx, 194. 
Harporhynchus, 544. 
Ortyx, 194. 
sumichrasti, Cyrtonyx, 194. 
ochracea, Spizella monticola, 418. 
ochraceiceps, Hylophilus, 479. 
Ochraceous-fronted Hylophilus, 
479. 
-rumped Seedeater, 450. 
Vireo, 476. 


curvirostris, 


INDEX. 


ochraceus, Vireo, 476. 
ochropus, Totanus, 166. 
Tringa, 166. 
Ochthodromus, 175. 
ocularis, Motacilla, 533. 
Odontoglosse, 1, 121. 
cenanthe, Saxicola, 580. 
Cinops pernigra, 221. 
Cstrelata brevirostris, 66. 
externa, 68. 
gularis, 67. 
hypoleuca, 534. 
jamaicensis, 66. 
kidderi, 67. 
pheopygia, 65. 
sandwichensis, 65. 
Oidemia, 86, 110. 
americana, 111. 
deglandi, 112. 
deglandii, 112. 
fusca, 112. 
nigra, 111. 
perspicillata, 113. 
stejnegeri, 112. 
Old-squaw, 106. 
olivacea, Dendroica, 494. 
Emberiza, 451. 
Euetheia, 451. 
pusilla, Huetheia, 451. 
Olivaceous Flycatcher, 335. 
olivaceus, Regulus satrapa, 568. 
Vireo, 469, 470. 
olivascens, Myiarchus lawrenceii, 
3 


Olive-backed Thrush, 575. 
-sided Flycatcher, 337. 
Warbler, 494, 

Olor, 88, 120. 
bewickii, 120. 
buccinator, 120. 
columbianus, 120. 
cygnus, 120. 

One-banded Hawk, 229. 

onocrotalus, Pelecanus, 81. 

opisthomelas, Puffinus, 60. 

Oporornis, 520. 
formosa, 487. 

Orange-crowned Warbler, 488. 

oratrix, Amazona, 594, 

Orchard Oriole, 376. 

Oregon Chickadee, 563. 
Jay, 360. 

Junco, 424, 

Ruffed Grouse, 198. 
Towhee, 437. 

Vesper Sparrow, 601. 

oregonus, Junco hyemalis, 424, 
Pipilo maculatus, 437. 

orececus, Dryobates pubescens, 597. 

Oreophasinz, 208. 

Oreophasis, 208. 

Oreortyx, 185, 190. 
pictus, 191. 

confinis, 588. 
plumiferus, 191. 

Oreospiza, 439, 605. 
chlorura, 605, 

Oreothlypis, 481. 
superciliosa, 481. 

Oriole, Abeille’s, 378. 
Arizona Hooded, 376. 
Audubon’s, 374. 


Oriole, Baltimore, 377. 
Black-headed, 374. 
Bullock’s, 378. 

Fiery, 376. 
Hooded, 375. 
Orchard, 376. 
Scott’s, 373. 
Strickland’s, 375. 
Wazgler’s, 375. 

Orizaba Yellow-throat, 525. 

ornatus, Calcarius, 405, 406. 

Ornismya abeillei, 304. 
cinnamomea, 318. 
eximia, 304. 
henrica, 310. 
pampa, 304, 
rhami, 304. 

Ornithion, 327, 345. 
imberbe, 346. 

ridgwayi, 346. 

Oroscoptes, 538, 541. 
montanus, 541. 

Orpheus czerulescens, 539. 

Ortalida cinereiceps, 209. 
leucogastra, 208. 
plumbeiceps, 209. 
polioeephala, 209. 
wagleri, 208. 

Ortalis, 208. 
cinereiceps, 209. 
derbianus, 208. 
leucogastra, 208. 
maccalli, 209. 
plumbeiceps, 209. 
poliocephala, 209. 
vetula, 209. 

pallidiventris, 209. 
plumbeiceps, 209. 
wagleri, 208. 

Orthorhynchus helena, 313. 

Ortyx castaneus, 187. 
coyolcos, 189. 
cubanensis, 188. 
elegans, 193. 
fasciatus, 193. 
macroura, 184. 
nigrogularis, 190. 
ocellatus, 194. 
pectoralis, 189. 

oryzivorus albinucha, Dolichonyx, 

366 


Dolichonyx, 366. 
osceola, Meleagris gallopavo, 590. 
Oscines, 321. 

Osprey, American, 255, 
Ossifraga, 53, 57. 

gigantea, 57. 
ossifragus, Corvus, 363. 
ostralegus, Hzematopus, 181. 
Otocoris, 346, 347. 

alpestris, 348. 

adusta, 599. 

arenicola, 349. 

chrysolema, 349. 

giraudi, 349, 

insularis, 599. 

leucolema, 348. 

merrilli, 599, 

pallida, 599. 

praticola, 348. 

rubea, 349. 

strigata, 349. 


otus, Asio, 257. 
Strix, 257. 
Oven-bird, 518. 
Owl, Aiken’s Screech, 592. 
American Barn, 255. 
Hawk, 265. 
Arctic Horned, 263. 
Barred, 259. 
Burrowing, 265. 
California Pygmy, 593. 
Screech, 262. 
Dusky Horned, 263. 
Dwarf Screech, 593. 
Elf, 267. 
Ferruginous Pygmy, 266. 
Flammulated Screech, 262. 
Florida barred, 259. 
Burrowing, 265. 
Screech, 261. 
Great Gray, 259. 
Horned, 263. 
Hawk, 265. 
Hoskins’s Pygmy, 593. 
Kennicott’s Screech, 262, 593. 
Lapp, 260. 
Long-eared, 257. 
Mac Farlane’s Screech, 592. 
Mexican Screech, 261, 592. 
Mirador Barred, 258. 
Puget Sound Screech, 593. 
Pygmy, 266. 
Richardson’s, 260. 
Rocky Mountain Screech, 262. 
Saw-whet, 260. 
Screech, 261. 
Short-eared, 258. 
Snowy, 264. 
Socorro Elf, 267. 
Spotted, 259. 
Striped Horned, 264. 
Stygian, 257. 
Tengmalm’s, 260. 
Texan Screech, 261. 
Western Horned, 263, 
Oxyechus, 174. 
Oyster-catcher, 181. 
American, 182, 
Black, 183. 
Frazar’s, 588. 
Galapagos, 182. 
White-footed, 182. 


P. 


Pachyrhamphus, 323, 325. 
cinnamomeus, 326. 
latirostris, 324, 325. 
major, 326. 


pachyrhyncha, Rhynchopsitta, 269. 


Pachyrhynchus aglaiz, 324. 
cuvieri, 325. 
Pacific Hider, 110. 
Fulmar, 57. 
Godwit, 163. 
Golden Plover, 174. 
Kittiwake, 29. 
Loon, 8. 
pacificus, Troglodytes hiema- 
lis, 555. 
Urinator, 8. 
pacifica, Tringa alpina, 160. 


INDEX. 


Pagodroma, 55. 
Painted Bunting, 449. 
Redstart, 529. 
Pale Vireo, 478. 
Pale-green-throated Hummingbird, 
310. 
pallasii, Turdus aonalaschke, 576. 
Pallas’s Cormorant, 81. 
Gull, 30. 
Murre, 18. 
pallens, Vireo, 478. 
pallescens, Chameepelia passerina, 
var., 591. 
Columbigallina passerina, 591, 
palliatus, Hematopus, 182. 
Junco phzonotus, 424, 
Pallid Horned Lark, 348. 
Wren-Tit, 566. 
pallida, Otocoris alpestris, 599. 
Spizella, 421. 
pallidicinctus, Tympanuchus, 203, 
pallidiventris, Ortalis vetula, 209. 
pallidus, Spinus tristis, 601. 
Palm Warbler, 517. 
Warbler, Yellow, 517. 
palmarum, Dendroica,482,517,518. 
hypochrysea, Dendroica, 517. 
palmeri, Harporhynchus, 543. 
Harporhynchus — curvirostris, 
545, 
Palmer’s Thrasher, 545. 
palpebralis, Geothlypis, 526. 
paludicola, Cistothorus palustris, 
556. 
Paludicole, 134. 
palustris, Cistothorus, 556. 
paludicola, Cistothorus, 556. 
Quiscalus, 381. 
var. paludicola, 
556. 
pampa, Ornismya, 304. 
Pandion, 218, 224, 254. 
haliaétus carolinensis, 255. 
papa, Gypagus, 219. 
Vultur, 219. 
Parabuteo, 223, 228. 
unicinctus, 229. 
harrisi, 229. 
paradiszea, Sterna, 43, 44, 45. 
Parakeet, Aztec, 270. 
Green, 270. 
Petz’s, 270. 
Secorro, 270. 
Parasitic Jaeger, 22. 
parasiticus, Stercorarius, 22. 
Parauque, 300. 
parellina, Cyanoloxia, 446. 
indigotica, Passerina, 447. 
Passerina, 446. 
Parida, 322, 558. 
Paring, 558. 
parisorum, Icterus, 373. 
parkmanii, Troglodytes 
554, 556, 609. 
Parkman’s Wren, 554, 609. 
Paroquet Auklet, 12. 
Paroquet, Carolina, 270. 
Parrot, Autumnal, 595. 
Blue-crowned, 594. 
Double Yellow-head, 594. 
Finsch’s, 595. 
Tamaulipas, 595. 


Cistothorus, 


aédon, 


639 


Parrot, Thick-billed, 269. 
White-fronted, 595. 
Yellow-lored, 595. 

Partridge, Banded, 193. 
Benson’s, 589. 
Black-faced, 193. 
California, 192. 
Elegant, 193, 588. 
Gambel’s, 193. 
Massena, 194. 
Mountain, 191. 
Murrelet, 15. 
Ocellated, 194. 
Plumed, 191. 

Salle’s, 194. 
San Pedro, 588. 
Scaled, 191. 
Valley, 192. 

Parula, Central American, 492. 
inornata, 492. 
insularis, 492. 

Tres Marias, 492. 
Warbler, 491. 

Parus, 558, 560, 562. 

atricapillus, 563. 
occidentalis, 563. 
septentrionalis, 563. 

atricristatus, 561. 
castaneifrons, 561. 

bicolor, 561. 
texensis, 561. 

carolinensis, 562. 
agilis, 610. 

cinctus alascensis, 564. 

gambeli, 562. 

hudsonicus, 564, 
columbianus, 611. 
stoneyi, 611. 

inornatus, 561. 
cineraceus, 561. 
griseus, 562. 

meridionalis, 562. 

refuscens, 564. 
neglectus, 564. 

stoneyi, 591. 

wollweberi, 562. 

parva, Spermophila, 504. 

parvirostris, Aistrelata, 65. 
Procellaria, 65. 

parvus, Dryobates scalaris, 284, 
Picus, 284. 

Passenger Pigeon, 212. 

Passer, 382, 401. 
arctous, 395, 
domesticus, 401, 402. 
montanus, 402. 

Passerculus, 407. 

Passerella, 384, 433. 
iliaca, 434. 

megarhyncha, 434. 
schistacea, 434, 
unalaschcensis, 434, 

schistacea, 434. 

unalascheensis, 434. 

Passeres, 321. 

Passerina, 385, 446, 447. 
amoena, 447, 448, 
ciris, 449. 
cyanea, 448. 
leclancheri, 449. 
parellina, 446. 

indigotica, 447. 


640 


Passerina rosite, 449. 
sumichrasti, 447. 
versicolor, 448. 
pulchra, 448. 
passerina bahamensis, Columbigal- 
lina, 586. 


pallescens, Columbigallina, 
86. 

socorroensis, Columbigallina, 
586. 


terrestris, Columbigallina, 215. 
var. pallescens, Chamepelia, 


passerinus, Ammodramus savanna- 
rum, 411. 
Psittacus, 269. 
Pavoncella, 148, 168. 
pugnax, 168. 
Pealea, 56. 
pealei, Ardea, 131, 586. 
Falco peregrinus, 248, 
Peale’s Egret, 131. 
Falcon, 248. 
Petrel, 67. 
Pectoral Sandpiper, 156. 
pectoralis, Colinus, 189. 
Ortyx, 189. 
Pediocetes, 185,,203. 
phasianellus, 204. 
campestris, 204. 
columbianus, 204, 
Pelagic Cormorant, 80. 
pelagica, Aquila, 243, 
Cheetura, 303. 
Procellaria, 70. 
pelagieus, Phalacrocorax, 80. 
resplendens, §Phalacrocorax, 
80. 
robustus, Phalacrocorax, 80. 
Thalassoaétus, 243. 
Pelagodroma, 56, 72. 
marina, 72. 
Pelecaniday, 73, 81. 
Pelecanus, 81. 
californicus, 82. 
erythrorhynchos, 82. 
fuscus, 82. 
minor, 83. 
onocrotalus, 81. 
Pelican, American White, 82. 
Brown, 82. 
California Brown, 82. 
Pelidna, 159. 
Pelionetta, 112. 
pelzelni, Granatellus, 482. 
Pelzeln’s Shearwater, 60. 
Penelope, 207. 
leucogaster, 208. 
nigra, 208. 
poliocephala, 209. 
vetula, 209. 
penelope, Anas, 96. 
Penelopes, 184. 
Penelopina, 208. 
penicillatus, Phalacrocorax, 79. 
peninsula, Ammodramus  mari- 
timus, 602. 
Contopus richardsonii, 598. 
Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, 606. 
pennsylvanica, Dendroica, 450. 
pensilvanicus, Anthus, 535, 536. 
Perdicine, 184. 


INDEX. 


Perdix, 184. 
perdix, 184. 
perdix, Brachyramphus, 15. 
Cepphus, 15. 
Perdix, 184. 
Tetrao, 184. 
peregrina, Helminthophila, 488. 
Peregrine Falcon, 247. 
peregrinus anatum, Falco, 247. 
Falco, 247. 
pealei, Falco, 248. 
Perisoreus, 351, 358. 
canadensis, 359. 
capitalis, 360. 
fumifrons, 360. 
nigricapillus, 359. 
obscurus, 360. 
Perissoglossa, 492. 
pernigra, Cathartes, 221. 
(inops, 221. 
perpallidus, Ammodramus savan- 
narum, 411. 
personata, Callipepla, 193. 
personatus, Philortyx, 193. 
perspicillata, Oidemia, 113. 
perspicillatus, Phalacrocorax, 79, 
81. 


pertinax, Contopus, 337. 
Peruvian Booby, 75. 
Glossy Ibis, 124. 
Petchary, Bahaman, 331. 
Petasophora, 306. 
Petchora Pipit, 537, 
petechia, Dendroica, 495. 
Motacilla, 495. 
Petrel, Arminjon’s, 65, 

Ashy, 71. 

Atlantic, 66. 

Black, 67, 70. 
-bellied Storm, 72. 
-capped, 66. 

Bonin, 584. 

Bulwer’s, 69. 

Dark-rumped, 65. 

De Filippi’s, 68. 

Downy, 63. 

Fisher’s, 68. 

Fork-tailed, 70. 

Galapagos Storm, 70. 

Graceful, 71. 

Guadalupe, 584. 

Hornby’s, 70. 

Ice, 58. 

Jamaican, 66. 

Leach’s, 71. 

Least, 69. 

Lesson’s, 63. 

Macgillivray’s, 69. 

Magenta, 64. 

Markham’s, 71. 

Neglected, 67. 

Peale’s, 67. 

Pintado, 69. 

Salvin’s, 68. 

Sandwich Island, 71. 

Sealed, 68. 

Schlegel’s, 64. 

Short-billed, 66. 

Small-billed, 65. 

Socorro, 584. 

Storm, 70. 

Thick-billed, 64. 


Petrel, Trinidad, 66. 
Tropical, 72. 
White-bellied, 72. 

-faced, 72. 
-winged, 65. 

Wilson’s, 71. 
Petrochelidon, 457, 459. 

albilinea, 462. 

fulva, 460. 

peciloma, 460. 

lunifrons, 460, 

melanogaster, 460. 
petzii, Conurus, 270. 

Sittace, 270. 

Petz’s Parakeet, 270. 

Peucea, 386, 427. 
eestivalis, 427. 

bachmani, 428, 

arizona, 428, 594. 

botterii, 428. 

boucardi, 429. 

carpalis, 430. 

cassini, 428. 

mexicana, 428. 

notosticta, 430. 

ruficeps, 429. 

boucardi, 429. 
eremceca, 429, 

Peucedramus, 493. 

phzonotus, Junco, 423. 

Phaéthon, 73, 74. 
sethereus, 74. 
flavirostris, 74. 
rubricaudus, 74. 

Phaéthontide, 73. 

Pheoptila, 309. 

pheopus, Numenius, 171. . 

pheopygia, Mstrelata, 65, 583. 
Cstrelata, 65. 

Phethornis, 304. 

Phaéton rubricauda, 74. 

Phainopepla, 463, 465. 
nitens, 465. 

Phalacrocoracide, 73, 77. 

Phalacrocorax, 77. 
carbo, 78. 
dilophus, 78. 

albociliatus, 78. 
cincinatus, 78. 
floridanus, 78. 

mexicanus, 79. 

pelagicus, 80. 

resplendens, 80. 
robustus, 80. 

penicillatus, 79. 

perspicillatus, 79, 81. 

urile, 80. 
phalenoides, Glaucidium, 266. 
Phalanoptilus, 297, 299, 588. 

nuttalli, 299, 597. 

californicus, 597. 
nitidus, 597. 

Phalarope, Northern, 145. 
Red, 144. 

Wilson’s, 145. 
Phalaropodide, 143. 
Phalaropus, 143, 144. 

lobatus, 145. 

tricolor, 145. 
Phalerine, 7. 

Phaleris, 13. 

Pharomachrus, 275. 


Pharomachrus mozinno, 275, 
phasianellus campestris, Pedioce- 
tes, 204. 
columbianus, Pedioceetes, 204, 
Pediocastes, 204, 
Phasianide, 184, 205. 
Phasianine, 205, 589. 
Phasianus, 205. 
amherstie, 590. 
colchicus, 205, 206. 
nycthemerus, 589, 590, 
pictus, 589, 59). 
seemmerringii, 206. 
torquatus, 206. 
versicolor, 206. 
Pheasant, 206. 
Copper, 206. 
Golden, 590. 
Green, 206. 
Lady Amherst’s, 590. 
Ring-necked, 206. 
Silver, 590. 
Philacte, 88, 118. 
canagica, 118. 
philadelphia, Geothlypis, 521, 
522. 


Larus, 36. 
Philadelphia Vireo, 471. 
philadelphicus, Vireo, 471. 
Philohela, 147, 150. 

minor, 150. 
Philortyx, 193. 

personatus, 193, 
Pheebastria, 51. 

Pheebe, 336. 

Black, 336, 

Say’s, 336. 
phebe, Sayornis, 336. 
Pheebetria, 50, 53. 

fuliginosa, 53. 
pheeniceus, Agelaius, 369, 370. 

bryanti, Agelaius, 370. 

Cardinalis, 441, 443. 

longirostris, Agelaius, 370, 
Pheenicopteride, 121. 
Pheenicopterus, 121. 

ruber, 121. 
Phyllopseustes, 566. 

borealis, 567. 

Pica, 350, 351. 

beecheii, 350. 

formosa, 350. 

morio, 352. 

nuttalli, 352. 

pica, 351. 

hudsonica, 352. 

sanblasiana, 350. 

sieberii, 358. 
pica, Corvus, 351. 

hudsonica, Pica, 352. 

Pica, 351. 

Pici, 280. 
Picicorvus, 351, 364. 

columbianus, 364. 
Picide, 280. 

Picoides, 280, 286. 

americanus, 187, 

alascensis, 287. 
dorsalis, 287. 

arcticus, 287. 
picta guatemala, Setophaga, 530. 

Setophaga, 529. 


INDEX. 


pictus, Calcarius, 404, 405. 
Chrysolophus, 590. 
Oreortyx, 191. 
Phasianus, 590. 
plumiferus, Oreortyx, 191, 

Picus arizonex, 286. 
bairdi, 285. 
dubius, 293. 
elegans, 292. 
formicivorus, 291. 
guatemalensis, 281, 
hypopolius, 292, 
imperialis, 281. 
insularis, 282. 
jardinii, 283. 
parvus, 284, 
sealaris, 284. 

var. graysoni, 285, 

scapularis, 290. 
stricklandi, 286. 
superciliaris, 292. 

Pied-billed Grebe, 6, 

Pigeon, Band-tailed, 211. 
Passenger, 212. 
Red-billed, 211. 
White-crowned, 212. 
Viosca’s, 591. 

Pigeon Guillemot, 17. 
Hawk, 250. 

Pileated Woodpecker, 289. 

pileatus, Ceophlceus, 289. 

pileolata, Sylvania pusilla, 528. 

Pileolated Warbler, 528, 

Pine Grosbeak, 388. 

American, 388, 

Kadiak, 388. 

Siskin, 400. 
Warbler, 514. 

Cuban, 515. 
pinetorum, Spizella, 419. 
Pine-woods Sparrow, 427. 
Pinicola, 382, 387. 

canadensis, 388. 

enucleator, 388. 
canadensis, 388, 
kadiaka, 388. 

flammula, 388. 

pinicola, Turdus, 572. 

Pink-footed Shearwater, 59. 
-headed Warbler, 531. 
-sided Junco, 424. 

pinnata, Ardea, 127. 

pinnatus, Botaurus, 127. 

Pifion Jay, 364. 

pinosus, Junco, 603. 
Junco hyemalis, 603, 

Pintado Petrel, 69. 

Pintail, 98. 

Bahama, 98. 

pinus, Helminthophila, 486, 487, 
Spinus, 400. 

Pionus, 594. 

Pipilo, 384, 435. 
aberti, 441. 
albicollis, 439. 
albigula, 441. 
arcticus, 437. 
carmani, 438. 
chlorosoma, 438. 
chlorurus, 439, 605. 
complexus, 439. 
consobrinus, 437. 


81 


641 
Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 436, 438, 
439. 


alleni, 436. 
fuscus, 440. 
albigula, 440. 
crissalis, 441. 
mesoleucus, 440, 
senicula, 605. 
macronyx, 438, 439. 
maculatus, 436. 
arcticus, 437. 
megalonyx, 437, 
oregonus, 437. 
rutilus, 439. 
submaculatus, 438. 
Piping Plover, 178. 
Plover, Belted, 178. 
Pipit, American, 536. 
Meadow, 536. 
Petchora, 537. 
Red-throated, 537. 
Sprague’s, 537. 
Piranga, 453, 606. 
bidentata, 456. 
erythrocephala, 456. 
erythromelas, 454, 
figlina, 455. 
flammea, 457. 
hepatica, 455. 
leucoptera, 457. 
latifasciata, 457, 
ludoviciana, 456. 
roseigularis, 455. 
rubra, 454. 
cooperi, 454. 
rubriceps, 606. 
testacea, 455, 
piscator, Sula, 76. 
Pitangus, 326, 330. 
bahamensis, 331. 
derbianus, 331. 
pityophila, Dendroica, 515. 
Sylvicola, 515. 
plagiata, Asturina, 240. 
Plain Titmouse, 561, 
Plataleida, 122. 
platycereus, Selasphorus, 304, 
8 


Trochilus, 313. 
Platypsaris, 323, 324, 
aglaiz, 324, 
albiventris, 325. 
insularis, 325. 
latirostris, 325. 
Platypus borealis, 109. 
platyrhynehus, Myiarchus, 335. 
Plautus, 10, 19. 
impennis, 19. 
Plectrophenax, 382, 402. 
hyperboreus, 403. 
nivalis, 402. 
townsendi, 403. 
Plegadis, 123. 
autumnalis, 124. 
guarauna, 124, 
ridgwayi, 124. 
Plover, American Golden, 174. 
Black-bellied, 173. 
Golden, 173. 
Mongolian, 179. 
Mountain, 176. 
Ring, 177. 


642 


Plover, Rufous-naped, 175, 
Semipalmated, 176. 
Snowy, 178. 

Wilson’s, 175. 

plumbea, Ictinia, 225. 
Polioptila, 570. 

plumbeiceps, Ortalida, 209. 
Ortalis, 209. 
vetula, Ortalis, 209. 

Plumbeous Chickadee, 610. 
Gnatcatcher, 570. 

Kite, 225. 
Vireo, 474. 

plumbeus, Falco, 225. 
Psaltriparus, 564, 565. 
Vireo solitarius, 474. 

Plumed Partridge, 191. 

plumiferus, Oreortyx pictus, 191. 

Pochard, 101. 

Podasocys, 175. 

Podiceps, 6. 
nigricollis, 6. 

podiceps, Podilymbus, 6. 

Podicipide, 1, 4. 

Podilymbus, 4, 6. 
podiceps, 6. 

peciloma, Petrochelidon 

460. 

Pecilonetta, 98. 

Point Barrow Gull, 26. 
Pinos Junco, 603. 

poliocephala, Geothlypis, 482, 525, 

526. 


fulva, 


Ortalida, 209. 
Ortalis, 209. 
Penelope, 209. 
Polioptila, 566, 568. 
albiloris, 569. 
albiventris, 569. 
bilineata, 570. 
cerulea, 569. 
cesiogaster, 569. 
obscura, 612. 
californica, 570. 
lembeyi, 571. 
leucogastra, 569. 
nigriceps, 570. 
plumbea, 570. 
Polioptilines, 322, 566. 
Polyborus, 224, 253. 
cheriway, 254. 
lutosus, 254. 
tharus, 254. 
polyglottos, Mimus, 541. 
polyglottus, Cistothorus, 556. 
Thryothorus, 556. 
Polynesian Tatler, 168. 
Pomarine Jaeger, 22. 
pomarinus, Stercorarius, 22. 
Pooceetes, 384, 406. 
gramineus, 406. 
affinis, 601. 
confinis, 407. 
Poor-will, 299, 597. 
Frosted, 597. 
Porzana, 136, 139. 
carolina, 139. 
coturniculus, 140. 
jamaicensis, 140. 
noveboracensis, 140. 
porzana, 139. 
porzana, Porzana, 139. 


INDEX. 


Prairie Falcon, 247. 
Hen, 203. 
Attwater’s, 589. 
Lesser, 203. 
Horned Lark, 348. 
Sharp-tailed Grouse, 204. 
Warbler, 516. 
pratensis, Anthus, 536. 
praticola, Otocoris alpestris, 348, 
pratincola, Strix, 255. 
princeps, Ammodramus, 407. 


Princess Helena’s Hummingbird, 
313. 
principalis bairdi, Campephilus, 
281 


Campephilus, 281. 
Corvus corax, 361. 

Priocella, 58. 

Priofinus, 58. 

Prion, 55. 
turtur, 55. 

Procellaria, 36, 69. 
eequinoctialis, 55. 
antarctica, 58. 
aterrima, 67. 
atlantica, 66. 
brevipes, 65. 
brevirostris, 66. 
cerulea, 55. 
cookii, 55, 65. 
desolata, 65. 
gelida, 58. 
grisea, 67. 
gularis, 67, 68. 
incerta, 64. 
jamaicensis, 66. 
lessoni, 63. 
leucomelas, 62. 
leucoptera, 63, 65. 
mollis, 63. 
neglecta, 67. 
nereis, 56. 
nivea, 55. 
obscura, 61. 
parvirostris, 65. 
pelagica, 70. 
rostrata, 64. 
tethys, 70. 
torquata, 65. 
vittata, 55. 

Procellariide, 50, 53. 

Procellariine, 53. 

Progne, 457, 458. 
chalybea, 459. 
eryptoleuca, 459. 
dominicensis, 459. 
subis, 459. 

hesperia, 607. 

propinqua, Merula migratoria, 577. 
Vireosylvia, 472. 

propinquus, Vireo, 472. 

prosthemelas, Icterus, 375. 
Xanthornus, 375. 

Prothonotary Warbler, 484. 

Protonotaria, 481, 484. 
citrea, 484. 

Prybilof Sandpiper, 154. 
Snowflake, 403. 

psaltria arizonz, Spinus, 399. 
columbianus, Spinus, 398. 
mexicanus, Spinus, 399, 
Spinus, 399. 


Psaltriparus, 558, 564. 
Noydi, 611. 
melanotis, 565, 611. 

iulus, 611. 
minimus, 564. 

californicus, 565, 

grinde, 565. 
plumbeus, 564, 565. 
santarite, 611. 

Psarocolius nus, 600. 
melanocephalus, 374, 

Pseudogryphus, 219, 220. 
californianus, 220. 

Pseudoprion, 55. 

Pseudoscolopax, 151. 
semipalmatus, 151. 

Pseudotantalus, 125. 

Psilorhinus, 350, 352. 
cyanogenys, 352. 
mexicanus, 352, 361. 
morio, 352, 

Psittaci, 268. 

Psittacidxy, 268. 

Psittacula, 269. 
brasiliensis, 269. 
eyanopyga, 269. 

psittaculus, Cyclorrhynchus, 12. 

Psittacus albifrons, 595. 
autumnalis, 595. 
macao, 594. 
menstruus, 594. 
militaris, 594. 
murinus, 269. 
passerinus, 269. 
pulverulentus, 269. 
pyrrhopterus, 268. 

Ptarmigan, Allen’s, 199. 
Greenland, 200. 
Nelson’s, 201. 

Rock, 200. 
Turner’s, 201. 
Welch’s, 201. 
White-tailed, 202. 
Willow, 199. 

pterocles, Falco, 237. 

Ptiliogonys, 464. 
caudatus, 464. 
cinereus, 464. 

molybdophanes, 464, 

ptilocnemis, Tringa, 154. 

Ptilogonatine, 463. 

Ptychoramphus, 9, 12. 
aleuticus, 12. 

pubescens, Dryobates, 283, 286. 
gairdnerii, Dryobates, 283. 

pucherani, Melanerpes, 291. 
Trochilus, 306. 
Zebrapicus, 291. 

Pucheran’s Woodpecker, 291. 

puella, Trogon, 276, 277. 

Puffin, 11. 

Horned, 11. 
Large-billed, 11. 
Tufted, 10. 

Puffinus, 55, 58, 59. 
assimilis, 61. 
auduboni, 60. 
borealis, 59. 
carneipes, 62. 
chlororhynchus, 62. 
cinereus, 58. 
creatopus, 59. 


Puffinus elegans, 61. 

gavia, 61. 

gelidus, 58. 

griseus, 61. 

kuhlii, 59. 

leucomelas, 62. 

major, 59. 

nativitatis, 62. 

obscurus, 61. 

opisthomelas, 60. 

puffinus, 60. 

sphenurus, 62. 

stricklandi, 61. 

tenebrosus, 60. 

tenuirostris, 62. 
puffinus, Puffinus, 60. 

Puget Sound Sereech Owl, 593, 
pugnax, Pavoncella, 168, 
pulcher, Trochilus, 316. 
pulchra, Calothorax, 310, 598, 

Passerina versicolor, 448. 
pulverulentus, Psittacus, 269. 
Purple Finch, 389. 

California, 390. 
Cassin’s, 390. 

Gallinule, 141. 

Grackle, 379. 

Martin, 459. 

Sandpiper, 153. 
purpureus californicus, Carpoda- 

cus, 390. 

Carpodacus, 389, 390. 
pusilla arenacea, Spizella, 420. 

Euetheia, 451. 

olivacea, 451. 

pileolata, Sylvania, 528. 

Sitta, 560. 

Spizella, 419, 420, 422. 

Sylvania, 528. 

Tiaris, 451. 
pusillus, Empidonax, 343. 

Ereunetes, 161. 

Simorhynchus, 13. 

Vireo, 478. 

Vireo bellii, 478. 
pygmea, Sitta, 560. 
pygmeus, Empidonax fulvifrons, 

345 


Eurynorhynchus, 160. 
Melanerpes, 293. 
Simorhynchus, 13. 

Pygmy Nuthatch, 560. 
Owl, 266. 

California, 593. 

Ferruginous, 266. 

Hoskins’s, 593. 
Woodpecker, 293. 

Pygopodes, 1, 4. 

Pyranga bidentata, 456. 
erythrocephala, 456. 
figlina, 405. 
leucoptera, 457. 
roseigularis, 455. 
rubriceps, 589. 
testacea, 455. 

Pyrocephalus, 327, 345. 
rubineus mexicanus, 345, 

pyrrhopterus Psittacus, 268. 

Pyrrhula, 382, 388. 
cassini, 389. 

Pyrrhuloxia, 382, 443. 
Arizona, 606. 


INDEX. 


Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, 444, 
beckhami, 606. 
peninsule, 606. 

St. Lucas, 606. 


Q. 


Quail, European, 186. 
Quail-dove, Blue-headed, 217. 
Key West, 216. 
Mexican, 317. 
Ruddy, 217. 
Querquedula, 92. 
querula, Zonotrichia, 414, 415, 
Quetzal, 275. 
quinquestriata, Amphispiza, 426, 
Zonotrichia, 426. 
Quiscaline, 366. 
Quiscalus, 366, 379. 
graysoni, 381. 
macrourus, 381, 
major, 381. 
palustris, 381. 
quiscula, 379, 380. 
zeneus, 380. 
agleus, 380. 
tenuirostris, 381. 
quiscula zeneus, Quiscalus, 380. 
agleus, Quiscalus, 380. 
Quiscalus, 379, 380. 


R. 


Rail, Belding’s, 138. 
Black, 140. 
Caribbean Clapper, 587. 
Clapper, 137. 
Farralone, 140. 
King, 138. 
Scott’s, 587. 
Virginia, 138. 
Yellow, 140. 
Rallide, 134, 136. 
Ralline, 136. 
Rallus, 136. 
beldingi, 138. 
elegans, 138. 
var. tenuirostris, 158. 
longirostris caribzeus, 587, 
crepitans, 137. 
saturatus, 137. 
scotti, 587. 
obsoletus, 137. 
tenuirostris, 138. 
virginianus, 138. 
ralphi, Geothlypis poliocephala, 
608. 


Ramphastos momota, 277. 
Raptores, 218. 
Raven, 361. 
Bering’s, 362. 
Mexican, 361. 
Northern, 361. 
White-necked, 362. 
Razor-billed Auk, 18. 
Recurvirostra, 146. 
americana, 146, 147. 
andina, 146. 
Recurvirostridz, 143, 146. 
Reddish Egret, 131, 584. 


643 


Red Warbler, 531. 

Red yellow and blue Macaw, 594. 

Red-backed Junco, 423. 
Sandpiper, 160. 

-bellied Redstart, 530. 
Woodpecker, 293. 

-billed Pigeon, 211. 
Tropic Bird, 74. 

-breasted Hawk, 237. 
Merganser, 89. 
Nuthatch, 559. 
Sapsucker, 289. 

-cockaded Woodpecker, 283. 

-eyed Cowbird, 367, 600. 
Vireo, 470. 

-faced Cormorant, 80. 
Warbler, 531. 

-footed Booby, 76. 

-headed Tanager, 456. 
Woodpecker, 290. 

-legged Kittiwake, 25. 

-naped Sapsucker, 288. 

-necked Grebe, 5. 
Phalarope, 144. 

-shafted Flicker, 296. 

-shouldered Hawk, 237. 
Hawk, Florida, 237. 

-spotted Bluethroat, 579. 

-tail, St. Lucas, 233. 
Western, 233. 

-tailed Hawk, 232. 
Tropic Bird, 74. 

-throated Loon, 8. 

Pipit, 537. 

-wing, Bahaman, 370. 
Cuban, 371. 
Sonoran, 370. 
Vigors’s, 371. 

-winged Blackbird, 369. 
Thrush, 576. 

Redhead, 101. 
redivivus, Harporhynchus, 546. 
Redpoll, 397. 

Greater, 397. 

Greenland, 396. 

Hoary, 396. 

Holbeell’s, 397. 

Redstart, American, 529. 

Kaup’s, 530. 

Painted, 529. 

Red-bellied, 530. 

Sharpe’s, 530. 

Reguling, 566. 
Regulus, 566, 567. 

calendula, 568. 

cuvieri, 568. 

obscurus, 568. 

satrapa, 567, 568. 
aztecus, 612. 
olivaceus, 568. 

reinhardti, Lagopus rupestris, 200. 

resplendens, Phalacrocorax pelagi- 
cus, 80. 

rhami, Lamprolaima, 304. 

Ornismya, 304. 

Rhinoceros Auklet, 12. 
Rhinoptynx, 263. 
Rhodinocichla, 539. 
rosea, 539. 
schistacea, 539. 
rhodocolpus, Carpodacus, 391. 
Carpodacus frontalis, 391, 594. 


644 


Rhodostethia, 23, 37. 
rosea, 37. 
Rhyacophilus, 166. 
Rhynchodon, 247. 
Rhynchofaleo, 251. 
Rhynchophanes, 383, 406. 
mecownil, 406. 
Rhynchopsitta, 268, 269. 
pachyrhyncha, 269. 
riccordi, Trochilus, 306. 
richardsoni, Nyctala tengmalmi, 
260. 
richardsonii, Contopus, 338. 
Dendragapus obscurus, 196. 
Falco, 251. 
Richardson’s Grouse, 196. 
Merlin, 251. 
Owl, 260. 
ridgwayi, Colinus, 189, 585. 
Falcinellus, 124. 
Junco, 603. 
Ornithion imberbe, 346. 
Plegadis, 124. 
Urubitinga, 238. 
Ridgwayia, 572. 
Ridgway’s Flycatcher, 346. 
Junco, 603. 
Rieffer’s Hummingbird, 317. 
Ring Plover, 177. 
Azara’s, 179. 
Little, 177. 
Ring-billed Gull, 32. 
-necked Duck, 104. 
Pheasant, 206. 
ringvia, Uria, 17. 
Rio Grande Turkey, 591. 
Yellow-throat, 608. 
riparia, Clivicola, 463. 
Rissa, 23, 24. 
brevirostris, 25. 
tridactyla, 24, 25. 
pollicaris, 25. 
Rivoli Hummingbird, 309. 
rivularis, Melospiza fasciata, 604. 
Road-runner, 272. 
Mexican, 273. 
Robin, American, 577. 
Mazatlan, 578. 
St. Lueas, 578. 
Tres Marias, 578. 
Western, 577. 
robustus, Callothrus, 600. 
Molothrus, 367, 600. 
Lanius, 468. 
ludovicianus, 468. 
Phalacrocorax pelagicus, 80. 
Rock Ptarmigan, 200. 
Sparrow, 429. 
Wren, 548. 
Guadalupe, 548. 
Rocky Mountain Creeper, 558. 
Jay, 360. 
Screech Owl, 262. 
rodgersii, Fulmarus glacialis, 58, 
583. 
Rodgers’s Fulmar, 58. 
rosea, Rhodinociehla, 539. 
Rhodostethia, 37. 
Roseate Spoonbill, 123. 
Tern, 44, 
Rose-breasted Grosbeak, 444, 
-throated Becard, 324. 


INDEX. 


Rose-throated Tanager, 455. 
roseigularis, Piranga, 455. 
roseus, Furnarius, 539. 
rosite, Cyanospiza, 449. 
Passerina, 449. 
Rosita’s Bunting, 449. 
rossii, Chen, 115. 
Ross’s Gull, 37. 
Snow Goose, 115. 
rostrata, Acanthis linaria, 397. 
Astrelata, 64. 
Geothlypis, 524. 
Procellaria, 64. 
rostratus, Ammodramus, 410. 
guttatus, Ammodramus, 410. 
Rostrhamus, 222, 225. 
sociabilis, 226. 
Rough-leg, Ferruginous, 241. 
Rough-legged Hawk, 240. 
Hawk, American, 241. 
-winged Swallow, 463. 
Royal Tern, 40. 
rubea, Otocoris alpestris, 349. 
ruber, Ergaticus, 531. 
Pheenicopterus, 121. 
Sphyrapicus, 289. 
ruberrimus, Carpodacus mexicanus, 
391. 
rubicundus, Empidonax fulvifrons, 
345. 
rubida, Erismatura, 113. 
rubineus mexicanus, Pyrocephalus, 
345, 
rubra cooperi, Piranga, 454. 
Crax, 207. 
Guara, 123. 
Piranga, 454. 
rubricauda, Phaeton, 74. 
rubricaudus, Phaéthon, 74. 
rubriceps, Piranga, 606. 
Pyranga, 590. 
rubrifrons, Cardellina, 531. 
rubriventris, Centurus, 293. 
Melanerpes, 293. 
pygmeus, Centurus, 293. 
Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 568. 
-throated Hummingbird, 311. 
Ruddy Duck, 113. 
Flycatcher, 345. 
Horned Lark, 349. 
Quail-dove, 217. 
rufa, Ardea, 131, 584. 
tufalbus, Thryothorus, 540. 
rufescens, Ardea, 584. 
neglectus, Parus, 564. 
Parus, 564. 
Ruff, 168. 
Ruffed Grouse, 197. 
Canadian, 198. 
Gray, 198. 
Oregon, 198. 
ruficapilla gutturalis, Helmintho- 
phila, 489. 
Helminthophila, 489. 
ruficeps boucardi, Peucea, 429, 
eremceca, Peucewea, 429, 
Peucmwa, 429, 
ruficollis, Ardea tricolor, 131. 
Tringa, 158. 
rufifrons, Basileuterus, 532. 
Setophaga, 532. 
rufina, Melospiza, 432. 


rufina, Melospiza fasciata, 432. 

Netta, 100. 
rufinucha, Aigialitis wilsonia, 175. 
rufinuchus, Aigialitis wilsonia var., 

175. 
rufipennis, Columbigallina, 215, 

Talpacotia, 215. 
rufipileus, Colaptes, 296. 
rufivirgata crassirostris, Arremo- 

nops, 435. 

Embernagra, 385. 

verticalis, Arremonops, 435. 
rufociliatus, Troglodytes, 554. 
Rufous Becard, 326, 

Ground Dove, 215. 

Hummingbird, 314. 
Rufous-browed Wren, 554. 

-crested Duck, 100. 

-crowned Motmot, 278. 

Sparrow, 429. 
Warbler, 532. 

-naped Plover, 175. 

-winged Sparrow, 430. 
rufus, Harporhynchus, 543. 

Selasphorus, 598. 

Trochilus, 314, 315. 
rupestris atkhensis, Lagopus, 201. 

Lagopus, 200, 201. 

nelsoni, Lagopus, 201. 

reinhardti, Lagopus, 200. 
Russet-backed Thrush, 575. 
rusticola, Scolopax, 149. 
rusticolus, Falco, 245. 

gyrfalco, Falco, 246. 

obsoletus, Falco, 246. 

Rusty Blackbird, 379. 

Song Sparrow, 432. 
ruticilla, Setophaga, 483, 529. 
rutilus, Pipilo, 439. 
Rynchopide, 20, 48. 

Rynchops, 48, 49. 

melanura, 49. 

melanurus, 49. 


Ss. 


Sabine’s Gull, 38. 
sabini, Bonasa umbellus, 198. 
sabinii, Xema, 37, 38. 
Sage Grouse, 205. 
Sparrow, 427. 
Gray, 604. 
Thrasher, 541. 
sagree, Muscicapa, 334. 
Myiarchus, 334. 
salicicolus, Turdus fuscescens, 574. 
sallzi, Cyrtonyx, 194. 
Granatellus, 482. 
Salle’s Partridge, 194. 
Salpinctes, 540, 547. 
guadeloupensis, 548. 
obsoletus, 548. 
salvini, Antrostomus, 298, 
Caprimulgus, 298. 
Empidonax, 341. 
Salvin’s Flycatcher, 341. 
Goldfinch, 400. 
Petrel, 68. 
samuelis, Melospiza, 452. 
Melospiza fasciata, 431. 
Samuels’s Song Sparrow, 431. 


sanblasiana, Pica, 350. 
San Clemente Song Sparrow, 604. 
Wren, 609. 
San Fernando Towhee, 605. 
San Pedro Bluebird, 613. 
Partridge, 588. 
Sanderling, 162. 
Sandhill Crane, 135. 
Sandpiper, Aleutian, 154. 
Baird’s, 157. 
Bartramian, 169. 
Bonaparte’s, 157. 
Buff-breasted, 169, 
Common, 170. 
Cooper’s, 157. 
Curlew, 160. 
Green, 166. 
Large-billed, 153. 
Least, 158. 
Pectoral, 156. 
Purple, 153. 
Prybilof, 154, 
Red-backed, 160. 
Semipalmated, 161. 
Sharp-tailed, 155. 
Solitary, 166. 
Spoon-bill, 160. 
Spotted, 170. 
Stilt, 152. 
Western, 162. 
Solitary, 587. 
Wood, 166. 
sandvicensis acuflavida, 
40. 
Sandwich Island Petrel, 71. 
Sandwich Sparrow, 408. 
sandwichensis alaudinus, Ammo- 
dramus, 409. 
Ammodramus, 408, 409. 
bryanti, Ammodramus, 409, 
Cstrelata, 65. 
savanna, Ammodramus, 408. 
sanguinaria, Laniocera, 323. 
Santa Barbara Song Sparrow, 604. 
Santa Cruz Jay, 356. 
santa-cruzi, Centurus, 294. 
Melanerpes, 294. 
Santa-Cruz’s Woodpecker, 294. 
Santa Rita Bush-Tit, 611. 
santarite, Psaltriparus, 611. 
Sapsucker, Red-breasted, 289. 
Red-naped, 288. 
Williamson’s, 289. 
Yellow-bellied, 288. 
Sarcorhamphi, 218. 
Sarcorhamphus, 218. 
sartorii, Syrnium nebulosum, 258. 
Syrnium nebulosum, var., 258. 
satrapa, Regulus, 567, 568. 
aztecus, Regulus, 591. 
olivaceus, Regulus, 568. 
saturata, Hirundo, 461. 
saturatus, Bubo virginianus, 263. 
Cardinalis, 443. 
cardinalis, 443. 
Megascops asio, 593. 
Rallus longirostris, 137. 
savanna, Ammodramus, 409. 
Ammodramus sandwichensis, 
408. 
Savanna Sparrow, 408. 
Western, 409. 


Sterna, 


INDEX. 


savannarum, ‘ Coturniculus,” 410. 
passerinus, Ammodramus, 411. 
erpallidus, Ammodramus, 44, 
Saw-whet Owl, 260. 
Saxicola, 571, 579. 
cenauthe, 580. 
saya, Sayornis, 336. 
Sayornis, 327, 335. 
nigricans, 336. 
pheebe, 336. 
saya, 336, 
Say’s Phoebe, 336, 
scalaris bairdi, Dryobates, 285. 
Dryobates, 284. 
graysoni, Dryobates, 285. 
leucasanus, Dryobates, 285. 
parvus, Dryobates, 284. 
Picus, 284. 
sinaloensis, Dryobates, 285, 
Scaled Dove, 215. 
Partridge, 191. 
Chestnut-bellied, 192, 
Petrel, 68. 
scapularis, Ceophloeus, 290. 
Picus, 290. 
Scardafella, 211, 215. 
inca, 216. 
squamosa, 215. 
Scarlet Ibis, 123. 
Tanager, 454, 
Scaup Duck, 103. 
American, 103. 
Chinese, 103. 
Crested, 103. 
Lesser, 103. 
schistacea, Passerella, 434, 
Passerella iliaca, 434. 
Rhodinocichla, 539. 
schistisagus, Larus, 29, 
Schlegel’s Petrel, 64. 
schottii, Contopus, 339. 
Schott’s Wood Pewee, 339. 
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher, 328. 
Sclater’s Towhee, 439. 
Scolecophagus, 366, 378. 
carolinus, 379. 
cyanocephalus, 379. 
scolopacea, Ardea, 136. 
scolopaceus, Aramus, 136. 
Macrorhamphus, 151. 
Scolopacide, 143, 147. 
Scolopax, 147, 149. 
arquata, 588. 
lapponica, 163. 
rusticola, 149. 
Scops asio bendirei, 262. 
Scorched Horned Lark, 599. 
Scoter, American, 111. 
European, 111. 
Kamtschatkan, 112. 
Surf, 113. 
Velvet, 112. 
White-winged, 112. 
Scotiaptex, 256, 259. 
cinereum, 259. 
lapponicum, 260. 
scotii, Rallus longirostris, 587. 
Scott’s Oriole, 373. 
Rail, 587. 
Seaside Sparrow, 602. 
Screech Owl, 261. 
Aiken’s, 592. 


645 


Screech Owl, California, 262. 

Dwarf, 593. 
Flammulated, 262. 
Florida, 261. 
Kennicott’s, 262, 593. 
MacFarlane’s, 592, 
Mexican, 261, 592. 
Puget Sound, 593. 

Texan, 261. 

Sea Eagle, Gray, 243. 
Kamtschatkan, 243, 

Seaside Sparrow, 413. 

Dusky, 413. 
Louisiana, 602. 
Scott’s, 602. 
Texas, 602. 

Seedeater, Black, 450. 
Ochraceous-rumped, 450. 
Sharpe’s, 450. 

segetum, Anas, 116. 

Anser, 116. 

Seiurus, 482, 518. 
aurocapillus, 518, 
motacilla, 519. 
neevius,* 519. 
noveboracensis, 519. 

notabilis, 519. 

Selasphorus, 313. 
alleni, 598. 
floresii, 315, 598. 
platycercus, 304, 598. 
rufus, 598. 

semipalmata, Adgialitis, 176, 177. 
Symphemia, 167, 587. 

Semipalmated Plover, 176. 

andpiper, 161. 
Snipe, 151. 
semipalmatus, 
1A 
Pseudoscolopax, 151. 

senicula, Pipilo fuscus, 605. 

seniculus, Coccyzus, 274. 

sennetti, Ammodramus maritimus, 

602. 
Buteo albicaudatus, 238. 
Harporhynchus _longirostris, 
544. 


Macrorhamphus, 


Sennett’s Warbler, 491. 

White-tailed Hawk, 238. 
septentrionalis, Parus atricapillus, 

563. 

serrator, Merganser, 89. 
serripennis, Stelgidopteryx, 463. 
serrirostris, Trochilus, 306. 
Setophaga, 483, 529. 

flammea, 530. 

guatemala, 530. 

miniata, 530. 

flammea, 530. 
picta, 529. 
guatemala, 530. 

rufifrons, 532. 

ruticilla, 483, 529. 
sharpei, Sporophila moreleti, 450, 
Sharpe’s Redstart, 530. 

Seedeater, 450. 
Sharp-shinned Hawk, 227. 

-tailed Grouse, 204. 

Columbian, 204. 
Prairie, 204. 


* — Seiurus noveboracensis. 


646 


Sharp-tailed Sandpiper, 155. 
Sparrow, 413. 
Acadian, 602. 

Shearwater, Allied, 61. 
Audubon’s, 60. 
Black-tailed, 58. 
Black-vented, 60. 
Christmas Island, 62. 
Cinereous, 59. 

Cory’s, 59. 

Dark-bodied, 61. 

Dusky, 61. 

Elegant, 61. 

Flesh-footed, 62. 

Greater, 59. 

Green-billed, 62. 

Manx, 60. 

Pelzeln’s, 60. 

Pink-footed, 59. 

Slender-billed, 62. 

Sooty, 61. 

Streaked, 62. 

Wedge-tailed, 62. 
Short-billed Gull, 34. 

Marsh Wren, 556. 
Murrelet, 15. 
Petrel, 66. 

-eared Owl, 258. 

-tailed Albatross, 51. 

Hawk, 236. 

-winged Hylophilus, 479. 
Shoveller, 97. 

Shrike, Baird’s, 468. 
California, 467. 
Loggerhead, 467. 
Northern, 466. 
Siberian, 466. 
White-rumped, 467. 

shufeldti, Junco hyemalis, 603. 

Shufeldt’s Junco, 603. 

Sialia, 572, 580. 
arctica, 580, 582. 
azurea, 581. 
mexicana, 581, 612. 

anabelaw, 613. 
bairdi, 612. 
occidentalis, 612. 

sialis, 581. 

azurea, 581. 
guatemale, 581. 

sialis, Sialia, 581. 

Siberian Gull, 29. 

Shrike, 466. 

Yellow Wagtail, 535. 
sibiricus, Lanius borealis, 466. 
sieberi, Aphelocoma, 358. 
sieberii, Aphelocoma, 358. 

arizone, Aphelocoma, 357. 

Pica, 358. 

Sieber’s Jay, 358. 

Silver Pheasant, 590. 

Silvery-winged Leucosticte, 395. 

Simorhynchus, 9, 12. 
cristatellus, 13. 
pusillus, 13. 
pygmeus, 13. 

simplex, Muscicapa, 323. 

sinaloensis, Dryobates sealaris, 285, 

sinuata, Pyrrhuloxia, 444. 

sinuatus, Corvus corax, 361. 

Siskin, Pine, 400. 

Sitta, 558, 559. 


INDEX. 


Sitta canadensis, 559. 
carolinensis, 559. 
aculeata, 559. 
atkinsi, 610. 
pusilla, 560. 
pygmea, 560. 
leuconucha, 610. 
Sittace petzii, 270. 
Sittine, 558. 
Skimmer, Black, 49. 
Black-tailed, 49. 
Skua, 21. 
Antarctic, 21. 
Chilian, 21. 
skua, Megalestris, 21. 
Skylark, 347. 
Kamtschatkan, 347. 
Slate-colored Junco, 422. 
Solitaire, 573. 
Sparrow, 434. 
Slaty-backed Gull, 29. 
Slender-billed Fulmar, 58. 
Grackle, 381, 
Noddy, 48. 
Nuthatch, 559. 
Shearwater, 62. 
Small-billed Petrel, 65. 
-headed Warbler, 527. 


Smew, 90. 

Smith’s Longspur, 405. 

smithsonianus, Larus argentatus, 
29. 


Snipe, European, 150. 
Semipalmated, 151. 
Wilson’s, 150. 

Snowflake, 402. 

McKay’s, 403. 
Pribylof, 403. 
Snow Goose, Greater, 115. 
Lesser, 115. 
Ross’s, 115. 
Snowy Heron, 130. 
Owl, 264. 
Plover, 178. 

gociabilis, Rostrhamus, 226. 

socialis arizonze, Spizella, 419. 
Spizella, 418, 419. 

Socorro Dove, 213. 

Elf Owl, 267. 
Ground Dove, 591. 
Parakeet, 270. 
Petrel, 584. 
Thrasher, 543. 
Towhee, 438. 
Warbler, 492. 
Wren, 553. 
socorroensis, Columbigallina pas- 
serina, 586. 
Oceanodroma, 534. 

scemmerringii, Phasianus, 206. 

Solitaire, Mazatlan, 573. 
Mexican, 573. 
Slate-colored, 573. 
Townsend’s, 572. 

Tres Marias, 573. 

solitarius alticola, Vireo, 473. 
cassini, Vireo, 473. 
plumbeus, Vireo, 474. 
Totanus, 166. 

Vireo, 472, 473. 

Solitary Sandpiper, 166. 

Western, 587. 


Solitary Vireo, Mountain, 473. 
St. Lucas, 607. 
Somateria, 87, 108, 109. 
dresseri, 110. 
mollissima, 109, 110. 
borealis, 109. 
spectabilis, 110. 
v-nigra, 110. 
Song-Sparrow, 431. 
Aleutian, 432, 604. 
Brown’s, 604. 
Desert, 432. 
Heermann’s, 431. 
Kadiak, 604. 
Mexican, 432. 
Mountain, 431. 
Rusty, 432. 
Samuels’s, 431. 
San Clemente, 604. 
Santa Barbara, 604. 
Sooty, 432. 
sonorana, Dendroica astiva, 608. 
Sonora Yellow Warbler, 608. 
Sonoran Horned Lark, 599. 
Red-wing, 370. 
Sooty Albatross, 53. 
Grouse, 196. 
Guillemot, 17. 
Shearwater, 61. 
Song Sparrow, 432. 
Tern, 45. 
Sora, 139. 
sordida (?) Cyanomyia, 309. 
Helminthophila celata, 607. 
South American Bittern, 127. 
Goshawk, 240. 
Southern Hairy Woodpecker, 282, 
Marsh Wren, 556. 
Sparrow, Acadian Sharp-tailed,602. 
Aleutian Song-, 432, 604. 
Bachman’s, 428. 
Baird’s, 410. 
Belding’s Marsh, 409. 
Bell’s, 426. 
Black-chinned, 421, 
-throated, 425. 
Botteri’s, 428. 
Boucard’s, 429. 
Brewer’s, 421. 
Brown’s Song-, 604. 
Bryant’s Marsh, 409. 
Cassin’s, 428. 
Chipping, 418. 
Clay-colored, 421. 
Cordova, 435. 
Desert Song-, 432. 
Dusky Seaside, 413. 
European House, 401. 
Tree, 402. 
Ferrari Perez’s, 426. 
Field, 420. 
Five-striped, 426. 
Forbush’s, 605. 
Fox, 434. 
Gambel’s, 416. 
Golden-crowned, 416. 
Grasshopper, 411. 
Gray Sage-, 604. 
Guatemalan Chipping, 419. 
Harris’s, 415. 
Hartlaub’s, 426. 
Heermann’s Song-, 431. 


Sparrow, Henslow’s, 412, 
Intermediate, 416. 
Ipswich, 407. 

Kadiak Song-, 604, 

Large-billed, 410. 

Lark, 414. 

Le Conte’s, 412. 

Lincoln’s, 433. 

Louisiana Seaside, 602, 

Mexican, 428. 

Song-, 432. 
Mountain Song-, 431. 
Nelson’s, 413. 
Oaxaca, 430. 

Oregon Vesper, 601. 

Pine-woods, 427. 

Rock, 429. 

Rufous-crowned, 429. 
-winged, 430. 

Rusty Song-, 432. 

Sage, 427. 

Samuels’s Song-, 431. 

San Clemente Song-, 604. 

Santa Barbara Song-, 604. 

Sandwich, 408. 

Savanna, 408. 

Scott’s Seaside, 602. 

Seaside, 413. 

Scott’s, 602. 
Sharp-tailed, 413. 
Slate-colored, 434. 
Song-, 431. 

Sooty Song-, 432. 

St. Lucas, 410. 

Striped-crowned, 435, 

Swamp, 433. 

Texas, 435. 

Seaside, 602. 
Thick-billed, 434. 
Townsend’s, 434. 
Tree, 417. 

Vesper, 406. 

Western Chipping, 419. 
Field, 420. 
Grasshopper, 411. 
Henslow’s, 601. 
Lark, 414. 
Savanna, 409. 
Tree, 418. 
Vesper, 407. 

White-crowned, 415. 
-throated, 417. 

Worthen’s, 419. 

Sparrow Hawk, American, 252, 

Cuban, 253. 

Haitien, 253. 

sparverioides, Falco, 253. 

sparverius, Falco, 252. 

Spatula, 85, 96. 
clypeata, 97. 

speciosa, Geothlypis, 525. 

Speckled Albatross, 52. 

spectabilis, Eugenes, 310. 
Heliomaster, 310. 
Somateria, 110. 

Spectacled Albatross, 52. 
Eider, 108. 

Speotyto, 257, 265. 
cunicularia floridana, 265. 

hypogeea, 265, 

Spermagra erythrocephala, 456. 

Spermophila corvina, 450. 


INDEX. 


Spermophila parva, 450. 

torqueola, 450. 
Sphenoproctus, 304. 
Sphenotelus, 464. 
sphenurus, Puffinus, 62. 
Sphyrapicus, 280, 288. 

ruber, 289. 

thyroides, 289, 

varius, 288. 

nuchalis, 288. 
spilurus, Thryothorus bewickii,551, 
spinosa, Jacana, 183. 
Spinus, 383, 398. 

atriceps, 400. 

forreri, 400. 

lawrencei, 399, 

notatus, 400. 

pinus, 400. 

psaltria, 399. 

arizone, 399, 
columbiana, 398, 
mexicanus, 399, 

tristis, 398, 399. 

pallidus, 601. 
Spiza, 384, 451. 

americana, 452. 

townsendii, 452, 
Spizella, 385, 417. 

atrigularis, 417, 421. 

breweri, 421. 

monticola, 417. 

ochracea, 418. 

pallida, 421. 

pinetorum, 419. 

pusilla, 419, 420, 422. 

arenacea, 420. 
socialis, 418, 419, 
arizone, 419. 

wortheni, 419, 
sponsa, Aix, 99. 

Spoonbill, Roseate, 123. 
Spoon-bill Sandpiper, 160. 
Sporadinus, 306. 
Sporophila, 386, 449. 

corvina, 450. 

morelleti, 450. 

torqueola, 450. 
Spotted-breasted Wren, 552. 
Spotted Crake, 139. 

Owl, 259. 

Sandpiper, 170. 
Spotted-winged Tanager, 456. 
spragueii, Anthus, 537. 
Sprague’s Pipit, 537. 
spurius, Icterus, 376. 
Spurred Towhee, 437. 
squamata, Callipepla, 191. 

castanogastris, Callipepla, 192, 
squamosa, Columba, 215. 

Scardafella, 215. 
Squatarola, 173. 
squatarola, Charadrius, 173. 
Starling, 365. 

Starnoenas, 211, 217. 

eyanocephala, 217. 
St. Domingo Grebe, 6. 
Steganopodes, 1, 73. 
Steganopus, 145. 
stejnegeri, Oidemia, 112, 
Stelgidopteryx, 458, 463. 

serripennis, 463. 
stellaris, Cistothorus, 556, 


647 


stelleri annectens, Cyanocitta, 354. 
coronata, Cyanocitta, 355. 
Cyanocitta, 353, 354. 
diademata, Cyanocitta, 354. 
Eniconetta, 108. 
frontalis, Cyanocitta, 354. 
macrolopha, Cyanocitta, 354. 

Steller’s Duck, 108. 

Jay, 353. 

Stellula, 315, 598. 
calliope, 598. 

stephensi, Vireo huttoni, 477. 

Stephens’s Vireo, 477. 
Whippoorwill, 299. 

Stercorariide, 20. 

Stercorarius, 20, 21. 
longicaudus, 23. 
parasiticus, 22. 
pomarinus, 22. 

Sterna, 24, 39, 41. 
aleutica, 45. 
anzethetus, 46. 
antillarum, 46, 
dougalli, 44. 
elegans, 40. 
forsteri, 42. 
fuliginosa, 45, 
hirendo, 43. 
leucopareia, 47. 
maxima, 40. 
nigra, 46. 
paradiszea, 43, 44, 45. 
sandvicensis acuflavida, 40. 
tenuirostris, 48. 
trudeaui, 41. 
tschegrava, 39. 

Sternine, 23. 

Sternula, 46. 

Stilt, Black-necked, 147. 
Brazilian, 147. 

Stilt Sandpiper, 152. 

Stint, Long-toed, 158. 

St. Lucas Cactus Wren, 547. 
Cardinal, 442. 

Pyrrhuloxia, 606. 
Flycatcher, 599. 
Red-tail, 233. 

Robin, 578. 
Solitary Vireo, 607. 
Sparrow, 410. 
Thrasher, 544. 
Towhee, 440. 
Woodpecker, 285. 

stolidus, Anousg, 48. 

stoneyi, Parus, 611. 

Parus hudsonicus, 611, 

Storm Petrel, 70. 
Black-bellied, 72. 

Streaked Heron, 132. 

Horned Lark, 349. 
Shearwater, 62. 

strepera, Anas, 95. 

Streptoceryle, 278. 

striata, Ardea, 132. 
Dendroica, 503. 
Melospiza lincolni, 605. 

striatus, Butorides, 132. 

stricklandi, Dryobates, 286. 
Loxia curvirostra, 392. 
Picus, 286. 

Picus (Leuconotopicus), 286, 
Puifinus, 61. 


§48 


Strickland’s Oriole, 375. 
Woodpecker, 286. 
stridula, Strix, 259. 
strigata, Otocoris alpestris, 349. 
strigatus, Chondestes grammacus, 
414, 
Striges, 218. 
Strigidaw, 218, 255. 
Striped-breasted Woodpecker, 291. 
-crowned Sparrow, 435. 
Striped Horned Owl, 264. 
Strix, 255. 
cinerea, 259. 
mexicana, 263, 264. 
otus, 257. 
pratincola, 255. 
stridula, 259. 
tengmalmi, 260. 
uralensis, 259. 
Sturnella, 365, 371. 
magna, 372. 
mexicana, 372. 
neglecta, 372. 
neglecta, 372. 
Sturnide, 322, 364. 
Sturnus, 364. 
vulgaris, 365. 
Stygian Owl, 257. 
stygius, Asio, 257. 
Nyctalops, 257. 
subarcticus, Bubo virginianus, 263. 
Submaculated Towhee, 438. 
submaculatus, Pipilo, 438. 
subruficollis, Tryngites, 169. 
subvirgatus, Ammodramus cauda- 
cutus, 602. 
suckleyi, Falco columbarius, 250. 
suecica, Cyanecula, 579. 
Sula, 74, 75. 
bassana, 76. 
brewsteri, 585. 
eyanops, 79. 
gossi, 584, 
nebouxii, 584. 
piseator, 76. 
sula, 75, 584. 
variegata, 75. 
sula, Sula, 75. 
sulcirostris, Crotophaga, 272. 
Sulidag, 73, 74. 
Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher, 332. 
sumichrasti, Aphelocoma, 356. 
Catherpes, 548, 549. 
Cyanocitta californica var., 356. 
Cyrtonyx, 194. 
Passerina, 447. 
Sumichrast’s Bunting, 447. 
Jay, 356. 
Wren, 549. 
Summer Tanager, 454. 
superbus, Cardinalis cardinalis, 442. 
superciliaris, Centurus, 292. 
Melanerpes, 292. 
Picus, 292. 
Superciliary Woodpecker, 292. 
superciliosa, Oreothlypis, 481. 
superciliosum, Conirostrum, 481. 
superciliosus, Trochilus, 304. 
Surf Bird, 180. 
Scoter, 113. 
surinamensis, Hydrochelidon ni- 
gra, 47. 


INDEX. 


Surnia, 256, 264. 

ulula, 265. 

caparoch, 265. 
swainsoni, Buteo, 235. 

Vireo, 472. 

Vireo gilvus, 472. 
swainsonii, Turdus ustulatus, 575. 
Swainson’s Hawk, 235. 

Towhee, 438. 

Warbler, 485. 

Woodpecker, 293. 
Swallow, Bahaman, 462. 

Bank, 463. 

Cliff, 460. 

Rough-winged, 463. 

Violet-green, 462. 

White-bellied, 461. 

-rumped, 462. 
Swallow-tailed Gull, 38. 

Kite, 224. 
Swamp Sparrow, 433. 
Swan, Bewick’s, 120. 

Trumpeter, 120. 

Whistling, 120. 

Whooping, 120. 
Swift, Black, 302. 

Vaux’s, 303. 

White-throated, 303. 
Swinhoe’s Wagtail, 533. 
Sycamore Warbler, 504. 
Sylvania, 483, 527. 

canadensis, 528. 

microcephala, 527. 

mnitrata, 527, 528. 

pusilla, 528. 

pileolata, 528. 
Sylvia decurtata, 479. 

leucogastra, 569. 

wolfii, 579. 
Sylvicola pityophila, 515. 
Sylviidew, 322, 323, 566. 
Sylviing, 566. 
Symphemia, 148, 167, 587. 

semipalmata, 167, 587. 

inornata, 588. 
Synthliboramphus, 9, 13. 

antiquus, 14. 

wumizusume, 14, 583. 
Syrnium, 256, 258, 259. 

nebulosum, 259. 

alleni, 259. 
sartorii, 258. 
var. sartorii, 258. 

occidentale, 259. 


T. 


Tachycineta, 458, 461. 
elbilinea, 462. 
bicolor, 461, 462. 
thalassina, 462. 
Tachytriorchis, 237. 
tahitiensis, Numenius, 171. 
Talpacotia rufipennis, 215. 
Tamaulipas Parrot, 595. 
Tanager, Brick-colored, 455. 
Broad-banded, 457. 
Brown-red, 455. 
Cooper’s, 454. 
Hepatic, 455. 
Louisiana, 456. 


Tanager, Red-headed, 456. 
Rose-throated, 455. 
Scarlet, 454, 
Spotted-winged, 456. 
Summer, 454. 

Tres Marias, 457. 
White-winged, 457. 

Tanagra guianensis, 469. 

Tanagrida, 321, 453. 

tanneri, Geothlypis, 525. 

Tantalus, 125. 
ibis, 125. 
loculator, 125. 

Tatler, Polynesian, 168. 
Wandering, 168. 

Tawny-throated Wren, 554. 

Teal, Blue-winged, 93. 
Cinnamon, 93. 
European, 94. 
Green-winged, 94. 

Tehuantepec Mockingbird, 542. 

telephonus, Cuculus, 596. 
Cuculus canorus, 596. 

Telmatodytes, 556. 

Temax Wren, 552. 

temminckii, Tringa, 158. 

Temminck’s Falcon, 248. 
Murrelet, 14. 

tenebrosus, Puffinus, 60. 

tengmalmi, Nyctala, 260. 
richardsoni, Nyctala, 260. 
Strix, 260. 

Tengmalm’s Owl, 260. 

Tennessee Warbler, 488. 

tenuirostris, Anous, 48. 
Puffinus, 62. 
Quiscalus, 381. 
Rallus, 138. 

elegans var., 138. 
Sterna, 48. 

tephrocotis, Leucosticte, 394, 395. 
littoralis, Leucosticte, 394. 

Teretistris, 482. 

Tern, Aleutian, 45. 
American Black, 47. 
Arctic, 43. 

Black, 46. 

Bridled, 46. 

Cabot’s, 40. 

Caspian, 39. 

Common, 43. 

Elegant, 40. 

Forster’s, 42. 

Gull-billed, 38. 

Least, 46. 

Roseate, 44. 

Royal, 40. 

Sooty, 45. 

Trudeau’s, 41. 

Whiskered, 47. 

White-wirnged Black, 47. 

terrestris, Columbigallina passe- 

rina, 215, 591. 

testacea, Piranga, 455. 
Pyranga, 455. 

tethys, Procellaria, 70. 

Tetrao, 588, 589. 
coturnix, 186. 
coyolcos, 189. 
cristatus, 185. 
perdix, 184, 
tetrix, 589. 


Tetraonida, 184. 

Tetraonine, 185, 

Texan Bob White, 188. 
Cardinal, 444, 
Horned Lark, 349, 
Kingfisher, 279. 
Nighthawk, 301. 
Screech Owl, 261. 
Tufted Titmouse, 561. 
Woodpecker, 285. 

texanus, Colinus virginianus, 188, 

189. 

Texas Seaside Sparrow, 602. 
Sparrow, 435. 

texensis, Chordeiles, 300. 
Chordeiles acutipennis, 301. 
Myiozetetes, 331. 
Parus bicolor, 561. 

Thalassarche, 51. 

Thalasseus, 24, 39. 

Thalassidroma bulweri, 69. 
gracilis, 71. 
lineata, 56. 
macgillivrayi, 69. 
melanogastra, 72. 
tropica, 72. 

thalassina, Tachycineta, 462. 

Thalassoaétus, 223, 243. 
pelagicus, 243. 

Thalassogeron, 50, 52. 
cautus, 53. 
chlororhynchus, 53. 
culminatus, 52. 

Thalassoica, 58. 
antarctica, 58. 

tharus, Falco, 254. 
Polyborus, 254. 

Theillus, 62. 

Thick-billed Becard, 326. 
Kingbird, 329. 
Parrot, 269. 

Petrel, 64. 

Sparrow, 434. 
thoracicus, Hylophilus, 478. 
Thrasaétus, 223, 242. 

harpyia, 242. 
Thrasher, Bendire’s, 545. 

Brown, 543. 

Californian, 546. 

Cozumel, 544. 

Crissal, 546. 

Curve-billed, 545. 

Leconte’s, 546. 

Long-billed, 544. 

Mazatlan, 545, 

Mearns’s, 609. 

Ocellated, 544, 

Palmer’s, 545, 

Sage, 541. 

Socorro, 543. 

St. Lucas, 544. 
Three-toed Woodpecker, Alaskan, 

287. 


Alpine, 287. 
American, 287. 
Arctic, 287. 
Thrush, Audubon’s Hermit, 576. 
Bicknell’s, 575. 
Dwarf, 576. 
Gray-cheeked, 574. 
Hermit, 576. 
Olive-backed, 575. 


INDEX. 


Thrush, Red-winged, 576. 
Russet-backed, 575. 
Varied, 578. 

Willow, 574. 

Wilson’s, 574. 

Wood, 574. 
Thryomanes, 350, 551. 
Thryophilus, 540. 
Thryothorus, 540, 549, 551. 

albinucha, 550. 

berlandieri, 550. 

bewickii, 551. 

bairdi, 551. 

spilurus, 551. 
brevicaudus, 551. 
felix, 552. 

8. lawrencii, 552. 
lawrencii, 552. 
leucophrys, 609. 

.  Iudovicianus, 550. 
berlandieri, 609. 
lomitensis, 609. 
miamensis, 550. 

maculipectus, 552. 

canobrunneus, 552. 

umbrinus, 552. 
polyglottus, 556. 
rufalbus, 540. 


thurberi, Junco hyemalis, 603. 


Thurber’s Junco, 603. 
thyroideus, Sphyrapicus, 289. 
Tiaris pusilla, 451. 

tigrina, Dendroica, 493. 

Tinnunculus, 252, 

tinnunculus, Falco, 592. 

Tit, Wren-, 566. 

Titmouse, Ashy, 561. 
Black-crested, 561. 
Bridled, 562. 
Chestnut-fronted, 561. 
Gray, 562. 

Plain, 561. 
Texan Tufted, 561. 
Tufted, 561. 

Tityra, 323. 
viridis, 325, 

togata, Bonasa umbellus, 198. 

torda, Alea, 18. 

torquata, Alcedo, 279. 
Ceryle, 279. 
Procellaria, 65. 

torquatus, Phasianus, 206. 
Melanerpes, 291. 

torqueola, Spermophila, 450. 
Sporophila, 450. 

Totanus, 149, 164. 
brevipes, 168. 
damacensis, 158. 
flavipes, 166. 
glareola, 166. 
melanoleucus, 165. 
nebularius, 165. 
ochropus, 166. 
solitarius, 166. 

cinnamomeus, 587. 

tovi, Brotogeris, 268. 

Towhee, 436. 

Abert’s, 441. 
Arctic, 437. 
Brown, 440. 
Californian, 441. 
Cafion, 440. 


82 


Towhee, Complex, 439. 
Green-backed, 438. 
-tailed, 439. 
Guadalupe, 437. 
Mexican, 436. 
Oregon, 437. 
San Fernando, 605. 
Sclater’s, 439. 
Socorro, 438. 
Spurred, 437. 
St. Lucas, 440. 
Submaculated, 438. 
Swainson’s, 438. 
White-eyed, 436. 

townsendi, Dendroica, 512. 
Junco, 603. 
Plectrophenax nivalis, 403. 

townsendii, Myadestes, 572. 
Spiza, 452. 

Townsend’s Bunting, 452. 
Junco, 603. 

Solitaire, 572. 
Sparrow, 434. 
Warbler, 512. 

traillii, Empidonax, 343, 

Traill’s Flycatcher, 343. 

Tree-duck, 119. 
Black-bellied, 119. 
Brazilian, 119. 
Colombian, 119. 
Fulvous, 119. 

Tree-sparrow, 417. 
European, 402. 
Western, 418. 

Tres Marias Parula, 492. 
Robin, 578. 
Solitaire, 573. 
Tanager, 457. 
Wren, 552. 

trichas, Geothlypis, 522, 523, 
occidentalis, Geothlypis, 523. 

trichopsis, Megascops asio, 261. 

tricolor, Agelaius, 371. 
Phalaropus, 145, 
ruficollis, Ardea, 131. 

Tricolored Blackbird, 371. 

tridactyla pollicaris, Rissa, 25. 
Rissa, 24, 25. 

Tringa, 148, 152. 
acuminata, 155. 
alpina, 159. 

pacifica, 160. 
bairdii, 157. 
canutus, 153. 
cooperi, 157. 
couesi, 154, 
crassirostris, 153. 
damacensis, 158. 
ferruginea, 160. 
fuscicollis, 157. 
glareola, 166. 
hypoleucos, 170. 
maculata, 148, 156, 160. 
maritima, 153, 154. 
minuta, 158. 
minutilla, 158. 
ochropus, 166. 
ptilocnemis, 154. 
ruficollis, 158. 
temminckii, 158. 

Trinidad Petrel, 66. 

trinitatis, Aistrelata, 66. 


650 


tristis, Spinus, 398, 399. 
Trochili, 297. 
Trochilidx, 297, 303. 
Trochilus, 308, 310, 311, 598, 
alexandri, 312. 
alleni, 314. 
anna, 312, 315. 
beryllinus, 317. 
brevirostris, 306. 
calliope, 316. 
colubris, 311. 
costee, 312. 
devillii, 317. 
doubledayi, 320. 
ellioti, 315. 
enicurus, 305. 
floresii, 313, 315. 
francie, 306. 
helene, 313. 
heloisa, 315. 
largipennis, 305. 
leucotis, 319. 
longirostris, 305. 
lucifer, 316. 
mango, 307. 
platycercus, 313. 
pucherani, 306. 
pulcher, 316. 
riccordi, 306. 
rufus, 314, 315. 
serrirostris, 306. 
superciliosus, 304. 
violajugulum, 598. 
viridipallens, 310. 
yucatanensis, 317. 
Troglodytes, 540, 552, 553. 
aédon, 553, 554. 
aztecus, 610. 
parkmanii, 554, 556, 610. 
alascensis, 555. 
albinucha, 550. 
beani, 553. 
brunneicollis, 554. 
hiemalis, 555. 
pacificus, 555. 
insularis, 553. 
intermedius, 554. 
leucogastra, 540. 
rufociliatus, 554. 
Troglodytidx, 322, 538, 539, 558. 
Trogon, 275. 
ambiguus, 276. 
Black-headed, 277. 
Citreoline, 277. 
citreolus, 277. 
Coppery-tailed, 276. 
elegans, 276. 
Elegant, 276. 
melanocephalus, 277. 
Mexican, 276. 
mexicanus, 276. 
neoxenus, 275. 
puella, 276, 277. 
Xalapa, 277. 
Trogones, 271. 
Trogonidax, 271, 275. 
troile, Uria, 18. 
californica, Uria, 18. 
Tropic Bird, Red-billed, 74. 
Red-tailed, 74. 
Yellow-billed, 74. 
tropica, Cymodroma, 72. 


INDEX. 


tropica, Thalassidroma, 72. 
Tropical Petrel, 72. 
Troupial, 373. 

trudeaui, Sterna, 41. 

Trudeau’s Tern, 41. 

Trumpeter Swan, 120. 

Tryngites, 148, 169. 
subruficollis, 169. 

tschegrava, Sterna, 39. 

Tubinares, 1, 50. 

Tufted Puffin, 10. 
Titmouse, 561. 

Texan, 561. 

Tule Wren, 556. 

Turdide, 323, 571. 

Turdinex, 571. 

Turdus, 571, 573, 576. 
aliciw, 574, 575. 

bicknelli, 575. 

aonalaschke, 576. 

auduboni, 576. 
pallasii, 576. 

auduboni, 576. 

aurantiirostris, 571. 

fuscescens, 574, 575. 

salicicolus, 574. 

iliacus, 576. 

mustelinus, 573, 574, 575. 

pinicola, 572. 

ustulatus, 574, 575. 

swainsonii, 575. 

Turkey, Florida Wild, 590. 
Mexican, 207. 
Ocellated, 207. 

Rio Grande, 590. 

Wild, 207. 
Turkey-Vulture, 221. 

Amazonian, 221. 

Burroughs’s, 221. 
Turner’s Ptarmigan, 201. 
Turnstone, 180. 

Black, 181. 
Turquoise-fronted Bunting, 447. 
turtur, Prion, 55. 
Tympanuchus, 185, 202. 

americanus, 203. 

attwateri, 589. 

attwateri, 589. 

cupido, 203. 

pallidicinctus, 203. 
Tyrannide, 321, 326. 
Tyrannula stolida var lucaysiensis, 

334, 

Tyrannus, 326, 328. 
crassirostris, 329. 
dominicensis, 329. 
magnirostris, 328. 
melancholicus couchi, 329. 
tyrannus, 328, 330. 
verticalis, 330. 
vociferans, 330. 

tyrannus, Milvulus, 327. 
Tyrannus, 328, 330. 

tytleri, Chelidon, 461. 
Hirundo, 461. 


U. 


ultramarina, Aphelocoma, 357. 
Ultramarine Jay, 357. 
ultramarinus, Corvus, 357. 


Ulula, 259. 
ulula caparoch, Surnia, 265. 
Surnia, 265. 
umbelloides, Bonasa umbellus, 198. 
umbellus, Bonasa, 197. 
sabini, Bonasa, 198. 
togata, Bonasa, 198. 
umbelloides, Bonasa, 198. 
Umber Wren, 552. 
umbrinus, Thryothorus maculipec- 
tus, 552. 
unalascheensis, Passerella, 434. 
Passerella iliaca, 434. 
unicinctus, Falco, 229. 
harrisi, Parabuteo, 229. 
Parabuteo, 229. 
unicolor, Aphelocoma, 358. 
Cyanocorax, 358. 
Myadestes, 573. 
Unicolored Jay, 358. 
uralensis, Strix, 259. 
Uranomitra, 306. 
Uria, 10, 17. 
brevirostris, 15. 
lomvia, 18. 
arra, 18. 
ringvia, 17, 
troile, 18. 
californica, 18, 
Urile, 79. 
urile, Phalacrocorax, 80. 
Urinator, 6, 7 
adamsii, 7. 
arcticus, 7. 
imber, 7. 
lumme, 8. 
pacificus, 8. 
Urinatorida, 4, 6. 
urophasianus, Centrocercus, 205. 
Uropsila, 540. 
uropygialis, Melanerpes, 294. 
Urubitinga, 223, 238. 
anthracina, 239. 
Brazilian, 238. 
Mexican, 238. 
ridgwayi, 238. 
urubitinga, 238. 
zonura, 238. 
urubitinga, Falco, 238. 
Urubitinga, 238. 
ustulatus, Turdus, 574, 575. 
Uxmal Woodpecker, 293. 


Vv. 


Valley Partridge, 192. 
vallisneria, Anas, 102. 
Aythya, 102. 
Vanellus, 172. 
vanellus, 172. 
vanellus, Vanellus, 172. 
varia, Mniotilta, 484, 528. 
Varied Bunting, 448. 
Thrush, 578. 
variegata, Sula, 75. 
variegatus, Dysporus, 75. 
varius nuchalis, Sphyrapicus, 288. 
Sphyrapicus, 288. 
vauxii, Chetura, 303. 
Vaux’s Swift, 303. 
vege, Larus, 30. 


velox, Accipiter, 227. 
Velvet Scoter, 112. 
Venezuelan Cardinal, 443. 
venustus, Granatellus, 482, 
Vera Paz Vireo, 472. 
Verdin, 565. 
Vermilion Flycatcher, 345. 
vermivorus, Helmitherus, 485, 528, 
versicolor, Cardellina, 531. 
Ergaticus, 531. 
Passerina, 448. 
Phasianus, 206. 
pulchra, Passerina, 448. 
verticalis, Arremonops rufivirgata, ; 


Embernagra 
435. 
Tyrannus, 330. 
Vesper Sparrow, 406. 
Oregon, 601. 
Western, 407. 
pe usrunNs, Coccothraustes, 387, 
0 


rufivirgata, y., 


vetula maccalli, Ortalis, 209. 
Ortalis, 209. 
pallidiventris, Ortalis, 209. 
Penelope, 209. 
plumbeiceps, Ortalis, 209, 

vicinior, Vireo, 478. 

viduata, Anas, 119. 
Dendrocygna, 119. 

vigorsii, Dendroica, 498, 514. 

Vigors’s Red-wing, 371. 

Wren, 551. 

villosus auduboni, Dryobates, 282. 
Dryobates, 282, 286. 
harrisi, Dryobates, 283. 
jardinii, Dryobates, 283. 
leucomelas, Dryobates, 282. 
maynardi, Dryobates, 282. 

violacea, Ardea, 587. 

violaceus, Nycticorax, 133. 

violajugulum, Trochilus, 598, 

Violet-green Cormorant, 80. 

Swallow, 462. 
-throated Hummingbird, 598, 

violicauda, Lampornis, 274. 

viosce, Columba fasciata, 591, 

Viosca’s Pigeon, 591. 

virens, Contopus, 338. 
Dendroica, 510. 

Icteria, 527. 
longicauda, Icteria, 527. 

Vireo, 468, 469, 474, 590. 
altiloquus barbatulus, 470. 
atricapillus, 474. 
pairdi, 477. 

Belize, 470. 
bellii, 476. 
pusillus, 478. 
Bell’s, 476. 
Black-capped, 474. 
-whiskered, 470. 
Blue-headed, 473. 
Cassin’s, 473. 
cinereus, 470. 
Cozumel, 470. 
crassirostris, 476. 
flavescens, 476. 
Cuban, 478. 
Dusky, 607. 
flavifrons, 472. 


INDEX. 


Vireo flavoviridis, 470, 590. 
forreri, 607. 
gilvus, 471. 
swainsoni, 472, 
Gray, 478. 
gundlachi, 478, 
huttoni, 477. 
insularis, 607. 
obscurus, 607. 
stephensi, 477. 
Hutton’s, 477. 
hypochryseus, 478, 
Key West, 475. 
Large-billed, 476. 
Least, 478. 
magister, 470. 
Mountain Solitary, 473, 
noveboracensis, 475, 
maynardi, 475. 
Ochraceous, 476. 
ochraceus, 476. 
olivaceus, 469, 470. 
Pale, 478. 
pallens, 478. 
Philadelphia, 471. 
philadelphicus, 471. 
Plumbeous, 474. 
propinquus, 472. 
pusillus, 478. 
Red-eyed, 470. 
solitarius, 472, 473. 
alticola, 473. 
cassinii, 473. 
lucasanus, 607. 
plumbeus, 474, 
St. Lucas Solitary, 607. 
Stephens’s, 477. 
swainsoni, 472. 
Vera Paz, 472. 
vicinior, 478. 
Warbling, 471. 
White-eyed, 475, 
Yellow, 476, 478. 
Yellow-green, 470. 
-throated, 472. 
Vireolanius, 469. 
melitophrys, 469. 
Vireonide, 323, 468. 
Vireosylva, 469. 
Vireosylvia cinerea, 470. 
magister, 470. 
propinqua, 472. 
virescens, Ardea, 132. 
Empidonax, 342. 
virgata, Aphriza, 180. 
Virginia Rail, 138. 
Virginie, 
490. 
virginianus arcticus, Bubo, 263. 
Bubo, 263. 
Cardinalis, 442. 
Chordeiles, 300, 301. 
Colinus, 188. 
cubanensis, Colinus, 188. 
floridanus, Colinus, 188. 
henryi, Chordeiles, 301. 
minor, Chordeiles, 301. 
Rallus, 138. 
saturatus, Bubo, 263. 
subarcticus, Bubo, 263. 
texanus, Colinus, 188, 
Virginia’s Warbler, 490. 


Helminthophila, 488, 


651 


viridigenalis, Amazona, 595. 
Chrysotis, 595. 
viridipallens, Coeligena, 310. 
Trochilus, 310. 
viridis, Tityra, 325. 
vittata, Procellaria, 55. 
y-nigra, Somateria, 110. 
vocifera, Migialitis, 174. 
vociferans, Tyrannus, 330. 
vociferus, Antrostomus, 299. 
arizone, Antrostomus, 299, 
Corvus, 361. 
vulgaris, Sturnus, 365, 
Vultur gryphus, 218, 
papa, 219. 
Vulture, Amazonian Turkey-, 221. 
Black, 222. 
Burroughs’s Turkey-, 221. 
California, 220. 
King, 219. 
Turkey-, 221, 


Ww. 


wagleri, Icterus, 374, 375. 
Ortalida, 208, 

Ortalis, 208. 

Wagler’s Chachalaca, 208, 
Oriole, 375. 

Wagtail, Gray, 534. 
Kamtschatka, 534. 
Siberian Yellow, 535. 
Swinhoe’s, 533. 
White, 533. 

Yellow, 535. 

Wandering Albatross, 51. 
Tatler, 168. 

Warbler, Antillean Yellow, 495. 
Audubon’s, 497. 
Bachman’s, 487. 
Bay-breasted, 501. 
Bell’s, 532. 

Black and White, 484. 
Black-poll, 503. 
Black-throated Blue, 496. 

Gray, 507. 

Green, 510. 
Blackburnian, 505. 
Blue-winged, 486. 
Brasher’s, 531. 
Brewster’s, 486. 
Bryant’s Yellow, 495. 
Calaveras, 489. 
Canadian, 528. 

Cape May, 493. 
Carbonated, 493. 
Cerulean, 499. 
Chestnut-sided, 450. 
Cincinnati, 487. 
Connecticut, 521. 
Cuban Pine, 515. 
Decorated, 506. 
Delattre’s, 532. 
Dugés’s Yellow, 495. 
Dusky, 607. 
Golden-cheeked, 509, 590. 

-winged, 486. 

Grace’s, 506. 
Hermit, 513. 
Hooded, 527. 
Kennicott’s Willow, 567. 


652 


Warbler, Kentucky, 520. 
Kirtland’s, 514. 
Lawrence’s, 486. 
Lucy’s, 490. 
Lutescent, 489. 
Maegillivray’s, 522. 
Magnolia, 498. 
Mangrove, 495. 
Mourning, 521. 
Myrtle, 497. 
Nashville, 489. 

Olive, 494. 

Orange-crowned, 488. 

Palm, 517. 

Parula, 491. 

Pileolated, 528. 

Pine, 514. 

Pink-headed, 531. 

Prairie, 516. 

Prothonotary, 484, 

Red, 531. 

Red-faced, 531. 

Rufous-crowned, 532. 

Sennett’s, 491. 

Small-headed, 527. 

Socorro, 492. 

Sonora Yellow, 608. 

Swainson’s, 485. 

Sycamore, 504. 

Tennessee, 488. 

Townsend’s, 512. 

Virginia’s, 490. 

Western Yellow, 494. 

Wilson’s, 528. 

Worm-eating, 485. 

Yellow, 494. 

Palm, 517. 

Yellow-throated, 504. 
Warbling Vireo, 471. 

Western, 472. 

wardi, Ardea, 129, 586. 

Ward’s Heron, 129, 586. 

Water-Thrush, 519. 
Grinnell’s, 519. 
Louisiana, 519. 

Waxwing, Bohemian, 464. 
Cedar, 465. 

Japanese, 465. 
Wedge-tailed Shearwater, 62. 
welchi, Lagopus, 201. 
Welch’s Ptarmigan, 201. 
Western Bluebird, 581, 612. 

Blue Grosbeak, 446. 

Bobolink, 366. 

Chipping Sparrow, 419. 

Evening Grosbeak, 601. 

Field Sparrow, 420. 

Flycatcher, 340. 

Gnatcatcher, 612. 

Golden-crowned Kinglet, 568. 

Goldfinch, 601. 

Goshawk, 228. 

Grasshopper Sparrow, 411. 

Grebe, 4. 

Gull, 28. 

Henslow’s Sparrow, 601. 

Horned Owl, 263. 

Lark Sparrow, 414. 

Martin, 607. 

Meadowlark, 372. 

Nighthawk, 301. 

Red-tail, 233. 


INDEX. 


Western Robin, 577. 
Sandpiper, 162. 
Savanna Sparrow, 409. 
Solitary Sandpiper, 587. 
Tree Sparrow, 418. 
Vesper Sparrow, 407. 
Warbling Vireo, 472. 
Willet, 588. 

Winter Wren, 555. 
Wood Pewee, 338. 
Yellow-throat, 523. 
Yellow Warbler, 494. 

Wheatear, 580. 

Whimbrel, 171. 

Whippoorwill, 299. 

Cuban, 298. 
Mexican, 298. 
Stephens’s, 299. 

Whiskered Auklet, 13. 
Tern, 47. 

Whistling Swan, 120. 

White Gyrfalcon, 244. 
Heron, Great, 128. 

This, 123. 
Pelican, American, 82. 
Wagtail, 533. 

White-bellied Chachalaca, 208. 

Petrel, 72. 

Swallow, 461. 
-breasted Nuthatch, 559. 
-browed Gnatcatcher, 570. 
-cheeked Goose, 117. 
-crested Cormorant, 78. 
-crowned Noddy, 48. 

Pigeon, 212. 

Sparrow, 415. 

-eared Hummingbird, 319. 
-eyed Towhee, 436. 

Vireo, 475. 

-faced Glossy Ibis, 124. 

Petrel, 72. 

-footed Oyster-catcher, 182. 
-fronted Dove, 214. 
Goose, 116. 

American, 116. 

Parrot, 595. 
-headed Woodpecker, 286. 
-lored Gnatcatcher, 569. 
-naped Nuthatch, 610. 
-necked Raven, 362. 
-rumped Shrike, 467. 

Swallow, 462. 
-tailed Brown Jay, 352. 

Kite, 225. 

Ptarmigan, 202. 
-throated Falcon, 248. 

Flycatcher, 340. 

Sparrow, 417. 

Swift, 303. 

Wood Pewee, 338. 

Wren, 549. 

-winged Black Tern, 47. 

Crossbill, 393. 

Dove, 214. 

Junco, 422. 

Petrel, 65. 

Scoter, 112. 

Tanager, 457. 

whitneyi, Micropallas, 267. 

Whooping Crane, 135. 

Swan, 120. 
Widgeon, 96. 


Wild Turkey, 207. 

Florida, 590. 
Willet, 167, 587. 

Western, 588. 
Williamson’s Sapsucker, 289. 
Willow Ptarmigan, 199, 

Thrush, 574. 

Warbler, Kennicott’s, 567. 
wilsonia, Aigialitis, 175. 

rufinucha, Aigialitis, 175. 
wilsonianus, Asio, 257. 
wilsonius var. rufinuchus, Aigiali- 

tis, 175. 
Wilson’s Petrel, 71. 

Phalarope, 145. 

Plover, 175. 

Snipe, 150. 

Thrush, 574. 

Warbler, 528. 

Winter Wren, 555. 
Western, 555. 
wolfii, Cyanecula, 579. 

Sylvia, 579. 
wollweberi, Parus, 562. 

Wood Duck, 99. 

Ibis, 125. 

Pewee, 338. 

Bahaman, 339, 
Cuban, 339. 
Large-billed, 598. 
Schott’s, 339. 
Western, 338. 
White-throated, 338. 

Sandpiper, 166. 

Thrush, 574. 

Woodcock, American, 150. 

European, 149. 
woodhousei, Aphelocoma, 355. 
Woodhouse’s Jay, 355. 
Woodpecker, Alaskan Three-toed, 

287. 


Alpine Three-toed, 287. 
American Three-toed, 287. 
Arctic Three-toed, 287. 
Arizona, 286. 

Bahaman Hairy, 282. 
Batchelder’s, 597. 
Blake’s, 292. 

Cabanis’s, 596. 

Cabot’s Ladder-backed, 284. 
Californian, 291. 
Colima, 286. 

Cuban Ivory-billed, 281. 
Delattre’s, 290. 

Downy, 283. 

Elegant, 292. 
Gairdner’s, 283, 596. 
Gila, 294. 
Golden-fronted, 294. 
Gray-breasted, 292. 
Grayson’s, 285. 
Guatemalan Ivory-billed, 281. 
Hairy, 282. 

Harris’s 283, 596. 
Imperial, 281. 
Ivory-billed, 281. 
Jardine’s, 283. 
Ladder-backed, 284. 
Lee’s, 293. 

Lewis’s, 291. 

Mazatlan, 285. 
Mearns’s, 597. 


Woodpecker, Narrow-fronted, 291. 
Northern Hairy, 282. 
Nuttall’s, 285, 

Nye’s, 292. 
Pileated, 289. 
Pucheran’s, 291. 
Pygmy, 293. 
Red-bellied, 293. 
-cockaded, 283. 
-headed, 290. 
Santa Cruz’s, 294. 
Southern Hairy, 282, 
St. Lucas, 285. 
Strickland’s, 286. 
Striped-breasted, 291. 
Superciliary, 292. 
Swainson’s, 293. 
Texan, 285. 
Uxmal, 293. 
White-headed, 286. 

Worm-eating Warbler, 485. 

wortheni, Spizella, 419. 

Worthen’s Sparrow, 419. 

Worthington’s Marsh Wren, 610. 

Wren, Alaskan, 555, 
Aztec, 610. 

Baird’s, 551. 
Bewick’s, 551. 
Bryant’s Cactus, 609. 
Cabot’s, 550. 
Cactus, 547. 
Cafion, 549. 
Carolina, 550. 
Central American House, 554. 
Cozumel, 553. 
Florida, 550. 
Guadalupe, 551. 

Rock, 548. 
Happy, 552. 
House, 553. 
Lomita, 609. 
Long-billed Marsh, 556. 
Marian’s Marsh, 610. 
Parkman’s, 554, 609. 
Rock, 548. 
Rufous-browed, 554. 
San Clemente, 609. 
Short-billed Marsh, 556. 
Socorro, 553. 
Southern Marsh, 556. 
Spotted-breasted, 552. 
St. Lucas Cactus, 547. 
Sumichrast’s, 549. 
Tawny-throated, 554. 
Temax, 552. 
Tres Marias, 552. 
Tule, 556. 
Umber, 552. 
Vigors’s, 551. 
Western Winter, 555. 
White-throated, 549. 
Winter, 555. 
Worthington’s Marsh, 610. 


INDEX. 


Wren-Tit, 566. 

Pallid, 566. 
Wrightii, Empidonax, 344, 
Wright’s Flycatcher, 344. 


wuerdemanni, Ardea, 128, 129, 
585. 

wumizusume, Synthliboramphus, 
14, 583. 


Wiirdemann’s Heron, 128, 585. 


X. 


Xalapa, Trogon, 277. 
Yellow-throat, 524. 
Xanthocephalus, 365, 368. 
xanthocephalus, 368. 
xantholora, Amazona, 595. 
Chrysotis, 595. 
Xanthornus abeillei, 378. 
prosthemelas, 375. 
Xanthoura, 351, 358. 
luxuosa, 358, 
cyanocapilla, 358. 
Xanthura cyanocapilla, 358. 
xantusi, Basilinna, 318. 
Xantus’s Becard, 325. 
Hummingbird, 318. 
Jay, 356. 
Murrelet, 15. 
Xema, 23, 37. 
furcata, 38. 
sabinii, 37, 38. 
Xenopicus, 280, 286. 
albolarvatus, 286. 


Wie 


Yellow Palm Warbler, 517. 
Rail, 140. 
Vireo, 476, 478. 
Wagtail, 535. 
Siberian, 535. 
Warbler, 494. 
Antillean, 495. 
Bryant’s, 495. 
Dugés’s, 495. 
Sonora, 608. 
Western, 494. 
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, 341. 
Green Jay, 358. 
Sapsucker, 288. 
-billed Cuckoo, 273. 
Loon, 7. 
Magpie, 352. 
Tropie Bird, 74. 
-breasted Chat, 527. 
-crowned Night Heron, 133. 
-faced Grassquit, 451. 
-green Vireo, 470. 
-headed Blackbird, 368. 


THE END. 


653 


Yellow-legs, 166. 

Greater, 165. 
-lored Parrot, 595. 
-nosed Albatross, 52. 
-throated Vireo, 472. 

Warbler, 504. 

Yellow-throat, Abaco, 525, 
Belding’s, 524. 
Cory’s, 525. 

Florida, 608. 
Gray-naped, 526. 
Maryland, 523. 
Mazatlan, 526. 
Mirador, 526. 
Nassau, 524, 
Orizaba, 525. 
Rio Grande, 608. 
Western, 523. 
Xalapa, 524. 

Yphantes, 376. 

Yucatan Bob White, 190. 
Cardinal, 443. 
Chachalaca, 209. 
Crested Flycatcher, 334. 
Dove, 213. 
Mockingbird, 542. 

yucatanensis, Amazilia, 317. 
Myiarchus, 334. 
Trochilus, 317. 
Zenaidura, 213. 

yucatanicus, Cardinalis cardinalis, 

443, 


Z. 


Zebrapicus pucherani, 291. 
Zenaida, 210, 213. 
amabilis, 213. 
castanea, 213. 
Dove, 213. 
martinicana, 213. 
zeniida, 213. 
zenaida, Zenaida, 213. 
Zenaidinex, 210. 
Zenaidura, 210, 212. 
graysoni, 213. 
macroura, 213, 
yucatanensis, 213. 
zonaris, Hirundo, 302. 
Zone-tailed Hawk, 234, 
Zonotrichia, 385, 414. 
albicollis, 417. 
botterii, 428. 
coronata, 416. 
intermedia, 417. 
leucophrys, 415, 416, 417. 
gambeli, 416. 
intermedia, 417. 
mystacalis, 426. 
querula, 414, 415. 
quinquestriata, 426. 
zonura, Urubitinga, 238. 
zonurus, Falco, 238. 


Plate I. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


3. Colymbus holbcellii. 


4. Colymbus (Podiceps) dominicus. 


‘sdaotpod snquidjipog °S 


rc" 


Plate II. Man. N. Am. B. 


I. Urinator arcticus. 


2. Lomvia troile. 


3. Cepphus columba. 


SS eee 


Man. N. Am. B. Piate III. 


1. Lunda cirrhata. 


“fy, . 
7 


2. Fratercula arctica. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


Plate IV. 


‘snjnovqisd sn 


youdys0joAg °S 


*snqpisnd 
(etuor1a919) snyouckyrounsg “PF 


‘sn[[ayvJsLio snyouAyiowmg £ 


*eJCIQDOUOW BOUTYIOIND ‘1 
ay, 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate V. 


2. Alca torda. 


Plate VI. Man. N. Am. B. 


2. Brachyramphus marmoratus. 


5 Rynchops nigra. 


Plate: Vil- 


Man. N. Am. B. 


‘vaso eIyyaisopoyy “f 


“enys SIIIsoTesOWI “1 


\ 


? 


= ——_2 Ea oe 
a ~~ —=S, 
r 
A 


av 
se at 
ate 


Man. N. Am. B. 


Plate VIII. 


‘snjnulu (snezfooo1pApy) snavy “v 


‘e[AjOUply eSsRy ‘z 


> 
pee’ # ey 


es tees t ll 


“SHULIGUL SNIeT ‘¢ 


‘Uq[e BIACH 'I 


pa 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate IX. 


Fa 


SSS 


—e 


2. Xema (Creagrus) furcata. 


4. Gelochelidon nilotica. 


Plate X. Man. N. Am. B. 


| 3. Sterna (Sternula) antillarum. | 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate XI. 


I. Sterna hirundo. 


2, Sterna (Haliplana) fuliginosa. 


Plate XII. Man. N. Am. B. 


1. Anous stolidus. 


| 4. Halocyptena microsoma. 


Plate XIII. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


1. Diomedea exulans. 


yay 


~ — 
LFS 
. 


Whig 


' 
\ 


| : 
‘) ~ 
Y 


2. Diomedea (Thalassarche) melanophrys. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


Plate XIV. 


1. Thalassogeron culminatus. 


2. Phebetria fuliginosa. 


Vee la 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate XV. 


SS 


I. Ossifraga gigantea. 


3. Cymodroma grallaria, 


Man. N. Am. B. 


Plate XVI. 


‘vyeyISeY BIV[IIISAT “9 


‘WaM[ng eWempng °S 


‘snuyjnd snuyjng ‘Vv 


Plate XVII. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


‘voisujod elle[[a.0Ig ‘P 


“sno1uva00 Saztues90Q ‘£ 


‘eyvoINJ BWIOIpOUesIO "I 


JA oat 
ee . 


Plate XVIII. Man. N. Am. B. 


. Phaéthon flavirostris. 


2. Fregata aquila. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate XIX. 


3. Anhinga anhinga. 


Plate AX. Man. N. Am. B. 


1. Phalacrocorax carbo. 


2. Phalacrocorax (Compsohalieus) penicillatus. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate XXI. 


SSS ee 


2. Pelecanus (Leptopelicanus) fuscus. 


3. Lophodytes cucullatus. 4. Merganser americanus. 


Plate 


XXII. 


4. Anas (Querquedula) discors. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


5. Anas (Nettion) carolinensis. 


3. Anas (Mareca) americana. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate XXIII. 


1. Anas boschas. 


> “ Fras 
ee ee 
PELE — 
— 


4. Dafila acuta. 5. Aix sponsa. 


Plate XXIV. | Man. N. Am. B. 


See 
¢ . 


© ees be 
—_ 


5. Charitonetta albeola. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate XXV. 


Se 


Clangula hyemalis. 


ee 


5. Eniconetta stelleri. 6. Somateria (Erionetta) spectabilis. 


Plate XXVI. Man. N. Am. B. 


1. Arctonetta fischeri. 2. Nomonyx dominicus. 


od, 


aot 


ea 


ite 


SNe” Leet as 


en See 


3. Somateria mollissima. 4. Erismatura rubida. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate XXVII. 


Mllpetse 
f) 


1. Oidemia (Pelionetta) perspicillata. 2. Oidemia americana, 


Why 


S 


~ 
AQ 


\\ 


\ 
5. Oidemia americana, 9. 


Seen eel 


—— 


y 
y 
Z 
4. Oidemia nigra, 9. 


\ssxy 
— 


3. Oidemia (Melanitta) deglandi. 


Plate XXVIII. Man. N. Am. B. 


as 


1 
‘ 
) 

4, 


2. Chen (“‘ Exanthemops”’) rossii. 


™, 
a, 


ANF TC, 


aw 


4. Philacte canagica. 


3. Anser gambeli. 


[es Bint ini ee [es Bint ini ee minima. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate XXIX. 


© muppypy Ye, fe 
S777 


“Sy, sate 


a 


ue ferer, yy Poe, 


"% 


AS Ss 
me = 


2. Pheenicopterus ruber. 


NER oh a le a ee 


Plate XXX. Man. N. Am. B. 


1. Plegadis guarauna. 


2. Guara rubra. 


Piate XXXI. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


si 


meggem 


Ajaja ajaja. 


I. 


2. Tantalus loculator. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


Plate XXXII. 


Yorn — 


YOOMAZIZZ. 
LELA Fy. 


1, Mycteria americana. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate XXXIII. 


we 


1. Botaurus lentiginosus, 


2. Botaurus (Ardetta) exilis. 


Pam i 


Man. N. Am. B. 


Plate XXXIV. 


a 
aS 
J 

fo) 

co 
vo 
a 
os 

o 
As) 

w 
< 


Is 


‘vaniwo (epllo[y) vopry “€ 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate XXXV. 


1. Ardea (Garzetta) candidissima. 


wy" 
os 


4 


Ve 


Ardea (Butorides) virescens. 


Plate XXXVI. Man. N. Am. B. 


1. Ardea (Dichromanassa) rufa. 


2. Ardea (Hydranassa) ruficollis. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate XXXVII. 


=o ahh rata eT 


SSMS 5 


2. Nycticorax (Nyctherodius) violaceus. 


AE ee SE PE Ye 


Plate XXXVIII. Man. N. Am. B. 


1. Nycticorax (Nyctherodius) violaceus. 


2. Aramus giganteus. 


Mita Oe a a 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate XXXIX. 


1. Grus canadensis. 


2. Grus americana. 


Plate XL. Man. N. Am. B. 


2. Fulica americana. 


Plate XLI. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


'XO10 XOIQ ‘“D 


‘stsuooivurel (SNdSI9eI9 


‘eUI[OIvD BULZIOg ‘I 


) 


vueziog *€ 


Plate XLII. Man. N. Am. B. 


1. Ionornis martinica. 


2. Gallinula galeata. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate XLIII. 


3. Crymophilus fulicarius. 


. Micropalama himantopus. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


Plate XLIV. 


Recurvirostra americana. 


I. 


Fo CTT: > 


4. Calidris arenaria. 


3. Eurynorhynchus pygmeeus. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate XLV. 


2. Philohela minor. 


3. Heteractitis incanus. 


Plate XLVI. Man. N. Am. B. 


1. Gallinago delicata. 


2. Macrorhamphus griseus. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate XLVII. 


3. Tringa (Actodromas) maculata. 


Plate XLVIII. Man. N. Am. B. 


3. Ereunetes pusillus. 


2. Tringa (Ancylocheilus) ferruginea. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate XLIX, 


1. Limosa fedoa. 


3. Pavoncella pugnax. 


Plate L. ; Man. N. Am. B. 


3. Symphemia semipalmata. | 


| | 


Man. N. Am. B. 


Plate LI. 


I. Bartramia longicauda, 


2. Hematopus palliatus. 


Plate LII. Man. N. Am. B. 


4. A2gialitis semipalmata. 5. Agialitis mongola. 


Peni crie ee 


‘vIUOSs[IM (SNUWOIpOyIYyIO) syyesgqy “f 


Plate LIII. 


‘vurjuow (shoosepod) sil[eisay “Zz 


gialitis (Oxyechus) vocifera, 


Temes 


Man. N. Am. B. 


Plate LIV. 


1. Charadrius (Squatarola) squatarola. 


2. Charadrius dominicus. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate LV. 


1. Vanellus vanellus. 


3. Arenaria interpres. 


Plate LVI. Man. N. Am. B. 


Te 1D, = 


3. Oreortyx pictus. 
5. Callipepla squamata. 


4. Callipepla (Lophortyx) californica. 


| 6. Jacana gymnostoma. | ; 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate LVII. 


2. Dendragapus (Canachites) canadensis. 


Plate LVIII. Man. N. Am. B. 


Plate LIX. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


Hf } 
OEE 


Z 
Z Ba TEM A 
a 


2. Pediocetes phasianellus. 


Plate LX. Man. N. Am. B. 


lp 
Wi, 
er of hig 


A) Ns hs 
Lin we 


1. Centrocercus urophasianus. 


2. Cathartes aura. (See pl. lxiii., fig. 8.) 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate LXI. 


1. Meleagris gallopavo. 


SS a a 
sa am Z 


2. Ortalis maccalli. 


Plate LXII. Man. N. Am. B. 


5. Scardafella inca. 


3 
S 
+ 
vo 
Ww 
wn 
iso] 
ay 
SS 
= 
= 
3 
az 
a 
€ 
2 
Lal 
fe} 
1) 
an 


3. Engyptila albifrons. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate LXIII. 


2. Zenaidura macroura. 


3. Zenaida amabilis. | 


ete! 


Plate LXIV. Man. N. Am. B. 


3 
= 
= 
~ 
col 
a 
e 
& 
fe) 
rt) 
Fal 
Lol 
~ 
° 
o 
1} 
a 


oe Wha 


3. Melopelia leucoptera. 4. Pseudogryphus californianus. 


Vf 


5. Gypagus papa. 


cata & 

NM, I 

; Paitin y 
A Suu 3 


8. Cathartes aura. (See Plate Ix., Fig. 2.) 


S ‘sl[iquioos snuleyiysoy “PY ‘sisuaiddississium erunoy *£ ‘snainone| snuelq” ‘z 
~ 
4 
o 
ra) 
(9) 
— 
ja 
a Cy Le 
nat 
*snqyvoyioy Saplourlq” ‘I 
Q 
< 
Zi 


Man 


Plate LXVI. Man. N. Am. B. 


EZ 
Z 


BZLZZ 


Gp AY 


<= 


\\ 7 Gia 
WW S 
ZU 


3. Accipiter (Astur) atricapillus. 4. Parabuteo harrisi. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate LXVII. 


a 


2. Polyborus cheriway. 


‘snyepnvoiqye (styoo1yAyoeL) oajng *$ 


alis. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


2. Buteo bore 


a 
4 
3 
o 
— 
fe) 
O 
[e) 
0) 
~ 
3 
ea 
aE 
od 
~ 
ay 
iM) 
AS 
Au Cla) 
3 & 
g \ 3 
A 5 | ihaeg > He 
S 3 a Ay / a 2 
if?) Ss z fe ue 
> < Ss ie Cs 
* = NFA | Oo oN 
4 Ay) \ O-m 
Egy INN Ae | 
- +e, Ay iN ae 
rs] . 
= ioe) 
— 
Ay 


-Man. N. Am. B. Plate -L.X1X. 


MN 
|, Wy 
fc 
I 


2. Aquila chrysaetos. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


Plate LXX. 


4 fe. , 
cl bael 


meh 


RY 


1. Thrasaétus harpyia. 


LE) 
SUfl 


“eUIDRIYUL VAUTIIGNIQ, “Z 


wo 
‘a 
=] 
oO 
Ss 
a 
i) 
a 
3) 
G 
~ 
G 
is} 
A, 
ise) 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate LXXI. 


1. Halizétus leucocephalus. 


Plate LXXII. Man. N. Am. B. 


3. Falco (Rhynchodon) 
anatum. 


4. Falco (Neofalco) 
albigularis. 


6. Archibuteo ferru- 7. Archibuteo sancti- 5. Falco (Neofalco) deiroleucus. 
gineus. johanuis. 


8. Buteo swainsoni. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate LXXIII. 


1. Falco (4salon) richardsonii. 


4. Surnia caparoch. 


Plate LXXIV. Man. N. Am. B. 


[lS 


2. Asio (Brachyotus) accipitrinus. 


1. Strix pratincola. 


we Ss 
Zz 


3. Asio wilsonianus. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate LXXV. 


4. Micrathene whitneyi. 


2. Megascops asio. 


Wf RS 


3. Glaucidium gnoma. 


1. Nyctala acadica. 


Plate LXXVI. Man. N. Am. B. 


1. Bubo virginianus. 


SS, 
= Zu 


2. Nyctea nyctea. 


Plate LXXVII. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


I. Speotyto hypogzea. 


2. Syrnium nebulosum. 


3. Scotiaptex cinereum. 


Plate LXXVIII. Man. N. Am. B. 


1. Conurus carolinensis. 


2. Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha. 


Plate LXXIX. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


1. Crotophaga ani. 


2. Geococcyx californianus. 


Plate LXXX. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


1. Coccyzus americanus. 


2. Ceryle (Streptoceryle) alcyon. 


3. Ceryle (Chloroceryle) cabanisi. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate LXXXI. 


: UIT 
y—= yp pwattt(s 
SST 3) 


2. Momotus ceruleiceps. 


Plate LXXXII. Man. N. Am. 5. 


= 
a. 


3 


—= 
Ss 


re 


ene oe 


| 2. Picoides arcticus. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate LXXXIII. 


a By, a 


3. Sphyropicus varius. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


Plate LXXXIV. 


1. Xenopicus albolarvatus. 


2. Ceophiceus pileatus. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate LXXXV. 


3. Melanerpes (Asyndesmus) torquatus. 


Plate LXXXVI. Man. N. Am. B. 


2. Colaptes auratus. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate LXXXVII. 


_ 2, Chordeiles virginianus. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


Plate LXXXVIII. 


*sI]JOOIq[e SNUIOIPIIOAN ‘Zz 


53 


Dy 


ee 


Za 


IN SS 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate LXXXIX. 


Whe 


4. Micropus melanoleucus. 


E 


Plate XC. Man. N. Am. B. 


oe EE = 


EE ee — 
ee == 


2. Amazilia pristina, gj. 


4. Trochilus alexandri. 


. Trochilus colubris, ¢. 


8. Trochilus (Calothorax) 


nee 10. Trochilus colubris, 2. 


g. Trochilus (Atthis) heloisz, 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate XCI. 


2. Trochilus (Selaspho- 
rus) rufus, oj. 


3. Trochilus (Stellula) calliope, ¢. 


=a & FO. 


4. Trochilus (Selasphorus) 
platycercus, 9. 


5. Trochilus (Selasphorus) 
platycercus, 


7. Trochilus (Calypte) anne. 


— 


— 


8. Milvulus forficatus. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


Plate XCII. 


3. Pitangus derbianus. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate XCIII. 


——— an a 
Mp 
off! y 
= wy 
BOO. 
2 ~~ a 
zz Sse x 


1. Myiodynastes luteiventris. 


2. Myiarchus crinitus. 


Plate XCIV. Man. N. Am. B. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


Plate XCV. 


GZZEE 
Kt < a aa 
NG 1 aa a 
Nw Ww = 
SS. ro 4 -) 
—_ ad a 


I. Myiozetetes texensis. 


4. Ornithion imberbe. 
—_ 


3. Platypsaris aglaiz. 


Plate XCVI. Man. N. Am. B. 


, 3. Perisoreus canadensis. 
I 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate XCVII. 


—— 


roa Les amt Ries Gea w. 
SESS gem ay rem 


PF ~ 


2. Psilorhinus morio. 


a et ee 


Plate XCVIII. Man. N. Am. B. 


I. Corvus sinuatus. 


ze 


2. Pica hudsonica. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate XCIX. 


2. Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus, 


3. Xanthoura luxuosa. 


Plate C. Man. N. Am. B. 


3. Sturnus vulgaris. 


Plate CI. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


‘snaotuaoyd sniejasy ‘bv 


‘snjeydacoyjuex snjeqdaooyjueyx “£ 


Plate CII. Man. N. Am. B. 


1. Icterus icterus. 


2. Icterus (Yphantes) galbula. 
3. Icterus (Pendulinus) spurius. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate CIII. 


2. Quiscalus (Megaquiscalus) major. 


Plate CIV. Man. N. Am. B. 


1. Sturnella magna. 


2. Scolecophagus carolinus. 


Man. N. Am. B. Pilate CV; 


16770 


18597 


1. Coccothraustes (Hesperiphona) vespertinus (No. 16770). 
(No 18597 = Coccothraustes coccothraustes. ) 


2. Pinicola canadensis. 


Yh, 


(i ) r ~» 


w 


\)) 
Si 


( 


& N 
\AY B\\G AY 
gy | \ 

— \ 


x 


4. Carduelis carduelis, 


3. Pyrrhula cassini. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


Plate CVI. 


‘syooo1yda} 93913Soona’q “S$ *vopoie (etfodAyZy) ajoNsoona'y “bv 


1. Loxia minor. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate CVII. 


5. Plectrophenax nivalis. 


6. Calcarius lapponicus. 


Plate CVIII. Man. N. Am. B. 


4. Ammodramus (Centronyx) bairdii. 5. Ammodramus (Coturniculus) passerinus. 


ate a 


ma 3 


en 


— 
—e 


7. A. (Coturniculus) lecontei. 


6. A. (Coturniculus) henslowi. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate CIX. 


2. Chondestes grammicus. 


7. Amphispiza belli. 


6. Amphispiza bilineata. 


cc 


Plate CX. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


7. Sporophila moreleti. 


8. Euetheia bicolor. 


Plate CXI. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


Plate CXII. 


‘eauvdo Bullassed ‘S$ 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate: CXIITI. 


5. Euphonia elegantissima. 


4. Ampelis garrulus, 


. Lanius excubitorides. 


Plate CXIV. Man. N. Am. B. 


2. Chelidon erythrogaster, 


I. Progne subis. 


7. Certhiola flaveola. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate CXV. 


2. Vireo noveboracensis. 


5. Vireo (Vireosylvia) philadelphica. 


1. Vireo (Vireosylvia) olivacea, 


7. Mniotilta varia. $8. Protonotaria citrea. 


Plate CXVI. Man. N. Am. B. 


1. Helinaia swainsoni. 


6. Dendroica coronata. 
7. Dendroica (Perissoglossa) tigrina. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


Plate CXVII. 


7. Gecthlypis trichas. 8. Sylvania mitrata. 


Plate CXVIII. 


1. Setophaga ruticilla. 


43 Eid 

/ 
y Bh ZA Nas 
aos 


3. Cardellina rubrifrons. 


5. Basileuterus culicivorus. 6. Basileuterus (Idiotes) belli. 


Plate CXIX. 


Man. N. Am. B. 


‘tronseads 


( 


SAIOI09N) snyjuy ‘F 


5. Cinclus mexicanus, 


6. Mimodes graysoni. 


Plate CXX. Man. N. Am. B. 


en a net 


4. Mimus polyglottos. 


3. Harporhynchus (Methriopterus) rufus. 


5. Harporhynchus redivivus. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate CXXI. 


2. Salpinctes obsoletus. 


3. Thryothorus ludovicianus. 


6. Cistothorus (Telmatodytes) 
palustris. 


7. Troglodytes aédon. 8. Troglodytes (Anorthura) hiemalis. 9. Cistothorus stellaris. 


Plate CXXII. Man. N. Am. B. 


1. Parus (Lophophanes) bicolor. 


Lp 
Ly 
Ae Y 
Ss Oo =n 
\ Be, 
Y ey, 


ee 
3. Parus atricapillus. 


5. Psaltriparus minimus. 


: Hi SS 
oT fh 3 


6. Certhia americana. 7. Sitta carolinensis. 


Man. N. Am. B. Plate CXXIII. 


a 
5 
& 
r= 
is] 
Sod 
Ga 
S) 
- 
3) 
i} O 
i ee 
3) 
Ou 
a 
o 
x 
oe) 


. Turdus iliacus. 


5. Merula migratoria. 


Plate CXXIV. Man. N. Am. B. 


_7. Myadestes townsendi. 


6. Sialia sialis. 


oe 2 
~ 
- 
‘ 
~ 
¥ = 
: 
* 
' 
‘ aly 
+4)1) 
‘% 
Hr, 
“4 t 
i‘ iF 1) WW 
Velat deal) it) ay 7 


a 


— 


Yat 


fp ® — 


7? i= ; ie 7 BA 
M 2 . ‘ ~~ oe x 4 


ia! ar rh 
massa : 

‘ : , ira? 

- > 


’ 
Pie cae ty 
sap 


a zsh =p | #, 


r 


. cay side . 5 i i 


— 
= OT) os 
‘ - 


YU; 


Yi 


Gg 


titi 


Ley 


